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GEORGE RICHARDS MINOT
December 2, 1885-February 25, 1950
BY W. B. CASTLE
GEORGE MINOT was born in Boston, Massachusetts, on Decem-
ber 2, 1885, the eldest of three sons of Dr. James Jackson
and Elizabeth Frances (Whitney) Minot. His ancestors had been
successful in business and professional careers in Boston. His
father was a private practitioner and for many years a clinical
teacher of medicine as a member of the staff of the Massachusetts
General Hospital. In the second half of the nineteenth century
his great uncle, Francis Minot, became the third Hersey Pro-
fessor of the Theory and Practice of Physic at Harvard; and his
cousin, Charles Sedgwick Minot, a distinguished anatomist, was
Professor of Histology there in the early years of the twentieth
century. George Minot's grandmother was the daughter of Dr.
James Jackson, the second Hersey Professor and a cofounder
with John Collins Warren of the Massachusetts General Hos-
pital, which opened its doors in 1821. Thus his forebears, like
those of other Boston medical families, were influential par-
ticipants in the activities of the Harvard Medical School and
its affiliated teaching hospital.
George was regarded by his physician-father as a delicate
child who required physical protection and nourishing food.
Brief vacation visits to Florida provided escape, thought de-
sirable for him, from the rigors of Boston winters. Most of a
winter spent with his parents in southern California gave
337
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338 BIOGRAPHICAL MEMOIRS
further opportunity for outdoor life and amateur studies of
butterflies. This led to the publication in 1902 of his first
scientific paper, an early expression of his lifelong interest in
natural history. George Minot's early education was at private
schools in Boston in the "Back Bay" near the home in which he
grew up. As a matter of course he went on to Harvard College,
from which he was graduated in the spring of 1908. After a
summer in Europe, despite anxiety about his physical capacity
for the busy life of a doctor, he enrolled in the Harvard Medical
School armed merely with the documentation that his college
courses had included physics and chemistry.
During the summers of his second and third years in
medical school Minot worked in an outpatient clinic operated
by the faculty at the medical school for the benefit of employees
and neighborhood residents. During his third year he achieved
modest renown by demonstrating to the satisfaction of the
medical staff of the Massachusetts General Hospital that a
patient considered to have pernicious anemia was in reality
suffering from a congenital hemolytic anemia. Among his
teachers at the medical school were Walter B. Cannon in physi-
ology, Otto Folin and Lawrence J. Henderson in biochemistry,
Theobald Smith in comparative pathology, Richard C. Cabot
and Henry A. Christian in medicine, and Maurice B. Richard-
son in surgery. Christian's systematic lecture presentations of
medical topics were admirably balanced by Cabot's novel "case
teaching" exercises, in which students in their clinical years
participated actively. This educational technique, employed
earlier in the Harvard Law School, had been proposed by Can-
non when he was a senior medical student at Harvard. It was
during Minot's final year that he first showed a serious interest
in hematology by enrolling in an elective course in clinical
pathology given at the medical school by Dr. J. Homer Wright,
inventor of the well-known polychrome stain for blood films.
A few months after graduation young Dr. Minot began a
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GEORGE RICHARDS MINOT
339
coveted appointment as medical "House Pupil," as the interns
at the Massachusetts General Hospital were then called. There,
while working on the East Medical Service under Dr. David
Edsall, the recently appointed Jackson Professor of Clinical
Medicine at Harvard, he displayed increasing interest in diseases
of the blood. For some reason, perhaps the familial insistence
on the importance to health of good food, he began taking
meticulous histories of the dietary habits of his anemic patients.
He also exhibited an active interest in the laboratory findings,
especially in the microscopic examination of stained films of
their blood. Sixteen months later, at the end of November 1913,
Minot completed his tour of duty as "Senior" and was borne in
traditional fashion to the front door of the hospital in a wheel-
chair propelled by his "Junior." Among recent graduates of
the medical services he was in good intellectual company with
such future distinguished physicians as James Howard Means
and Paul Dudley White. Like them he was advised by Dr. Edsall
to go elsewhere for further training before returning to the
Massachusetts General Hospital with the prospect of becoming
a junior member of its staff.
It was soon arranged that Minot should go to Johns Hopkins
and serve as Resident Physician under Dr. William S. Thayer,
to whom Minot's special interest in patients with hematological
problems soon became apparent. Consequently, after a few
months Minot transferred his activities to the laboratory of
William H. Howell, Professor of Physiology, whose principal
research interest was in the coagulation of the blood. With an-
other young physician from Boston, George Denny, Minot pub-
lished in 1915 an article demonstrating that circulatory stasis
during perfusion of the liver of the dog produced an increase
in the antithrombin content of the blood in the hepatic vein.
This insight, together with studies by others of his pupils, led
three years later to Howell's successful preparation from liver
of the valuable anticoagulant drug, heparin. Minot's other
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340
BIOGRAPHICAL MEMOIRS
work, on the prothrombin and antithrombin factors involved
in the abnormal clotting of the blood of various patients, would
be interpreted somewhat differently today. However, oxalated
blood samples from jaundiced patients with bleeding tendencies
were observed to show abnormal delay in coagulation after re-
calcification. This Minot and Denny correctly attributed to a
diminished level of prothrombin as then defined.
When Minot returned to Boston, in January 1915, he received
appointments in the Harvard Medical School and in the Massa-
chusetts General Hospital as Assistant in Medicine with a small
stipend as a Dalton Scholar. In June he married Marian Linzee
Weld in the Unitarian church in Milton, Massachusetts. At the
hospital, Edsall's influence had brought to Boston the new era
of scientific investigation of disease already begun in Baltimore
and New York. In addition to participation in the care of
patients Minot, as well as James H. Means and Paul D. White,
who had returned from their studies abroad, and shortly Walter
W. Palmer and James L. Gamble were attempting to apply
scientific methodology to bedside medicine with the help of
various types of simple equipment in improvised laboratories.
This atmosphere of young inquiry was highly appropriate for
Minot, who had an inherent faith in causality that made him
optimistic that scientific understanding would lead to a bright
future for clinical medicine. He found a bench with north
lighting suitable for microscopic work in a small room next to
the inner sanctum of the hospital's irascible pathologist, Dr.
Wright. This was the man who had discovered that blood plate-
lets were formed by large specialized cells in the bone marrow.
At that time the study of the blood of patients with anemia,
leukemia, low platelet levels, and other abnormalities depended
largely on the enumeration of the corpuscles and the micro-
scopic examination of peripheral blood films stained by the use
of the aniline dyes introduced by Ehrlich. This permitted
recognition under the oil immersion lens of morphological
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GEORGE RICHARDS MINOT 341
abnormalities of the blood's three formed elements: red cells,
white cells, and platelets. In hematology the only useful drug,
was iron, but a recent therapeutic advance was the transfusion
of fresh blood. This, owing to the work of Landsteiner, Moss,
and others in enabling the identification of suitable donors,
had become a relatively safe, though technically demanding
procedure.
In the fall of 1915 Minot began work with Dr. Roger I. Lee,
Clinical Professor of Medicine at Harvard and Chief of the
West Medical Service at the Massachusetts General, in an at-
tempt to learn more about the function of blood platelets—
insignificant particles, but already thought to be intimately
involved in hemostasis and blood coagulation. After meticulous
washing in physiological saline, a suspension of normal platelets
derived from blood samples rendered incoagulable by addition
of oxalate was found by Lee and Minot to be seventy-five times
as efficacious as a similarly prepared suspension of hemophilic
platelets in shortenings, the prolonged clotting time of fresh
hemophilic blood plasma. This last was derived by centrifuga-
tion of fresh blood in chilled, paraffin-coated tubes. Thus
-
encouraged, the two physicians gave a transfusion of normal
blood to a hemophilia patient and found that it caused a prompt
reduction of the patient's prolonged blood clotting time. The
effect lasted for three days, an interval then considered to cor-
respond to the life-span of the platelet. From these observations
they concluded, understandably but erroneously, that the plate-
lets in hemophilia were defective. This interpretation, because
of the impossibility of completely freeing platelets from a subtle
plasma factor, was only corrected thirty years later when work
in ~Minot's laboratory at the Boston City Hospital showed that
platelet-free, citrated, normal blood plasma could shorten the
coagulation time of hemophilic blood owing to the presence of
a specific globulin.
From the Massachusetts General Hospital Minot published
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BIOGRAPHICAL MEMOIRS
papers describing and classifying patients with anemia and
markedly reduced numbers of blood platelets. He pointed out
that a faltering bone marrow, in addition to producing too few
new red cells, was often unable to sustain a normal number of
circulating granular leukocytes and platelets. In clinical in-
stances of low levels of platelets associated with normal produc-
tion of red cells and leukocytes, he suggested that excessive de-
struction of platelets was responsible. He speculated that the
great increase in platelets sometimes following splenectomy was
due to enhanced production by an uninhibited bone marrow.
Although today the role of the spleen as combined pool and
filter in causing low platelet levels is better understood, the
mechanism of the sometimes prolonged increase in numbers of
platelets after surgical removal of the spleen is not. In an ex-
tensive study in 1916 of a young girl with idiopathic purpura
hemorrhagica, who eventually bled to death because of her low
level of blood platelets, Minot sought without success for
evidence of platelet-agglutinating or -lysing properties in her
serum. Even today these are detected only with great difficulty
and only in some of such patients. In other work, with Dr.
Wright, Minot studied the plasma factors involved in the so-
called viscous metamorphosis of platelets, a step preliminary to
their participation in normal blood-clot formation.
While in Baltimore in 1914 Minot had studied the effect of
splenectomy in a patient with pernicious anemia, then almost
invariably a fatal disease although for some months subject to
apparently spontaneous remissions and discouraging unex-
plained relapses. The result of removal of the spleen in the
patient had been temporarily favorable. Three years later in
Boston Minot joined Lee and Beth Vincent, a surgical colleague,
in studies of fifteen such patients skillfully subjected to sple-
nectomy as a last resort. In some of these patients the results
were beneficial for a few weeks or months, but they failed to
be of a permanent value in any. However, Minot's careful ob-
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GEORGE RICHARDS MINOT
343
servations of the peripheral blood were of great significance to
his future work on the successful dietary treatment of pernicious
anemia. Wright had shown NIinot a method of supravital stain-
ing that the latter applied to the demonstration of reticulocytes
in films of the peripheral blood of these anemic patients. That
reticulocytes were newly formed red cells released by the bone
marrow, rather than degenerating forms as originally supposed
by Ehrlich, had first been demonstrated by Theobald Smith in
1891 in bleeding experiments with Texas cattle. Vogel and
McCurdy in 1913 had proposed that anemias could be classified
as being due either to increased blood destruction or blood loss
with an active marrow response (increased reticulocytes) or
being due to bone marrow inadequacies of various sorts (de-
creased reticulocytes). Now, Minot stated that in pernicious
anemia "curves plotted from frequent observations tof the
number of reticulated red cells] are reliable indicators of bone
marrow activity and fincreases] are the forerunners of increased
red cell counts and clinical improvement."
When during World War I Base Hospital No. 6, organized
by the Massachusetts General Hospital, sailed from New York
for overseas duty, the work of the hospital staff of doctors and
nurses left behind was greatly increased. Minot was directly
involved with this extra burden of patient care as well as with
his laboratory research and private practice. In addition, he
was employed for a short time as Contract Surgeon by the army
in examining recruits. He soon found much more interesting
contributions to make to the war effort. At the suggestion of
Dr. Alice Hamilton, then the only woman on the Harvard
Medical Faculty and already an authority in industrial medicine,
the army asked Minot to investigate the anemia of New Jersey
ammunition workers engaged in filling shells with trinitro-
toluene. He discovered the coexistence of methemoglobin and
signs of a red cell-destroying process. A similar investigation
concerned with manufacture of smokeless powder disclosed
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344
BIOGRAPHICAL MEMOIRS
little but the anesthetic effects of various degrees of exposure
to the ethyl ether used as a solvent. In the fall of 1918 Minot
was involved in a desperate effort to prevent the spread of
influenza among the students of Harvard College, many of
whom were candidates for the Student Army Training Corps.
Then in another month the epidemic waned, and the Armistice
was signed.
After the war Minot continued to study patients with blood
diseases at the Massachusetts General Hospital, but with in-
creasing involvement in work at the Collis P. Huntington
Memorial Hospital, where he had been appointed Assistant
Consulting Physician in 1917 and Consulting Physician in
1919. Meanwhile, another essay in industrial medicine dis-
closed interesting changes in the blood of workers in an artificial
silk factory. This led to a report in 1921 that an increase in the
large mononuclear cells of the blood was a clear signal of liver
damage to come, if exposure to tetrachlorethane—the volatile
solvent inhaled—was not discontinued. The results of an at-
tempt with Dr. Chester M. Jones to establish as a clinical entity
the sporadic cases of infectious jaundice that appeared subse-
quent to the epidemics of World War I was published in 1923.
Here, too, immature and abnormal lymphocytes and mononu-
clear cells appeared in the blood and resembled those seen in
cases of so-called glandular fever or infectious mononucleosis.
Indeed, at the time no serological test was available to dis-
criminate glandular fever from infectious jaundice with cer-
tainty.
From the time of his first appointment at the Huntington
Hospital Minot found himself becoming evermore interested
in the special purposes of this "cancer hospital." Supervised by
the Cancer Commission of Harvard University, composed of
six distinguished physicians with Ernest E. Tyzzer as Director,
the hospital had opened in 1912 for the purpose of providing
what would be called today a "clinical research facility" where,
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GEORGE RICHARDS MINOT
345
in addition to the latest diagnostic and therapeutic modalities
for the care of patients, basic research in the nature and cause
of cancer and neoplastic blood disease could be conducted.
Located close by the Harvard Medical School and the new
Peter Bent Brigham Hospital, the Huntington Hospital was
in no sense an institution merely for custodial care. Minot saw
in this hospital setting a rare opportunity to extend his interest
into new areas of blood disease with possible valuable repercus-
sions on what he already knew. Moreover, in accepting the
original appointment he was attracted by the delightful per-
sonality, broad clinical and research experience, and scholarly
wisdom of the hospital's Consulting Physician, Dr. Francis W.
Peabody. At the Huntington, Minot's clinical and research con-
tributions were highly valued by his colleagues and by the Can-
cer Commission. When Peabody became Director of the new
Thorndike Memorial Laboratory at the Boston City Hospital,
in 1923, Minot was appointed to succeed him as Chief of the
Medical Service at the Huntington.
At the cancer hospital Minot became impressed with a
relationship between polycythemia Vera, a disease producing too
many red blood corpuscles, and myelogenous leukemia, a form
of cancer of the blood in which too many abnormal white cells
are formed. With his associates, Drs. Thomas E. Buckman and
Raphael Isaacs, he published careful descriptions of the blood
findings, clinical course, and results of x-ray treatment in
myelogenous and other varieties of chronic leukemia. He con-
cluded—as is still true today, with modern x-ray and chemo-
therapy—that the benefits of treatment were chiefly to extend
the period of reasonably good health, rather than to prolong the
life of the patient. In another classical paper, in 1924, Minot
and Dr. lloy G. Spurling described the different durations of the
effects of x-ray treatment on the formed elements of the blood
of patients with localized cancer, including the value of the
number of circulating white corpuscles as an indication of the
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346
. ~
BIOGRAPHICAL MEMOIRS
amount of such radiation that could safely be applied. It was
shortly before this time that Dr. Minot began to urge his private
patients with pernicious anemia to improve their diets.
Meanwhile, a serious change in Minot's health and personal
life had taken place. In October 1921, after noting for some days
feelings of fatigue, weakness, and thirst, he tested his urine and
found sugar. The next day Dr. Elliott P. Joslin confirmed the
fact that at the age of thirty-six Minot had developed severe
diabetes, for which the treatment was currently a form of semi-
starvation. In those dark days Minot's cousin and medical school
classmate, Dr. Francis M. Rackemann, and his wife gave cheer-
ful support and wise counsel to the Minot family. The discovery
of insulin by Banting and Best, announced in 1922, came in the
nick of time to save Minot's life. After a year of dietary restric-
tion and weight loss, during which Minot managed to struggle
each day to the hospital, Dr. Joslin was able to secure for his
patient small amounts of insulin. For the rest of his life Minot
ate no food at home that was not weighed or measured and
recorded. When dining out, advance knowledge of the menu
aided him in estimating calories and carbohydrates. His wife,
a charming and intelligent woman, was indispensible in sustain-
ing the strict balance of dietary intake and insulin injections
prescribed by Dr. Joslin.
Under these circumstances, it was a distinct advantage to
Minot to be able to continue his private practice as a member
of the small group of physicians that he had joined at the invita-
tion of Dr. Edwin A. Locke in September 1921, shortly before
the onset of his diabetes. This arrangement provided office space
at 31 1 Beacon Street, with shared secretarial services and a
laboratory with a technician trained to perform the usual simple
studies of patients' blood and urine. Included in the group was
a succession of younger physicians who in this way were entering
the practice of medicine in Boston. Among them was Dr. Wil-
liam P. Murphy, who later was asked by Minot to be his col-
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BIOGRAPHICAL MEMOIRS
meet.) Chapter XVI. In: The Oxford Medicine, ed. by Henry
A. Christian, Vol. 2, pp. 646-72. New York, Oxford University
Press.
With William P. Murphy, Edwin l. Cohn, Richard P. Stetson and
Herman A. Lawson. The feeding of whole liver or an effective
fraction in pernicious anemia: the response of the reticulocytes.
Trans. Assoc. Am. Physicians, 42:81-86.
With William P. Murphy. Treatment of pernicious (Addisonian)
anaemia with a diet rich in liver. Brit. Med. i., 2:674-76.
The treatment of pernicious anemia with liver on an effective frac-
tion of liver. (The Mary Scott Newbold Lecture XVIII) Trans-
actions of the College of Physicians of Philadelphia, 49: 144-53.
1928
A familial hemorrhagic condition associated with prolongation of
the bleeding time. Am. i. Med. Sci., 175:301-6.
With Edwin l. Cohn, Gordon A. Alles and William T. Salter. The
nature of the material in liver effective in pernicious anemia.
II. l. Biol. Chem., 77:325-58.
With William P. Murphy and Richard P. Stetson. The response
of the reticulocytes to liver therapy; particularly in pernicious
anemia. Am. l. Med. Sci., 175:581-99.
With Edwin i. Cohn, William P. Murphy and Herman A. Lawson.
Treatment of pernicious anemia with liver extract: effects upon
the production of immature and mature red blood cells. Am.
I. Med. Sci., 175:599-622.
The treatment of pernicious anemia. In: The Harvey Lectures,
23: 151-53. Baltimore, Williams & Wilkins Company. (Synopsis)
With William P. Murphy and Edwin J. Cohn. Le traitement de
l'anemie pernicieuse par un regime riche en foie ou par un extrait
de foie. Annales de Medecine, 23:319-27.
1929
A non-fatal case simulating acute leukemia with anemia and
thrombopenic purpura. Med. Clin. N. Am., 13:1-9.
Recent progress: treatment of pernicious anemia. In: Nelson Loose
Leaf Living Medicine, Vol. 4, pp. 59A-H. New York, Thomas
Nelson Sc Sons.
Some fundamental clinical aspects of deficiencies. Ann. Internal
Med., 3:216-29.
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GEORGE RICHARDS MINOT
375
Presentation of the Kober Medal to George R. Minot, M.D., for
research in scientific medicine: remarks by George R. Minot,
M.D. Trans. Assoc. Am. Physicians, 44:11-12.
Treatment of pernicious anemia. In: The George Blumer Edition
of Billings and Fo~rchheimer's Therapeusis of Internal Diseases,
Suppl., pp. 423-34. New York, D. Appleton & Company.
Treatment of anemia, other than pernicious anemia, with diet. In:
The George Blumer Ed ition of Billings and Fo~rchheimer's
Therapeusis of Internal Diseases, Suppl., pp. 435~2. New York,
D. Appleton & Company.
With Edwin I. Cohn and Thomas L. McMeekin. The nature of
the material effective in pernicious anemia. III. Am. I.
Physiol., 90: 316-17. (A)
1930
With Janet M. Vaughan and Gulli Lindh Muller. The response
obtained in healthy pigeons by the administration of substances
effective in pernicious anaemia. Lancet, 218: 1062; also in J.
Clin. Invest., 9: 3-4. (A)
With Edwin l. Cohn and Thomas L. McMeekin. The nature of
the substance effective in pernicious anemia. Trans. Assoc. Am.
Physicians, 45:343-49.
With Edwin l. Cohn and Thomas L. McMeekin.
the material effective in pernicious anemia. IV.
The nature of
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87:49-52.
The treatment of pernicious anemia and the importance of an
optimal diet for man. journal of the National Institute of
Social Sciences, 15: 28-32.
With Stacy R. Mettier and Wilmot C. Townsend. Scurvy in adults:
especially the effect of food rich in vitamin C on blood formation.
J. Am. Med. Assoc., 95:1089-93.
With Raphael Isaacs. Pernicious anemia: synopsis of literature
from North America during 1928. Folia Haematologica, 41:
179-88.
1931
With Henry Jackson, Jr. The medical care of the cancer patient.
American journal of Cancer, 15: 6-11.
With Stacy R. Mettier. The effect of iron on blood formation as
influenced by changing the acidity of the gastroduodenal con-
tents in certain cases of anemia. Am. l. Med. Sci., 181:25-36.
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The treatment of anemia. New Engl. J. Med., 204:1104-5. (A)
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R. Viets. Boston and New York, Houghton Mifflin Company,
1930. In: New England Quarterly 4: 362-65.
With William B. Castle. The adequate treatment of anemia.
Ann. Internal Med., 5:159-69.
With Clark W. Heath. The response of the reticulocytes to iron
and some aspects of iron therapy. Trans. Assoc. Am. Physicians,
46:290-95.
The treatment of anemia: with comments on food deficiency and
its relation to the nervous system. Transactions of the American
Neurological Association, 57: 329-32.
1932
With Clark W. Heath. The response of the reticulocytes to iron.
Am. J. Med. Sci., 133:110-21.
Chronic arthritis: remarks concerning prevention and treatment.
Med. Clin. N. Am., 15: 797-804.
Idiopathic hypochromic anemia. In: Emanuel Libman Anni-
versary Volumes, Vol. 2, pp. 831-45. New York, International
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The importance of the treatment of pernicious anemia on a quanti-
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1933
Three cases of chronic dietary deficiency: features are chronic
fatigue, anemia and prolonged coagulation time of the blood.
Med. Clin. N. Am., 16:761-71.
With Soma Weiss. Nutrition in relation to arteriosclerosis. In:
Arteriosclerosis: A Survey of the Problem, pp. 233-48. Publica-
tion of the Josiah Macy, Jr., Foundation. New York, The
Macmillan Company.
James Jackson, 1812-1836. Harvard Med. Alumni Bull., 7(Jan.~:
25-29.
James Jackson as a professor of medicine. New Engl. J. Med., 208:
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, . . . .
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GEORGE RICHARDS MINOT
fames Jackson and alcoholic neuritis: a correction.
Alumni Bull., 7(April):54-55.
William Sidney Thayer. Harvard Med. Alumni Bull., 7 (April):
55-56.
With Maurice B. Strauss and Stanley Cobb. "Alcoholic" poly-
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Engl. J. Med., 208:1244-49.
General aspects of the treatment of chronic arthritis. New Engl.
I. Med., 208: 1285-90.
President's address: The importance of art and the general principles
of treatment in chronic arthritis. Trans. Am. Clin. Climat.
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With Thomas E. Buckman. Chapters on purpura, hemorrhagic
disease of the newborn and hemophilia (revised). In: A Text
Book of Medicine, ed. by Russell L. Cecil, 3d ea., pp. 1043-~.
Philadelphia, W. B. Saunders Company.
Chapter on erythremia (revised). In: A Text Book of Medicine,
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Thoughts concerning the teaching of medical social conditions.
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Medical social aspects in practice. Arch. Internal Med., 54:1-10.
With Arthur I. Patek, fir. Bile pigment and hemoglobin regenera-
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The interpretation of reticulocyte responses in pernicious anemia.
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Nutrition in relation to mental disorders. In: The Problem of
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Animal experimentation: its importance and value to scientific
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medicine. Bulletin of the American College of Surgeons, 18:
17-18.
The clinical investigative laboratory. In: Lilly Research Labora-
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1935
Some aspects of the diagnosis of pernicious anemia.
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lecture delivered before the Caroline Institute at Stockholm,
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Remarks at dinner of Nobel Foundation, December 10, 1934. In;
Les Prix Nobel en 1934, pp. 58-59. Stockholm, P. A. Norstedt
& Soner.
With William B. Castle.
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actions: their value in determining the potency of therapeutic
materials, especially in pernicious anaemia. Lancet, 2:319-30.
Clinical investigation: physician and patient. (The Ninth Alpha
Omega Alpha Annual Lecture) J. Am. Med. Assoc., 105:641-45.
The anemias of nutritional deficiency; etiology, diagnosis, treatment
and prevention. l. Am. Med. Assoc., 105:1176-79.
1936
With William B. Castle. Pathological physiology and clinical
description of the anemias. Chapter XVI in: The Oxford Med-
icine, ed. by Henry A. Christian, Vol. 2, pp. 589-680. Also re-
printed as book, Pathological Physiology and Clinical Description
of the Anemias. New York, The Oxford University Press.
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of pernicious anaemia-by a Nobel prize-winner. In: The World
Today, Vol. 3, pp. 11-13. Chicago, Encyclopaedia Britannica, Inc.
Foreword. Instruction of medical students in the social aspects of
medicine. Bull. Am. Assoc. Med. Social Workers, 9:34.
Purpura hemorrhagica with lymphocytosis: an acute type and an
intermittent menstrual type. Am. i. Med. Sci., 192:445-56.
Discussion of talk by Arlie V. Bock, "The use and abuse of blood
transfusions." New Engl. i. Med., 215: 425.
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GEORGE RICHARDS MINOT
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Anemia and the gastro-intestinal tract: a synopsis. American ~our-
nal of Digestive Diseases and Nutrition, 3:643-46.
Harvard and nutrition. New Engl. l- Med., 215:1147-49.
1937
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the Future). Svenska Dagbladet (Stockholm, Sweden>, p. 5, ~anu-
ary 10; reprinted in Olosta Gator; Actuella Problem. Svenska
Dagbladets Naturvetenskapliga Enquete 1937, pp. 179-81. Stock-
holm, Wahlstrom & Widstrand.
Some aspects of the anemias of nutritional deficiency. Journal of
the American Dietetic Association, 12:522-26.
Investigation and teaching in the field of the social component of
medicine. Bull. Am. Assoc. Med. Social Workers, 10:9-18; re-
printed in Anniversary volume: Scientific Contributions in
Honor of Joseph Hersey Pratt on His Sixty-ltifth Birthday, pp.
940-51. Lancaster, Pennsylvania, Lancaster Press.
Discussion of paper by M. At. Wintrobe, E. M. Hanrahan and
Caroline Bedell Thomas, "Purpura hemorrhagica with special
reference to course and treatment." l. Am. Med. Assoc., 109:
1176.
Notes concernant les troubles du sang. Bulletin et memoires de la
societe de medecine de Paris, 141:800-801.
Chapter on pernicious anemia (revised). In: A Text Book of Med-
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With Thomas E. 13uckman. Chapters on purpura, hemorrhagic
disease of the newborn and hemophilia (revised). In: A Text
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Philadelphia, W. B. Saunders Company.
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1938
Discussion of paper by C. P. Rhoads and W. Halsey Barker, "Re-
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380 BIOGRAPHICAL MEMOIRS
With Clark W. Heath, Frederick I. Pohle and Gunnar Alsted. The
influence of mucin upon the absorption of iron in hypochromic
anemia. Am. l. Med. Sci., 195:281-86.
The President's address. Trans. Assoc. Am. Physicians, 53:1-6.
Nutritional deficiency. Ann. Internal Med., 12:429-42.
Foreword to Medicine in the Out-Patient Department, by Winthrop
Wetherbee, Jr. New York, Paul B. Hoeber, Inc.
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deficiency. Bulletin of the New England Medical Center, 1:4-5.
(Synopsis)
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date and to clarify present views concerning the anemias and the
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Forty-ninth Annual Meeting of the Life Insurance Medical Di-
rectors of America, Vol. 25, pp. 279-81. Printed for private cir-
culation, New York City, Press of Recording and Statistical
Corporation.
Doctor a day: liver extract treatment in pernicious anemia. Pub-
lished under auspices of the Massachusetts Medical Society and
the Massachusetts Department of Health. Boston Evening
Transcript, February 5, p. 13.
Discussion of paper by Frank H. Krusen, "Physical therapy in
arthritis." New Engl. J. Med., 220:469-70.
The activities of the Children's Hospital. Harvard Med. Alumni
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Anemias of nutritional deficiency. In: A Symposium on the Blood
Forming Organs, pp. 52-56. Madison, University of Wisconsin
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1940
Anemias of nutritional deficiency. (The Gordon Wilson Lecture)
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Chapter on pernicious anemia (revised). In: A Text Book of Medi-
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Chapters on purpura, hemorrhagic disease of the newborn, hemo-
philia and erythremia (revised). In: A Text Book of Medicine,
ed. by Russell L. Cecil, Sth ea., pp. 1111-26. Philadelphia,
W. B. Saunders Company.
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GEORGE RICHARDS MINOT
1941
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Foreword to Chinese Lessons to Western Medicine: A Contribution
to Geographical Medicine from the Clinic of Peiping Union
Medical College, by I. Snapper. New York, Interscience Pub-
lishers, Inc.
1942
Soma Weiss. In: In Memoriam, Soma Weiss, 1899-1942, pp. 14-19.
Peter Bent Brigham Hospital, Boston, Mass. (Remarks at a
memorial ceremony in honor of Soma Weiss, held March 19,
1942)
With E. P. Jordan and others. Primer on arthritis. Prepared by a
committee of the American Rheumatism Association. I. Am.
Med. Assoc., 119:1089-1104.
Some problems of nutritional deficiencies.
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Journal of Home Eco-
, . . .
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1943
The problem of nutritional deficiencies. Chapter III in: The Role
of Nutritional Deficiency in Nervous and Mental Disease. Re-
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With Maurice B. Strauss.
Physiology of anti-pernicious anemia
material. Vitamins and Hormones, 1:269-91.
Chapters on pernicious anemia, purpura, hemorrhagic disease of the
newborn, hemophilia and erythremia (revised). In: A Tex t
Book of Medicine, ed. by Russell L. Cecil, 6th ea., pp. 970-90.
Philadelphia, W. B. Saunders Company.
Introduction to chapter- on hemorrhagic diseases and conditions.
In: Nelson Loose Leaf Living Med icine, Vol. 4, p. 103. New York,
Thomas Nelson & Sons.
With F. H. L Taylor and Charles S. Davison. Chapter L. The
physiology of blood coagulation. In: Nelson Loose Leaf Living
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1944
Foreword to Atlas of the Blood in Children, by Kenneth D. Black-
fan and Louis K. Diamond. New York, Commonwealth Fund.
OCR for page 399
382
BIOGRAPHICAL MEMOIRS
1945
Review of Atlas of the Blood in Children, by Kenneth D. Blackfan
and Louis K. Diamond. New York, Commonwealth Fund. In:
Harvard Med. Alumni Bull., 19:101.
With F. H. L. Taylor, C. S. Davidson, H. I. Tagnon, M. A. Adams
and A. H. MacDonald. Studies in blood coagulation: the
coagulation properties of certain globulin fractions of normal
human plasma in vitro. J. Clin. Invest., 24:698-703.
With C. S. Davidson, Jessica H. Lewis, H. l. Tagnon and F. H. L.
Taylor. The coagulation defect in hemophilia: the effect, in
hemophilia, of the parenterol administration of a fraction of the
plasma globulins rich in fibrinogen. i. Clin. Invest., 24:704-7.
1946
Foreword to first issue of B lood, The Journal of Hematology.
Blood, 1:1-2.
With Geneva A. Daland and Clark W. Heath. Differentiation of
pernicious anemia and certain other macrocytic anemias by the
distribution of red blood cell diameters. Blood, 1:67-75.
With Jessica H. Lewis, Henry J. Tagnon, Charles S. Davidson and
F. H. L. Taylor. The relation of certain fractions of the plasma
globulins to the coagulation defect in hemophilia. Blood, 1:
166-72.
With Jessica H. Lewis, C. S. Davidson, i. P. Soulier, H. l. Tagnon
and F. H. L. Taylor. Chemical, clinical and immunological
studies on the products of human plasma fractionation. XXXII.
The coagulation defect in hemophilia: an in vitro and in vivo
comparison of normal and hemophilic whole blood, plasma and
derived plasma protein fractions. I. Clin. Invest., 25:870-75.
With C. S. Davidson, Jessica H. Lewis, l. P. Soulier, H. l. Tagnon
and F. H. L. Taylor. Les proteines plasmatiques et le probleme
de l'htmophilie. Le Sang, 17:293-302.
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With M. B. Strauss. Fisiologia do principle antipernicioso. Re-
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1947
With F. H. L. Taylor. Hemophilia: the clinical use of antihemo-
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The hospital a look ahead: some aspects of clinical investigation.
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The diagnosis and treatment of the macrocytic anemias. Trans-
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Nutrition and health. Nutrition Reviews, 5:321-22.
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New York, Grolier, Inc.
1948
The modern management of macrocytic anaemias. Brit. Med. l.,
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Representative terms from entire chapter:
george richards
