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OCR for page 335
EDWARD ARTHUR STEINHAUS
317
not dwell on conflicts between religion and science but rather
that the two philosophies should team up in their approach to a
solution of "what goes wrong" in the world. His viewpoint on
this subject was in keeping, with his philosophy of life that moti-
vated him to accomplish so much through science and education
for the welfare of mankind.
IN PREPARING this biographical memoir, I am especially indebted to
l\labry C. Steinhaus for providing me with reference material not
otherwise available. This was largely in the nature of manuscripts
of biographies written by others, including those prepared by E.
Gorton Linsley and Ray F. Smith of the University of California,
Berkeley; fames L. McGaugh, Howard A. Schneiderman, and John
E. Smith of the University of California, Irvine; John D. Briggs,
Ohio State University, and Mauro Martignoni and Ken Hughes of
the U.S. Forestry Sciences Laboratory, Oregon State University,
Corvallis. I also drew from biographical information obtained
from the National Academy of Sciences. An unpublished docu-
ment prepared by E. A. Steinhaus himself contained most valu-
able autobiographical information, which was kindly included
in the material supplied by Mrs. Steinhaus. I wish also to express my
appreciation for the assistance by my daughter, Edwina, in the
organization and editing of the biographical memoir.
OCR for page 336
318
BIOGRAPHICAL MEMOIRS
BIBLIOGRAPHY
KEY TO ABBREVIATIONS
Bacteriol. Rev. _ Bacteriological Reviews
Bull. Entomol. Soc. Am. Bulletin of the Entomological Society of America
Calif. Agr. California Agriculture
I. Bacteriol. journal of Bacteriology
I. Econ. Entomol. _ journal of Economic Entomology
I. Insect Pathol. Journal of Insect Pathology
I. Invert. Pathol. Journal of Invertebrate Pathology
J. Parasitol. Journal of Parasitology
Public Health Rept. Public Health Reports
1936
The effect of Escherichia cold on the growth of Bacillus subtilis when
grown in mixed cultures. North Dakota State College Thesis
(B.S.), Fargo, North Dakota. 31 pp.
1938
With I. M. Birkeland.
teriol., 36:216. (A)
"Cannibalism" among bacteria. l. Bac-
1939
With I. M. Birkeland. Selective bacteriostatic action of sodium
lauryl sulfate and of "Dreft." Proceedings of the Society of
Experimental Biology and Medicine, 40:86-88.
With I. M. Birkeland. Studies on the life and death of bac-
teria. I. The senescent phase in aging cultures and the probable
mechanisms involved. I. Bacteriol., 38: 249-61.
1940
Studies on the life and death of bacteria. Abstracts of Doctoral Dis-
sertations, No. 31, pp. 325-31. Columbus, Ohio State University
Press.
A discussion of the microbial flora of insects.
62. (A)
J. Bacteriol., 40: 161-
.
The microbiology of insects with special reference to the biologic
relationships between bacteria and insects. Bacteriol. Rev., 4:
17-57.
1941
A study of the bacteria associated with thirty species of insects. l.
Bacteriol., 42: 757-89.
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EDWARD ARTHUR STEINHAUS
1942
319
Note on a toxic principle in eggs of the tick, Dermacentor andersoni
Stiles. Public Health Rept., 57: 1310-12.
Rickettsia-like organism from normal Dermacentor andersoni Stiles.
Public Health Rept., 57:1375-77.
The microbial flora of the Rocky Mountain wood tick, Dermacentor
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The microbial flora of the Rocky Mountain wood tick, Dermacentor
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Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association, 51:502.
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Ticks. Minneapolis, Burgess Publishing Company. 206 pp.
1943
With R. R. Parker and G. M. Kohls. Tularemia in beavers and
muskrats and contamination of natural waters and mud by
Pasteurella tularensis in the northwestern United States. l.
Bacteriol., 45: 56-57.
A new bacterium, Corynebacterium lipoptenae, associated with the
louse fly, Lipoptena depressa Say. i. Parasitol., 29:80.
With R. R. Parker. Rocky Mountain spotted fever: duration of
potency of tick-tissue vaccine. Public Health Rept., 58:230-32.
With R. R. Parker. Experimental Rocky Mountain spotted fever:
results of treatment with certain drugs. Public Health Rept.,
58:351-52.
With R. R. Parker and G. M. Kohls. Amblyomma americanum a
vector of Rocky Mountain spotted fever. Public Health Rept.,
58:491.
With R. R. Parker. American and Australian Q fevers: persistence
of the infectious agents in guinea pig tissues after defervescence.
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With R. R. Parker and G. M. Kohls. Rocky Mountain spotted
fever: spontaneous infection in the tick Amblyomma ameri-
canum. Public Health Rept., 58:721-29.
With G. M. Kohls. Tularemia: spontaneous occurrence in shrews.
Public Health Rept., 58:842.
With R. R. Parker. Salmonella enteritid is: experimental trans-
mission by the Rocky Mountain wood tick Dermacentor ander-
soni Stiles. Public Health Rept., 58: 1010-12.
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320
BIOGRAPHICAL MEMOIRS
With H. B. Foote, W. L. Allison, and G. M. Kohls. Effect of
chlorination on Pasteurella tularensis in aqueous suspension.
Journal of the American Water Works Association, 35:902-10.
1944
With R. R. Parker and M. T. McKee. Cultivation of Pasteurella
tularensis in a liquid medium. Public Health Rept., 59:78-79.
The isolation of a filter-passing agent from the
rabbit tick Haemaphysalis leporis-palustris Packard. Public
Health Rept., 59: 1528-29.
With T. L. Perrin. Pathologic reaction in guinea pigs to
Humphreys' virus strain. Public Health Rept., 59: 1603-9.
With R. R. Parker.
1945
Insect pathology and biological control. If. Econ. Entomol., 38:591-
96.
Bacterial infections of potato tuber moth larvae in an insectary.
i. Econ. Entomol., 38:718-19.
1946
Insect Microbiology. Ithaca, Comstock Pub. Co., Inc. 763 pp.
An orientation with respect to members of the genus Bacillus patho-
genic for insects. Bacteriol. Rev., 10:51-61.
1947
With L. E. Hughes. Isolation of an unidentified spirochete from
hen's eggs after inoculation with liver tissue from hens. Public
Health Rept., 62: 309-11.
A new disease of the variegated cutworm, Peridroma margaritosa
(Haw). Science, 106: 323.
Control of insect pests by means of disease agents. Calif. Agr., 1:~.
A coccidian parasite of Ephestia kuhniella Zeller and of Plod ia
interpunctella (Hbn. ~ (Lepidoptera, Phycitidae>. i. Parasitol.,
33:29-32.
1948
Polyhedrosis ("wilt disease") of the alfalfa caterpillar. i. Econ.
Entomol., 41:859-65.
With Albert Abdel-Malek. Invasion route of Nosema sp. in the
potato tuberworm, as determined by iigaturing. J. Parasitol.,
34:452-53.
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EDWARD ARTHUR STEINHAUS
1949
321
With K. hi. Hughes. Two newly described species of Microsporidia
from the potato tuberworm, Gnorimoschema operculella (Zeller)
(Lepidoptera, Gelechiidae). l. Parasitol., 35: 67-75.
With K. M. Hughes and H. B. Wasser. Demonstration of the granu-
losis virus of the variegated cutworm. l. Bacteriol., 57:219-24.
Edith C. G. Thompson. Alfalfa caterpillar tests; biological control
by artificial spread of virus disease. Calif. Agr., 3:~-6.
With C. G. Thompson. Preliminary field tests using a polyhedrosis
virus to control the alfalfa caterpillar. i. Econ. Entomol., 42:
301-~.
Insect pathology: the field concerned, training required, and oppor-
tunities possible. Canadian Entomologist, 81:53-57.
Principles of Insect Pathology. New York, McGraw-Hill Book Co.,
Inc. 757 pp.
M7ith C. G. Thompson.
Granulosis disease in the buckeye cater-
pillar, f unonia coenia Hubner. Science, 110: 276-78.
Nomenclature and classification of insect viruses. Bacteriol. Rev.,
13:203-23.
1950
With C. G. Thompson. Further tests using a polyhedrosis virus to
control the alfalfa caterpillar. Hilgardia, 19:411-45.
\'\lith C. G. Thompson. Alfalfa caterpillar control; treatment of
fields by airplane application of spray advances destruction of
pest. Calif. Agr., 4:8, 16.
Diagnoses of insect diseases; microbial infections in insects diagnosed
as part of the research in developing new ways of controlling
crop pests. Calif. Agr., 4: 11, 15.
1951
Possible use of Bacillus thuringiensis Berliner as an aid in the bio-
logical control of the alfalfa caterpillar. Hilgardia, 20:359-81.
Report on diagnoses of diseased insects, 1944-1950. Hilgardia,
20: 629-78.
Edith R. R. Parker, G. M. Kohls, and W. L. {ellison. Contamina-
tion of natural waters and mud with Pasteurella tularensis and
tularemia in beavers and muskrats in the northwestern United
States. National Institutes of Health Bulletin, No. 193. Wash-
ington, U.S. Govt. Print. Off. 61 pp.
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322
BIOGRAPHICAL MEMOIRS
With H. B. Wasser. Isolation of a virus causing granulosis in the
red-banded leaf roller. Virginia Journal of Science, 2:91-93.
Pest control by bacteria; alfalfa caterpillar in field reduced to
subeconomic levels within two days by bacillus applied as spray.
Calif. Agr., 5:5.
1952
Microbial infections in European corn borer larvae held in the
laboratory. I. Econ. Entomol., 45:48-51.
With K. M. Hughes. A granulosis of the western grape leaf
skeletonized. l. Econ. Entomol., 45:744-45.
The susceptibility of two species of Colias to the same virus. l.
Econ. Entomol., 45:897-99.
Infectious diseases of insects. In: Insects (Yearbook of Agriculture,
1952), ed. by Alfred Stefferud, pp. 388-94. Washington, U.S.
Govt. Print. Off.
1953
Taxonomy of insect viruses. Annals of the New York Academy of
Sciences, 56:517-37.
With C. Ritchie Bell. The effect of certain microorganisms and
antibiotics on stored-grain insects. I. Econ. Entomol., 46:582-
98.
Diseases of insects reared in the laboratory or insectary. University
of California, College of Agriculture, Leaflet No. 9. 26 pp.
lg54
With E. A. Sorrel. Further observations on Bacillus thuringiensis
Berliner and other spore-forming bacteria. Hilgardia, 23:1-23.
The eRects of disease on insect populations. Hilgardia, 23: 197-261.
Insects on stamps. Weekly Philatelic Gossip, 58:172-75.
Duration of infectivity of the virus of silkworm jaundice. Science,
120: 186-87.
1955
Observations on the symbioses of certain Coccidae.
185-206.
1956
\Vith M. M. Batey and C. L. Boerke.
caeca of certain Heteroptera. Hilgardia, 24:495-518.
Hilgardia, 24:
Bacterial symbioses from the
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EDWARD ARTHUR STEINHAUS
323
Microbial control the emergence of an idea.
60.
Editor, wills R. F. Smith. Annual Review of Entomology, Vol. 1.
Stanford, California, Annual Reviews, Inc. 466 pp. (Beginning
with Vol. 2, 1957, place of publishers: Palo Alto, California).
Vol. 2, 1957, 407 pp.; Vol. 3, 1958, 520 pp.; Vol. 4, 195D, 467 pp.;
Vol. 5, 1960, 451 pp.; Vol. 6, 1961, 470 pp.; Vol. 7, 1962, 536 pp.
Scientific American, 195:96-104.
Living insecticides.
Potentialities for microbial control of insects.
tural and Food Chemistry, 4:676-80.
1957
Hilgardia, 26: 107-
Journal of Agricul-
New records of insect-virus diseases. Hilgardia, 26:417-30.
With Robert L. Rabb and Frank E. Guthrie. Preliminary tests
using Bacillus thuringiensis Berliner against hornworms. l.
Econ. Entomol., 50: 259-62.
Concerning the harmlessness of insect pathogens and the standard-
ization of microbial control products. I. Econ. Entomol., 50:
715-20.
Microbial diseases of insects.
165-82.
Annual Review of Microbiology, 11:
List of insects and their susceptibility to Bacillus thuringiensis
Berliner and closely related bacteria. Mimeographed Series,
4: 1-24. Laboratory of Insect Pathology, University of California,
Berkeley.
With F. I. Brinley. Some relationships between bacteria and certain
sewage-inhabiting insects. Mosquito News, 17: 299-302.
New horizons in insect pathology. Journal of the New York En-
tomological Society, 65: 113-21.
1958
Stress as a factor in insect disease.
national Congress on
725-30. Ottawa, The
Proceedings of the Xth Inter-
Entomology, Montreal, 1956, Vol. 4, pp.
Congress, Science Service Building.
Crowding as a possible stress factor in insect disease. Ecology,
39: 503-14.
1959
Serratia marcescens Bizio as an insect pathogen.
80.
Hilgardia, 28: 351-
Granuloses in two Alaskan insects. J. Econ. Entomol., 52:350-52.
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324
BIOGRAPHICAL MEMOIRS
On the improbability of Bacillus thuringiensis Berliner mutating
to forms pathogenic for vertebrates. J. Econ. Entomol., 52:506-
8.
With [. P. Dineen. A cytoplasmic polyhedrosis of the alfalfa cater-
pillar. l. Insect Pathol., 1: 1 7 1-83.
With I. Lipa. Nosema hippodamiae n. sp., a microsporidian
parasite of Hippodamia convergens Guerin (Coleoptera, Coccinel-
lidae). [. Insect Pathol., 1:304-8.
Possible virus disease in European red mite.
1 :435-37.
J. Insect Pathol.,
Insect pathology and microbial control. Pest Control Review,
University of California Agricultural Extension Service, Febru-
ary, pp. 1-3.
Insect pathology and microbial control. Excerpts from press con-
ference. University of California Division of Agricultural Sci-
ences. Berkeley, University of California Press. 15 pp. (Special
leaflet.)
Bacteria as microbial control agents. Transactions of the 1st In-
ternational Conference on Insect Pathology and Biological Con-
trol, Prague, August 1958, pp. 37-50.
1960
With G. H. Bergold, K. Aizawa, K. M. Smith, and C. Vago. The
present status of insect virus nomenclature and classification.
International Bulletin of Bacteriological Nomenclature and
Taxonomy, 10: 259-62.
With i. P. Dineen. Observations on the role of stress in a gran-
ulosis of the variegated cutworm. J. Insect Pathol., 2:55-65.
With G. A. Marsh. Granulosis of the granulate cutworm. I. Insect
Pathol., 2:115-17.
The duration of viability and infectivity of certain insect pathogens.
J. Insect Pathol., 2:225-29.
Notes on polyhedroses in Periodroma, Prodenia, Co lies, Helioth is,
and other Lepidoptera. I. Insect Pathol., 2:327-33.
With Gertraude Wittig and Joyce P. Dineen. Further studies of
the cytoplasmic polyhedrosis virus of the alfalfa caterpillar. J.
Insect Pathol., 2: 334~5.
Bacterial and viral diseases of insects of medical importance (and
other excerpts from Report of Conference on the Biological Con-
trol of Insects of Medical Importance, Washington, D.C., Febru-
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EDWARD ARTHUR STEINHAUS
ary 1960, pp. 21-27).
Biological Sciences.
325
Washington, D.C., American Institute of
Insect control, biological. In: McGraw-Hill Encyclopedia of Sci-
ence and Technology, Vol. 7, p. 122. New York, McGraw-Hill
Book Co., Inc.
insect pathology. In: McGraw-Hill Encycloped ia of Science and
Technology, Vol. 7, pp. 122a-h. New York, McGraw-Hill Book
Co., Inc.
Insect pathology: challenge, achievement, and promise. Bull. En-
tomol. Soc. Am., 6:9-16. (1959 Entomological Society of America
Memorial Lecture.)
Tl~e importance of environmental factors in the insect-microbe
ecosystem. Bacteriol. Rev., 24:365-73.
Some developments in insect pathology and microbial control in the
United States. Proceedings of the Society for Study of Plant
Protection, 2:151-53. (Translation into Chinese of talk given
at National Taiwan University.)
1961
\Vith M. E. Martignoni. Laboratory Exercises in Insect Micro-
biology and Insect Pathology. Minneapolis, Burgess Publishing
Company. 75 pp.
On the correct author of Bacillus sotto. J. Insect Pathol., 3:97-100.
1962
With [. Lipa. Further report on identifications of protozoa patho-
genic for insects. Acta Parasitologica Polonica, 10:165-75.
Noninfectious disease: an area of neglect in insect pathology. J.
Insect Pathol., 4: i-viii.
With G. A. Marsh. Report of diagnoses of diseased insects, 1951-
61. Hilgardia, 33: 349-490.
1963
Introduction. Chapter 1 in: Insect Pathology: An Advanced Trea-
tise, Vol. I, pp. 1-27. New York, Academic Press, Inc.
Background for the diagnosis of insect diseases. Chapter 16 in:
Insect Pathology: An Advanced Treatise, Vol. II, pp. 549-89.
New York, Academic Press, Inc.
Editor. Insect Pathology: An Advanced Treatise. New York,
Academic Press, Inc. Vol. I, 661 pp.; Vol. II, 689 pp.
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326
BIOGRAPHICAL MEMOIRS
Insect pathology and biomedical research. J. Insect Pathol., 5: i-iv.
With Ruth Leutenegger. Icosahedral virus from a scarab (Seri-
cesthis). ]. Insect Pathol., 5:266-70.
1964
Microbial diseases of insects. Chapter 18 in: Biological Control of
Insect Pests and Weeds, ed. by Paul DeBach and E. I. Schlinger,
pp. 515-47. London, Chapman & Hall, Ltd.
Pathology, a biological science. J. Insect Pathol., 6:i-v.
The day is at hand. Bull. Entomol. Soc. Am., 10:3-7. (Entomo-
logical Society of America Presidential Address.)
When an insect dies. Bull. Entomol. Soc. Am., 10:183-89.
Diagnosis: a central pillar of insect pathology. Colloque interna-
tional sur la pathologic des insectes et la lutte microbiologique,
Paris, October 1962. Entomophaga Moire No. 2, pp. 7-21.
1965
A new name but the same goals. i. Invert. Pathol., 7:i.
External signs of disease and abnormality in the insect egg. J.
Invert. Pathol., 7:ii-x.
Symposium on microbial insecticides. IV. Diseases of invertebrates
other than insects. Bacterial. Rev., 29:388-96.
1966
Greater scholarship in pathology. J. Invert. Pathol., 8:i-ii.
With R. D. Zeikus. Observations on a previously undescribed type
of cellular degeneration in hydra. I. Invert. Pathol., 8:14-34.
Insect control, biological. In: McGraw-Hill Encyclopedia of Sci-
ence and Technology, Vol. 7, p. 122. New York, McGraw-Hill
Book Co., Inc.
Insect pathology. In: McGraw-Hill Encyclopedia of Science and
Technology, Vol. 7, pp. 122-122h. New York, McGraw-Hill Book
Co., Inc.
1967
Microbial control a comment on its present status in the United
States. Bull. Entomol. Soc. Am., 13: 104-8.
A guide to the biological sciences. Division of Biological Sciences,
University of California, Irvine. 48 pp. (Previous editions:
1965, 1966.)
On the importance of invertebrate pathology in comparative pathol-
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EDWARD ARTHUR STEINHAUS
and new records.
327
ogy. Revue de Pathologie Comparee, 67:139-42.
\\lith G. A. Marsh. Previously unreported accessions for diagnosis
I. Invert. Pathol., 9:436-38.
With M. E. Martignoni. An abridged glossary of terms used in
invertebrate pathology. Pacific Northwest Forest and Range
Experiment Station. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest
Service. 22 pp.
1968
Immunity to infectious diseases in beneficial insects. Abstracts of
papers from the XIIIth International Congress of Entomology,
Moscow, USSR, p. 258.
Hungry people and invertebrate pathology. J. Invert. Pathol.,
lO:i-iii.
Microbial control is not all.
Proceedings of the Joint U.S.-lapan
Seminar on Microbial Control of Insect Pests, Fukuoka, Kyushu,
April 1967, pp. 40-48.
With R. D. Zeikus. Teratology of the beetle Tenebrio molitor.
I. Gross morphology of certain abnormality types. J. Invert.
Pathol., 10:190-210.
Centers for pathobiology. l. Invert. Pathol., ll: i-iv.
With R. D. Zeikus. Teratology of the beetle Tenebrio molito~r.
II. The development and gross description of the pupal-winged
adult. l. Invert. Pathol., 11:8-24.
With R. D. Zeikus. Teratology of the beetle Tenebrio rnolitor.
III. Ultrastructural alterations in the flight musculature of the
pupal-winged adult. l. Invert. Pathol., 12:40-52.
With R. D. Zeikus. An unusual structural layer in the foregut of
the beetle Tenebrio molitor. Submitted for publication in
journal of Ultrastructure Research.
1969
With R. D. Zeikus.
~ .
Teratology of the beetle Tenebrio molitor.
IV. Ultrastructure of the necrotic fat body and foregut associated
with the pupal-winged adult. I. Invert. Pathol., 13:337-44.
With R. D. Zeikus. Teratology of the beetle Tenebrio molitor.
V. Ultrastructural changes and viruslike particles in the foregut
epithelium of pupal-winged adults. l. Invert. Pathol., 14:115-
21.
Invertebrates as models for the study of diseases of man. Federation
Proceedings, 28:1810-14.
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CHESTER HAMLIN WERKMAN
347
with pigeon liver the authors stated that "the dissimilation of
pyruvate by pigeon liver occurs with accompanying fixation of
carbon dioxide. By use of i3CO2 the fixed carbon has been
shown to be exclusively in the carboxyl groups of the 4-carbon
dicarboxylic acids (malate, fumarate, and succinate), the
carboxyl adjacent to the carbonyl of a-ketoglutarate, and the
carboxyl of lactate. Aerobically in the presence of malonate
succinate is formed which contains little or no fixed carbon. It
is proposed that the 4-carbon dicarboxylic acids are formed by
two mechanisms, one reductive through the carbon fixation
reaction, the other oxidative by a tentative and modified Krebs
cycle which does not involve citric acid. The scheme accounts
for the observed positions of the fixed carbon and the aerobic
formation in the presence of malonate of succinate not contain-
ing fixed carbon." The results provided strong support for
Krebs's proposed cycle.
H. D. Slade, Wood, Nier, A. Hemingway, and Werkman (J.
Biol. Chem., 143: 133-45, 1942) investigated the extent to which
other heterotrophic bacteria were capable of carbon dioxide fix-
ation. They reported that "fixation of CO2 by C3 and C, addition
is apparently a very general reaction," as demonstrated with
several genera of heterotrophic bacteria, including A erobacter,
Proteus, Staphylococcus, Streptococcus, and Clostridium. In
summary, they stated that "the assimilation of CO, is established
as a general phenomenon among heterotrophic bacteria. It is
shown by the use of heavy carbon, i3C, as a tracer, that the fixed
carbon is located in the carboxyl groups of succinic, lactic, and
acetic acids. The assimilated CO., is distributed as follows:
Aerobacter indologenes, acetate, lactate, and succinate; Proteus
vulgaris, Streptococcus paracitrorrorus, and Staphylococcus can-
~ This conclusion was in error and was based on the idea that citrate is a
symmetrical molec~le and therefore the ketoglutarate formed from citrate was
expected to be labeled in both carboxyl groups. Only when Ogston (Ogston,
A. G., Natz~re, 162:4129, 1948) explained that an enzyme can distinguish between
the primary carboxyl of citrate did this incorrect conclusion become clarified.
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Representative terms from entire chapter:
microbial control
348
BIOGRAPHICAL MEMOIRS
didus, lactate and succinate; Clostridium welchii, acetate and
lactate; Clostridium acetobutylicum, lactate."
A heat-labile enzyme prepared from ~~icrococcus Iysodeikti-
cus was described by L. O. Krampitz and Werkman (
CHESTER HAMLIN WERKMAN
349
alcohol fermentation (Wood et al., I. Am. Chem. Soc., 66:1812-
18, 1944) they stated that "for an understanding of the mecha-
nism of formation of butyl alcohol, it was necessary to know not
only the position of the heavy carbon in the carbon chain but
also the concentration of heavy carbon in each position. Such
information is essential in deciding whether two molecules of
acetic acid unite, for example, as follows:
2CH3-~3COOH ~ CH3-~3CO-CH.,-~3COOH + H2O
CH3-~3CO-CH.,-~3COOH + 8H-'
CH3-~3CH.,-CHo-~3CH2OH + 2H2O
or, whether the acetic acid units with an intermediate compound
from the corn starch. In this latter case, probably only one
position in the molecule would contain a concentration of heavy
carbon in excess of the normal, since that portion of the mole-
cule arising from the starch would have a normal concentration
of i3C." In order to determine precisely the location of the
heavy carbon atoms, it was necessary to develop a method of
degrading butyric acid to achieve selective isolation of fragments
of the carbon chain. This was accomplished by a modification
of the hydrogen peroxide oxidation procedure of R. H. Allen
and E. J. Witzemann (I. Am. Chem. Soc., 63: 1922~ 27, 1941~.
The oxidation products, which included carbon dioxide, acetic
acid, acetone, acetaldehyde, propionaldebyde, and an unidenti-
fied non-volatile compound, were determined quantitatively and
their ]3C contents were measured. The degradation of butyric
acid and the determination of the location of i3C atoms in the
oxidation products are excellent examples of the technical pre-
cision characteristic of Werkman's laboratory.
With the exception of the Booth-Green mill, the work of
W. P. Wiggert, Milton Silverman, M. F. Utter, and Werkman
(~`Iowa State Coll. I. Sci., 14: 179-86, 1940) was the first to show
that extracts could be prepared from bacteria (as had been done
with yeast and muscle) which dissimilate carbohydrates. The
350
BIOGRAPHICAL MEMOIRS
availability of these enzyme preparations permitted some of the
first studies of glycolytic enzymes in bacteria, especially by Utter
and Werkman (J. Bacteriol., 41 :5-, 1940; J. Bacteriol., 42:665-76,
1941; Biochem. J., 36:485-93, 1942~. These studies demonstrated
that bacteria have fermentative pathways involving many of the
same reactions as yeast and muscle.
G. Kalnitsky and Werkman (J. Bacteriol., 44:256-57, 1942,
and Arch. Biochem., 2: 113-24,1943) employed a cell-free enzyme
preparation obtained by grinding a mass of Escherichia cold
cells with powdered glass, with subsequent extraction using
phosphate buffer (Wiggert and Werkman's method), in the
anaerobic dissimilation of pyruvic acid; the result was the
formation of acetic, formic, and succinic acids and carbon di-
oxide, and with a trace of lactic acid. The enzyme preparation
contained very active formic dehydrogenase and hydro~enase
activity. i3CO~ was fixed in formic and succinic acids. The
quantity of i3CO-, in formic acid suggested that it was formed
from the pyruvic acid. The formation of succinic acid from
pyruvate and carbon dioxide, with the ~3C in the carboxyl
group, indicated the fixation of CO.' with the formation of a
carbon-to-carbon linkage.
During his extended career Werkman and his associates
investigated a relatively wide range of the biochemical activities
of bacteria. It is appropriate to mention briefly some of the
other investigations which have not been treated more ex-
tensively in this paper. Helen J. Weaver (1927) was perhaps
Werkman's first graduate student; she was involved in the study
of the bacteriological spoilage of canned vegetables. Shortly
thereafter, Gertrude Sunderlin ~ 1928) studied the synthesis
of vitamins by microorganisms. Sara Kendall (1931) made a
systematic study of the propionic acid bacteria; G. Gillen (1932)
studied the production of trimethylene glycol by bacteria;
Roger Patrick (1933) studied the xylan-fermenting bacteria;
C. A. Johnson and H. D. Coile (1933) devised an electron tube
CHESTER HAMLIN WERKMAN
351
potentiometer for the determination of oxidation-reduction
potentials; and Carl Erb (1936) participated in the design of
both a multiple-cup micro- and multiple-cup macro-respirometer,
which he employed in studying the aerobic dissimilation of
lactic acid by the propionic acid bacteria and which were used
in many subsequent investigations by Werkman and his stu-
dents. Milton Silverman (1938, 1939) was among the first to
demonstrate the role of vitamin Be and cocarboxylase in bac-
terial metabolism; A. A. Andersen (1940) studied the growth
factor and amino acid requirements of bacteria and described
a dextro-lactic acid-forming organism of the genus Bacil lus;
Milo N. Mickelson (1940) investigated the mechanism of the
dissimilation of glycerol and the formation of trimethylene
glycol by organisms related to the coli-aerogenes group of bac-
teria; and M. E. Nelson ~ 1940) studied the dissimilation of
levulose and other substrates in the lactic acid fermentation.
Carl Brewer (1939, 1940) investigated the aerobic and anaerobic
dissimilation of citric acid by the cold form bacteria, W. S.
Waring (1944) the function of iron in microbial metabolism,
David Paretsky (1947, 1950) the mechanism for the conversion
of 2,3-butylene glycol to acetylmethylcarbinol in bacterial fer-
mentation, and Noel Gross (1947) the isotopic composition of
acetylmethylcarbinol produced by yeast juice from ~3C-labelecI
acetaldehyde and pyruvate. A. G. C. White (1947) investigated
the assimilation of acetate by yeast and the use of fatty acids in
fat synthesis; Samuel Ail (1948, 1949) studied the mechanism
of carbon dioxide replacement by dicarboxylic acids, which by
. . . . . .
am~nat~on, transam~nat~on, or similar reactions serve as sub-
stitutes for carbon dioxide; and G. E. Wessman (1950) demon-
strated the inhibition of carbon dioxide fixation by avidin.
During the period of about 1950 until his death in 1962, it
is not unlikely that Werkman found it somewhat difficult to
maintain the cohesiveness of his research program and the
momentum which his laboratory had experienced in earlier
352
BIOGRAPHICAL MEMOIRS
years. His energy and scientific drive were curtailed measurably
by a chronic illness which worsened progressively, but never-
theless he was active with his students and in the affairs of the
Department of Bacteriology almost to the very end. It is evident
from the publications coming from his laboratory that he at-
tempted to continue work on carbon dioxide fixation as well
as to develop some new directions. Examples of the research
of his students during this period are as follows: dismutative
assimilation of carbon dioxide (Dean Watt, 1950-1954), bac-
terial synthesis of purines (W. B. Sutton, 1951-1953), bacterial
synthesis of amino acids (Eric Fowler, 1952) bacterial metab-
olism of amino acids (Mitchell Korzenovsky, 1953), mecha-
nism of aerobic dissimilation of glucose (C. A. Claridge, 1954),
formation of adenosine by cell-free bacterial extracts ~ John
Ott, 1954), the role of transamination in bacterial metabolism
(D. H. Hug, 1958), chemoautotrophic fixation of carbon dioxide
by bacteria of the genus Mycobacterium (T. Myoda, 1960>,
carbon dioxide fixation by heterotrophic and photosynthetic
bacteria (D. S. Bates and C. L. Baugh, 1960), and fatty acid
carboxylation by cell-free bacterial extracts (G. W. Claus, 1961-
1962).
Seldom does an individual scientist stand alone in his con-
tributions to the body of knowledge; more often than not his
reputation and recognition result from the force of his leader-
ship compounded with the efforts of his graduate students and
his younger associates in research, and this was certainly true
in regard to C. H. Werkman. In any attempt to review his
accomplishments as a distinguished American scientist it would
be impossible to dissociate his individual work from that of the
numerous younger scientists who were associated with him over
a period of several decades. This fact is recognized here, and it
should be emphasized, moreover, that in a memoir of this
nature it is not possible to record specifically the extensive
basic contributions to the reputation of the Werkman labora-
tory which were made by his many students. The impressive
CHESTER HAMLIN WERKMAN
353
bibliography attached to this paper must be viewed as the com-
posite contribution of Werkman and his associates, and the
research reports cited specifically should serve only to illustrate
some of the directions of the research effort stimulated by Werk-
man as the leader of his laboratory.
Werkman was a member of the faculty of Iowa State Uni-
versity in the Department of Bacteriology continuously from
1925 until his death in 1962. He served as Assistant Professor,
1925-1927, and Associate Professor, 1927-1933. He attained
the rank of Professor in 1933, became department head in 1945,
and continued in this capacity until his death. He served as
major professor for more than fifty graduate students of whom
. · · · ~ . ~
J ~
thlrty-slx received the Doctor of Philosophy decree; he was
author and co-author of at least 275 publications in scientific
journals. For various periods he served as an editor of the fol-
lowing scientific journals: A rch ices of Biochemistry, A dvances
in Enzymology, Proceedings of the Society for Experimental
Biology and Medicine. Enz~mologia (assistant editor), Biotek
~_ ~ 7 . '
ru0~catzons Assistant ect~tor', and Iowa State College Journal
of Science. In 1944 Werkman received the degree of Doctor of
Science honoris cause from Purdue University, and in 1951 he
received the Pasteur Award.
Dr. Werkman was elected to the National Academy of Sci-
ences in 1946; he also held membership in the following or-
ganizations: American Society for Microbiology, American
Chemical Society, Society of American Biological Chemists,
Biochemical Society of Great Britain, American Association for
the Advancement of Science (Fellow), Society of Experimental
Biology and Medicine, Iowa Academy of Science, Society of the
Sigma Xi, Phi Kappa Phi, Phi Lambda Upsilon, and Kappa
Delta Pi. In 1958 he was the recipient of the Iowa State Uni-
versity Faculty Citation. He served as a member of the Board
of Trustees of the Carver Research Foundation of Tuskegee
Institute.
354
KEY TO ABBRE VIA TIONS
BIOGRAPHICAL MEMOIRS
BIBLIOGRAPHY
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With W. M. Gibbs. Effect of tree products on bacteriological ac-
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CHESTER HAMLIN WERKMAN
355
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Microbiological death rates. Proc. Iowa Acad. Sci., 34:85-87.
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Factors influencing the death time of microorganisms. Proc. Iowa
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With Gertrude Sunderlin. Synthesis of vitamin B by microorga-
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Bacteriological studies on sulfid spoilage of canned vegetables.
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356
BIOGRAPHICAL MEMOIRS
1930
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CHESTER HAMLIN WERKMAN
357
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~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ Ind. Eng. Chem., Anal.
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With Charles Davis. Apparatus for continuous fractional vacuum
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With O. L. Osburn. Comparative dissimilation of xylose and
glucose by Escherichia cold and Citrobacter anindolcium. Proc.
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NVith O. L. Osburn and H. G. Wood. Determination of formic,
acetic and propionic acids in fermenting mixtures. Proc. Soc.
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1933
With M. C. Brockmann. Determination of 2,3-butylene glycol in
fermentations. Ind. Eng. Chem., 5: 206-7.
With M. C. Brockmann. Oxidation-reduction studies on the 2,3-
butylene glycol-acetylmethylcarbinol system in a fermentation.
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With C. S. McCleskey and Howard Reynolds. Physiology of
Shigella paradysenteriae var. Sonnei. Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med.,
30: 1050-51.
With C. W. Davis and C. A. Tarnutzer. Notes on the trimethylene
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\Vith R. W. Brown. The propionic acid l~acteria. II. Classification.
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With Roger Patrick. Bacterial fermenting xylan. Iowa State
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