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IRVING WIDMER BAILEY
August 15, 1884-May 16, 1967
BY RALPH H. WETMORE
IRVING BAILEY died on May 16, 1967, in his eighty-third year.
He had had symptoms of a cardiac disability for some years,
but no serious problem had arisen until he was subjected to a
subterminal coronary occlusion in the laboratory one morning.
His early arrival that day was as usual. For the fifty-eight
years of his successive appointments at Harvard University, the
institution at which he had spent his entire professional life,
he was always the first or one of the first to arrive each morning.
His hours were long, and his concentration on the task at hand
was complete. This intentness of purpose along with a natural
ingenuity and mechanical ability permitted him in those de-
pression years between the two world wars to master his field.
He became nationally and internationally recognized as expert
in all aspects of morphological botany, ranging from cytology
to anatomy, from evolutionary trends to phylogeny and tax-
onomy, from organic chemistry to wood structure and wood
technology, and from silviculture to preservation of forests.
Newer instrumentation and improved quantitative methods have
extended the margins of the wide range of knowledge that
emanated from I. W. Bailey's laboratories, but little modification
has become evident as yet in those fundamental principles and
those patterns of organization and function in plants to which
he gave his full attention.
2
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22
BIOGRAPHICAL MEMOIRS
To understand how much Irving Bailey's entire life was
influenced by his early life, to envision the man and his chosen
field of endeavor, one must have a view of his early years. The
only son of Solon Irving Bailey and Ruth Elaine (Poulter)
Bailey was born in Tilton, New Hampshire, on August 15,
1884. His father, at that time thirty years of age, was Head-
master of Tilton Academy. He had been awarded his B.A. de-
gree at Boston University in 1881 and had already shown a
predisposition toward astronomy, initiated when he was twelve
years of age in his excitement, it is said, over the last great dis-
play of the Leonid meteors on November 13 and 14, 1866.
In the year of Irving's birth his father, then teaching a course
in elementary astronomy at Tilton Academy, had written to
President Eliot of Harvard University asking about possible
opportunities to pursue studies in astronomy at that institution.
President Eliot turned the letter over to Professor Edward C.
Pickering, Director of the Harvard Astronomical Observatory,
who was forced to write Solon Bailey that no opening then
existed. Three years later, however, Mr. Bailey again wrote
Director Pickering that, since he understood the observatory
had received sizable funds in the intervening years, he was still
hopeful of pursuing graduate study there. Pickering's reply
intimated that Bailey might begin his studies for the master's
degree if it was also possible for him to act as an unpaid assistant
in the observatory.
Enrolled as a degree candidate in 1887, Solon Bailey agreed
to spend about forty hours weekly as an assistant. Within a few
weeks, Pickering found Bailey's work so satisfactory that he
began paying him a small salary and recommended that he be
given course credit toward his degree, which he obtained in
1888. He was at once appointed to head a two-year expedition to
Peru to find a site and make plans for a high mountain observa-
tory for study and photography of stars in both southern and
northern hemispheres under as favorable meteorological con-
ditions as possible.
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IRVING WIDMER BAILEY
23
Pickering and Bailey chose a part of the Andes near the town
of Chosica as promising for temporary study, this area being
reasonably near the city of Lima with its port facilities at nearby
Calleo. Careful planning enabled Solon Bailey with his wife
and their three and one-half year-old son to arrive in San
Francisco and embark for Peru on February 2, 1889, aboard
the S.S. San Jose of the Pacific Mail Company. They were
joined in Panama by Solon Bailey's brother, a professional
photographer. It is stated that the accompanying baggage and
material for building a planned, prefabricated observatory and
living quarters for the family and staff comprised one hundred
units, all of which had to be landed at Calleo and eventually
transported over an eight-mile mountainous trail. At times, the
trail had to be specially constructed to permit movement of
equipment to a then-unnamed peak—later named Mount Har-
vard—above Chosica, some 16,500 feet above sea level. The next
two months were spent in the selection of an exact site, in mov-
ing equipment and material, and in setting up the buildings
and apparatus. The ensuing winter and early spring—May to
October—were very satisfying to the astronomers. On the four-
year-old Irving this all made a lasting impression; he had no
time to be lonesome. Memories of these experiences persisted
throughout his life and indeed enriched both his teaching and
research.
Irving's father and uncle utilized the following rainy and
foggy season to explore for and select a more favorable site,
both inland and at high altitude, for a permanent observatory
station. Their reports resulted in Pickering's choosing a site
above Arequipa at an altitude of more than 8,000 feet above
sea level.
The task of dismantling and moving buildings and equip-
ment, and the valuable photographs and data not yet sent to
Cambridge, was carried to a successful conclusion just before
William Pickering, brother of the director, arrived in January
1891, with his staff to operate the station. The Baileys with
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24
young Irving were able to leave on May 9, sailing through the
Strait of Magellan on their way to Europe before returning to
Cambridge.
Two years later, on February 25, 1893, Solon Bailey, with his
wife, his eight and one-half year-old son, and two staff members,
arrived again in Arequipa, this time for a first five-year sojourn,
to replace William Pickering and his staff. By May (autumn),
all was in order at the mountain station for productive work.
Life at the station was busy around the clock. Because of ar-
rangements made with the Peabody Museum at Harvard,
archaeology became a recreational occupation. Investigation
of Inca tombs and ruins proved fascinating to Professor Solon
Bailey and had a profound and lasting effect on Irving. The
latter in those early years accumulated many significant artifacts
that he always took great pride in showing, and only in late life
did he ultimately turn them over to the Peabody Museum.
The second expedition of the Baileys to Peru was extended
to 1905. In these twelve years, among other happenings, the
personnel of the Arequipa Station had been subjected to a local
revolution and to temporary isolation and privation. They were
out of contact with the world for more than two weeks.
This account of the early life of Irving Bailey during the
two expeditions to Peru has been reported in order that the
reader may visualize its enduring effect on him. He himself
states in his fifty-year Harvard class report, "I now realize that
my reactions and activities in college and subsequent to gradu-
ation were profoundly influenced by the fact that eight of the
hrst thirteen years of my boyhood were spent In remote parts of
South America rather than in the environment of New England.
Having no formal and stereotyped education until the age of
thirteen, having no playmates of my own race and age, I was
forced to rely upon my own resources for interests and activ-
ities ...." His self-reliance, independence, ability to make
decisions, powers of observation, quick reaction time, necessity
BIOGRAPHICAL MEMOIRS
~ . .. . ~ ~ , , .
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IRVING WIDMER BAILEY
25
for considered judgments—all were important characteristics
that, if not acquired, were enhanced in his lonely boyhood and
served him well throughout his life. Irving Bailey was never
timid in his actions; he was, however, never gregarious. He had
many acquaintances; he had fewer friends, but to these he was
lastingly close.
In early 1897, when Irving was thirteen, he was sent back to
Cambridge to begin an orderly pattern of education. From
Cambridge Latin School he was admitted to Harvard College in
1903. He received his A.B. degree in 1907, magna cum laude,
having also earned membership in Phi Beta Kappa. In his
fifty-year Harvard class report he also stated, "In college, I
browsed around in history, chemistry, geology and meteorology,
but it was not until my senior year that speeches of Gifford
Pinchot and President Eliot induced me to undertake a career
in forestry, particularly owing to the appeal of an out-of-door pro-
fession." So he registered in the Division of Forestry of the
newly designated Graduate School of Applied Sciences and
received his M.F. degree in 1909. During his second year of
graduate study he served as assistant in botany in a course con-
ducted by Professor E. C. Jeffrey. Upon obtaining his master's
degree he was appointed instructor in forestry, and in this role
he studied lumbering and wood-using industries in the course
of preparation for his teaching in forestry.
In 1912, Bailey was appointed assistant professor in the
School of Forestry, a unit in the recently aggregated Graduate
Schools of Applied Sciences at Harvard. Since undergraduate
training of foresters ceased with this reorganization, Bailey's
teaching obligations were further reduced. In 1914, the status
of the Bussey Institution and that of the School of Forestry were
again altered, these two being segregated from the other Grad-
uate Schools of Applied Science as codepartments in a new
Graduate School for Research in Applied Biology. Both de-
partments were officially housed in the Bussey Institution,
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26
BIOGRAPHICAL MEMOIRS
though progressively more and more of the activity in forestry,
because of the small number of graduate students involved, was
conducted at the Harvard Forest in Petersham, some seventy
miles west of Boston.
The eminence of the Graduate School for Research in Ap-
plied Biology grew until, in the late teens and early twenties,
the Bussey Institution had attained both national and interna-
tional importance. Though Bailey was appointed associate
professor of forestry in 1920, his commitments were entirely to
research in the interpretive aspects of plant anatomy rather
than to silvicultural practices or to economic aspects of forestry.
During the eight years of his assistant professorship, how-
ever, the direct lines of the research Bailey was formulating for
himself were retarded. In fact, when they had been little more
than initiated they were almost put aside by three important sets
of circumstances. In the life of a sensitive young man, the first
was devastatingly and lastingly disturbing; the other two were
exciting and challenging.
The first of these circumstances stemmed from his two years
of stimulative graduate study in the laboratory of Professor E. C.
Jeffrey. Here he was in close association with other graduate
students, especially Edmund W. Sinnott and Arthur J. Eames,
who had been fellow undergraduates at Harvard. All three, as
was inevitable in Jeffrey's laboratory, had become strong pro-
ponents of evolutionary theory. They were finding in Jeffrey's
comparative morphological outlook on plants and animals a
challenging mod us operand i for examining those structural
variations that could be correlated collectively with the survival
and persistence of groups of organisms under naturally altered
environmental stresses.
Bailey and Sinnott were engrossed with the problems pre-
sented by numerous cases of herbaceous species and contrasting
arboreal species placed taxonomically in the same family. Which
of these arose first in geological time and conceivably had given
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IRVING WIDMER BAILEY
27
rise to the other? Adherents to both points of view existed.
Assiduous collecting of data from groups of fossil and living
vascular plants provided abundant material for comparative
morphological and anatomical studies. Examination of world-
wide distributions of woody and herbaceous taxa in geological
periods were made. Published results indicated that Jeffrey and
his students had convinced themselves that arboreal plants had
preceded herbaceous forms. However, despite this agreement
as well as agreement that climatic changes had played a sig-
nificant part in the survival of the short-lived annual herb,
Bailey and Sinnott, on the one hand, and Jeffrey and R. E. Tor-
rey, another of his students, on the other, disagreed on the
causal relations of the developmental structural changes by
which the annual herbs were enabled to complete their life
histories and reproduce within a single favorable season. Argu-
ments were not conducted amicably and reasonably in the lab-
oratories, but were spread publicly in the scientific press. The
issues should have been resolved, but the Canadian Scottish
Jeffrey found it difficult to envision two sides to any question.
The controversy between E. C. Jeffrey and Irving Bailey re-
mained unresolved, and the estrangement persisted throughout
their lives.
The second circumstance affecting Bailey's research plans
arose with the United States' becoming involved in World War
I. In 1918 the Federal Aircraft Production Bureau requested
and obtained Irving Bailey's services in a tour of duty at Wright
Field, Dayton, Ohio. Bailey was placed in charge of the Wood
Section of the Materials Engineering Division of Aircraft Pro-
duction with the challenge of selecting woods for the manu-
facture of airplanes. He was later cited for his contribution.
He resigned in 1919, as soon as possible after the Armistice, and
returned to the Bussey Institution.
Bailey had hardly settled into his research routine, however,
when the third circumstance arose. He was strongly attracted
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28
BIOGRAPHICAL MEMOIRS
by a request of his senior colleague, the Dean of the Graduate
School for Research in Applied Biology, Professor William
Morton Wheeler, the specialist on ants and related insects.
Would Bailey accompany him to the American tropics to study
the peculiar and interesting relationships between ants and
certain groups of tropical plants, the so-called "ant-plants"?
The answer was, "Yes!" Bailey therefore spent much of 1920
in the tropics. The ants to be studied lived in hollow pith or
comparable cavities in the younger branches of certain species
of plants, mostly trees. When disturbed, they attacked all in-
vaders viciously. From this trip to British Guiana there resulted
seven papers, some jointly with Professor Wheeler, reporting
on the habits of the ants and their methods of obtaining ingress
and egress to their domiciles in the appropriated plant cavities.
Once Bailey was initiated in a problem, his interest persisted.
One can note in his bibliography a paper in a posthumous
publication of Wheeler's in 1942—five years after his death—on
British Guiana ant-plants with a section contributed by Bailey.
The period of the 1 920s was very significant in Irving
Bailey's career. He had found himself impelled to move beyond
the then-general conception of the training of foresters and of
personnel for forest management and for industrial users of
forest products. He was anxious to turn his attention to the
little-understood basic problems underlying the growth of trees
and their anatomical and physiological organization. The en-
largement of his outlet as a result of the demands put upon
his knowledge during World War I, coupled with his experi-
ences with the exceedingly diversified arboreal flora of the rain
forests of tropical America, had further convinced him that the
time was overdue for understanding more of trees if the practice
in the United States was to be other than to cut down our
forests and exploit their products.
Bailey's studies on the cambium, the circumferential growing
layer of woody plants, whether tree, shrub, or woody vine, were
OCR for page 31
IRVING WIDMER BAILEY
29
begun in 1918-1919. This followed an extensive systematic in-
vestigation initiated with a graduate student, Walter W. Tup-
per, of the range of size variations in vascular elements found
in different groups of vascular plants, especially gymnosperms
and angiosperms. Considering that all cells of the plant are
derived from the isodiametric cells of the apical meristem, the
queries, of course, were raised by Bailey, "How do the seemingly
organized cell differences arise to produce the heterogeneity
within a tree?" and "How much of the heterogeneity is heredi-
tary and how much of the development and differentiation of
cell types in the individual is influenced by local cellular condi-
tions?"
Bailey's authoritative knowledge was being called upon
increasingly outside of Harvard University. In 1926 he was
appointed a member of the Committee on Forest Research of
the National Academy of Sciences. This committee, formed at
the request of the Chief of the United States Forest Service,
Colonel W. B. Greeley, was assigned the task of studying the
nation's forest resources to assess our future needs in the produc-
tion of timber, pulp, paper, and other wood products. A sup-
porting grant was provided by the General Education Board
of the Rockefeller Foundation. Professor Bailey was given a lead"
ing part in this study. He traveled extensively over the United
States and Canada and then spent most of a year in Europe
investigating the relative significance of laboratories, tree
nurseries, and experiment stations. He wanted to determine
what was being done domestically in the conservation and
replacement of our progressively disappearing forests and what
was being pursued constructively in Europe that would help
to enlighten a seemingly little-concerned,
forest-destroying
group of industrial enterprises in the United States.
As a result of these studies, Bailey and Dr. Herman A.
Spoehr of the Carnegie Institution of Washington's laboratory
at Stanford University published in 1929 a significant small
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30
BIOGRAPHICAL MEMOIRS
volume, The Role of Research in the Development of Forestry
in North America. Bailey always considered this study and
report one of the most significant efforts in which he had par-
ticipated. The carefully considered findings should have had a
profound influence on the establishment of a national policy
aimed at maintaining a balance of reforestation with cutting
and the utilization of our forest resources. The recommenda-
tions of the percentages of publicly owned forests versus those
in private holdings that should be maintained on a sustained
yield basis were considered sound, as were the recommended
protective measures against forest fires. The authors were con-
vinced that "the existing economic, social and political status
in North America was such as to inhibit for many years an
extensive application of intensive European silvicultural
methods." Moreover, the greater number of species of trees in
the forests of the entire United States, with their naturally
different responses to different climates, precluded a simple or
single policy pattern. The authors believed that the nation
needed a number of research establishments in the climatically
diversified parts of our country, preferably in proximity to but
not limited by the restrictions of larger academic institutions.
The stimulation that would arise from proximity to laboratories
in the basic sciences was considered to be a sine qua non for
broad training and tolerant appreciation of natural problems.
The organization and physiology of trees was in need of ex-
tensive investigation; Bailey's earlier convictions were carried
to a larger audience.
The reports of the Committee on Forest Research of the
National Academy of Sciences were turned back to a committee
of American foresters, but the problems raised still exist more
than forty years later, although some enlightened industries and
limited government regulation, state and federal, have followed
the main directions pointed out by the Bailey and Spoehr report.
Bailey often spoke of the twenties and early thirties as the
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IRVING WIDMER BAILEY
1916
47
With E. W. Sinnott. The climatic distribution of certain types of
angiosperm leaves. Am. I. Bot., 3:24-39.
With W. P. Thompson. Are Tetracentron, Trochodendron and
Memoirs of the New
Drimys specialized or primitive types?
York Botanical Garden, 6:27-32.
The structure of the bordered pits of conifers and its bearing upon
the tension hypothesis of the ascent of sap in plants. Bot. Gaz.,
62: 133~2.
With R. P. Prichard. The significance of certain variations in
the anatomical structure of wood. Forestry Quart., 14:662-70.
1917
The role of the microscope in the identification and classification
of the "timbers of commerce." l. Forestry, 15: 176-91.
1918
With W. W. Tupper. Size variation in tracheary cells. I. A com-
parison between the secondary xylems of vascular cryptogams,
gymnosperms and angiosperms. Proceedings of the American
Academy of Arts and Sciences, 54:149-204.
With W. P. Thompson. Additional notes upon the angiosperms
Tetracentron, Trochodendron and Drimys, in which vessels
are absent from the wood. Ann. Dot., 32:503-12.
Report on method and apparatus for mechanically testing wooden
parts of airplanes. Wood Section, Materials Engineering De-
partment, Bureau of Aircraft Production, Dayton, Ohio.
1919
Depressed segments of oak stems. Bot. Gaz., 67:438~1.
Structure, development and distribution of so-called rims or bars
of Sanio. Bot. Gaz., 68:449-68.
Phenomena of cell division in the cambium of arborescent gymno-
sperms and their cytological significance. Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci.,
5:283-85.
1920
The formation of the cell plate in the cambium of the higher plants.
Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci., 6: 197-200.
OCR for page 50
48
The significance of the cambium in the study of certain physio-
logical problems. i. Gen. Physiol., 2:519-33.
Some relations between ants and fungi. Ecology, 1:174-89.
The cambium and its derivative tissues. II. Size variations of
cambial initials in gymnosperms and angiosperms. Am. I. Bot.,
7: 355-67.
Phragmospheres and binucleate cells. Bot. Gaz., 70:469-71.
The cambium and its derivative tissues. III. A reconnaissance of
cytological phenomena in the cambium. Am. l. Bot., 7:417-34.
With W. M. Wheeler. The feeding habits of Pseudomyrmine and
other ants. Transactions of the American Philosophical Society
(II), 22: 235-79.
BIOGRAPHICAL MEMOIRS
1922
The pollination of Marcgravia: a classical case of ornithophily?
Am. l. Bot., 9:370-84.
The anatomy of certain plants from the Belgian Congo, with special
reference to myrmecophytism. Bulletin of the American
Museum of Natural History, 45: 585-621.
With E. W. Sinnott. The significance of the "foliar ray" in the
evolution of herbaceous angiosperms. Ann. Bot., 36:523-33.
Notes on neotropical ant-plants. I. Cecropia angulata sp. nov. Bot.
Gaz., 74:369-91.
1923
Notes on neotropical ant-plants. II. Tachigalia paniculata Aubl.
Bot. Gaz., 75:27-41.
Slime bodies of Robinia pseudo-acacia L. Phytopathology, 13:322-
33.
The cambium and its derivative tissues. IV. The increase in girth
of the cambium. Am. i. Bot. 10:499-509.
lg24
Notes on neotropical ant-plants.
Gaz., 77:32-49.
III. Cordia nodosa Lam. Bot.
The problem of identifying the wood of Cretacous and later di-
cotyledons: Paraphyllanthoxylon arizonense. Ann. Bot., 38:
439-51.
Abnormalities of ring growth and cell structure. In: Studies on the
Spruce Budworm, pp. 58-61. Technical Bulletin No. 37. To-
ronto, Canadian Department of Agriculture.
So-called bars or rims of Sanio. Bot. Gaz., 78:124-25.
OCR for page 51
IRVING WIDMER BAILEY
1925
49
Some salient lines of specialization in tracheary pitting. I. Gymno-
spermae. Ann. Bot., 39:587-98.
The "spruce budworm" biocoenose. I. Frost rings as indicators
of the chronology of specific biological events. Bot. Gaz., 80:
93-101.
The "spruce budworm" biocoenose. II. Structural abnormalities
in A bies balsamea. Bot. Gaz., 80: 300-10.
1929
With H. A. Spoehr. The Role of Research in the Development of
Forestry in North America. New York, Macmillan Co. xii +
118 pp.
1930
The cambium and its derivative tissues. V. A reconnaissance of
the vacuome in living cells. Zeitschrift fur Zellforschung
mikroscopische Anatomie, 10:651-82.
1931
With C. Zirkle. The cambium and its derivative tissues. VI. The
effects of hydrogen ion concentration in vital staining. l. Gen.
Physiol., 14: 363-83.
1932
Preliminary notes on cribriform and vestured pits.
31 :46-48.
1933
The cambium and its derivative tissues. VII. Problems in identify-
ing the wood of Mesozoic Coniferae. Ann. Bot., 47:145-57.
The cambium and its derivative tissues. VIII. Structure, distribu-
tion, and diagnostic significance of vestured pits in dicotyledons.
I. Arnold Arbor., 14:259-73.
Trop. Woods,
1934
With A. F. Faull. The cambium and its derivative tissues. IX.
Structural variability in the redwood, Sequoia sempervirens, and
its significance in the identificatior~ of fossil woods. l. Arnold
Arbor., 15:233-54.
OCR for page 52
50
BIOGRAPHICAL MEMOIRS
With T. Kerr. The cambium and its derivative tissues. X. Struc-
ture, optical properties and chemical composition of the so-
called middle lamella. i. Arnold Arbor., 15:327-49.
1935
With T. Kerr. The visible structure of the secondary wall and
its significance in physical and chemical investigations of
tracheary cells and fibers. l. Arnold Arbor., 16:273-300.
1936
The problem of differentiating and classifying tracheids, fiber-
tracheids and libriform wood fibers. Trop. Woods, 45:18-23.
1937
With M. R. Vestal.
The orientation of cellulose in the secondary
wall of tracheary cells. l. Arnold Arbor., 18:185-95.
With M. R. Vestal. The significance of certain wood-destroying
fungi in the study of the enzymatic hydrolysis of cellulose. l.
Arnold Arbor., 18: 196-205.
With T. Kerr. The structural variability of the secondary wall as
revealed by "lignin" residues.
J. Arnold Arbor., 18:261-72.
1938
Cell wall structure of higher plants.
Chemistry, 30:40-47.
With E. S. Barghoorn, [r. The occurrence of Cedrus in the aurif-
erous gravels of California. Am. J. Bot., 25:641-47.
Industrial and Engineering
1939
The microfibrillar and microcapillary structure of the cell wall.
Bulletin of the Torrey :13otanical Club, 66:201-13.
1940
With E. S. Barghoorn, Jr. A useful method for the study of pollen
in peat. Ecology, 21 :513-14.
The walls of plant cells. In: The Cell and Protoplasm, ed. by F. R.
Moulton, pp. 31-43. AAAS Publication No. 14. Washington,
D.C., American Association for the Advancement of Science.
With R. A. Howard.
1941
The comparative morphology of the Ica-
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IRVING WIDMER BAILEY
51
cinaceae. I. Anatomy of the node and internode. i. Arnold
Abor., 22: 125-32.
With R. A. Howard. The comparative morphology of the Ica-
cinaceae. II. Vessels. l. Arnold Arbor., 22: 171-87.
With A. C. Smith. Brassiantha, a new genus of Hippocrateaceae
from New Guinea. i. Arnold Arbor., 22:389-94.
With R. A. Howard. The comparative morphology of the Ica-
cinaceae. III. Imperforate tracheary elements and xylem
parenchyma. I. Arnold Arbor., 22: 432~2.
With R. A. Howard. The comparative morphology of the Ica-
cinaceae. IV. Rays of the secondary xylem. l. Arnold Arbor.,
22:~56-68.
1942
With H. F. Wershing. Seedlings as experimental material in the
study of "redwood" in conifers. J. Forestry, 40:411-14.
With E. S. Barghoorn, in Identification and physical condition of
flee stakes and wattles from the fishweir. Chapter 6 in: The
Boston Street Fishweir. Papers of the Robert S. Peabody Founda-
tion for Archaeology, Vol. 2. Andover, Mass., Philips Academy.
With A. C. Smith. Degeneriaceae, a new family of flowering plants
from Fiji. J. Arnold Arbor., 23: 356-65.
With E. E. Berkley. The significance of x-rays in studying the
orientation of cellulose in the secondary wall of tracheids. Am.
I. Bot., 29:231-41.
Descriptions and illustrations of Triplaris surinamensis. (A section
including photomicrographs contained in an article by W. M.
Wheeler entitled "Studies of neotropical ant-plants and their
ants.") Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology, 90:
50-53.
1943
Some misleading terminologies in the literature of "plant tissue
culture." Science, 98:539.
With C. G. Nast and A. C. Smith.
I. Arnold Arbor., 24:190-206.
The family Himantandraceae.
With C. G. Nast. The comparative morphology of the Winteraceae.
I. Pollen and stamens. l. Arnold Arbor., 24:340-46.
With C. G. Nast. The comparative morphology of the Winteraceae.
II. Carpels. l. Arnold Arbor., 24:472-81.
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52
BIOGRAPHICAL MEMOIRS
1944
The comparative morphology of the Winteraceae. III. Wood. .T-
Arnold Arbor., 25: 97-103.
With C. G. Nast. The comparative morphology of the Winteraceae.
IV. Anatomy of the node and vascularization of the leaf. l.
Arnold Arbor., 25:215-21.
With C. G. Nast. The comparative morphology of the Winteraceae.
V. Foliar epidermis and sclerenchyma. i. Arnold Arbor., 25:
342-48.
The development of vessels in angiosperms and its significance in
morphological research. Am. i. Bot., 31:421-28.
1945
With C. G. Nast. The comparative morphology of the Winteraceae.
VII. Summary and conclusions. l. Arnold Arbor., 26:37-47.
With C. G. Nast. Morphology and relationships of Trochodendron
and Tetracentron.
26: 143-54.
With C. G. Nast. Morphology and relationships of Trochodendron
and Tetracentron. II. Inflorescence, flower and fruit. i. Arnold
Arbor., 26: 267-76.
Botany and its applications at Harvard: A confidential report to the
Dean of the Faculty of Arts and Sciences, pp. 1-116.
~ of, ,
I. Stem, root and leaf.
J. Arnold Arbor.,
1946
With C. G. Nast. Morphology of Euptelea and comparison with
Trochod end ron. J. Arnold Arbor., 27: 1 86-92.
1948
With C. G. Nast. Morphology and relationships of Illicium,
Schisandra and Kadsura. I. Stem and leaf. l. Arnold Arbor.,
29:77-89.
With B. G. L. Swamy. Amborella trichopoda Baill. A new type
of vesselless dicotyledon.
J. Arnold Arbor., 29:215.
With B. G. L. Swamy. Amborella trichopoda Baill. A new
morphological type of vesselless dicotyledon. J. Arnold Arbor.,
29: 245-54.
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IRVING WIDMER BAILEY
1949
53
Origin of the angiosperms: need for a broadened outlook. l.
Arnold Arbor., 30: 64-70.
With B. G. L. Swamy. The morphology and relationships of
Cercidiphyllum. I. Arnold Arbor., 30: 187-210.
With B. G. L. Swamy. The morphology and relationships of
Austrobaileya. I. Arnold Arbor., 30:211-26.
1950
With B. G. L. Swamy. Sarcandra, a vesselless genus of the Chlor-
anthaceae. I. Arnold Arbor., 31: 117-29.
With L. L. Money and B. G. L. Swamy. The morphology and
relationships of the Monimiaceae. l. Arnold Arbor., 31:372-404.
With P. C. Mangelsdorf. The administration of Harvard's endowed
botanical institutions. A report to the Coordinating Committee
for the Biological Sciences of the Board of Overseers. 62 pp.
1951
The use and the abuse of anatomical data in the study of phylogeny
and classification. Phytomorphology, 1:1-3.
With B. G. L. Swamy. The conduplicate carper of dicotyledons
and its initial trends of specialization. Am. l. Bot., 38:373-79.
Cooperation versus isolation in botanical research. Chron. Bot.,
12: 126-33.
1952
Biological processes in the formation of wood. Science, 115:255-59.
1953
Evolution of the tracheary tissue of land plants. Am. I. Bot., 40:
4-8.
With A. C. Smith. A new Fijian species of Calyptose/?alum. J.
Arnold Arbor., 34: 52-64.
With B. G. L. Swamy. The morphology and relationships of
Idenburgia and Nonhuysia. J. Arnold Arbor., 34:77-85.
The anatomical approach to the study of genera. Chron. Bot., 14:
121-25.
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54
BIOGRAPHICAL MEMOIRS
1954
Contributions to Plant Anatomy. Waltham, Massachusetts, Chron-
ica Botanica Co. xxiv + 259 pp.
With M. P. F. Marsden. A fourth type of nodal anatomy in di-
cotyledons, illustrated by Clerodendron trichotomum Thunb.
I. Arnold Arbor., 36: 1-5 1.
1956
Nodal anatomy in retrospect. I. Arnold Arbor., 37:269-87.
The relationship between Sphenostemon of New Caledonia and
Nonhuysia of New Guinea. l. Arnold Arbor., 37:360-65.
1957
Die Struktur der Tupfelmembranen bei den Tracheiden der Koni-
feren. Holz als Roh- und Werkstoff, 15:210-13.
Aggregations of microfibrils and their orientations in the secondary
wall of coniferous tracheids. Am. i. Bot., 44:415-18.
With A. Fahn. The nodal anatomy and the primary vascular
cylinder of the Calycanthaceae. i. Arnold Arbor., 38: 107-19.
The potentialities and limitations of wood anatomy in the study
of the phylogeny and classification of angiosperms. J. Arnold
Arbor., 38: 243-54.
Additional notes on the vesselless dicotyledon, Amborella trichopoda
Baill. l. Arnold Arbor., 38:374-80.
1958
Need for a broadened outlook in cell wall terminologies. Phyto-
morphology, 7: 136-38.
The structure of tracheids in relation to the movement of liquids,
suspensions, and undissolved gases. In: The Physiology of Forest
Trees, ed. by K. V. Thimann, pp. 71-82. New York, The Ronald
Press.
1960
Some useful techniques in the study and interpretation of pollen
morphology. J. Arnold Arbor., 41:141-51.
Comparative anatomy of the leaf-bearing Cactaceae. I. Foliar
vasculature of Pereskia, Pereskiopsis and Quiabentia. J. Arnold
Arbor., 41: 341-56.
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IRVING WIDMER BAILEY
1961
55
Comparative anatomy of the leaf-bearing Cactaceae. II. Structure
and distribution of sclerenchyma in the phloem of Pereskia'
Pereskiopsis and Quiabentia. J. Arnold Arbor., 42:144-56.
Comparative anatomy of the leaf-bearing Cactaceae. III. Form and
distribution of crystals in Pereskia, Pereskiopsis and Quiabentia.
J. Arnold Arbor., 42: 334-46.
1962
With L. M. Srivastava. Comparative anatomy of the leaf-bearing
Cactaceae. IV. The fusiform initials of the cambium and the
form and structure of their derivatives. J. Arnold Arbor., 43:
187-202.
With L. M. Srivastava. Comparative anatomy of the leaf-bearing
Cactaceae. V. The secondary phloem. J. Arnold Arbor., 43:
23~78.
Comparative anatomy of the leaf-bearing Cactaceae. VI. The
xylem of Pereskia sacharosa and Pereskia aculeata. J. Arnold
Arbor., 43:376-88.
1963
Comparative anatomy of the leaf-bearing Cactaceae. VII. The
xylem of the Pereskias from Peru and Bolivia. J. Arnold Arbor.,
44: 127-37.
Comparative anatomy of the leaf-bearing Cactaceae. VIII. The
xylem of Pereskias from southern Mexico and Central America.
J. Arnold Arbor., 44:211-21.
Comparative anatomy of the leaf-bearing Cactaceae.
xylem of Pereskia grandifolia and Pereskia bleo.
Arbor., 44:222-31.
Comparative anatomy of the leaf-bearing Cactaceae.
IX. The
J. Arnold
X. The xylem
of Pereskia colombiana, Pereskia guamacho, Pereskia cubensis,
and Pereskia portulacifolia. J. Arnold Arbor., 44:390-401.
1964
Comparative anatomy of the leaf-bearing Cactaceae. XI. The
xylem of Pereskiopsis and Quiabentia. J. Arnold Arbor., 45:
140-57.
Comparative anatomy of the leaf-bearing Cactaceae. XII. Pre-
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56
BIOGRAPHICAL MEMOIRS
liminary observations upon the structure of the epidermis,
stomata and cuticle. l. Arnold Arbor., 45:374-89.
1965
Comparative anatomy of the leaf-bearing Cactaceae. XIII. The
occurrence of water-soluble anisotropic bodies in air-dried and
alcohol-dehydrated leaves of Pereskia and Pereskiopsis. J.
Arnold Arbor., 46: 74-85.
Comparative anatomy of the leaf-bearing Cactaceae. XIV. Pre-
liminary observations on the vasculature of cotyledons.
Arnold Arbor., 46:445-52.
Comparative anatomy of the leaf-bearing Cactaceae. XV. Some
preliminary observations on the occurrence of "protein bodies."
i. Arnold Arbor., 46 :453-64.
1966
Comparative anatomy of the leaf-bearing Cactaceae. XVI. The
development of water-soluble crystals in dehydrated leaves of
Pereskiopsis. J. Arnold Arbor., 47:273-87.
The significance of the reduction of vessels in the Cactaceae. I.
Arnold Arbor., 47:288-92.
1968
Comparative anatomy of the leaf-bearing Cactaceae. XVII. Pre-
liminary observations on the problem of transitions from broad
to terete leaves. l. Arnold Arbor., 49:370-79.
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Representative terms from entire chapter:
irving widmer
