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ELMER VERNER McCOLLUM
March 3 . 1 879_Novem her 15 7 967
,
By HARRY G. DAY
THE FORMATIVE YEARS
EEMER VERNER MCCOLLUM was the child of a pioneer family.
Pioneering was also the hallmark of his scientific achieve-
ments and humanitarian contributions. He was the first son
and fourth child of Cornelius Armstrong McCollum and Martha
Catherine Kidwell McCollum who sixteen years before had
become homesteaders on one hundred sixty acres ten miles
west and one mile north of Fort Scott, Kansas. His only brother,
Burton, was sixteen months younger. The two were inseparable
companions throughout their youth, and each influenced the
other as long as they both lived. Each of the three sisters grad-
uated from Lombard University, a Universalist Divinity School
with a preparatory division, and each married a Universalist
minister. Since the brother as well as Dr. McCollum graduated
from the University of Kansas, all five of the McCollum children
attained a much higher level of formal education than the
parents.
Dr. McCollum developed in humble circumstances. But in
spite of the stark realities of frontier life, with parents who had
received scarcely any formal schooling, he showed unusual
capacity to learn and reflect on much that he observed. The
parents and the other children also had high regard for learning.
263
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264
BIOGRAPHICAL MEMOIRS
The mother had attended a backwoods school only two
winters. She could scarcely read when the first child was born.
But in spite of all the burdens of farm chores, raising and
preserving food for the family, and innumerable household
duties, she learned to read well, and she devoted time to the
education of all the children. As Dr. McCollum wrote of her,
"She valued education for its own sake and for its influence
on human dignity and refinement, because it enabled people to
escape drudgery, increased their earning power, and won the
esteem of people who cared for culture." Her determination,
high ethical values, and respect for culture and her thrifty
management of the family and its meager income and expendi-
tures evidently were continuously felt in the family circle.
The father read every moment that he had opportunity, but
the supply of books and magazines was markedly limited and
there were scarcely any well-informed and scholarly persons
around him. As Dr. McCollum described him, "He was con-
tinually thinking inquiringly," but the unevenness of his
knowledge and the driving necessity of devoting nearly all his
time to manual work kept him imprisoned by some remarkably
naive beliefs.
The parents were innovative and strongly motivated to at-
tain economic security and were in fact leaders in their com-
munity. The mother frequently assisted the neighbors in sick-
ness and bereavement. Her resourcefulness proved highly
essential to the family at the beginning of her elder son's tenth
year. The father became chronically ill, possibly due to
tuberculosis of the bones. With the onset of this family crisis,
it became necessary for the young McCollum to assume some
of the responsibilities of an adult. In spite of the father's illness,
it was economically necessary to continue operation of the farm
until the year that the boy became seventeen. For the entire
family these years were marked by never-ending toil and
anxiety.
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ELMER VERNER McCOLLUM 265
Elmer McCollum, with his younger brother, attended a
one-room school which at best provided limited educational
experiences. The pressure of duties on the farm caused him
to miss school many days in autumn and spring. In his auto-
biography, produced sixty-eight years later, Dr. McCollum
wrote of these early years: "While I lived on the farm I did not
come into contact with a single individual who was both well
informed and well endowed intellectually in any branch of
learning, or who was motivated to inquire into the phenomena
of nature. My environment was without stimulation of mental
activity."
In 1893, when Elmer was fourteen years old, Mrs. McCollum
took the two boys to the World's Columbian Exposition in
Chicago. This experience broadened his horizons even though
it also was devoid of much intellectual stimulation.
Probably one of the most significant actions for Dr. McCol-
~um, and ultimately for advances in nutritional sciences, was
the brave decision by the mother in 1896 to move the family
to the vicinity of Lawrence, Kansas. The purpose was to pro-
vide opportunity for her two sons to attend high school and
then the University of Kansas. In this decision she was sup-
ported by her invalid husband, but at that time neither son had
a strong desire for much formal education.
The McCollum family's strategy was similar to that of many
other rural families in that era in the Middle West. They
secured as much cash as possible by selling nearly all the live-
stock and farm implements. The farm was rented as a source
of income, and with the cash they purchased a fifteen-acre tract
almost adjacent to the campus of the University of Kansas.
This was converted to a fruit farm on which they hoped to
produce enough income, along with the farm rental income,
to meet the essential needs of the parents as well as the sons.
Because the income was never enough, it became necessary for
the boys to obtain employment in Lawrence.
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266
BIOGRAPHICAL MEMOIRS
When the family arrived at Lawrence, Elmer was already
seventeen years old, and he had not yet received any formal
education beyond that afforded by the district school. He had
suffered the humiliation of failing the general certification ex-
aminations held that spring.
Because he lacked the certificate of graduation, the high
school principal, Mr. Frank A. Olney, inquired concerning
his preparation. On the strength that he had read many books
and that he had memorized many poems, such as Lowell's
"Vision of Sir Launfal," Mr. Olney admitted him provisionally.
This was a great relief to the new student. In later years Dr.
McCollum often recalled with appreciation this understanding
action.
The intellectual competence and interests of the youth were
quickly and unmistakably revealed in the high school record.
His studies included Latin, history, mathematics, chemistry,
and physics. He learned in such depth that when he entered
the university, advanced credits were awarded in English com-
position, chemistry, and physics. Owing to the excessive hours
of employment and his responsibilities on the family acreage,
there was little time for social contacts. Nevertheless, he was
elected class president in both his junior and senior years. In
this role he delivered an oration at the graduation exercises.
The subject was "The Puerto Rican Tariff," a lively topic at
that time. Dr. McCollum's wide interests and knowledge were
greatly influenced by his discovery and instant love of the
Encyclopaedia Britannica, which was kept in the assembly
room of the high school. He was so strongly impressed that he
arranged for a book dealer in Lawrence to obtain for him a good
used set. This cost him $25, an amount representing about
two months of his earnings at that time. He retained the set
and used it assiduously for about twenty-five years, when he
purchased a new edition.
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ELMER VERNER McCOLLUM 267
Throughout his adult life Dr. McCollum liked to recount
some of his vivid memories of these high school years. They
were largely concerned with his grinding preoccupation with
physical labor through which he earned the money needed for
his education and to supplement the meager resources of his
family. His main job was lighting and extinguishing the gas
lamps on the streets of one half of Lawrence. This job was
continued throughout high school and his first two years in the
university. Since this did not provide enough money to meet
all his needs, he also obtained employment in the office of the
Lawrence Daily World.
Each day a little before sunset he reported at the gasworks.
If it was cloudy or if the moon was not shining brightly, he
would start his lamplighting rounds; but if the manager decided
that the moon would shine brightly, he did not work. For such
nights he did not receive wages, since he was paid only when
he tended the lamps. Moonshine was literally for him an occu-
pational handicap. After finishing the lighting he slept in a
hammock in an attic above the retorts until midnight, when
he would begin his rounds extinguishing the lamps. This
required about one and one-half hours. Following this he would
walk about one-half mile to his home and, after eating, he
would sleep the rest of the night.
The work at the newspaper office was largely in the after-
noons following school. Frequently on Saturdays he collected
for advertising by the merchants of Lawrence. Thus it is
doubtful that any other boy in high school during that period
had so little free time as the young McCollum.
On many occasions Dr. McCollum expressed his gratitude
for the influence of several of the high school teachers on his
development. For example, he wrote, "Listening to them talk,
individually or in classes, and observing their ways of doing
things opened my eyes to new and creditable standards of
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268
BIOGRAPHICAL MEMOIRS
thought and conduct. Four of them greatly influenced my
thinking and standards, although they were doubtless quite
unaware of what they were doing for me."
About the time the young McCollum entered high school
he joined the Unitarian church. Throughout his life he had a
broad and active interest in the religions and philosophies of all
ages, but he did not attend church services or participate in any
kind of church programs.
After entering the University of Kansas, in September 1900,
he continued to light lamps and work at the newspaper office
until he received an appointment as a student instructor in
his third year. The latter provided more income and an
opportunity for adequate sleep.
Owing to his initial interest in preparing for medicine, dur-
ing his first college year he devoted much time to the study of
human anatomy. He also gave time to bacteriology and to
courses in qualitative and quantitative chemical analysis. At
the begining of the second year he studied organic chemistry
under Dr. Edward Bartow. He became so fascinated with the
subject that he abandoned all thought of becoming a physician.
There were few limiting regulations of the university on the
distribution of study time or in the choice of courses. Thus
the young McCollum devoted nearly all his attention to courses
in chemistry and to special work on the preparation of many
compounds described in Gatterman's textbook, Organic Chem-
istry.
Toward the end of his second year he began the analysis of
samples of petroleum sent to Dr. Bartow by crude oil producers
in the Oklahoma Territory and in southern Kansas. Thus a
new and valuable source of income was established.
Through academic work during the summers and the op-
portunity to receive credits through special examinations, Mc-
Collum earned his A.B. degree in three years.
He was immediately admitted for work leading to an M.S.
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ELMER VERNER McCOLLUM 269
degree in chemistry. This included an appointment as teach-
ing assistant in chemistry with a stipend of $300 for the year.
His courses included a series of lectures in physiological chem-
istry. The master's thesis was based on a study of the composi-
tion of the gas in the hollow stems of the giant water lily,
Nelumbo lutes (American lotusy, when the plant was exposed
to sunlight and during the hours of darkness. This thesis was
accepted, but the work was never published. Dr. Arthur Harris,
who was highly respected by the young McCollum, directed the
work. A few years earlier Harris had served with him in light-
ing the gas lamps of Lawrence.
Other influential teachers respected by the young McCollum
included Professor E. C. Franklin and Dr. H. P. Cady. The
latter was especially helpful in guiding him toward a superior
graduate school for further training in organic chemistry.
Through his study of current chemical journals he decided that
the work of Dr. H. L. Wheeler and Dr. T. B. Johnson at Yale
University was the most promising for him.
In 1904 the young man applied to Yale for admission and
a fellowship. He was promptly admitted, but he was given
only a scholarship exempting him from paying tuition. Un-
daunted, he accepted the offer in the belief that some way
would be found to earn the money needed for his maintenance.
On his way by train to New Haven, McCollum stopped in
St. Louis for one day to visit the Lewis and Clark Exposition
and to attend briefly the International Congress of Chemists
that was in session. There he introduced himself to Professor
Russell Chittenden, with whom he had been in correspondence
concerning his admission to Yale. This began a lasting and
fruitful friendship. Assured that every effort would be made to
assist him, he resumed his journey to New Haven. He arrived
there with $82 in his pocket and with no firm prospects of
securing more.
The tall, extremely thin young man had come into a new
OCR for page 286
270
world. With hard work, foresight, and desire to accommodate
to that world, the two years he spent in earning the Ph.D. degree
proved to be extraordinarily fruitful and pleasing. The system
for the conduct of graduate study that he experienced and the
patterns of work and self-development that he pursued were
followed throughout his life.
When he arrived in New Haven he had rarely been away
from home more than a few hours at a time. Most of the
students he had known in high school and in undergraduate
school were similar to him in background and experience.
Scarcely any came from families of wealth and position. But at
Yale he met every variety of person. He tried to learn from
all, and he cultivated the qualities of their lives that seemed
to be important in making the most of his own life.
During the first year he found it possible to live in the
home of one of his former high school teachers, Arthur L.
Corbin, who had studied law and was at the time a faculty
member in the Yale law school. After this transition period
in the Corbin family he was invited by Professor Chittenden
to live in one of the two suites of living rooms on the top floor
of the chemistry building. This was home for him during the
remaining two years at Yale. His roommate was Phillip
Mitchell, who was a student of Professor Lafayette B. Mendel
and later became Professor of Physiology at Brown University.
Immediately after entering the Sheffield Scientific School at
Yale, McCollum became associated with Professor Treat B.
Johnson, who directed his doctoral research. The research was
concerned with the preparation and study of pyrimidines.
Students closely associated with him included Stanley R. Bene-
dict, Stanley Bristol, Samuel H. Clapp, William B. Cramer,
Samuel Dudley, George S. ~amieson, Eli M. K. Ryder, Carl
O. Johns, and Johannes G. Statiropulous.
The young McCollum appreciated Dr. Johnson's method of
providing guidance. To suggest steps that might be taken to
BIOGRAPHICAL MEMOIRS
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ELMER VERNER McCOLLUM 271
prepare the desired compounds, Dr. Johnson used large sheets
of newsprint, drew the formulas of known starting compounds,
and indicated reagents and conditions to be used. Together
they would discuss the procedures and the conditions that
seemed to be most promising.
During his second year McCollum contracted pneumonia.
The enforced absences from classes and his debilitated health
for some time thereafter seriously interfered with his progress.
For a time it appeared that this might delay the completion of
his degree. The illness and his intense preoccupation with re-
search in organic chemistry had caused him to get seriously
behind in crystallography, his second minor. When the teacher,
Professor Samuel L. Penfield, learned about the situation he
decided that the young man needed to improve his health
more than he needed to spend time drawing crystals. He
promised that if the student would spend time canoeing on the
river three times a week the rest of the semester, he would re-
ceive credit for the course! This unorthodox but extraordinary
act of kindness was a significant influence throughout Dr.
McCollum's long life with students. He never ceased to be
grateful to Professor Penfield.
The intensive reading habits cultivated during his graduate
years were followed throughout Dr. McCollum's life. On his
first visit to the laboratory Professor Horace L. Wells gave him
a key to the large library provided by Professor Wheeler. There-
after young McCollum spent many evenings in the library.
This significant pattern is aptly described in his autobiography:
"I took down in succession the volumes of a series of journals
and turned every page, leisurely scanning them, until I came
upon a title which interested me. Then I read carefully the
introduction.... Next I examined the experimental observa-
tions and studied the conclusions which the author drew from
them. Before proceeding further I reflected on what I might do
in order to shed more light on the program."
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272
BIOGRAPHICAL MEMOIRS
Earning money to pay expenses was still essential. McCol-
lum was soon employed to give instruction in elementary chem-
istry three evenings per week at the YMCA. This paid $10.00
per week, and it required only a small expenditure of time and
labor. Another source of income was in tutoring students.
After a few months, a number of students with money began
to come to him for assistance. The tutors to whom students were
attracted charged a minimum of $3.00 per hour. At such rates
the young McCollum developed for the first time in his life a
sense of financial security. Even while a full time and pro-
ductive graduate student he began to earn enough money to
accumulate savings.
Another financial and scholastic advantage was gained by
the young Kansan when he competed with six other students
in a comprehensive chemistry examination at the end of the
first year and earned the coveted Loomis Prize of $400. Through
the help of his closest friend, Bill Cramer, he obtained work
one summer as a clerk at a hotel on Block Island, Rhode Island.
This added more to his financial resources and to his experience.
He always cherished the warm friendship and great help of this
thoughtful man.
The doctoral research progressed so rapidly and well that
two months before the degree was granted, in June 1906, Dr.
McCollum began work in Dr. T. B. Osborne's laboratory. The
work continued six months. During that time he used the
Fischer ester method for the analysis of protein hydrolysates.
Working with Samuel Clapp he learned about Osborne's puri-
fied proteins from different seed grains and the general status
~ . . . .
at protein Investigations.
THE UNIVERSITY OF WISCONSIN: TEN PIONEERING YEARS
Because there was no desirable academic position available
at the end of the summer of 1906, McCollum went to Professor
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326
BIOGRAPHICAL MEMOIRS
With i. M. Newell. Studies on the role of zinc in nutrition. l.
Nutr., 6: 289-302.
With l. E. Becker. Food, Nutrition, and Health. 3d ed. Balti-
more, Lord Baltimore Press. 146 an.
The business value of research.
Institute of American Poultry
Industries, Chicago, 16 January. 14 pages. This was an address
at the Sixth Annual Fact Finding Conference. A copy is in the
Bitting Collection at the U.S. Congressional Library.
1934
With H. D. Kruse and M. M. Schmidt. Studies on magnesium
deficiency in animals. V. Changes in the mineral metabolism
of animals following magnesium deprivation. J. Biol. Chem.,
106:553-72.
With E. R. Orent and H. D. Kruse. Studies on magnesium de-
ficiency in animals. VI. Chemical changes in the bone, with
associated blood changes resulting from magnesium deprivation.
I. Biol. Chem., 106:573-93.
With H. D. Kruse and H. G. Day. The nutritive deficiencies of
gelatin. Am. J. Hyg., 19:260-69.
With N. D. Kehar.
ventricular fibrillation.
Bound water in cardiac muscle in relation to
Am. l. Physiol., 110: 485-87.
Nutritional aspects of milk pasteurization. Am. J. Public Health,
24: 956-58.
The relation of the diet to mouth conditions. Proceedings of the
First District Dental Society, New York. journal of Dentistry,
4:9-14.
The contribution of business to the consumer through research.
T. Home Econ., 26:510-11.
1935
With S. Itter and E. Orent. An effective method of extracting vita-
min B. J. Biol. Chem., 108:571-77.
With S. Itter and E. Orent. A simplified method for preparing
lactoflavin and a study of its growth effect. J. Biol. Chem.,
108: 579-83.
With S. Itter and E. Orent. The possible role of the sulfhydryl
group in vitamin B2 deficiency. J. Biol. Chem., 108:585-94.
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ELMER VERNER McCOLLUM 327
With H. Klein and E. Orent. The effects of magnesium deficiency
on the teeth and their supporting structures in rats. Am. I.
Physiol., 112: 256-62.
With H. G. Day and H. D. Kruse. Studies on magnesium deficiency
in animals. VII. The effects of magnesium deprivation, with
superimposed calcium deficiency, on the animal body, as revealed
by symptomatology and blood changes. J. Biol. Chem.,
112:337-59.
Standardization of vitamin D milk. Milk Dealer, 24~4~:32-33.
Nutritional aspects of milk pasteurization. Public Health News,
New jersey Department of Health, 19:387-89.
Recent advances in nutrition. The Pennsylvania Medical Journal,
. .
39:61-66.
Food, nutrition, and health. journal of Health and Physical Edu-
cation, 6: 6-8.
Nutrition. In: A Textbook of Biochemistry, ed. by B. Harrow
and C. P. Sherwin, pp. 255-62. Philadelphia, W. B. Saunders
Company.
1936
The fat-soluble vitamins. Ann. Rev. Biochem., 5:379~02.
With H. J. Prebluda. A chemical reagent for the detection and
estimation of vitamin Be. Science, 84:488.
1937
With C. G. Mackenzie.
Am. J. Hyg., 25:1-10.
With S. W. Hoobler and H. D. Kruse. Studies on magnesium de-
ficiency in animals. VIII. The effects of magnesium deprivation
on the total and ultrafilterable calcium and magnesium of tl~e
serum. Am. J. Hyg., 25: 86-106.
With l. E. Becker.
Some effects of dietary oxalate on the ~at.
Food, Nutrition, and Health. 4th ed. revised.
Baltimore, published by authors. 154 pp.
With E. Orent-Keiles and A. Robinson. The effects of sodium
deprivation on the animal organism. Am. J. Physiol.,
119:651-61.
Recent advances in nutritional research. I. The vitamins. Tour-
nal of the Michigan State Medical Society, 36:211-20. II. The
mineral elements. Ibid., 220-27.
OCR for page 344
328
BIOGRAPHICAL MEMOIRS
With l. E. Becker. The inorganic elements in the nutrition of the
rat. Science, 86:477.
Diet in resistance to disease.
Illinois Health Messenger, 9: 25-30.
1938
With l. E. Becker. Toxicity of MnCl2 · 4H2O when fed to rats.
Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med., 38:740-42.
Present status of vitamin milks. Am. l. Public Health, 28:1069-71.
With C. G. Mackenzie and I. B. Mackenzie. A simple method of
concentrating vitamin E. Public Health Rept., 53:1779-82.
The diet of the pregnant woman. American Journal of Obstetrics
and Gynecology, 36:586-93.
Recent advances in nutritional research. I. Am. Dietet. Assoc.,
14:8-24.
Moderator and summarizer. A Research Conference on the Cause
and Prevention of Dental Caries. Sponsored by the Good Teeth
Council for Children, Inc., Chicago. 178 pp.
1939
With H. G. Day and I. E. Becker. Effect of ether peroxides in
wheat germ oil on production of tumors in rats. Proc. Soc. Exp.
Biol. Med., 40:21-22.
With B. Ahmad. The cobalt content of some food materials from
different parts of the United States. Am. J. Hyg., 29A:24-26.
With H. J. Prebluda. A chemical reagent for thiamine. J. Biol.
Chem., 127:495-503.
With C. G. Mackenzie. Vitamin E and nutritional muscular dys-
trophy. Science, 89: 370-71.
With C. G. Mackenzie and I. B. Mackenzie. Growth and repro-
duction on a low fat diet. Biochemical journal, 33:935-43.
With H. G. Day. Mineral metabolism, growth, and symptoma-
tology of rats on a diet extremely deficient in phosphorus.
Biol. Chem., 130:269-83.
With E. Orent-Keiles and H. G. Day. The Newer Knowledge of
Nutrition. bth ed. revised. New York, Macmillan Co. 701 pp.
1940
With E. Orent-Keiles. Mineral metabolism of rats on an extremely
sodium-deficient diet. i. Biol. Chem., 133:75-81.
OCR for page 345
ELMER VERNER MCCOLLUM 329
With C. G. Mackenzie. The cure of nutritional muscular dystrophy
in the rabbit by alpha-tocopherol and its effect on creatine me-
tabolism. J. Nutr., 19: 345-62.
With M. Shils and H. G. Day. Bisulfite binding substances (B.B.S.)
and thiamin deficiency. Science, 91:341.
With C. G. Mackenzie and l. B. Mackenzie. Occurrence of tremors
and incoordination in vitamin E-deficient adult rats. Proc. Soc.
Exp. Biol. Med., 44:95-8.
With R. H. Follis and H. G. Day. Histological studies of the tissues
of rats fed a diet extremely low in phosphorus. }. Nutr.,
20: 181-95.
With C. G. Mackenzie and M. D. Levine. The prevention and
cure of nutritional muscular dystrophy in the rabbit by alpha-
tocopherol in the absence of a water-soluble factor. I. Nutr.,
20:399-412.
With H. G. Day. Effects of acute dietary zinc deficiency in the rat.
Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med., 45:282-84.
With i. E. Becker. Food, Nutrition, and Health. 5th ed. Balti-
more, published by the authors. 127 pp.
Some contributions of nutritional research to clinical medicine.
(The Jerome Cochran Lecture) Journal of the Medical Associa-
tion of the State of Alabama, 9:365-70.
1941
The inorganic elements in nutrition. In: Nutrition, by C. A.
Elvehjem, C. N. H. Long, and E. V. \IcCollum, pp. 35-46.
Philadelphia, University of Pennsylvania Press.
With C. G. Mackenzie and J. B. Mackenzie. Uncomplicated vita-
min E deficiency in the rabbit and its relation to the toxicity
of cod liver oil. I. Nutr., 21: 225-34.
With M. E. Shils and H. G. Day. The urinary excretion of bisul-
fite binding substances by human adults on thiamin-low diets.
American Journal of the Medical Sciences, 201:561-69.
With C. G. Mackenzie. Muscular dystrophy in the absence of
testicular degeneration in vitamin E deficiency. Proc. Soc. Exp.
Biol. Med., 47:148-52.
With H. Blumberg. The prevention by choline of liver cirrhosis
in rats on high fat, low protein diets. Science, 93:598-99.
With C. G. Mackenzie and l. B. Mackenzie. The prevention by
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330
alpha-tocopherol of "cod liver oil muscular dystrophy" in the
rabbit. Science, 94:216-17.
With M. E. Sails and H. G. Day. The effect of thiamine deficiency
in rats on the excretion of pyruvic acid and bisulfite-binding
substances in the urine. I. Biol. Chem., 139:145-61.
With E. Orent-Keiles. Potassium in animal nutrition. I. Biol.
Chem., 140: 337-52.
With R. H. Follis, in and H. G. Day. Histological studies of the
tissues of rats fed a diet extremely low in zinc. i. Nutr.,
22: 223-37.
With I. B. Mackenzie and C. G. Mackenzie. The effect of sulfanilyl-
guanidine on the thyroid of the rat. Science, 94:518-19.
With C. G. Mackenzie. Effect of oral and parenteral administra-
tion of vitamin E on creatinuria and symptoms of dystrophic
rabbits. Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med., 48:642-46.
The diet in relation to dental caries. In: Dental Caries, by Henry
Klein, Carroll E. Palmer, Basil G. Bibby, and Elmer V. Mc-
Collum, pp. 45-53. Philadelphia, University of Pennsylvania
Press.
Diet in relation to dental caries.
BIOGRAPHICAL MEMOIRS
Nature, 147: 104-08.
1942
Is there need for the fortification of milk? Journal of the American
Public Health Association, 32:80~.
With R. H. Follis, fir. and E. Orent-Keiles.
Histologic studies of
the tissues of rats fed a diet extremely low in sodium. Archives
of Pathology, 33:504-12.
With M. E. Shils. The trace elements in nutrition. J. Am. Med.
Assoc., 120:609-19; also in Handbook of Nutrition. Chicago,
Am. Med. Assoc., 1943.
The protein element in nutrition. Proceedings of the 8th Scientific
Congress. Public Health and Medicine, 6:57-61.
With R. H. Follis, in and E. Orent-Keiles. The production of
cardiac and renal lesions in rats by a diet extremely deficient in
potassium. American journal of Pathology, 18:29-39.
What is the right diet? (Vitamin enrichment of foods) New York
Times Magazine, 13 Sept.; also reprinted in Baltimore Health
News, 19:85.
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ELMER VERNER McCOLLUM 331
Nutritional science and public health; Harben Lecture, 1941.
Inorganic elements which present nutrition problems of prac-
tical importance. l. Roy. Inst. Public Health Hyg., 5:165-73.
Nutritional science and public health; Harben Lecture, 1941.
Problems presented by availability of low-cost synthetic vitamins.
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Nutritional science and public health; Harben Lecture, 1941.
Nutritional problems presented by low-income families. l. Roy.
Inst. Public Health Hyg., 5:194-98.
1943
With l. B. Mackenzie. Production of pulmonary edema by thiourea
in the rat, and its relation to age. Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med.,
54: 34-37.
With M. E. Shils. Further studies on the symptoms of manganese
deficiency in the rat and mouse. l. Nutr., 26:1-19.
1944
With H. Blumberg. Effect of protein quality in production of
dietary cirrhosis of the liver in rats. Federation Proceedings,
2:70-1.
With W. Grubb. A completely supplemented evaporated milk
and its use as a food for infants. Am. i. Diseases Children,
68:231-35.
With I. B. Mackenzie.
Effect of prolonged and intermittent sul-
fonamide feeding on the basal metabolic rate, thyroid and
pituitary. Bull. Johns Hopkins Hosp., 74: 85-97.
Informe de la Comision panamericana de alimentacion. Boll Ofic.
Sanit. Panam., 23:507-13.
Nutrition and human welfare.
Report of Pan American Com-
mittee on Nutrition. Boll Ofic. Sanit. Panam., 23:796-801.
The future of nutritional research. Nutr. Rev., 2:321-22.
Our national diet and future health. In: Implications of Nutrition
and Public Health in the Postwar Period, pp. 159-71 (Proceed-
ings of a Conference). Published by the Children's Fund of
Michigan.
Hess, Alfred Fabian (Oct. 19, 1875-Dec. 5, 1933~. In: Dictionary
of American Biography, ed. by H. E. Starr, Vol. 32, pp. 397-98.
New York, Charles Scribner's Sons.
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332
BIOGRAPHICAL MEMOIRS
1945
Bread "enrichment." Maryland Health Bulletin, 17:2-7; reply to
Williams, Science, 102: 181-82.
With R. M. Wilder, A. F. Morgan, and H. S. Mitchell. To enrich
or not to enrich: A symposium. l. Home Econ., 37:397-402.
1946
With E. I. Parsons and M. Frobisher, in Effect of immunization
against lactobacilli and acidogenic cocci on tooth flora of rat.
Am. J. Hyg.,43:41-48.
With E. I. Parsons and M. Frobisher, in Effect of dietary carbo-
hydrates on dental flora of rat. Am. i. Hyg., 44:249-56.
1948
With A. A. Rider. Fractionation of the amino acids from hydroly-
sates in nonaqueous systems. Science, 108: 111-12.
Historical aspects of protein nutrition. Nutr. Rev., 6: 225-28.
1949
With A. A. Rider and H. Suss. Fractionation of amino acid mix-
tures in acetone by means of alkyl acid phosphates. Proc. Soc.
Exp. Biol. Med., 72:709-11.
1950
Fifty years of progress in nutritional research.
71: 376-79.
1951
Scientific Monthly,
With A. A. Rider. The preparation of lysine from protein hydroly-
sates. I. Biol. Chem., 190:451-53.
Early speculations on significance of phosphorus in nutrition. l.
Am. Dietet. Assoc., 27:650-53.
Nutrition. In: Chemical progress during the 75 years of the Amer-
ican Chemical Society; a series of historical papers. Industrial
and Engineering Chemistry, 43:567-69.
1952
With A. A. Rider. Separation of amino acids from inorganic con-
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ELMER VERNER McCOLLUM
taminants. Arch. Biochem. Biophys., 40:20-1.
Early experiences with vitamin A A retrospect. Nutr. Rev.,
10: 161-63.
Cooperative research experiences with Dr. Park.
atrics, 41: 646-50.
Stanley Rossiter Benedict, 1884- 1936. National Academy of Sci-
ences, B iograph ical Memoirs, 27: 155-77.
Journal of Pedi-
1953
Who discovered vitamins? Science, 118:632.
My early experiences in the study of foods and nutrition. Ann.
Rev. Biochem., 22:1-16.
1954
With A. A. Siegenthaler.
2,681,927.
Separation of amino acids. U.S. Patent,
1955
With A. A. Rider. The extraction of amino acid-containing sub-
stances from urine. Journal of Laboratory and Clinical Medi-
cine, 45:215-18.
-
1956
C. i. M. Mehu, A forgotten man of science.
Education, 33:507.
Journal of Chemical
The beginnings of essential nutrition. Nutr. Rev., 14: 257-61.
1957
With A. A. Rider. The preparation of glutamine from beet juice.
Arch. Biochem. Biophys., 68: 39-41.
History of Nutrition. The Sequence of Ideas in Nutrition In-
vestigations. Boston, Houghton Mifflin Company. 451 pp.
Purification of glutamic acid. U.S. Patent, 2,815,374.
1958
Vitamin "A" in human nutrition. This is the commentary for
a documentary film which is one of a series on problems of pedi-
atrics. Produced by Mead Johnson & Co., Evansville, Indiana.
15 pp.
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334
BIOGRAPHICAL MEMOIRS
1959
With E. B. McCollum. Vitamins A, D, E, K. In: Food, The Year-
book of Agriculture, pp. 130-38. U.S. Department of Agricul-
ture. Washington, U.S. Govt. Print. Off.
History of Nutrition. World Review of Nutrition and Dietetics,
1:1-27.
With A. A. Rider.
2,928,869.
1960
Purification of glutamine. U.S. Patent,
1964
From Kansas Farm Boy to Scientist. The Autobiography of Elmer
Verner McCollum. Lawrence, University of Kansas Press, 253 pp.
1967
The paths to the discovery of vitamins A and D. l. Nutr., 91
(Suppl. l): ll-16.
1970
Cereals in the diet. In: Encyclopaedia Britannica, Copyright 1970,
Vol. 5, pp. 204-5. Chicago, Encyclopaedia Britannica, Inc. The
article was first prepared and submitted in 1945. It has appeared
in subsequent revisions of the encyclopaedia since that time.
BIOGRAPHICAL NOTICES
Adams, Georgian, 1968. Elmer Verner McCollum, 1879-1967. In:
Year Book of the American Philosophical Society, pp. 152-156.
Anonymous, 1968. Dr. Elmer Verner McCollum. Annals of Den-
tistry, 27:60.
Holt, L. E., ir., 1968. A Tribute to Elmer V. McCollum. In:
The American journal of Clinical Nutrition, 21:1136-37. The
tribute was made by Dr. Holt on the occasion of his receiving
the McCollum Award from the American Society for Clinical
Nutrition.
Kassel, V., 1968. Elmer Verner McCollum. Einiges zur Geschichte
einiger Vitamine. Anlasslich des kurzlich erfolgten Todes dreier
Vitaminforscher. Zahnaerztliche Rundschau, 77:204-5.
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ELMER VERNER McCOLLUM 335
Mickelsen, Olaf, 1968. Elmer Werner McCollum. In: Nutrition
Notes, 4:8.
Snyder, Eleanor McKnight, and ~ones, Edith A., 1968. Elmer
Verner McCollum, March 3, 1879-November 15, 1967. Journal
of the American Dietetic Association, 52:49.
Chick, Harriette, and Peters, R. A., 1969. Elmer Verner McCollum,
1879-1967. In: Biographical Memoirs of the Fellows of the
Royal Society, Vol. 15, pp. 159-71.
Rider, Agatha Ann, 1970. Elmer Verner McCollum A Biograph-
ical Sketch (1879-1967) . In: The Journal of Nutrition, 100: 1-10.
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Representative terms from entire chapter:
elmer verner
