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OCR for page 255
WINTHROP JOHN VANLEUVEN OSTERHOUT 243
1935
With S. E. Hill. Positive variations in Nitella. l.G.P., 18:369-75.
With S. E. Hill. Nature of the action current in Nitella. II. Special
cases. [.G.P., 18:377-83.
With S. E. Hill. Nature of the action current in Nitella. Some ad-
ditional features. l.G.P., 18:499-514.
With S. E. Hill. Restoration of the potassium effect by means of
action currents. i.G.P., 18:681-86.
Mechanical restoration of irritability and of the
potassium effect. ~.G.P., 18: 687-94.
With A. G. Jacques. The kinetics of penetration. XI. Entrance of
potassium into ~Vitella. }.G.P., 18: 967-85.
Chemical restoration in Nitella. I. Ammonia and some of its com-
pounds. J.G.P., 18: 987-95.
With S. E. Kamerling. The accumulation of electrolytes. VIII.
The accumulation of KC1 in models. ~.G.P., 19:167-78.
With S. E. Hill. Pacemakers in Nitella. I. Temporary local dif-
ferences in rhythm. l.G.P., 19: 307-9.
How do electrolytes enter the cell? Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci., 21: 125-32.
How do electrolytes penetrate the cell? Collecting Net, 10:1-8.
With S. E. Hill. The role of ions in Valonia and Nitella. Biol.
Bull., 69:329.
\Vith S. E. Hill
_
Some experimental modifications of the protoplasmic surface. Proc.
Soc. Exp. Biol. Med., 32:715-16.
With S. E. Hill. Some aspects of anesthesia and irritability. Sci-
ence, 81:418-19.
Mechanism of salt absorption by plant cells.
Nature, 136: 1034-35.
1936
Chemical restoration in Nitella. II. Restorative action of blood.
|.G.P., 19:423-25.
Electrical phenomena in large plant cells. Physiological Reviews,
16:216-37.
The absorption of electrolytes in large plant cells. Bot. Rev.,
2:283-315.
U ber e~n~ge chemische und elektrische Eigenschaften von proto-
plasmaoberflachen. Kolloid-Zeitschrift, 77:373-85.
With S. E. Hill. Some ways to control bioelectrical behavior. Cold
Spring Harbor Symp. Quant. Biol., 4: 43-52.
OCR for page 256
244
BIOGRAPHICAL MEMOIRS
Changes of apparent ionic mobilities in protoplasm. I. Effects of
guaiacol on Valonia. J.G.P., 20: 13~3.
1937
Changes of apparent ionic mobilities in protoplasm. II. The action
of guaiacol as affected by pH. {.G.P., 20:685-93.
Electrochemical methods in the study of plant cells. Transactions
of the Electrochemical Society, 71:93-99.
The protoplasmic surface in certain plant cells. Transactions of
the Faraday Society, 33:997-1002.
1938
With S. E. Hill. Calculations of bioelectric potentials. II. The
concentration potential of KC1 in Nitella. J.G.P., 21:541-56.
Effects of potassium on the potential of Halicystis. i.G.P., 21:631-
34.
With A. G. Jacques. The accumulation of electrolytes. X. Accumu-
lation of iodine by Halicystis and Valonia. i.G.P., 21 :687-93.
Changes of apparent ionic mobilities in protoplasm. III. Some ef-
fects of guaiacol on Halicystis. J.G.P., 21:707-20.
With A. G. Jacques. The accumulation of electrolytes. XI. Ac-
cumulation of nitrate by Valonia and Halicystis. J.G.P., 21:767-
73.
With S. E. Hill. Nature of the action current in Nitella. IV. Pro-
duction of quick action currents by exposure to NaCl. l.G.P.,
22:91-106.
With S. E. Hill. Delayed potassium effect in Nitella. J.~.P.,
22: 107-13.
With S. E. Hill. Pacemakers in Nitella. II. Arrhythmia and block.
J.G.P., 22:115-30.
With S. E. Hill. Calculations of bioelectric potentials. IV. Some
effects of calcium on potentials in Nitella. ~.G.P., 22:139-46.
With I. W. Murray. The movement of water from concentrated to
dilute solutions through liquid membranes. Science, 87:430.
(A)
With l. W. Murray. Movement of water against a gradient in
models. Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med., 38:468-70.
Potentials in Halicystis as affected by non-electrolytes. Proc. Nat.
Acad. Sci., 24:75-76.
With S. E. Hill. Calculations of bioelectric potentials. III. Varia-
OCR for page 257
WINTHROP JOHN VANLEUVEN OSTERHOUT 245
tion in partition coefficients and ion mobilities.
Sci., 24:312-15.
With S. E. Hill. Reversal of the potassium effect in Nitella. Proc.
Nat. Acad. Sci., 24:427-29.
1939
Proc. Nat. Acad.
Changes of apparent ionic mobilities in protoplasm. IV. Influence
of guaiacol on the effects of sodium and potassium in Nitella.
J.G.P., 22:417-27.
Calculations of bioelectric potentials. V. Potentials in Halicystis.
J.G.P., 23:53-57.
Calculations of bioelectric potentials. VI. Some effects of guaiacol on
Nitella. i.G.P., 23: 171-76.
With S. E. Hill. Chemical restoration in Nitella. III. Effects of in-
organic salts. Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci., 25:3-5.
With I. W. Murray.
Science, 90:397-98.
Note on water in non-aqueous solutions.
1940
Alfred George Jacques.
Science, 91: 133-34.
With l. W. Murray. Behavior of water in certain heterogeneous
systems. [.G.P., 23: 365-90.
Some chemical aspects of the potassium effect. l.G.P., 23:429-32.
Effects of hexylresorcinol on Nitella. ~.G.P., 23:569-73.
With S. E. Hill. Action curves with single peaks in Nitella in re-
lation to the movement of potassium. J.G.P., 23:743~8.
Effects of guaiacol and hexylresorcinol in the presence of barium
and calcium. ~.G.P., 23: 749-51.
Chemical restoration in Nitella. IV. Effects of guanidine. {.G.P.,
24:7-8.
With S. E. Hill. The experimental production of double peaks in
Chara action curves and their relation to the movement of
potassium. J.G.P., 24: 9-13.
Some models of protoplasmic surfaces.
Quant. Biol., 8: ~ 1-52.
1941
Cold Spring Harbor Symp.
Effects of hexylresorcinol on Valonia. J.G.P., 24: 311-13.
Effects of nitrobenzene and benzene on Valonia. J.G.P., 24:699-702.
Positive potentials due to aniline and the antagonistic action of
ammonia. Journal of Cellular and Comparative Physiology,
18: 129-35.
OCR for page 258
246
BIOGRAPHICAL MEMOIRS
1942
Increased irritability in Nitella due to guanidine.
1943
Diffusion potentials in models and in living cells.
307.
Pacemakers in Nitella. III. Electrical alternans. J.G.P., 26:457-65.
Nature of the action current in Nitella. V. Partial response and the
all-or-none law. l.G.P., 27:61-68.
A model of the potassium effect. l.G.P., 27:91-100.
Studies of the inner and outer surfaces of large plant cells. I. Plas-
molysis due to salts. t.G.P., 27: 139~2.
William Albert Setchell (1864-1943~. American Philosophical So-
ciety Yearbook, pp. 431-32.
J.G.P., 26:65-73.
J.G.P., 26:293-
1944
Studies of the inner and outer protoplasmic surfaces of large plant
cells. l.G.P., 28: 17-22.
Differing rates of death at inner and outer surfaces of the proto-
plasm. I. Effects of formaldehyde on Nitella. ~.G.P., 28:23-36.
Differing rates of death at inner and outer surfaces of the proto-
plasm. II. Negative potential in Nitella caused by formaldehyde.
J.G.P., 28:37-41.
Differing rates of death at inner and outer surfaces of the proto-
plasm. III. Effects of mercuric chloride on Nitella. J.G.P.,
28:343-47.
1945
Effects of hydroxyl on negative and positive cells of Nitella. l.G.P.,
29:43-56.
Water relations in the cell. I. The chloroplasts of Nitella and of
Spirogyra. J.G.P., 29:73-78.
1946
Some properties of protoplasmic gels. I. Tension in the chloroplast
of S/?irogyra. l.G.P., 29:181-92.
Nature of the action current in Nitella. VI. Simple and complex
action patterns. J. G. P., 30:47-59.
OCR for page 259
WINTHROP JOHN VANLEUVEN OSTERHOUT 247
1947
Some properties of protoplasmic gels. II. Contraction of chloro-
plasts in currents of water entering the cell and expansion in
outgoing currents. {.G.P., 30: 229-34.
The absorption of electrolytes in large plant cells. II. Bot. Rev.,
13: 194-215.
Some aspects of secretion. I. Secretion of water.
1948
|.G.P., 30:439-47.
Abnormal protoplasmic patterns and death in slightly hypertonic
solutions. J.G.P., 31 :291-300.
Effects of hypertonic solutions on Nereis eggs. Biol. Bull., 95:269.
(A)
Solubility of the vitelline membrane of Nereis eggs. Biol. Bull.,
95:269. (A)
Experiments on chloroplasts and on photosynthesis. Biol. Bull.,
95:270. (A)
1949
Movements of water in cells of Nitella. ~.G.P., 32:553-58.
Transport of water from concentrated to dilute solutions in cells of
Nitella. [.G.P., 32:559-66.
Some bioelectric problems. Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci., 35:548-58.
Extrusion of jelly by eggs of Nereis limbata under electrical stimulus.
Biol. Bull., 97:260. (A)
1950
Higher permeability for water than for ethyl alcohol in Nitella.
J.G.P., 33:275-84.
Effects of electrical currents on the absorption of water by eggs of
Nereis km bata. l.G.P., 33: 379-88.
Distant effects of toxic agents.
The mechanism of accumulation. Biol. Bull., 99:308. (A)
Activation of Nereis eggs by a detergent. Biol. Bull., 99:362. (A)
Relative solubility of the components of the Nereis egg. Biol. Bull.,
99:362. (A)
J.G.P., 34:279-84.
1951
Injury in relation to cell organization. J.G.P., 34:321-23.
OCR for page 260
248
BIOGRAPHICAL MEMOIRS
Behavior of jelly in eggs of Nereis limbata. Biol. Bull., 101:226.
(A)
Detergent action of sperm extract in Nereis limbata. Biol. Bull.,
101:226. (A)
lg52
Some aspects of protoplasmic motion. J.G.P., 35:519-27.
Mechanism of accumulation in living cells. ~.G.P., 35:579-94.
Activation of eggs of Nereis limbata by a surface active extract of
dead sperm. Biol. Bull., 103:305-6. (A)
Reversible contraction of protoplasmic structures by changes in pH
values. Biol. Bull., 103:306. (A)
1953
Protamin in an extract of the sperm of Nereis limbata. Biol. Bull..
105:379-80. (A)
Surface active material obtained from Nereis limbata. Biol. Bull.,
1 05; 380. (A)
With Theodore Shedlovsky. Surface active properties of an extract
of the sperm of Ne'-eis limbata. Biol. Bull, 105:383-84. (A)
1954
Changes in resting potential due to a shift of electrolytes in the cell
produced by non-electrolytes. l.G.P., 37 :423-32.
Apparent violations of the all-or-none law in relation to potassium
in the protoplasm. l.G.P., 37:813-24.
Note on the work of Jacques Loeb. In: Ion Transport Across Mem-
branes, pp. 1-2. New York, Academic Press, Inc.
Reversible clotting in Sp~rogyra. Biol. Bull., 107:317. (A)
1955
Reversible shrinkage in Chaetomorpha. Biol. Bull., lO9: 366. (A)
Apparent violations of the all-or-none law in relation to potassium
in the protoplasm. In: Electrochemistry in Biology and 2VIedi-
cine, ed. by T. Shedlovsky, pp. 213-24. New York, John Wiley &
Sons, Inc.
1956
The role of water in protoplasmic permeability and in an-
tagonism. J.G.P., 39:963-76.
OCR for page 261
WINTHROP JOHN VANLEUVEN OSTERHOUT 249
Effect of electric current on the contraction of the chloroplasts of
Spirogyra. Biol. Bull., 111:310. (A)
1957
The use of aquatic plants in the study of some fundamental prob-
lems. Annual Review of Plant Physiology, 8:1-10.
OCR for page 262
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OCR for page 264
OCR for page 265
THEODORE WILLIAM RICHARDS
January 31,1 868-A pril 2,1928
BY JAMES BRYANT CONANT
THEODORE WILLIAM RICHARDS was a precocious son of distin-
guished parents. He was born in Philadelphia on January
31, 1868, the third son and fifth child of William Trost Richards
and Anna Matlack Richards, who had been married on June
30, 1856. As strict members of the Society of Friends, the
Matlack family looked askance at a young man who earned his
living painting pictures. Anna was "read out of meeting." The
Quaker marriage ceremony took place in the house of a friend.
The first months of the honeymoon were devoted to the com-
position and illustration of a manuscript volume of poems for
the lady who had first brought the young couple together. A
mutual interest in Browning and Tennyson had started an
acquaintanceship which rapidly became a romance.
An old friend and fellow artist of Philadelphia reminiscing
long after W. T. Richards had established his reputation as a
landscape painter said, "He amazed me by getting married and
resigning his position as designer fin a local firm manufacturing
gas fixtures] in order to devote himself entirely to his art. I
don't remember which event took place first but I thought the
latter extremely unwise—and so it would have been with anyone
else, but timidity had no place in his nature." Of the struggle
of a largely self-taught artist to support a family in the Civil
War years there is little record. By the time the third son,
251
OCR for page 281
THEODORE WILLIAM RICHARDS 267
Amend is that concerning the electromotive force of iron under
varying conditions and the effect of occluded hydrogen. In this
research he not only for the first time discovered the true single
potential difference exhibited by iron, but explained the
reasons for the low results obtained by others and threw new
light upon the nature of hydrogen occluded by iron and the
mechanism of overvoltage. All his results on this subject have
subsequently been confirmed by Forster in a monograph pub-
lished by the Bunsen Gesellschaft. With regard to his work
upon electromotive forces produced by dilute amalgams, it is
enough to say that with the help of pupils he has studied
amalgams of cadmium, zinc, thallium, indium, lead, tin, copper,
and lithium, in many cases using very concentrated solutions of
the metal in mercury, and these varied data were made the basis
not only for a striking verification of the exactness of the law of
concentration-effect at great dilution but also a basis for a
thermodynamic analysis of the cases of the deviations exhibited
by concentrated solutions.
The work upon the significance of changing atomic volume
and atomic compressibility which has occupied much of Pro-
fessor Richards's time during the last thirteen years has both a
practical and a theoretical aspect. His views concerning the
nature of the liquid and solid state have led him to make a
large number of determinations of compressibility, of surface
tension, and heat of evaporation, which have enriched consid-
erably our knowledge upon this subject, and which cannot but
be of lasting value, even independent of any hypothesis. Prom-
inent among these data are the determinations of the compressi-
bilities of the elements. In a series of investigations using an
entirely new method, devised by himself, for determining
compressibility, he determined the relative compressibilities of
thirty-five liquid or solid elements, so distributed as to depict
for the first time clearly the periodic nature of this property.
OCR for page 282
268
BIOGRAPHICAL MEMOIRS
The close correspondence between compressibilities of the solid
elements and their atomic volumes is shown by the two curves
in the accompanying diagram, cut from one of his publications.
In addition to these data concerning the elements he has,
with the help as before of a number of pupils, determined the
compressibilities of a variety of simple compounds, such as the
halides of lithium, sodium, potassium, and thallium, on the one
hand, and hydrocarbons, alcohols, esters, amines, and organic
halides, on the other hand. These data, many of them entirely
new, afford a basis for a variety of interesting, theoretical con-
clusions concerning the mechanism of the compression of solids
and liquids. His work on surface tension and heat of evapora-
tion, which was undertaken in order to test his hypothesis con-
cerning the relation of these properties, has never yet been
fully published, and therefore cannot be fully discussed at
present, but enough has appeared in print to show the im-
portance of the work.
As has been stated, all these investigations were suggested
or inspired by Richards's theory of atomic compressibility which
differs radically from the current kinetic conception of the
structure of solid and liquid bodies. His hypothesis first arose
in his mind from the consideration of the behavior of gases, and
the now generally accepted variability of the quantity b in the
equation of van der Waals. He reasoned that if b is changeable,
the actual size of the molecules to which b is probably nearly
related must also be changeable. This implies molecular com-
pressibility, and if molecules are compressible, they must be
much compressed by the great forces of cohesion and chemical
affinity which exist in solid and liquid substances. Accordingly
he immediately sought for evidence of the compressing effect
of chemical affinity and cohesion, and promptly found it in the
rediscovery of the general but not invariable rule;—greater af-
finity usually causes greater contraction on combination. This
~ This diagram is not reproduced here.
OCR for page 283
THEODORE WILLIAM RICHARDS 269
idea has been suggested by Davy one hundred years ago, and
several others since have revived it; but the idea nevertheless
made no impression upon chemical literature as a whole, and
was entirely overlooked by Richards until after the publication
of his first papers. It must be said, however, that the oversight
leas perhaps more fortunate than not, because the entirely new
approach to the subject led Richards to penetrate much more
fundamentally into it than those who had preceded him. He
has been able to show without much room for doubt that the
reasons for the occasional deviations from the general rule, de-
viations which probably destroyed earlier confidence in the
whole matter, are almost certainly due to the concomitant action
of both chemical affinity and cohesion; in other words he by
approximate quantitative evidence was able to show that not
only the combination of atoms to make molecules causes com-
pression, as the affinity is greater, but also that the molecules in
cohering to one another in order to form a liquid or a solid
compress one another in this process also. Hence the total vol-
ume of a liquid or solid appears according to his hypothesis to
be the result of these varying and very different affinity-pres-
sures.
He has been able to show that in a great many cases this
hypothesis which has led him to consider atoms and molecules
as closely packed without spaces between them in liquids and
solids is consistent with a great variety of widely different
phenomena both physical and chemical. For example, it gives
entirely a new insight into the tenacity, ductility, hardness,
brittleness, and surface tension; it gives a new and easily con-
ceivable interpretation of the critical point; the peculiar rela-
tions of material and light, such as magnetic rotation, fluores-
cence, partial absorption, etc., may be referred to the modified
vibrations of compressed atoms. He has pointed out also that
the theory gives a very plausible explanation to the reason why
as a rule among isomers the denser isomer is less volatile, less
OCR for page 284
270
BIOGRAPHICAL MEMOIRS
compressible, and possesses a greater surface tension than the
less dense isomer.
A clear kinetic picture of the asymmetric carbon and in
general the mechanism of the actual chemical affinities of any
two atoms may be based upon this hypothesis. As he has said in
the Faraday Lecture: "The satisfying of each valence of an atom
would cause a depression on the atomic surface, owing to the
pressure exerted by the affinity in that spot. The stronger the
affinity, the greater should be this distortion. Evidently this
conception gives a new picture of the asymmetric carbon atom,
which combined with four other different atoms, would have
upon its surface depressions of four unequal magnitudes, and
be twisted into an unsymmetrical tetrahedron. The combining
atoms would be held on the faces of the tetrahedron thus
formed, instead of impossibly perching upon the several peaks.
According to this hypothesis, the carbon atom need not be
imagined as a tetrahedron in the first place; it would assume
the tetrahedral shape when combined with the other four atoms.
One can easily image that the development of each new valence
would change the affinities previously exercised, somewhat as a
second depression in the side of a rubber ball will modify a
forcibly caused dimple in some other part. Thus a part of the
effect which each new atom has on the affinities of the other
atoms already present may be explained."
He has published a number of papers upon the subject of
atomic compressibility; the whole matter is summed up briefly
in his Faraday Lecture of 1911. During the twelve years since
his first publication upon the subject, no one seems to have
been able to advance a first-rate argument against this theory
of compressible atoms, and if it continues to gain ground, as it
has during this period, one may safely predict that before long
it is bound to cause nothing short of a revolution in the kinetic
point of view concerning the nature of equilibrium and change
in solid and liquid substances as well as a better understanding
of the deviations of gases from the exact gas law.
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THEODORE WILLIAM RICHARDS 271
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Note: As was customary in the last century, Richards usually published the
results of his researches in both English and German scientific journals.
To list all of Richards's papers would be to expand this bibliography un-
necessarily. Therefore only one explicit reference is listed below for the
report of an investigation.
KEY TO ABBREVIATIONS
Am. Chem. J. American Chemical journal
Am. i. Sci. American Surreal of Science
Ber. Berichte der Deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft (later, Chemische
Berichte)
Carnegie Inst. Wash. Publ. Carnegie Institution of Washington Publica-
tion
Carnegie Inst. Wash. Year Book Carnegie Institution of Washington
Year Book
Chem. News Chemical News and Journal of Physical Science (later, Chem-
ical Products and the Chemical News)
Chem. Rev. _ Chemical Reviews
J. Am. Chem. Soc. _ journal of the American Chemical Society
J. Franklin Inst. journal of the Franklin Institute
J. Phys. Chem. _ Journal of Physical Chemistry
Orig. Com. 8th Internat. Congr. Appl. Chem. - Original Communications
of the 8th International Congress of Applied Chemistry
Proc. Am. Acad. Arts Sci. Proceedings of the American Academy of Arts
and Sciences (later, Daedalus)
Proc. Nat. .\cad. Sci. - Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
Z. anorg. Chem. Zeitschrift fur anorganische Chemie (later, Zeitschrift
fur anorganische und allgemeine Chemie)
Z. physik. Chem. Zeitschrift fur physikalische Chemie, Stochiometrie und
Verwandtschaftslehre (later, Zeitschrift fur physikalische Chemie)
1888
On the constancy in the heat produced by the reaction of argentic
nitrate on solutions of metallic chlorides. Chem. News, 57:16-
17.
With Josiah Parsons Cooke. The relative values of the atomic
weights of hydrogen and oxygen. Am. Chem. J., 10:81-110.
A determination of the relation of the atomic weights of copper and
silver. Am. Chem. J., 10:182-87.
Further investigation on the atomic weight of copper. Am. Chem.
J., 10:187-91.
1889
A method of vapour density determination. Chem. News, 59:87-88.
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272
BIOGRAPHICAL MEMOIRS
With P. iannasch. The determination of sulphuric acid in presence
of iron. Chem. News, 60:19-20.
1890
Ueber cupriammoniumbromide.
Ber., 23: 3790-91.
1891
The analysis of cupric bromide and the atomic weight of copper.
Chem. News, 63:20-23, 34-36, 43~4.
1892
A revision of the atomic weight of copper. Chem. News, 65:236-37,
244~5, 260-61, 265-68, 281-82, 293, 302-3.
A revision of the atomic weight of copper. Chem. News, 66:7,
20-21, 29-31, 47-48, 57-58, 74, 82-83.
1893
With Elliot Folger Rogers. On the occlusion of gases by the oxides
of metals. Am. Chem. i., 15: 567-78.
With Hubert Grover Shawl Cupriammonium double salts. Am.
Chem. i., 15: 642-53.
A revision of the atomic weight of barium. First paper. The
analysis of baric bromide. Proc. Am. Acad. Arts Sci., 28:1-30;
Z. anorg. Chem., 3:441-71.
A revision of the atomic weight of barium. Second paper. The
analysis of baric chloride. Proc. Am. Acad. Arts Sci., 29:55-91;
Z. anorg. Chem., 6: 89-127, 1894.
1894
A revision of the atomic weight of strontium. First paper. The
analysis of strontic bromide. Proc. Am. Acad. Arts Sci., 30:369-
89; Z. anorg. Chem., 8: 253-73, 1895.
With H. George Parker. On the occlusion of baric chloride by baric
sulphate. Proc. Am. Acad. Arts Sci., 31:67-77; Z. anorg. Chem.,
8:413-23, 1895.
1895
With Andrew Henderson Whitridge. On the cupriammonium
double salts. Am. Chem. i., 17:145-54.
With George Oenslager. On the cupriammonium double salts.
Am. Chem. J., 17: 297-305.
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THEODORE WILLIAM RICHARDS 273
With Elliot Folger Rogers. A revision of the atomic weight of zinc.
First paper. The analysis of zincic bromide. Proc. Am. Acad.
Arts Sci., 31: 158-80; Z. anorg. Chem., 10: 1-24.
1896
With H. George Parker. A revision of the atomic weight of mag-
nesium. Proc. Am. Acad. Arts Sci., 32:55-73; Z. anorg. Chem.,
13:81-100.
1897
With John Trowbridge. The spectra of argon.
15-20.
With John Trowbridge. The multiple spectra of gases. Am. J.
Sci., 4S.3:117-20.
With John Trowbridge. The effect of great current strength on the
conductivity of electrolytes. Philosophical Magazine, 43:376-78.
On the temperature coefficient of the potential of the calomel
electrode, with several different supernatant electrolytes. Proc.
Am. Acad. Arts Sci., 33:3-20; Z. physik. Chem., 24:39-54.
Note on the rate of dehydration of crystallized salts. Proc. Am.
Acad. Arts Sci., 33:2 1-27; Z. anorg. Chem., 1 7: 1 65-6D, 1 898.
With Allerton Seward Cushman. A revision of the atomic weight
of nickel. First paper. The analysis of nickelous bromide. Proc.
Am. Acad. Arts Sci., 33:97-111; Z. anorg. Chem., 16:167-83, 1898.
With Gregory Paul Baxter. A revision of the atomic weight of
cobalt. First paper. The analysis of cobaltous bromide. Proc.
Am. Acad. Arts Sci., 33: 115-28; Z. anorak. Chem.. 16: 362-76. 1898.
Am. l. Sci., 4S.3:
Judith Benjamin Shores Meri~old.
On the cuprosammonium bro-
mides and the cupriammonium sulphocyanates. Proc. Am. Acad.
Arts Sci., 33:131-38; Z. anorg. Chem., 17:245-52, 1898.
1898
The relation of the taste of acids to their degree of dissociation. Am.
Chem. J., 20:121-26.
A convenient gas generator, and device for dissolving solids. Am.
Chem. J., 20: 189-95.
A table of atomic weights. Am. Chem. l., 20:543-54.
On the cause of the retention and release of eases occluded bY the
oxides of metals.
With I. B. Churchill.
cam
Am. Chem. J., 20:701-32.
The transition temperature of sodic sulphate,
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274
BIOGRAPHICAL MEMOIRS
a new fixed point in thermometry.
39; Z. physik. Chem., 26:691-98.
With Wentworth Lewis Harrington. Boiling point of mixed solu-
tions. I. Z. physik. Chem., 27:421-25.
With Gilbert Newton Lewis. Some electrochemical and thermo-
chemical relations of zinc and cadmium amalgams. Proc. Am.
Acad. Arts Sci., 34: 87-99; Z. physik Chem., 28: 1-12, 1899.
1899
With Henry Burnell Faber.
Chem. News, 78:229, 238-
On the solubility of argentic bromide
and chloride in solutions of sodic thiosulphate. Am. Chem. l.,
21: 167-72.
Note on the spectra of hydrogen. Am. Chem. I., 21:172-74.
With Allerton Seward Cushman. A revision of the atomic weight
of nickel. Second paper. The determination of the nickel in
nickelous bromide. Proc. Am. Acad. Arts Sci., 34: 327~8; Z.
anorg. Chem., 20:352-76.
With Gregory Paul Baxter. A revision of the atomic weight of
cobalt. Second paper. The determination of the cobalt in co-
baltous bromide. Proc. Am. Acad. Arts Sci., 34:351-69; Z.
anorg. Chem., 21: 250-72.
With Edward Collins and George W. Heimrod. The electrochem-
ical equivalents of copper and silver. Proc. Am. Acad. Arts Sci.,
35: 123-50; Z. physik. Chem., 32:321-47, 1900.
1900
Note on a method of standardizing weights. l. Am. Chem. Soc.,
22: 144-49.
The driving tendency of physico-chemical reaction, and its tempera-
ture coefficient. J. Phys. Chem., 4:383-93.
With Gregory Paul Baxter. A revision of the atomic weight of
iron. Preliminary paper. Proc. Am. Acad. Arts Sci., 35:253-60;
Z. anorg. Chem., 23:245-54.
On the determination of sulphuric acid in the presence of iron; a
note upon solid solutions. Proc. Am. Acad. Arts Sci., 35:377-83
Z. anorg. Chem., 23: 383-90.
1901
With E. H. Archibald.
photomicrography.
A study of growing crystals by instantaneous
Am. Chem. J., 26:61-74.
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THEODORE WILLIAM RICHARDS 275
With Frank Roy Fraprie. The solubility of manganous sulphate.
Am. Chem. I., 26:75-80.
With Charles F. NIcCaffrey and Harold Bisbee. The occlusion of
magnesic oxalate by calcic oxalate, and the solubility of calcic
oxalate. Proc. Am. Acad. Arts Sci., 36:377-93; Z. anorg. Chem.,
28:71-89.
The possible significance of changing atomic volume. Proc. Am.
Acad. Arts Sci., 37:3-17; Z. physik. Chem., 40:169-84, 1902.
1902
Edith Sidney Kent Singer.
chloric and hydrocyanic acids. Am. Chem. I., 27:205-9.
zenith B. Shores \lerigold. A new investigation concerning the
atomic weight of uranium. Chem. News, 85: 177-78, 186-88,
201, 207-9, 222-24, 229-30, 249.
A redetermination of the atomic weight of calcium. Preliminary
paper. i. Am. Chem. Soc., 24:374-77.
\Vith Ebenezer Henry Archibald. The decomposition of mercurous
chloride by dissolved chlorides: a contribution to the study of
concentrated solutions. Proc. Am. Acad. Arts Sci., 37: 347-61;
Z. physik. Chem., 40: 385-98.
The significance of changing atomic volume. II. The probable
source of the heat of chemical combination, and a new atomic
hypothesis. Proc. Am. Acad. Arts Sci., 37: 399~ 11; Z. physik.
Chem., 40:597-610.
With George William Heimrod. On the accuracy of the improved
voltameter. Proc. Am. Acad. Arts Sci., 37:415-43; Z. physik.
Chem., 41:302-30.
The significance of changing atomic volume. III. The relation of
changing heat capacity to change of free energy, heat of reaction,
change of volume, and chemical affinity. Proc. Am. Acad. Arts
Sci., 38: 293-3 1 7; Z. physik. Chem., 42: 1 29-54.
The quantitative separation of hydro-
\Alith Wilfred Newsome atolls
l he speed and nature of the re-
action of bromine upon oxalic acid. Proc. Am. Acad. Arts Sci.
38: 321 -37; Z. physik. Chem., 41: 544-59.
\\lith Wilfred Newsome Stull. The universally exact application
of Faraday's Law. Proc. Am. Acad. Arts Sci., 38:409-13; Z.
physik. Chem., 42:621-2b, 1903.
With Kenneth Lamartine Mark. An apparatus for the measure-
ment of the expansion of gases by heat under constant pressure.
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276
BIOGRAPHICAL MEMOIRS
Proc. Am. Acad. Arts Sci., 38:417-28; Z. physik. Chem., 43:475-
86, 1903.
1903
Note concerning the calculation of thermochemical results. J. Am.
Chem. Soc., 25:209-14.
The freezing-points of dilute solutions. J. Am. Chem. Soc., 25:291-
98.
With Ebenezer Henry Archibald. A revision of the atomic weight
of caesium. Proc. Am. Acad. Arts Sci., 38: 443-70; Z. anorg.
Chem., 34:353-82.
With Frederic Bonnet, Jr. The changeable hydrolytic equilibrium
of dissolved chromic sulphate. Proc. Am. Acad. Arts Sci., 39:3-
30; Z. physik. Chem., 47: 29-51, 1904.
The inclusion and occlusion of solvent in crystals. Proceedings
of the American Philosophical Society, 42: 28-36; Z. physik.
Chem., 46: 189-96.
1904
With Sidney Kent Singer. Note on a method of determining small
quantities of mercury. I. Am. Chem. Soc., 26:300-2.
With Wilfred Newsome Stull. New method of determining com-
pressibility, with application to bromine, iodine, chloroform,
bromoform. carbon tetrachloride, phosphorus, water ~nr1 ~ln.~.c
~~ ~ ~ ~ .
i. Am. Chem. Soc., 26: 399-412.
The significance of changing atomic volume. IV. The effects of
chemical and cohesive internal pressure. Proc. Am. Acad. Arts
Sci., 39:581-604; Z. physik. Chem., 49:15-40.
With Harold Bisbee. A rapid and convenient method for the quan-
titative electrolytic precipitation of copper. I. Am. Chem. Soc.,
26:530-36.
1905
Note on the efficiency of centrifugal purification. J. Am. Chem.
Soc., 27:104-11.
With Burritt S. Lacy. Electrostenolysis and Faraday's Law. T. Am.
Chem. Soc., 27:232-33.
With Roger Clark Wells. A revision of the atomic weights of
sodium and chlorine. J. Am. Chem. Soc., 27:459-529.
A revision of the atomic weight of strontium. Second paper. The
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THEODORE WILLIAM RICHARDS 277
analysis of strontic chloride. Proc. Am. Acad. Arts Sci., 40:603-
7; Z. anorg. Chem., 47:145-50.
1906
\\Jith George Shannon Forbes. Energy changes involved in the
dilution of zinc and cadmium amalgams. Carnegie Inst. Wash.
Publ., 56, iii + 68 pp.
With Roger C. \\lells. The transition temperature of sodic bro-
mide: a new fixed point in thermometry. Proc. Am. Acad. Arts
Sci., 41:435-48; Z. physik. Chem., 56:348-61.
With Frederick G. Jackson. A new method of standardizing ther-
mometers below 0° C.
physik. Chem., 56:362-65.
Proc. Am. Acad. Arts Sci., 41:451-54; Z.
1907
Neuere Untersuchungen uber die Atomgewichte. Ber., 40:2767-79.
With Arthur Staehler, G. Shannon Forbes, Edward Mueller, and
Grinnell tones. Further researches concerning the atomic
weights of potassium, silver, chlorine, bromine, nitrogen, and
sulphur. Carnegie Inst. Wash. Publ., 69: 7-88.
\\lith \11. N. Stull, F. N. Brink, and F. Bonnet, in The compres-
sibilities of the elements and their periodic relations. Carnegie
Inst. Wash. Publ., 76:7-67.
Investigations concerning the values of the atomic weights and
other physico-chemical constants. Carnegie Inst. Wash. Year
Book, 6:193.
Bemerkungen zum Gebrauch van Zentrifugen. Chemiker Zeitung,
31:1251.
\\lith F. N. Brink. Densities of lithium, sodium, potassium, rubid-
ium, and caesium. T. Am. Chem. Soc., 29:117-27.
With Lawrence I. Henderson and Harry L. Frevert. Concerning
the adiabatic determination of the heats of combustion of organic
substances, especially sugar and benzol. Proc. Am. Acad. Arts
Sci., 42:573-93; Z. physik. Chem., 59:532-52.
With F. Wrede. The transition temperature of manganous chlo-
ride: a new fixed point in thermometry. Proc. Am. Acad. Arts
Sci., 43:343-50.
1908
Investigation of the values of atomic weights and other fundamental
Representative terms from entire chapter:
theodore william
