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Biographical ~Vlemoirs
VOLUME XLVI
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Al ? Cal
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HANS THAC HER CLARKE
December 27, 1887-October 21, 1972
BY HUBERT BRADFORD VICKERY
DWRING THE third and fourth decades of the present century,
the discipline long known as physiological chemistry
underwent extensive transformation into a discipline more
properly referred to as biological chemistry—the chemistry of
living tissue. This transformation came about, at least in part,
as a result of the recognition by the university authorities con-
cerned with appointments of department heads, of the fact that
progress in the science was most likely to occur if persons
trained fundamentally as pure chemists—either organic or phys-
ical—were to take over the direction of the departments. Out-
standing among the many such appointments of the period was
that of Hans Thacher Clarke, in 1928, as head of the Depart-
ment of Biological Chemistry at the College of Physicians and
Surgeons of Columbia University. With a background of some
fourteen years of industrial research at Eastman Kodak Com-
pany on the large-scale production of developers, dyes, and,
after the war, of a wide assortment of organic substances pre-
viously imported from Germany, he brought to Columbia
a vast and detailed knowledge of the organic chemical literature
and an unexcelled personal skill and resourcefulness in organic
synthesis. Within a few years he had assembled one of the
strongest faculties in this country, and his department promptly
attracted students and visitors of the highest qualifications.
3
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4
BIOGRAPHICAL MEMOIRS
Today, his graduates are among, the leaders of American bio-
chemistry.
Hans Thacher Clarke was born of an American father and
a German mother on December 27,1887, in Harrow, England.
His father, Joseph Thacher Clarke (1856-1920), son of a Boston,
Massachusetts, physician who died when the son was twelve,
was educated in Germany and became an archeologist who,
with another young man, excavated Assos, an ancient city
near the site of Troy, and subsequently prepared the lavishly
illustrated final reports for the Archeological Institute of Amer-
ica.~ His interest in photography led him to design and produce
a magazine camera, the "Frena," which in turn brought him
to the attention of George Eastman. They met in 1886, became
close personal friends, and shortly afterwards Clarke was ap-
pointed to be the European representative of Eastman affairs,
a position in which his knowledge of European languages, of
art, and, incidentally, of music, for he was a competent cellist,
eminently fitted him. This relationship led quite naturally to
the appointment of Hans Clarke, his son, who had become a
highly trained organic chemist, when, at the outbreak of the
war in 1914, it became necessary for the Eastman Kodak Com-
pany to undertake the manufacture of the photographic chem-
icals that previously had been imported from Germany.
Hans Clarke's mother was Agnes van Helferich (1858-1935),
the daughter of Hans van Helferich, Professor of Political
Economy at the University of Munich. A cousin, B. Helferich,
was Emil Fischer~s private assistant during the period in 1912
and 1913 when Clarke worked in Fischer's Laboratory.
There seems to be little information in family records about
Clarke's grandfather, Luther Whipple Clarke (1825-1868), save
that he was born in Marietta, Ohio, and practiced medicine in
~ Joseph T. Clarke, Francis H. Bacon, and Robert Koldewey, Expedition of
the Archaeological Institute of America: Investigations at Assos (London:
Barnard Quaritich, Henry Sotheran and Co., 1902).
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HANS THACHER CLARKE
Boston from about 1850. His wife was Mary Gray Thacher
(1823-1875), the daughter of a well-known Boston merchant
who could trace her ancestry back through a long line of New
Englanders to John Howland and others who came over in the
Mayflower. Her direct ancestor was Antony Thacher, a clergy-
man. He and his wife were the only survivors of a ship that was
wrecked in 1635 on what became known as Thacher Island near
Gloucester. They were traveling from Newbury to Marblehead,
Massachusetts, to take up Thacher's duties as minister of the
church there.
Hans Clarke was the second child in a family of two boys
and two girls. He has recorded that he "was exposed from early
childhood to intellectual and musical stimuli. Independent
reading in an extensive and catholic parental library was en-
couraged, and LI] took part in family string quartets from the
age of eight." He attended the University College School in
London from 1896 to 1905, where he "preferred subjects (such
as algebra) which had a scientific flavor and, in the last two
years definitely recognized chemistry as a major interest." He
especially disliked Latin grammar, but enjoyed modern lan-
guages that were imaginatively taught. His home occupations,
"apart from music and general reading, were mainly manual
(carpentry and metal work). Practical chemistry and glassblow-
ing were encouraged, and facilities for them were provided in
the home."
In 1905 Clarke entered University College, London, where
he concentrated on the study of chemistry under Sir William
Ramsey, J. N. Collie, and Samuel Smiles. A minor field of
study was physiology, under E. H. Starling. It was in this
period that he was first exposed to physiological chemistry,
for he took a course given by R. H. Aders Plimmer that involved
the isolation of a few crystalline proteins, carbohydrates, and
amino acids as well as lecithin and kephalin, and also some
exercises in urine analysis. He has recorded that "these exer-
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6
BIOGRAPHICAL MEMOIRS
cises did not greatly appeal to me; I found them intellectually
far less rewarding than the rich fare offered by Collie and
Smiles in their courses on organic chemistry."
This is an interesting comment from a man who later be-
came one of the leaders of modern biochemistry in this country.
It suggests the reason why he always insisted that his students
acquire a fundamental training in organic chemistry before
tackling biochemistry itself. It was also in this period that he
was active in athletics, playing rugby football and tennis. He
was twice heavyweight boxing champion of the school.
After graduation as B.Sc. in 1908, he continued in research
with Smiles and A. W. Stewart, while holding a minor teaching
. .
position.
In 1911 he was awarded an 1851 Exhibition scholarship and
spent three semesters in the laboratory of Emil Fischer in Berlin
and one with A. W. Stewart at Queen's College, Belfast. He
found that although Fischer visited him almost daily to discuss
his work, discussion between the students of their problems
was sharply discouraged. He has reported, "This was so con-
trary to British tradition that I was interested to find out the
reason; it appeared that most of the chemists who were working
on topics of their own were retained as consultants by one or
another of the German manufacturing firms, which had priority
on any patentable discoveries made by the individuals con-
cerned. This system appeared to me, as it still does, as being
at variance with the prime function of an academic laboratory."
On his return from the studies in Germany and in Belfast, he
was awarded the D.Sc. degree by the University of London.
Clarke had been occasionally consulted on organic chemical
matters by his father's friend George Eastman, and early in the
summer of 1914 he was asked by Eastman to come to Rochester
to evaluate a newly invented process for the chemical modifica-
tion of cellulose. Here he found that he was the only organic
chemist employed by the company. However, with the out-
.
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HANS THACHER CLARKE
7
break of the war in August and the subsequent impossibility of
obtaining chemicals from Germany, he soon became involved
in devising methods for the large-scale synthesis of developers
and sensitizing dyes. The research laboratory itself was enlarged
and in 1918 began the preparation of many substances in short
supply in this country. The organic chemicals division of Kodak
was thus started. He was also active in contributing methods to
Organic Syntheses and in checking many methods contributed
by others to this publication.
In 1928, at the suggestion of his friend H. D. Dakin, Clarke
was invited to become Professor of Biological Chemistry and
head of the department in the College of Physicians and Sur-
geons of Columbia University. The medical school had re-
cently moved to its then new location on West 168th Street,
New York, and the department was ill-equipped. Under
Clarke's vigorous direction and with the aid of grants from the
Chemical Foundation, this situation was soon corrected; the
library was greatly enlarged, and a large open laboratory was
provided for the graduate students. Clarke always maintained
that students who worked in close proximity learned more
from each other than from their teachers.
The small but extremely able faculty was promptly en-
larged, and the department soon became the home of a long
and distinguished list of postgraduate students and visitors,
many of whom were German refugees who remained for years,
ultimately becoming members of the faculty. Of the ninety-
four graduate students who were trained under Clarke's direc-
tion, forty-three later attained sufficient eminence to be elected
members of one or another of the six societies that form the
Federation of American Societies for Experimental Biology;
and several are today heads of biochemistry departments or
leaders of productive research groups in various institutions
throughout the country.
Clarke's first publication, a paper with Smiles on diethoxy-
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BIOGRAPHICAL MEMOIRS
thioxan, initiated an interest in organic compounds of sulfur
that remained throughout his life. Of approximately thirty
journal papers in which he described the synthesis of new
compounds, no less than eighteen deal with such substances.
The year and a half he spent in Fischer's laboratory was devoted
to the synthesis of thiazans, which he prepared for the first time,
and to the study of the reactivity of analogous compounds that
contained nitrogen, oxygen, or sulfur in all of the possible pairs.
The fourteen years at the Kodak research laboratory re-
sulted in few publications in the journal literature, but in this
period there were twenty-six descriptions of the preparation of
a wide variety of substances published in Organic Syntheses.
He also acted as one of the checkers of no less than sixty-five
preparations submitted by others. A number of other prepara-
tions were contributed after the removal to Columbia in 1928.
He also served as the editor of two of the annual volumes of
. .
this series.
Clarke retained a connection with the Kodak research
laboratory for the rest of his life. On leaving Rochester, he was
invited to serve as a consultant who would spend two days a
month with the organic research group. He resigned from this
responsibility only in 1969 when the deterioration of his health
made it necessary.
The years at Columbia were happy ones. Clarke has re-
corded that "my chief activities, listed in the order in which
they absorbed my time were: 1) training of graduate students,
2) experimental research, 3) instruction of medical students,
4) administration . . . with the passage of the years, the amount
of time available for research with my own hands (I could
never work at ease with a technical assistant) continually de-
creased, finally dwindling to about ten percent." The paren-
thesis in this statement is especially interesting. Clarke was a
master glassblower, and his bench and shelves were littered
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HANS THACHER CLARKE
9
with devices for special uses that he had made himself—liquid-
liquid extractors, distillation columns, filtering apparatus, and
so forth. These items were fragile, and their use was sometimes
by no means obvious. Aside from the difficulty of explaining
to an assistant what he wanted done, was the danger that the
use of this equipment in inexperienced hands might lead to the
necessity of a repair job at the blast lamp: thus, his unease.
The problem of the graduate student who applied for
admission to Clarke's laboratory was a serious one. The pro-
fessor refused to pay much attention to college grades, but
required a long personal interview in which the applicant's
course work, his laboratory experience, and especially his ca-
pacity to coordinate such background as he had acquired in
college were thoroughly discussed. If the impression made was
favorable, the student was admitted, but then was frequently
told to go back to college and broaden his acquaintance with
organic and physical chemistry at both theoretical and prac-
tical levels. He was also directed to take courses in biology,
if deficient in this discipline. To many, this was a devastating
blow, but there was no alternative. A year later they were
welcomed into the courses in biochemistry where they soon
found that the additional training had been necessary. When
the time arrived for the selection of a research problem, Clarke
gave the student a wide choice, especially if he had developed
some special interest. There was no attempt to direct him into
some field allied to the professor's personal research. Thus,
the list of titles of papers with graduate students in his bibliog-
raphy ranges from studies of fatty acids, of amino acids, and of
analytical methods, to a problem having to do with rickets in
children and another concerning plasma volume. Nevertheless
a considerable number of students chose to work on amino
acids and especially on cystine, the most puzzling amino acid
of all. With deliberate pedagogic intent, Clarke took advantage
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BIOGRAPHICAL MEMOIRS
of the large laboratory, where all of the graduate students
worked, to ensure a wide degree of diversification in the themes
of departmental research.
Clarke's personal research led to a number of important
and useful advances. With the cooperation of a number of
graduate students, he established the details of the reduction
of cystine by sulfite, studied the form of labile sulfur in pro-
teins, and found conditions under which the whole of the
cystine sulfur could be converted into the so-called lead-blacken-
ing sulfur, previously a most confusing problem. Perhaps his
best-known contribution was his development in 1935 of the
structure of the sulfur-containing moiety of R. R. Williams'
recently isolated specimen of pure vitamin B. Williams had
found that the crystalline vitamin could be decomposed by
treatment with sulfite into two substances, one of which he
recognized to be a pyrimidine derivative. The other substance
was a strong nitrogenous base containing sulfur. He submitted
this material to Clarke, who promptly recognized that its
stability to alkaline plumbite before treatment with nitric
acid and its lability afterwards indicated that it contained a
thiazole nucleus. This enabled Williams to write a tentative
structure for the vitamin, the details of which were later cor-
rected. Clarke and Gurin next synthesized a thiazole derivative
that was identical to Williams' basic substance obtained from
the vitamin. In this brilliant accomplishment Clarke made
shrewd use of the results of his studies with other students of
the properties of cystine.
A further example of his extraordinary resourcefulness in
developing the formula of an organic substance containing
sulfur was related to the writer by Professor duVigneaud,
whose extended studies of biotin had led in 1942 to the ac-
cumulation of data that suggested a possible structure. One
evening, he laid the data before Clarke and asked what he
thought the structure might be. Clarke pondered for a short
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HANS THACHER CLARKE
11
while and then wrote a formula that to his mind conformed
with the evidence. DuVigneaud then took from his pocket a
sheet of paper on which he had written the structure that he
had derived. The two formulas were identical in every detail.
In addition to his duties at Columbia and Kodak, Clarke
found time for other and extensive professional relationships.
In Rochester, he had been chairman of the local section of the
American Chemical Society (1921) and was a member of the
Editorial Board of Organic Syntheses (1921-1932~. In 1924-
1925 he was chairman of the Division of Organic Chemistry of
the American Chemical Society. He was an associate editor of
the Journal of the American Chemical Society from 1928 to
1938 and on the Editorial Board of the Journal of Biological
Chemistry from 1937 to 1951. In 1942 he was president of the
Harvey Society and was chairman of the New York Section of
the American Chemical Society in 1946. He was president
of the American Society of Biological Chemists in 1947 and a
member of the Biochemical and Nutrition Study Section of the
United States Public Health Service from 1948 to 1957. He
was also a member of the Committee on Research of the
American Philosophical Society during the same period. An
important honor was to be appointed Science Attache at the
American Embassy in London in 1951-1952.
A great responsibility was placed upon him in 1944 when
he was asked to be Assistant to the Director of OSRD to co-
ordinate the many reports of the then highly confidential re-
search on penicillin. Later he served, together with Sir Robert
Robinson and Professor J. R. Johnson as editor of the huge
book in which these researches were published by the Princeton
University Press in 1949.
Clarke retired from Columbia in 1956 at the mandatory
age of 68 and accepted a long-standing invitation from a former
student, Professor Joseph Fruton, to come to New Haven to
the biochemical laboratory in the Graduate School as a guest
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BIOGRAPHICAL MEMOIRS
of Yale. Here for nearly eight years, Clarke enjoyed the luxury
of full-time research. He was an active participant in seminars,
attended occasional lectures, gave a short course of lectures on
antibiotics a few times, and was always available to students
who were puzzled over some problem in organic chemistry.
His glassblowing skill was frequently in demand for the repair
or development of apparatus. In 1968 the University required
the laboratory space he was occupying for newly appointed
members of the department, and Clarke then accepted an
invitation from Dr. Sidney Farber to continue his work at the
Children's Cancer Research Foundation in Boston. Here he
spent the years from 1963 to 1970, when increasing ill health
compelled him to discontinue active research.
He had been
engaged since the Yale days in a study of the action of hypo-
chlc~rite on sulfanilate with the object of preparing azobenzene-
4,4'-disulfochloride, a reagent he had suggested to Professor
F. M. Richards as possibly useful for interaction with proteins.
This turned out to be by no means a simple problem, and he
spent years in isolating and identifying the numerous unex-
pected by-products that were formed. The outcome was the
publication in 1971 of his last paper, which contains registry
numbers of more than twenty new compounds isolated or pre-
pared in the course of the investigation.
Clarke was elected to the National Academy of Sciences in
1942 and received the King's Medal for service in 1948. The
University of Rochester awarded him an honorary degree in
1953 and Columbia in 1957. He was a skilled editor, who
invariably improved the many manuscripts that passed through
his hands while serving on the boards of the Journal of the
American Chemical Society and the Journal of Biological Chem-
istry. His own writing was characterized by clearness, brevity,
and grace of statement, qualities that he passed on to many of
his students, and by his vast scholarship. He was rarely at a
loss, in discussing some organic reaction, to point out significant
analogies and other examples.
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HANS THACHER CLARKE
13
An important phase of Clarke's life resulted from his pur-
chase in 1929 of about fifty acres of property in Scotland, Con-
necticut, mostly woodland, but with a charming old house and
huge barn and several acres of open fields. Here he brought
up his young family of two sons and two daughters to share
in the frequently heavy labor involved in damming, a brook
to form a swimming pool, building a dormitory to accommodate
the children when the frequent guests arrived, developing the
lawn, mowing the fields, maintaining the buildings, and plant-
ing and caring for several acres of conifers on what had been
low-grade pasture land. Not only his children, but guests were
also soon drawn into these activities, so that a weekend with
the Clarkes could sometimes develop into an exhausting ex-
perience. Clarke was a large and very strong man skilled with
axe, saw, and scythe, and had little patience with the weak-
nesses of his less well-endowed friends.
No account of Hans Clarke would be complete without
mention of his interest in music. That he played in family
groups from childhood has been mentioned. His favorite instru-
ment was the clarinet, which he played at almost a professional
level. He was competent on the viola and the double bass, and
when occasionally called upon by the Rochester orchestra,
could play the bass clarinet. He married Frieda Planck, daugh-
ter of Professor Adelbert Planck and niece of Max Planck,
as well as an accomplished violinist, in 1914. Together in
Rochester, they played frequently with an amateur orchestra
and in smaller groups. Later in New York they played with a
small group of friends for twenty-five years, usually in private,
but occasionally in concert.
In these groups (Clarke was a demanding performer. Every
. ~ . . ~
(A 1 '
marking of the music tor tempo and phrasing was noted, and a
mistake by some unlucky member would bring a shout of
protest. His knowledge of chamber music was extensive. He
had inherited his father's large library and had added to it.
He could produce on demand the parts for almost any chamber
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BIOGRAPHICAL MEMOIRS
music, including, those of many of the more modern composers!
all of which he played with taste and fine discrimination. An
accident to his right hand with a scythe in 1960 brought an end
to his clarinet playing, but did not interfere with the playing of
string, instruments.
There were four children, two boys and two girls, all of
whom were brought up to use tools skillfully and to play an
instrument in the frequently assembled chamber music groups.
Their mother died in 1960, and in 1963 Clarke married Flora
de Peyer, who survives him.
Clarke was widely recognized as one of the finest organic
chemists of the period in this country. He had friends and
colleagues both here and in Britain and Germany with whom
he frequently corresponded on technical matters. His students
were devoted to him, and a memorial meeting in New York
shortly after his death brought together a large group in spite
of inclement weather. At this meeting, a number of his musical
friends played several of his favorite works, and brief addresses
were made by former associates. He leaves a gap in American
biochemistry that will be difficult, if not impossible, to fill.
IN PREPARING THIS MEMOIR, I have had the use of a document Clarke
deposited with the Academy in the 1 950s and supplemented in
1968. Also of his "Impressions of an Organic Chemist in Bio-
chemistry," published by Annual Reviews of Biochemistry in 1958,
of a bibliography and other documents kindly sent to me by Dr. i.
Meienhofer of the jimmy Fund in Boston, and of much genealogical
and other information from his son, Dr. Eric Clarke, and from Mrs.
Clarke. For all of this help, I am most grateful.
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HANS THACHER CLARKE
BIBLIOGRAPHY
KEY TO ~BBREVIA TIONS:
Arch. Intern. Med. Archives of Internal Medicine
Ind. Eng. Chem. Industrial and Engineering Chemistry
i. Am. Chem. Soc. Journal of the American Chemical Society
I. Biol. Chem. journal of Biological Chemistry
I. Chem. Soc. {ournal of the Chemical Society (London)
I. Org. Chem. Tournal of Organic Chemistry
15
1909
With S. Smiles. Diethoxythioxan: a relation between the refractive
power and chemical activity of some sulphur compounds l.
Chem. Soc., 95:992.
1910
The relation between reactivity and constitution of certain halo-
gen compounds. i. Chem. Soc., 97:416.
1911
Hand book of Organic Analysis.
1926.
With S. Smiles. Synthesis of derivatives of thioxanthone. III. 1,4-
Dihydroxythioxanthone. i. Chem. Soc., 99:1535.
The relation between residual amenity and chemical constitution.
II. Certain compounds of nitrogen. I. Chem. Soc., 99:1927.
London, E. Arnold, Ltd., 4th ea.,
1912
4-Alkyl-1,4-thiazans. J. Chem. Soc., 101: 1583-90.
The relation between residual amenity and chemical constitution.
III. Some heterocyclic compounds. J. Chem. Soc., 101: 1788-
1809.
Introduction to the Study of Organic Chemistry. London, Long-
mans Green & Co. Ltd.
1913
With A. K. Macbeth and A. W. Stewart. Colors produced by
tetranitromethane with compounds containing elements capable
of showing change of valency. Proceedings of the Chemical
Society, 29: 161.
The relation between residual affinity and chemical constitution.
IV. Some open-chain compounds. J. Chem. Soc., 103: 1689-1704.
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16
BIOGRAPHICAL MEMOIRS
·e
With A. W. Stewart. Uber die ultraviolette Absorption des reinen
Azetone uberhalb A332~,u. Physikalische Zeitschrift, 14:1049.
1918
Examination of organic developing agents. Ind. Eng. Chem., 10:
891-95.
1919
With C. E. K. Mees. A new yellow dye and filters made from it.
Ind. Eng. Chem., 11:454-55.
1920
Manometer for vacuum distillation. J. Am. Chem. Soc., 42:786.
1921
With I. N. Hultman and A. W. Davis. The automatic separator
in esterifications and other preparations. l. Am. Chem. Soc., 43:
366-70.
1922
Rare organic chemicals. Ind. Eng. Chem., 14:836-37.
1923
With E. l. Rahrs.
Chem., 15:349.
With E. R. Taylor. Separation of xylenes. l. Am. Chem. Soc.,
45:830-33.
With R. Phillips. The preparation of alkylguanidine. J. Am.
Chem. Soc., 45: 1755-57.
Laboratory fractionating column. Ind. Eng.
1924
With R. R. Read. A modification of Sandmeyer's synthesis of
nitrites. J. Am. Chem. Soc., 46:1001-3.
With W. W. Hartman. The preparation of thioacetic acid. l.
Am. Chem. Soc., 46:1731-33.
1926
With E. J. Rahrs. A "bubbler" laboratory fractionating column.
Ind. Eng. Chem., 18: 1092.
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HANS THACHER CLARKE
1927
17
With W. E. Bachmann. Mechanism of Wurtz-Fittig reaction.
i. Am. Chem. Soc., 49:2089-98.
With E. R. Taylor. The lower fatty acids of coconut oil. i. Am.
Chem. Soc., 49: 2829-31.
1929
With C. i. Malm. The action of fatty acids on cellulose. I. Am.
Chem. Soc., 51: 274-78.
1930
With H. Zahnd. The estimation of sulfur in organic compounds.
J. Am. Chem. Soc., 52:3275-79.
With L. D. Behr and I. W. Palmer. The estimation of bromides in
biological material. l. Biol. Chem., 88: 131-35.
With I. M. Inouye. Some observations on the action of alkali
upon cystine and cysteine. J. Biol. Chem., 89:399-419.
1931
With J. M. Inouye.
The alkaline deamination of derivatives of
cysteine. i. Biol. Chem., 94:541-50.
With S. Graff. Determination of plasma. Vol. I. The dye method.
Arch. Intern. Med., 48:809.
With S. Graft, D. A. D'Esopo, and A. l. B. Tillman. Determination
of plasma. Vol. II. The rate of dye mixing. Arch. Intern. Med.,
48:821.
1932
With L. D. Behr. I-p-Methoxyphenylalanine. J. Am. Chem. Soc.
54: 1630-34.
With H. B. Gillespie. Benzenesulfonylguanidines. J. Am. Chem
Soc., 54:1964-68.
With H. B. Gillespie. The action of acetic acid upon certain
carbohydrates. I. Am. Chem. Soc., 54:2083-88.
The action of sulfite upon cystine. l. Biol. Chem., 97:235-48.
With i. W. Palmer. The elimination of bromides from the blood
stream. J. Biol. Chem., 99:435-44.
With G. S. Babcock, M. R. Brethen, A. W. Davis, E. E. Dregers,
W. W. Hartman, W. R. Kirner, T. F. Murray, E. J. Rahrs, R. R.
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18
BIOGRAPHICAL MEMOIRS
Read, and E. R. Taylor. Contributions to Organic Syntheses,
ed. by H. Gilman, collective volume I. New York, John Wiley
& Sons, Inc. Contributions by Clarke and others include: Acid
ammonium o-sulfobenzoate, Benzenesulfonyl chloride, Benzil,
Benzoic anhydride, Bromo-n-caproic acid, c'-Bromonapthalene,
Catechol, o-Chlorobenzoyl chloride, Epichlorohydrin, Ethyl ox-
alate, Ethyl propane-1,1,2,3-tetra-carboxylate, n-Heptyl alcohol,
Methyl red, m-Nitrotoluene, Oxalic acid (anhydrous>, Phloro-
glucinol, Quinoline, o-Sulfobenzoic anhydride, o-Tolunitrite and
p-Tolunitrite, Tricarballylic acid, 1,3,5-Trinitrobenzene, and
2,4,6-Trinitrobenzene.
1933
With H. Zahnd. Labile sulfur in proteins.
171-86.
With H. B. Gillespie and S. Z. Weisshaus. The action of formal-
dehyde on amines and amino acids. I. Am. Chem. Soc., 55:
4571-87.
1934
J. Biol. Chem., 102:
With R. M. Herbst. Oxidation of amino acids by silver oxides. i.
Biol. Chem., 104: 769-88.
Withy. S. Fruton. Chemical reactivity of cystine and its deriva-
tives. i. Biol. Chem., 106:667-91.
With S. Gurin. Allocation of free amino groups in proteins and
peptides. J. Biol. Chem., 107:395-419.
With G. L. Foster and H. B. Vickery. Uber die "neue Methode
zur Darstellung van Aminen aus Aminosauren" van Wada.
Biochemische Zeitschrift, 272:376-79.
1935
With S. Gurin. Studies of crystalline vitamin B'. XII. The sulfur-
containing moiety. J. Am. Chem. Soc., 57:1876-81.
With D. Blumenthal. Unrecognized forms of sulfur in proteins.
I. Biol. Chem., 110:343-49.
1936
With E. Borek.
58:2020-21.
Carboxymethoxylamine. J. Am. Chem. Soc.,
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BIOGRAPHICAL MEMOIRS
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Representative terms from entire chapter:
hans thacher
