|
Items in cart [1] |
Questions? Call 888-624-8373 |
HARDBACK PDF BOOK Free Resources |
||||||||||||||||
|
||||||||||||||||
|
|
|||||||||||||||
| ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|
||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Copyright © 2009. National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved. Terms of Use and Privacy Statement |
Below are the first 10 and last 10 pages of uncorrected machine-read text (when available) of this chapter, followed by the top 30 algorithmically extracted key phrases from the chapter as a whole.
Intended to provide our own search engines and external engines with highly rich, chapter-representative searchable text on the opening pages of each chapter.
Because it is UNCORRECTED material, please consider the following text as a useful but insufficient proxy for the authoritative book pages.
Do not use for reproduction, copying, pasting, or reading; exclusively for search engines.
OCR for page 1
CHARLES HASKELL DANFORTH
November 30, 1883-Janilary 10, 1969
BY BENJAMIN H. WILLIER ~
CHARLES HASKELL DANFORTH left not only a published record
of sixty years (1907-1967; of scientific articles but also an
autobiographical sketch (a typewritten copy of thirty pages
dated March 1948 which was deposited in the files of the Home
Secretary of the National Academy of Sciences) that tells the
story of "facts not usually printed in biographical reference
books," for example, such items as home life and occupations,
schooling, and development of special interests. This sketch was
written merely for "atmosphere," and so that his "possible bio'~-
rapher need do little more than condense and paraphrase—which
somehow reminds me of one of my earliest observations that it
takes many buckets of sap to make a small cup of syrup." It is
of interest here to note that, in a fire which destroyed the Dan-
forth home in 1939, there was lost "a notebook in which I began
during high school days to develop, point by point, what I hoped
should be a satisfactory and integrated philosophy and code for
living,."
~ Dr. \\lillier died December 3, 1972, before the processing of his manuscript
had been completed. The final version of this memoir orates a good deal to the
constructive criticisms and/or val~al~le components of Leslie C. Dunn, Roman
O'Rahill,, Curt Stern, and Small Wright, the last named providing the evalua-
tion of Danforth's pioneer paper on frequency of mutation in man. Specia]
credit is due Court Stern Nacho assumed the responsibility for the final editing of
the memoir.
1
OCR for page 2
2
BIOGRAPHICAL MEMOIRS
No one who knew Charles Danforth personally and has
visited the region of his birth in his native state can imagine
for him any other birthplace. He was born on the last day of
November 1883 on "a farm just over the Oxford line and about
three miles from Norway village" in Maine, the Pine Tree State
("Old Dirigo"~. The natural environment in and around Nor-
way to the horizon is a typical postglacial landscape near the
southern margin of the Wisconsin Continental glacier, a result
of the last great ice age (10,000-15,000 years ago) in the Pleisto-
cene epoch. It is a picturesque region made up of forests, fresh-
water lakes and ponds, hills and valleys, and springs and streams
interspersed with agricultural farmlands. The many forests are
of mixed character, with white pine and other conifers, and
deciduous trees such as white birch, sugar maple, and oak. And
there is the poet's rhodora whose "beauty is its own excuse for
being." The hills, seven of them, range in height from Pikes
Hill (870') to Merrill Hill (1,243') in the town of Norway. In-
deed, our biographer had a gentle face and personality akin to
the landscape of the gentle hilltops, beloved forest green, quiet
lakes and rippling brooks, and rustic simplicity of the farmland.
Such was r~ature's scenic area that played a role in Danforth's
development as a naturalist.
AN CESTRY
In telling words Danforth wrote: "Most New Englanders of
colonial stock have much the same ancestral background and
my own is quite typical of the group as a whole." So far as he had
been able to learn it seemed probable that all of his immigrant
ancestors were exclusively British (English, Scottish, Welsh, and
possibly Irish). All of them reached America during the first half
of the seventeenth century, some coming in the Mayflower and
some in various small vessels. They spread along the coast from
Plymouth to what is now southwestern Maine (Oxford, York,
and Cumberland counties). The largest early concentrations
OCR for page 3
CHARLES HASKELL DANFORTH
3
of them were around Boston, Billerica, Salem, and Falmouth.
Of these early arrivals a few may have returned to England;
the majority, however, lived and died within two hundred miles
of Boston. Danforth "thinks" that every one of his native
American ancestors was born and died within the same radius.
He writes: "As a group they were fairly representative of the
large middle class whose members rarely distinguished them-
selves by any very appreciable deviation from the norm of their
time and locale." Danforth lists fifty-seven names of these an-
cestors. Among them are Danforth (grandfather), Frost (ma-
ternal grandmother), Reed (grandmother), and Haskell
(grandfather and mothers. Further, "there are more names
than there are chromosomes in a human germ cell, so it is
quite possible that some of these lines are ancestral in name
only." He was surprised to find only a low degree of consan-
guinity among his direct ancestors. To establish descent Dan-
forth became a member of the Society of Mayflower Descendants
about 1930.
The last of his ancestors to go from Massachusetts to Maine
was his paternal grandfather, Asa Danforth, who having been
licensed at Boston in 1820 to "practice physick and surgery"
moved shortly thereafter to Norway, Maine, and there married
a descendant of a Mayflower passenger, Abigail C. Reed, daugh-
ter of the first postmaster of the town. Asa Danforth practiced
his profession in Norway for nearly sixty years and seems to
have been a typically beloved old-time country doctor. It is said
that he built the first woolen mill in the state and was engaged
in a variety of town affairs. His fellow citizens evidently re-
spected and trusted him, for he served a term in the state legis-
lature. The couple had nine children, of whom James Danforth
was the eighth child, the father of Charles, his brother (Francis)
and two sisters (Ann and Sara). tames Danforth's occupation
included being a farmer, a commercial traveler, and caretaker of
his father's property interests. He had considerable interest in
OCR for page 4
4 BIOGRAPHICAL MEMOIRS
ancient and colonial history as well as an appreciation of good
writing. Moreover, in personal relations with his son Charles,
James Danforth "employed good psychological techniques or
perhaps better just normal common sense."
Charles Danforth's maternal grandfather was Charles Henry
Haskell, a native of Westbrook, Maine, whose ancestors arrived
on the Mayflower. He married Laura Diantha Frost, a descen-
dant of the first settlers of the town of Norway, also passengers
on the Mayflower. This grandfather was a farmer, and at times
an agent for a cracker company, a road surveyor, and a minor
town official. The couple had five children, all girls, the eldest
of whom was Mary File Haskell, the mother of Charles. His
mother had the usual high school education of that period and
taught school for a while. Throughout her life she took an
active interest in the local schools, participated in the activities
of a literary club, and frequently served as chairman of church
and other organizations. She "did not seek responsibility but
took it seriously when it did come her way." As a mother she
was sympathetic and solicitous—inclined to "drive" rather hard
in the intellectual field. She had a sound but aggressive interest
in the schools where Charles was a pupil.
By contrast, his grandmother Haskell "had the most 'char-
acter' in the group." A good voice, a good sense of humor, and
a good memory made her interesting and stimulating. She had
"angles," however, that were to be merely tolerated—her attitude
toward life was more defiant than humble.
On June 24, 1914, Charles Haskell Danforth married
Florence Wenonah Garrison, a teacher of science and a member
of the Daughters of the American Colonists and the Society of
Daughters of the American Revolution, who was a writer of de-
lightful historical articles on the Smithsonian Institution. The
couple had three sons, Charles Garrison (biologist), Alan
Haskell (lawyer), and Donald Reed (engineer). Mrs. Dan-
~ See A American Heritage, 15 (I 963):2G-27.
OCR for page 5
CHARLES HASKELL DANFORTH
5
forth died in May 1968 about eight months prior to the demise
of her husband, who himself died in the hospital on the Stanford
University campus on January 10, 1969.
TO BE OR NOT TO BE—A NATURALIST
. . .
The total environment comprising wild nature and intel-
~ectuat climate provided a setting into which Charles was born
and developed into a young man. His first eight and a half years
were spent mostly on the farm of his parents. As he grew older,
he participated "at least vicariously" in most of the common
activities of a typical agricultural farm, such as making hay and
maple syrup and weeding the garden. More attractive, however,
were "my abundant and very pleasant memories of this period
Ethat] have rather strong emotional components fof] mingling
evening twilights with slightly eery calls of frogs and whip-
poorwills, the boom of nighthawks and lowing of distant cattle,
the exhilaration of morning with sunshine on the tree tops, and
myriad things of interest through the whole day." These early
interests and observations appertained to each and every living
thing whether plant or animal. Seemingly not one was over-
looked—ranging from the speckled lily (Lilium canadense) and
~ ~ ~ ~ A: ~ ~ ~ , _ 1 , 1 1
Barrage berries to nighthawks and thrashers. Seeing my first
humming bird was an event, dampened a little by learning it
was not a queen bee."
At seven years of age he entered primary school in Norway
village where he lived with his grandparents, the Haskells—
going home for weekends. Of this period he writes: "School
matters do not loom large in my memories. It is the 'farm' and
not the 'village' around which my memories center most
vividly."
The aggregate of environmental conditions affecting his life
and development changed for Charles in 1892. In that year his
father sold the farm and took over the home and other holdings
of grandfather Haskell in Norway, a village of "perhaps 2000
OCR for page 6
6
BIOGRAPHICAL MEMOIRS
people." There was a "little island in the brook" on the old
farm, however, that took a long time before "I became recon-
ciled to relinquishing" it.
From this time on to 1897, a period of five years of "early days
in Norway," his environment combined the main features of farm
life, though on a reduced scale, and of life in a small manufactur-
ing town. He participated in the work of the former as he did
on the old farm and in "the diversion" of the latter. Charles
did not lose any of his natural curiosity and deep interest in
living objects. In fact, at about twelve years of age while
botanizing in Norway, he found plants of the saxifrage family—
known commonly as foam flower or false miterwort—that vary
in color of the anthers, which is either a bright yellow or an
orange red. This discovery of a clear-cut variation of a single
character was either held in memory for ten years or, more
likely, recorded in his notebook. It was not until 1911, three
years after graduation from college, that this early observation
was published under the title of "A Dimorphism in Tiarella
cord if ol ia."
Although love of nature was primary, great books and dis-
tinguished naturalists were also influential in his decision
whether or not to be a naturalist. Of singular influence were
the famous volumes of Darwin, as the following quotation
shows:
"A particularly memorable evening occurred in the summer
of my eleventh or twelfth year. Several of us boys were rolling
hoops around the square during a long summer twilight when
my uncle Frank Danforth, passing by, called me to the sidewalk
and gave me two books that he thought I 'might like to have.'
They were the two volumes of Darwin's Animals and Plants
and er Domestication and the inscriptions on their flyleaves
showed that they had long ago been presented to my grandfather
Danforth by A. E. Verrill. These volumes proved fascinating
OCR for page 7
CHARLES HASKELL DANFORTH
7
reading and probably influenced me more than any other books
I have ever read. They dealt with things with which I was
familiar, and in a way that made a strong appeal to my imagina-
tion. The close observation and the type of reasoning displayed
in the chapters, especially those dealing with the pigeon and
dog, were highly stimulating. I read them with intense interest,
reflected much on their contents, and observed my own animals
more closely. My father, who had apparently not noticed these
volumes before, also read them, but my mother mildly disap-
proved.
"Although at this time I had never heard of the National
Academy of Sciences, three of its members were well known to
me by name. They were C. O. Whitman, Sidney I. Smith, and
A. E. Verrill, all of whom had attended the Norway High School
('Liberal Institute') with my father. Throughout life, my
father's most intimate friend was the brother of Professor Smith
and brother-in-law of Professor Verrill. So with a feeling of
easy familiarity I wrote to Professor Verrill telling him that I
expected to be a naturalist and asking for suggestions. He replied,
in effect, 'Don't unless you can't help it.' At thirteen I thought
I couldn't help it. How much of my subsequent history is due
to the strength of this assumption, and how much to chance or
lack of imagination, I can not say."
But why did Professor Verrill, a distinguished naturalist,
discourage young Charles from becoming a naturalist? In an
attempt to answer this question it is perhaps of significance "to
recall that Verrill lived through practically the entire history
of zoology in America, from the coming of Louis Agassiz in
1847, to the experimental period of the present century." The
vogue in zoology had changed from taxonomy to comparative
anatomy, then to adaptations and other zoological disciplines,
and at the beginning of the twentieth century to experimental
fields. Moreover, "Verrill maintained to the end of his life the
OCR for page 8
8
BIOGRAPHICAL ME M OIRS
importance of taxonomy as a necessary preliminary to this more
specialized biological work," that is, to genetics and other ex-
perimental fields.
At the age of fourteen another change came about for
Charles—a move to a house on Pleasant Street where he leas to
live with his family for six years. The move in itself introduced
no radical change in his life. His work consisted of the usual
chores such as delivering milk, caring for lapin and garden, and all
the usual phases of farming, such as plowing, hoeing, and har-
vesting crops. These activities were commonly shared with his
father. "I never received any pay for my work nor any explicit
allowance—boys of my age and background felt themselves as
much a part of their family in responsibilities as in other re-
spects." There was no sense of oppression or lack of freedom.
Charles took a special interest in selecting the best seeds for
flower and vegetable gardens. He introduced into his neighbor-
hood the then new strain of chickens known as "Rhode Island
Reds." Experience in breeding them led him to conclude, "In
general a poor specimen of a good strain is to be preferred to
a good specimen of a Door strain (to which I might now take
~ 1 1 \
some exception)."
The change had decided advantages, for it made his contact
with woods and fields even easier than before. Behind the house
was a blooded tract belonging to his uncle and beyond that the
lake, the "Great Pond" or Pennesseewassee Lake, streams, pas-
tures, and swamps stretching off toward wilder, more alluring
country.
Charles entered a high school with a long and distinguished
background in promoting the "cause of education" and culture
of the mind. In his life sketch Charles refers to his high school
as "the lineal descendant of the Norway Liberal Institute." This
phrase has unusual significance, since the Institute at the time
~ See Biographical Memoir of Addison Emery Verrill, by Wesley R. Coe, Na-
tional Academy of Sciences, Biographical Memoirs, 14 (1929):39.
OCR for page 9
CHARLES HASKELL DANFORTH
9
of its greatest vigor was highly respected for its excellence.
(Many such Liberal Institutes were established by the people in
western Maine—in 1852 there were six of them in Oxford
County and ten in York County. The purpose of their founding
was "for promoting religion and morality, and for the education
of the youth in such languages, and such of the liberal arts and
sciences as the said Trustees shall direct.")
During its eighteen years of existence the Norway Liberal
Institute was " a college-fitting school" of very high rank with
"a brilliant record." Many of its students entered colleges and
universities where they often graduated with high honors. Of
its early graduates three were members of the National Academy
of Sciences who were active pioneer leaders in the development
of the life sciences in our universities. C. O. Whitman was the
first director of the Marine Biological Laboratory at Woods
Hole, Massachusetts, and first chairman of the Department of
Zoology, University of Chicago; Addison E.- Verrill was the first
Professor of Zoology, Yale University; and Sidney I. Smith was
Professor of Comparative Anatomy, Yale University. To this
trio of distinguished Academicians the name of Charles H. Dan-
forth was added in 1942—a grand total of four Norway Liberal
Institute naturalists.
The Norway Liberal Institute was opened in 1847 as a self-
supporting academy; it started with 174 pupils, a principal, and
a corps of teachers of much ability and enterprise and was ~n-
corporated June 25, 1849. About 1865 "the village district
purchased the Institute building and changed the name of the
school to the one it bears today." ~
Whether the Norway High School at the time Charles
entered it was equal in educational capability to the Institute,
he does not say, yet the influence of its forerunner remained
strong for several decades. He tells of choosing the "classical
.
~ See Charles F. Whitman, A History of Norway, Maine, from the Earliest
Settlements to the Close of the Year 1922 (Le~viston, Maine, 1924).
OCR for page 10
10
BIOGRAPHICAL MEMOIRS
curriculum" without giving the choice any special thought. The
courses included Latin, Greek, English, and mathematics. Of
these, Latin and Greek were "especially pleasant." "The Aeneid,
more than any other book, awakened an appreciation of epic
sequences and lyric associations." While a passage of the Aeneid
was running through his mind one morning as he was feeding
the cows, it suddenly occurred to him that a part of the beauty
of passages written in foreign languages is "that the words are
not overladen with connotations and so stimulate rather than
hinder the imagination."
Charles retained an interest in the classics in his high school
years. In addition, these years were naturally ones of expanding
interests and a time during which new acquaintances of in-
fluence were being made. One of the most important of these
was apparently his teacher Walter Bacon. In his fifteenth or
sixteenth summer Charles wrote: "While walking near the pond
one day, I saw a man crouching on the shore and intently
looking into the water. As I approached cautiously, he re-
marked that he was watching two hornpouts (Ameiurus) swim-
ming about in a school of polywogs." Charles adds, "I showed
him his 'polywogs' were young hornpouts," and explained the
breeding habits of this species (a catfish) . Although Bacon, who
was the man, was shown to have made an erroneous observation,
he and Charles became and remained good friends and frequent
collaborators in the study and identification of "a difficult moss,
a puzzling carex, the call of a night bird or an intricate cross-
word puzzle." Finding the answer was Bacon's one all-absorbing
goal. Moreover, he was like Rafinesque (a distinguished taxon-
omist) in his broad interests and untiring energy, yet without
a trace of a desire to assign names or receive credit. Charles
writes, "I learned much from his intense objectivity, quite un-
hampered by a highly imaginative and poetic side of his nature."
Only a few days after finding a collaborator Charles showed
him "a bird's nest containing a foreign egg which I suspected
OCR for page 11
CHARLES HASKELL DANFORTH
11
was that of a cuckoo." Walter Bacon identified the owners of
the nest as indigo buntings. Together they visited the taxidermy
shop of J. Waldo Nash, who had an egg collection, and decided
the foreign egg "was indeed that of a cuckoo (a very unusual
finds." On the same day Charles learned for the first time of
several books on birds available in the public library of Norway.
On that same day, therefore, he was introduced to two stimu-
lating naturalists as well as to the works of Baird, Cones,
Maynard, and Chapman. From these it was but a short step to
Asa Gray's Manual of Botany, iordan's Manual of Vertebrates,
and other volumes which he soon owned. Charles writes: "Be-
fore long, I was aspiring to know, at least by name, all living
things about me. It was easy to learn the Latin names of new
species as I identified them, and I caught up on old acquain-
tances by getting a few names in mind each morning and noon
and rehearsing them while I worked." Charles had acquired
one of the distinctive qualities of a naturalist—the knowledge
of plants and animals by their Latin names.
At about this time his grandmother Haskell, not to be out-
done by all this learning from nature, decided to give "us chil-
dren" another demonstration of how things were done in earlier
days—this time on how cheese was made and on how to cut a
forked stick on which to dry a calf's stomach from which rennet
was to be obtained and used in the curdling of milk.
Influences outside of high school continued to affect his way
of life and thought. The most influential of these were contacts
with citizens prominent in Norway affairs, among whom were
George Howe and George Noyes, two members of old Norway
families, each about forty years of age. Howe, a graduate of
Tufts College, was a well-known naturalist and philosopher,
and Noyes was a naturalist, artist, and wit. Charles had for a
long time wanted to know them but, "with an ineptitude which
has always been rather characteristic," he failed to meet either
one of them personally until a special event opened the way.
OCR for page 47
CHARLES HASKELL DANFORTH 47
devoted naturalist who built solid structures out of ideas. What
he built will be consciously treasured in the memories of those
who knew him. As Ralph Waldo Emerson said at the funeral
of another naturalist, Henry David Thoreau:
Wherever there is knowledge,
Wherever there is virtue,
Wherever there is beauty,
He will find a home.
OCR for page 48
48
_ I- Or
BIOGRAPHICAL MEMOIRS
BIBLIOGRAPHY
KEY TO ABBREVIATIONS
Am. i. Anat. American Journal of Anatomy
Am. T. On: ~thalmol.—American journal of Ophthalmology
Am. I. Phys. Anthropol. - American Journal of Physical Anthropology
Am. Naturalist American Naturalist
Gnat. Record Anatomical Record
Arch. Dermatol. Syphilis Archiv fur Dermatologie und Syphilis
J. Exp. Zool.—Journal of Experimental Zoology
I. Heredity- Journal of Heredity
J. Morphol. Journal of Morphology
Proc. 6th Internat. Congr. Genet.—Proceedings of the Sixth International
Congress of Genetics
Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med.—Proceedings of the Society of Experimental
Biology and Medicine
1907
A new pteropod from New England. Plates 1-4.
the Boston Society of Natural History, 34:1-19.
1908
Notes on numerical variation in the daisy.
349-56.
Proceedings of
Botanical Gazette, 46:
1910
Periodicity in S pirogyra, with special reference to the work of
Benecke. Twenty-first Annual Report, Missouri Botanical Gar-
den,21:49-59.
lDll
A 74 mm. Polyodon. Biological Bulletin, 20:201-4.
A dimorphism in Tinselly cordifolia. Rhodora, 13:192-93.
1912
The heart and arteries of Polyodon. J. Morphol., 23:409-52.
1913
The myology of Polyodon.
J. Morphol., 24: 107~6.
1914
Some notes on a family with hereditary congenital cataract. Am. J.
Ophthalmol., 31: 161-72.
OCR for page 49
CHARLES HASKELL DANFORTH
lDl5
The structural relations of anterior hepatic arteries.
9: 72-73.
1916
49
Anat. Record,
Some aspects of the study of hereditary eye defects. Am. J.
OpUthalmol., 33: 65-70.
The inheritance of congenital cataract.
Is twinning hereditary? J. Heredity, 7: 195-202.
The relation of coronary and hepatic arteries in the common ganoids.
Am. l. Anat., 19:391-400.
The use of early developmental stages in tl~e mouse for class work
in embryology. Anat. Record, 10:355-58.
Am. Naturalist, 50: 442-48.
1918
Observations on brachydactylism in the fowl.
33-34.
1919
Anat. Record, 14:
An experimental test of the possibility of differential selection of
germ cells (in the fowl) . Anat. Record, 16: 147~8.
Resemblance and difference in twins. l. Heredity, 10:399-409.
A comparison of the hands of a pair of polydactyl Negro twins.
Am. J. Phys. Anthropol., 2:147-65.
The developmental relations of brachydactyly in the domestic fowl.
Am. I. Anat., 25:97-115.
An hereditary complex in the domestic fowl. Genetics, 4:587-96.
Evidence that germ cells are subject to selection on the basis of their
genetic potentialities.
J. Exp. Zool., 28: 385~ 12.
1921
Bufo fowleri Putnam in Missouri.
Science, St. Louis, 24:1-8.
Distribution of hair on the digits of man.
4:189-204.
Transactions of the Academy of
Am. J. Phys. Anthropol.,
With J. W. Thompson and J. McC. Batts. Hereditary and racial
variation in the musculus palmaris longus. Am. I. Phys.
Anthropol., 4:205-18.
OCR for page 50
so
BIOGRAPHICAL MEMOIRS
1922
The question of digital homology. Anat. Record, 23:14-15.
With Mildred Trotter. The distribution of body hair in white
subjects. Am. i. Phys. Anthropol., 5: 259-65
With Mildred Trotter. ~~
The incidence and heredity of facial hyper-
trichosis in white women. Am. l. Phys. Anthropol., 5:391-97.
1923
The status of unilateral variation in man. Anat. Record, 25:125.
The frequency of mutation and the incidence of hereditary traits in
man. In: Eugenics, Genetics and the Family, Vol. 1, pp. 120-28.
Scientific Papers of the Second International Congress of Eu-
genics, New York, September 1921. Baltimore, Williams &
Wilkins Company.
1924
The theoretical distribution of hereditary traits in man. Am. l.
Phys. Anthropol., 7:291-98.
The heredity of unilateral variations in man. Genetics, 9:199-211.
The problem of incidence in color blindness. Am. Naturalist, 58:
447-56.
The question of homology as related to hair.
1925
Anat. Record, 27:180.
Adiposity and doubling as constitutional traits in the mouse. Anat.
Record, 29:354.
The cycling activities of hair follicles. Anat. Record, 29:381-82.
Hair in its relation to questions of homology and phylogeny. Am.
J. Anat., 36:47-68.
Hereditary doubling suggesting anomalous chromatin distribution
in the mouse. Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med., 23: 145-47.
The number of brothers and sisters of selected individuals. Science,
61: 17-18.
Studies on hair with special reference to hypertrichosis. I. The
phylogeny of hair. Arch. Dermatol. Syphilis, 11:494-508.
Studies on hair with special reference to hypertrichosis. II. The hair
of mammals. Arch. Dermatol. Syphilis, 11: 637-53.
Studies on hair with special reference to hypertrichosis. III. General
OCR for page 51
CHARLES HASKELL DANFORTH
51
characteristics of human hair. Arch. Dermatol. Syphilis, 11:
804-21.
Studies on hair with special reference to hypertrichosis. IV. Regional
characteristics of human hair. Arch. Dermatol. Syphilis, 12:76-
94.
Studies on hair with special reference to hypertrichosis. V. Factors
affecting the growth of hair. Arch. Dermatol. Syphilis, 12:195-
212.
Studies on hair with special reference to hypertrichosis. VI. Aber-
rant forms of hair growth. Arch. Dermatol. Syphilis, 12:212-32.
Studies on hair with special reference to hypertrichosis. VII. Hyper-
trichosis. Arch. Dermatol. Syphilis, 12: 380~01.
Studies on hair with special reference to hypertrichosis. VIII. Gen-
eral aspects of the hair problem. Arch. Dermatol. Syphilis, 12:
528-37.
Hair with Special Reference to Hypertrichosis. Chicano. American
Medical Association. 152 pp. (Chapters published serially in
Archives of Dermatology and Syphilology from April to October
1925)
a ~
. .
1926
Alcohol and the sex ratio in mice. Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med.,
23: 305-8.
The developmental arrangement of hair follicles.
32:230-31.
The American race. I. Heredity, 17: 94-96.
The hair. Natural History, 26: 75-79.
The interaction of genes in development.
Med., 24: 69-71.
lg27
Anat. Record,
Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol.
A gynandromorph mouse. Anat. Record, 35:32. (A)
The problem of adaptation. J. Heredity, 18: 125-31.
Hereditary adiposity in mice. I. Heredity, 18:153-62.
The nature of homology in muscles (extensor carpi radialis). Anat.
Record, 35:32. (A)
With S. B. de Aberle. Distribution of foetuses in the uteri of mice.
Anat. Record, 35:33.
Feather production by skin grafts in the fowl.
182.
Anat. Record, 37:
OCR for page 52
52
BIOGRAPHICAL MEMOIRS
With S. B. de Aberle. The functional interrelation of certain genes
in the development of the mouse. Genetics, 12:340~7.
With Frances Foster. Skin transplantation as a means of analyzing
factors in production and growth of feathers. Proc. Soc. Exp.
Biol. Med., 25: 75-77.
1928
A case of alopecia in the fowl. i. Heredity, 19:546-50.
Skin transplantation in ducks and pigeons. Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol.
Med., 25:717.
Cause of hen-feathering in campine and bantam males. Proc. Soc.
Exp. Biol. Med., 26:86-87.
The reaction of transplanted skin in the fowl. Anat. Record, 38: 10.
With S. B. de Aberle. The functional interrelation of the ovaries
as indicated by the distribution of foetuses in mouse uteri.
Am. J. Anat., 41:65-74.
lg29
The effect of foreign skin on feather pattern in the common fowl
(Gallus domesticus). Archiv fur Entwicklungmechanik der
Organismen, 116: 242-52.
Genetic and metabolic sex-differences. The manifestation of a
linked trait following skin transplantation. J. Heredity, 20:319-
22.
Bantam genetics: distribution of traits in a Sebright-Mille Fleur
cross. J. Heredity, 20:572-82.
Two factors influencing feathering in chickens. Genetics, 14:256-69.
With Frances Foster. Skin transplantation as a means of studying
genetic and endocrine factors in the fowl. I. Exp. Zool., 52:443-
70.
1930
Chorio-allantoic grafting followed by direct transplantation in the
chick. Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med., 27:1066-67.
Developmental anomalies in a special strain of mice. Am. J. Anat.,
45:275-87.
The nature of racial and sexual dimorphism in the plumage of
campines and leghorns. Biologia Generalis, 6: 99-108.
Numerical variation and homologies in vertebrae. Am. J. Phys.
Anthropol., 14:463-81.
OCR for page 53
CHARLES HASKELL DANFORTH
Some racial and hereditary characteristics of hair.
15:35-37.
1931
53
Eugenical News,
Persistence of contra-sex skin grafts in the fowl. In: Proceedings of
the Second International Congress for Sex Research, ed. by A. W.
Greenwood, pp. 171-72. London, August 1930. Edinburgh,
Oliver & Boyd, Ltd.
Predetermined and fortuitous features in the development of a
gland (lacrimal gland of a mouse). Anat. Record, 48:41, Sup-
plement.
1932
Artificial and hereditary suppression of sacral vertebrae in the fowl.
Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med., 30: 143-45.
Family size as a factor in human evolution.
Congress of Eugenics. J. Heredity, 23:385.
Genetics of sexual dimorphism in plumage.
Congr. Genet., 2:3~36.
Hereditary posterior duplication in the mouse.
Congr. Genet., 2:253.
Racial and sexual traits revealed by skin transplants. Proc. 6th
Internat. Congr. Genet., 2:257.
A new hereditary feather deficiency in the fowl.
Congr. Genet., 2: 257-58.
Third International
Proc. 6th Internat.
Proc. 6th Internat.
Proc. 6th Internat.
The interrelation of genie and endocrine factors in sex. In: Sex
and Internal Secretions, ed. by Edgar Allen, pp. 12-54. Balti-
more, Williams & Wilkins Company.
Three views of evolution. l. Heredity, 23:405-9.
1933
Genetic factors in the response of feather follicles to thyroxin and
theelin. J. Exp. Zool., 65:183-97.
Racial differences in the reaction of developing feathers to artificially
administered hormones. Anat. Record, 55:52-53, Supplement.
The reaction of dominant white with yellow and black in the fowl.
[. Heredity, 24:301-7.
1934
Genetics and anthropology.
Science, 79:215-21.
OCR for page 54
~4
BIOGRAPHICAL MEMOIRS
1935
With John B. Price. Failure of theelin and thyroxin to affect
plumage and eye-color of the blackbird. Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol.
Med., 32:675-78.
With Jerome K. Fisher. Inability of testicular hormone to mas-
culinize plumage and eye-color of female Brewer's blackbird.
Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med., 32:1115-17.
Testicular hormones and Sebright plumage.
Med., 32:1474-76.
Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol.
Different potentialities of male and female skin in Reeves's pheasants.
Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med., 33:291-92.
Genetic mosaics in the feathers of the common fowl. Transactions
on the Dynamics of Development, 10:339-44. (Part in Russian)
1936
Genetics of sex differences in plumage (Syrmaticus reeves)). Am.
Naturalist, 70:46.
1937
Artificial gynandromorphism and plumage in Phasianus. Journal
of Genetics, 34:497-506.
Some genetic implications in dissecting room material. Anat. Rec-
ord, 67:12-13.
Interaction of hormones and genotypes in pheasants. Anat. Record,
67: 60, Supplement.
Pigment cells in heterogenous feathers. Anat. Record, 68:461-68.
Responses of feathers of male and female pheasants to theelin.
Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med., 36:322-24.
An experimental study of plumage in Reeves's pheasants. I. Exp.
Zool., 77:1-11.
1939
Relation of genie and endocrine factors in sex. In: Sex and Internal
Secretions, 2d ea., ed. by Edgar Allen, C. H. Danforth, and E. A.
Doisy, pp. 328-50. Baltimore, Williams & Wilkins Company.
Genic and hormonal factors in biological processes. Harvey Lec-
tures, 34:246-64.
Direct control of avian color pattern by the pigmentoblasts. J.
Heredity, 30:173-76.
OCR for page 55
CHARLES HASKELL DANFORTH
~5
With Gunnar Sandnes. Behavior of genes in intergeneric crosses.
Effects of two dominant genes on color in pheasant hybrids.
J. Heredity, 30: 537-42.
Physiology of human hair. Physiological Reviews, 19:94-111.
1941
With John B. Price.
Condor, 43:253-56.
A persistent mutation in the California quail.
1942
Sex inversion in the plumage of birds. Part II. In: Hormonal
Factors in the Inversion of Sex. Biological Symposia, ed. by
Jacques Cattell, Vol. 9, pp. 67-80. Lancaster, Pennsylvania,
Science Press.
1943
Gene H and testosterone in the fowl. In: Essays in Biology in
Honor of Herbert M. Evans, written by his friends, pp. 159-67.
Berkeley, University of California Press.
Hair. In: Dictionary of Biochemistry and Related Sub jects, ed.
by W. M. \lalisoff, pp. 288-97. New York, Philosophical Library.
1944
Relation of the follicular hormone to feather form and pattern in
the fowl. Yale journal of Biology and Medicine, 17: 13-18.
194.5
With others. Should the BNA be abolished? Anat. Record, 92:
105-7.
With others. How much modification of the BNA is desirable?
Anat. Record, 92:197-200.
1946
Physiological aspects of genetics.
8: 17-42.
Annual Reviews of Physiology,
1947
Heredity of polydactyly in the cat. J. Heredity, 38: 107-12.
Morphology of the feet in polydactyl cats. Am. l. Anat., 80: 143-71.
OCR for page 56
56
BIOGRAPHICAL MEMOIRS
1948
Biographical Memoir of Charles Vincent Taylor, 1885-1946. In:
National Academy of Sciences, Biographical Memoirs, 25:205-25.
New York, Columbia University Press.
1949
With Victor Schwentker. Snowball: a repeated mutation in the
cotton rat. ]. Heredity, 40: 252-56.
1950
Evolution of plumage traits in pheasant hybrids, Phasianus x Chryso-
lophus. Evolution, 4:301-15.
1953
With Elizabeth M. Center. Development and genetics of a sex-
influenced trait in the livers of mice. Proceedings of the Na-
tional Academy of Sciences, 39:811-17.
Free and unequal: the biological basis of individual liberty. Amer-
ican Journal of Human Genetics, 5:402-4.
1954
With Elizabeth At. Center. Nitrogen mustard as a teratogenic
agent in the mouse. Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med., 86:705-7.
1955
Delayed effects of mutagenic agents.
1958
Science, 122:874.
With Elizabeth M. Center. The occurrence and genetic behavior
of duplicate incisors in the mouse. Genetics, 43: 139-48.
Callus sonnerati and the domestic fowl. J. Heredity, 49: 167-69.
1967
With Elizabeth M. Center. Genetical and embryological basis of flee
duplicitas posterior manifestation in the mouse. Genetics,
56:554.
OCR for page 57
Representative terms from entire chapter:
haskell danforth
