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PETER JOSEPH WILHELM DEBYE
March 24, 1884-November 2, 1966
BY J. W. WILLIAMS
VITAE
PETER JOSEPH WILHELM DEBYE was born on March 24, 1884,
at Maastricht, the Netherlands. His education began in
the elementary and secondary schools there; it continued at the
Technische Hochschule in Aachen. His first degree, achieved
in 1905, was in electrical engineering. During the Aachen
period Debye came under the influence of two exceptionally
able physicists, Professors Max Wien and Arnold Sommerfeld,
and with their encouragement and guidance remained there
for a short additional period with an appointment as Assistant
in Technical Mechanics. When Sommerfeld was called to
Munich in 1906 as Professor of Theoretical Physics he invited
Debye to accompany him as his assistant. Debye there com-
pleted his doctoral program in July 1908 and was promoted to
privatdozent in 1910. By this time it was abundantly evident
that he was well on the way to an illustrious career in physics.
In 1911 Debye received an appointment at the University
of Zurich as Professor of Theoretical Physics. He returned to
the Netherlands in 1912 to accept a position as Professor of
Theoretical Physics at the University of Utrecht. The next
invitation, two years later, was from Gottingen to take charge
of the theoretical section of the Physics Institute. Within a
23
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24
BIOGRAPHICAL MEMOIRS
short time he became director of the institute, and he lectured
on experimental physics until after the end of World War I.
Debye returned to Zurich in 1920, this time to become
Professor of Physics and director of the Physics Laboratory at
the Eidgenossische Technische Hochschule. An equivalent
position at the University of Leipzig opened in 1927, and he
was invited to fill it. From 1934 to 1940 he served as director
of the Max Planck Institute of the Kaiser Wilhelm Institute
for Physics at Berlin-Dahlem and Professor of Physics at the
University of Berlin.
The Berlin post turned out to be his last in Europe. Im-
mediately following its termination (for political reasons) he
became Professor of Chemistry and, later, also chairman of
the Department of Chemistry at Cornell University at Ithaca,
New York. The promotion to emeritus status came in 1950. It
was during the Ithaca period that Debye became an American
. · .
cltlzen.
The quality of his scientific work gained him many honors
and distinctions. A number of them have been listed to form
an endpaper for this Memoir. Election to the National
Academy of Sciences (U.S.) came first as a Foreign Associate
(1931) and then as a Member (1947~.
A different type of recognition came in 1939. A shoulder-
length bust, a gift of the natives of his birthplace, Maastricht,
was there unveiled in his honor to adorn the town hall. It has
been noted by others that this distinction probably pleased
Debye above all others.
Professor Debye married Mathilda Alberer in 1913. There
were two children, a son, Peter Paul Rupprecht (b. 1916),
and a daughter, Mathilda-Maria (b. 1921~. He died on Novem-
ber 2, 1966.
THE SCIENTIST
In the Nobel Prize citation to Debye ( 1936) one reads,
"for his contributions to our knowledge of molecular structure
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PETER JOSEPH WILHELM DEBYE 25
through his investigations on dipole moments and on the dif-
fraction of x-rays and electrons in gases." The structure of
atoms and molecules was indeed a subject of major and continu-
ing interest with Debye; it extended over the years from studies
of the arrangements of the electrons in the simplest of the
atoms to measurements of the average end-to-end distance in
macromolecules of the "random-coil" type. One might have
elected to consider in a single section those contributions that
are related to the structure of matter, but here the attempt will
be made to conform more closely to the outline Debye himself
selected for his Collected Papers (1954), a volume that was pre-
sented to him by his students and friends and by the publisher
on the occasion of his seventieth birthday, in 1954. In this
way there is retained to some degree a chronological order,
another plan that might have been adopted.
The articles presented in this compendium, fifty-one titles,
constitute somewhat less than one quarter of the total number
of his contributed papers. In even this portion one finds an
impressive record of high-level achievement. The main subject
areas are four in number: "X-Ray Scattering," "Dipole
Moments," "Electrolytes," and "Light Scattering." A fifth unit
is made up of "Miscellaneous Contributions." In the develop-
ment and description of the researches, the reports are invari-
ably replete with that same skill for which the author came
to be known as a speaker and lecturer, namely, consummate
proficiency in the description of a difficult and intricate subject
in a lucid and well-organized fashion. A study of these and the
other Debye contributions is indeed a rewarding experience.
X-RAY SCATTERING
The story has often been told of how, after learning about
the progress of a study of the passage of light through crystals by
Ewald and Sommerfeld at Munich in 1910-1912, Von Laue
became interested in the passage of very short waves through
such materials. He reasoned that if the wavelength of the
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26
BIOGRAPHICAL MEMOIRS
radiation were of the same order as the distance between the
structural units a diffraction effect should be obtained. For the
experimental test he suggested that x rays be used; the result
strongly supported the correctness of his anticipation of a dif-
fraction of the x rays by the crystals. As a result of this experi-
ment a whole new subject, x-ray analysis, had been created.
Though the analysis came to be recognized as being simple
in principle, there were certain complications in detailed ap-
plication. Debye, well informed about the research activities at
Munich, was quick to perceive that refinements of several
kinds were necessary if the analyses were to have quantitative
character. His treatments of two of them, the temperature
effect (1914) and the atomic scattering factor effect (1915), are
representative of great pioneering achievement.
In the first of these efforts Debye made calculations of the
influence of the thermal vibrations of solids on the x-ray diffrac-
tion pattern. His earlier experience with the famous theoretical
evaluation of the heat capacities of crystalline solids (1912)
served him well in this endeavor. Using the same general idea,
that the thermally induced atomic displacements in the crystal
may be described as being elastic waves that are propagated
through the material, he developed a mathematical expression
to describe the temperature dependence of the x-ray structure
amplitude factor. Introduced was the quantity now known as
the Debye, or Debye-Waller, temperature factor. (Waller,
later on, had made some adjustments.) Incidentally, this factor
is essential to an understanding of the Mossbauer effect.
A consideration of the atomic scattering factor, Debye's
second of the two refinements discussed in x-ray analysis, is of
vital importance in structure determination. For the analysis,
observed intensities of the spectra are compared with those
calculated for assumed electronic arrangements of the struc-
tural elements. The calculations require a knowledge of the
atomic scattering factor, a quantity that describes the result of
interference effects within the scattering atoms.
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PETER JOSEPH WILHELM DEBYE 27
For atoms of different sizes and kinds the scattering power
for the x rays varies. Further, the waves scattered from the
different parts of the electron cloud that surrounds a nucleus
will be diffracted with phase differences in the direction of
observation. The total amplitude is thus a function of the
scattering angle and the distribution of the electron density
about the atom. The. atomic scattering factor, the quantity
calculated, is defined as the ratio of the actual amplitude to
that which would be produced by a single Thomson electron
under the same experimental conditions.
Debye was able to take these several factors into quantita-
tive account (1915~. He demonstrated that as the angle of
scattering increases, these phase differences become larger, so
that the effective number of scattering units becomes smaller.
The scattering factor, I, is now a quantity smaller than the
total number of electrons in the atom. The factor depends on the
wavelength, A, of the incident rays in such a way that it is a
function of sin b/x, with ~ being the Bragg angle of diffraction.
For example, it was possible for Debye to construct the curve
for the distribution of diffracted x-ray intensity to be expected
from Bohr atoms with their electrons arranged in circular
orbits about their nuclei.
It was at this time, 1915, that Debye first recorded his con-
clusions that in matter of any state one never finds a completely
random arrangement of atoms and molecules, and that perfect
crystallinity is not required' for the diffraction of x rays. It was
pointed out in this renowned article (1915) that even in gases
the atoms are not completely random in their order. This obser-
vation was the beginning of a whole sequence of experimental
researches by Debye concerned with the scattering of x rays by
gases, liquids, and amorphous solids. In such systems the curve
of diffraction intensity versus angle of diffraction should show
broad maxima and minima. However, Debye's first experimental
test, conducted with Scherrer (1916), produced an unanticipated
result. The test substance was finely powdered lithium fluoride,
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~8
BIOGRAPHICAL MEMOIRS
but the x-ray diffraction pattern that was observed consisted of
the sharp spots characteristic of diffraction by a crystal lattice.
The formation of the sharp rings was properly explained as
being due to the intersection on the photographic plate of a
succession of conical beams from randomly oriented crystals.
It was in this way that a new and useful method of x-ray
analysis, the "powder method," was discovered.
Debye persisted in his researches in x-ray optics. In an
article published somewhat later (1925), his thoughts were
refined, extended, and summarized. He reaffirmed that it
should be possible to observe diffraction effects that are in-
terpretable in terms of the structure of the atoms and the
molecules, irrespective of their physical state. More definitively,
the thought was still to the effect that certain arrangements of
any given atom with respect to its neighbors are more probable
than others; thus it should be possible to obtain information
about them by an x-ray analysis, regardless of the state of matter.
For liquids on exposure to x rays a small number of broad and
diffuse halos are produced in scattering. Two factors determine
the outline of these halos; Debye early called them "inner" and
"outer" interferences, with those of the first kind being between
waves scattered by atoms belonging to the same molecule, while
those of the second kind derive from intermolecular interfer-
ences. It is now known that this distinction cannot generally
be made.
For the molecular structure determination it was reasoned
that the "outer" interferences should vanish if the system
were "diluted," as in a gas. In this way, the mathematical
analysis and interpretation should be greately simplified. The
intensity factor, 1, scattered by the gas should be an average
effect, one described by a well-known Debye formula
n n
I_ k ~ ~ f?fj
1 1 x~j
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PETER JOSEPH WILHELM DEBYE 29
in which the magnitude xtj is proportional to the distance lid
from atom i to atom j and ft and fj are their atomic scattering
factors. The sums include the cases where i j. For the angle
of scattering, 2b, of rays of wavelength A (of the primary radia-
tion),
sine
x~j - 41 _.
The formula is written for a molecule that consists of n atoms.
The scattering curve is thus a composite of as many in-
dividual curves as there are atomic distances in the molecule.
Each such distance produces an intensity that increases and
decreases as the angle of scattering is increased; the importance
of the several interatomic distances is measured by the product
of the scattering factors.
The results of the first experiments with gases, those from
Debye's laboratory, were reported from Leipzig (1929~. The
reasoning had been correct; interference rings were produced
by the scattering of x rays even from the simplest of molecules.
For instance, from the photometered records of the rings, the
chlorine-chlorine interatomic distances in carbon tetrachloride
could be established with precision. Since the model for this
molecule is taken to be a tetrahedron, this single distance
suffices to define the complete structure. A more definitive and
expanded account of similar researches, extended to certain
other molecules, appeared within another year (1930~.
It was at this time that Mark and Wierl ~ presented a pre-
liminary description of their investigations showing that the
Debye formula descriptive of the scattering of x rays by a gas,
a brief outline of which appears above, could also be applied to
describe the scattering of electron rays by gases. Physically,
there is one difference. The electron interferences provide in-
formation about the positions of the atomic nuclei themselves,
while the x-ray interferences reveal the locations of the centers
~ H. Mark and R. Wierl, "Electron Diffraction, by a Single Molecule," Natur-
wissenschaften 18 (1930): 205.
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30
BIOGRAPHICAL MEMOIRS
of gravity of the electron clouds about them. What is really
ascertained in either case is the position of the atom centers,
the desired quantity.
For reasons that need not be here described, electron dif-
fraction became at once the preferred experiment. Though it
is true that the actual number of molecules to which these
methods may be applied remains small, still with modern
computational devices and vastly improved equipment, electron
diffraction has become a method of great utility and high pre-
cision for the evaluation of molecular structure.
Concurrently with the study of gaseous structure Debye,
with Menke (1930), conducted experimental researches to
determine the inner structure of liquids by x-ray analysis. The
scattering pattern now represents the superposition of the two
interference phenomena, an intramolecular part and an inter-
molecular part. It was argued that if these two parts could be
separated, it would become possible to draw conclusions about
the structure of the liquid. Mercury, a monatomic liquid, was
selected as being a suitable test substance. With this choice
the separation of inner and outer effects becomes possible. The
separation of the contributions to the scattering pattern was
achieved, and, by using an analysis of the type that had been
presented already, by Zernicke and Grins, it was possible to com-
pute a distribution function to describe the probability of
finding the molecules in the liquid at particular separations.
This probability distribution curve for mercury demonstrated
that even in the liquid there is found to be a quasi-crystalline
state. The term "clustering" has been applied to short-range
oraer situations of this general type; one finds it used in several
other Debye discussions, in particular in his description of the
underlying principles of electrolytic solution behaviors and in
his treatments of the critical state.
. .. .. ~ . .
~ F. Zernike and J. A. Prins, "The Bending of X-Rays in Liquids as an Effect
of Molecular Arrangement'', 7~^~~` `^'~ Dl~.A:L A' 'l^~\ ADA
~t;zl~c~-rl~zJr fur rnysz~ g1 (lying/) 184.
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PETER JOSEPH WILHELM DEBYE 31
In these ways it was proven that there is no absolutely
sharp distinction between the amorphous and crystalline states.
The general subject was again given definitive overall and more
modern consideration in a critical review published rather
recently (1960~. The volume in which this article appears pro-
vides a good idea of the enormous amount of work that has
been done in structural studies of various types of amorphous
materials, an area in which Debye was the pioneer.
DIPOLE MOMENTS
It is as a consequence of their asymmetrical (electrical)
structure that most molecules possess a permanent dipole mo-
ment; the magnitude of this characteristic entity is a quantita-
tive measure of the polarity of the molecule. The practical unit
of dipole moment is 1 x 10-~8 e.s.u., now universally known as
the debye, with symbol (D).
Sixty years after the appearance of the original Debye con-
tributions on the subject (1912; 1913), the measurement and
interpretation of molecular dinole moments continues un-
abated. Of the two articles, one was addressed to the problem
of the behavior of a dielectric in a static electric field and the
other to the case in which the electric field varies sinusoidally
with time. The full significance of their teachings was not
immediately recognized in chemical circles. The reports had
appeared in journals for subjects in physics, and they were
mathematical in character. This situation changed with the
appearance of two more lengthy discourses by Debye: the re-
nowned article in the Marx Handb?'ch der Radiologie (1925)
and the record of a course of lectures presented at the Uni-
versity of Wisconsin in early 1927 and published later in book
form (1929) with the title "Polar Molecules." In these publica-
tions the subject matter was superbly summarized, organized,
and enriched, and it came quickly to the attention of the
physicists, who in turn communicated their interest to friends
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Representative terms from entire chapter:
joseph wilhelm
32
BIOGRAPHICAL MEMOIRS
in chemistry. In the United States Professors K. T. Compton
and R. C. Tolman were of great influence in this way.
To provide an indication of continuing interest we may
note that beginning in 1955 at least three monographs that
summarize advances in the subject have made their appearance:
C. P. Smyth, "Dielectric Behavior and Structure," United
States; N. E. Hill, W. E. Vaughan, A. H. Price, and M. Davies,
"Dielectric Properties and Molecular Behavior," Great Britain;
and V. I. Minkin, O. A. Osipov, and Yu. A. Zhdanov, "Dipole
Moments in Organic Chemistry," the Soviet Union. An earlier
Methuen pocket-size monograph, Dipole Moments, by R. J. W.
LeFevre is now in its third edition; we consider this source of
information to be an excellent introduction to the subject.
Debye, in his treatment of the electrical case, made use of
the Langevin statistical theory of (orientation for the permanent
magnetic moments of paramagnetic molecules. In doing so, he
took cognizance of the fact that matter is built up of electrically
charged units. Prior to 1912 it had been recognized that many
molecules, ammonia and water for example, showed abnormally
high electrical susceptibilities, ones for which there was no
explanation. By analogy with the magnetic problem Debye
reasoned that such asymmetric molecules must possess finite
and permanent electrical moments and that their total electrical
polarizations result from two contributions, a displacement of
electrons and atoms in the molecule and an orientation in the
electrical field of the molecule as a whole. For the actual appli-
cation in any given case it was necessary to devise means for
the quantitative evaluations of each of these polarizations. The
result, another well-known Debye equation that can be applied
to polar gases at low pressures or (less exactly) to dilute solu-
tions of polar substances in a nonpolar solvent, provides the
means to compute the dipole moment, a. It is, in molar form,
P 3 N (
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PETER JOSEPH WILHELM DEBYE 59
Die magnetische Methode zur Erzeugung tiefster Temperaturen.
Phys. Z., 35:923; also in Z. tech. Phys., 15:499.
With H. Sack and F. Coulon. Experiences sur la diffraction de la
lumiere par des ultrasons.
Sciences, Paris, 198:922.
Comptes rendus de l'Academie des
1935
Kernphysik. Angew. Chem., 48:381.
Les propriet~s dielectriques du point de vue moleculaire. Rev.
univ. mines (Liege), 11:176.
Analyse des essaies de sedimentation. Rev. univ. mines (Liege), 1 1:
266.
La rotation des molecules dans les liquides. Bull. sci. Acad. Roy.
Belg., 21:166.
Relations entre la constitution chimique et les proprietes dielec-
triques. Bulletin de la Societe Chimique de Belgique, 44:167.
Der Rotationszustand von Molekulen in Flussigkeiten. Phys. Z.,
36:100; also in Bull. sci. Acad. Roy. Belg., 21:166.
Dielektrische Sattigung und Behinderung der freien Rotation in
Flussigkeiten. Phys. Z., 36:193.
1936
Dielectric properties of pure liquids. Chen~ical Reviews, 19:171.
Der Weg zum absoluten Nullpunkt. Umschau, 40:41.
Die tiefsten heute erreichten Temperaturen. Forschungen und
Fortschrifte, 12:22; idem, English version. The lowest tempera-
tures yet established. Research Progress, 2:89.
Bemerkung zu dem Artikel von E. Gehrcke: "Wie die Energiever-
teilung der schwarzen Strahlung in Wirklichkeit gefunden
wurde." Phys. Z., 37:440.
1937
Das Kaiser-~7ilhelm-Institut fur Physik.
257.
[ohann Diderik van der Waals.
kunde, 4:257.
With W. Ramm. Grundlagen der Strahlungsphysik. In: Die Welt
der Strahlen, ed. by H. Woltereck. Leipzig, Verlag Quelle &
Meyer.
With H. Sack. Constantes dielectriques, moments electriques.
Tables annuelles des constantes, Nr. 2. Paris, Hermann et Cie.
Naturwissenschaften, 25:
Nederlands tijdschrift voor natuur-
60
BIOGRAPHICAL MEMOIRS
~truct;ure in electrolytic solutions. journal of the Franklin Insti-
tute, 224: 135.
With W. Ramm. Hochfrequenzverluste und
Struktur von Flussigkeiten. Ann. Phys., 28:28.
quasikrystalline
Die Untersuchung der freien Elektronen in Metallen mit Hilfe von
Rontgenstrahlen. Phys. Z., 38: 161.
\lethoden zur Bestimmung der elektrischen und geometrischen
Struktur von Molekulen. Nobelvortrage. Angew. Chem., 50:3.
English version. Nobel Lectures Chemistry 1922-1941. New
York, N.Y., Elsevier Publ. Co. (1966~.
1938
A contribution. In: Physiq ue Generale.
Wege der modernen Forschung in der Physik.
wes, 58: 1.
With M. H. Pirenne.
Paris, Hermann et Cie.
Stahl Eisenhuetten-
·.
Uber die Fourieranalyse von interferome-
trischen Messungen an freien Molekulen.
Ann. Phys., 33:617.
Die Geburt des M~irkungsquantums. Z. tech. Phys., 19: 121.
Abkuhlung durch adiabatische Entmagnetisierung. Ann. Phys.,
32:85.
With W. Ramm. Dispersion und Absorption polarer Substanzen.
Nuovo Cimento, 15:226.
Die paramagnetische Relaxation. Phys. Z., 39:616.
1939
Die quasikrystalline Struktur von Flussigkeiten. Z. Elektrochem.,
45:174.
Uber den tiefsten heute erreichbaren Temperaturen. Schriften der
Deutschen Akademie fur Luftforschung, No. 3, p. 8.
Das Sektorverfahren l~ei der Aufnahme von Elektroneninterferenzen.
Phys. Z., 40:507.
Untersuchung eines neuen Vorschlags zur Fourier-Analyse von
Elektronenaufnahmen. Phys. Z., 40:573.
Zur Theorie des Clusiusschen Trennungsverfahrens. Ann. Phys.,
36:284.
1941
The influence of intramolecular atomic motion on electron diffrac-
tion diagrams. J. Chem. Phys., 9: 55.
PETER JOSEPH WILHELM DEBYE 61
1942
Reaction rates in ionic solutions.
82:265.
1944
Trans. Am. Electrochem. Soc.,
Magnetic approach to the absolute zero of temperature. American
Scientist, 32:229.
Light scattering in solutions. J. Appl. Phys., 15:338.
1945
Angular dissymmetry of scattering and shape of particles. Tech-
nical Report no. 637. Washington, D.C., Rubber Reserve Com-
pany.
1946
The intrinsic viscosity of polymer solutions. l. Chem. Phys., 14:636.
With R. H. Ewart, C. P. Roe, and I. R. McCartney. The determina-
tion of polymeric molecular weights by light scattering in
solvent-precipitant systems. l. Chem. Phys., 14:687.
1947
The structure of polymers in solution.
ress, 8~1 /~: 1.
Record of Chemical Prog-
Molecular weight determination by light scattering. I. Phys. Col-
loid Chem., 51: 18.
1948
The structure of polymers in solutions. Les Grosses molecules en
solution. Homage national a Paul Langevin et Jean Perrin, p.
39. College de France, Paris.
Light scattering in soap solutions. I. Colloid Sci., 3:407.
With A. M. Bueche. Thermal diffusion of polymer solutions. In:
High Polymer Physics, ed. by H. A. Robinson, p. 497. Brooklyn,
Chemical Publishing Co., Inc.
With A. M. Bueche. Intrinsic viscosity, diffusion and sedimentation
rate of polymers in solution. J. Chem. Phys., 16:573.
62
BIOGRAPHICAL MEMOIRS
1949
Light scattering in soap solutions.
emy of Sciences, 51:575.
Annals of the New York Acad-
Light scattering in soap solutions. l. Phys. Colloid Chem., 53:1.
With R. V. Nauman. The scattering of light by sodium silicate
solutions. I. Chem. Phys., 17: 664.
With A. M. Bueche. Scattering by an inhomogeneous solid. I.
Appl. Phys., 20:518.
With A. M. Bueche. Light scattering by inhomogeneous solids.
India Rubber World, 119:613.
With W. M. Cashin. Determination of molecular weights and
sizes by absorption. Phys. Rev., 75: 1307.
1950
With A. M. Bueche. Scattering by inhomogeneous materials. Col-
loid Chemistry, 7:33.
With A. M. Bueche. Light scattering by concentrated polymer
solutions. J. Chem. Phys., 18:1423.
Estructura de altos polimeros estudiada por metodos opticos. Anales
de la Real Sociedad Espanola de Fisica y Quimica (Madrid) Ser.
B. 46:343.
1951
With R. V. Nauman. Light scattering investigations of carefully
filtered sodium silicate solution. l. Phys. Colloid Chem., 55:1.
With F. Creche. Dielectric constant of polystyrene solutions. I.
Phys. Colloid Chem., 55:235.
With E. W. Anacker. Micelle shape from dissymmetry measure-
ments. I. Phys. Colloid Chem., 55:644.
With C. W. Tait, R. i. Vetter, and i. M. Swanson. Physical char-
acterization of cellulose xanthate in solution. I. Polym. Sci.,
7:261.
With W. M. Cashin. Effect of small refractive-index differences be-
tween solution and solvent on light scattering. I. Chem. Phys.,
19:510.
With F. Bueche. Electric moments of polar polymers in relation
to their structure. l. Chem. Phys., 19:589.
With F. Bueche and Id. M. Cashin. Expressions for turbidities.
J. Chem. Phys., 19:803.
PETER JOSEPH WILHELM DEBYE 63
With F. Bueche. A study of crystallite sizes in polymers by a light
scattering method.
Phys. Rev., 81:303.
1952
With J. O. Edwards. Long-lifetime phosphorescence and the dif-
fusion process. I. Chem. Phys., 20:236.
With F. Bueche. Distribution of segments in a coiling polymer
molecule. l. Chem. Phys., 20: 1337.
With F. Bueche and W. M. Cashin. The measurement of self-
diffusion in solid polymers. l. Chem. Phys., 20:1956.
With I. O. Edwards. A note on the phosphorescence of proteins.
Science, 116:143.
1954
Equilibrium and sedimentation of uncharged particles in inhomo-
geneous electric fields. In: Ion Transport Across Membranes,
p. 273. New York, Academic Press, Inc.
With P. P. Debye, B. A. Eckstein, W. A. Barber, and G. I. Arquette.
Experiments on polymer solutions in inhomogeneous electrical
fields. If- Chem. Phys., 22:152.
With P. P. Debye and B. H. Eckstein. Dielectric high frequency
method for molecular weight determinations. Phys. Rev., 94:
1412.
With W. A. Barber, P. P. Debye, and B. H. Eckstein. A field-in-
duced-diffraction method for molecular-weight determinations.
Phys. Rev., 94:1412.
The Collected Papers of Peter I. W. Debye. New York, Interscience
Publishers Inc.
1955
With N. T. Notley. The extension of polystyrene chains; de-
pendence on molecular weight and solvent. J. Polym. Sci., 17: 99.
Structure of gel-catalysts by low angle x-ray scattering. American
Chemical Society Directory of Petroleum Chemistry, General
Papers, No. 33, p. 35.
1957
With H. R. Anderson, Jr., and H. Brumberger. Scattering by an
inhomogeneous solid. II. The correlation function and its ap-
plication. I. Appl. Phys., 28:679.
64
BIOGRAPHICAL MEMOIRS
With N. T. Notley. Dimensions of linear polystyrene molecules in
solution: molecular weight dependence for low molecular
weights. J. Polym. Sci., 24:275.
With H. Brumberger. Low-angle scattering of x-rays by glasses.
J. Phys. Chem., 61:1623.
1958
With P. Dorefuss and N. T. Notley.
penylstyrene. J. Polym. Sci., 28:611.
With W. Prins.
Polymerization of isopro-
Micellar dispersion of oe-monoglycerides in benzene
and chlorobenzene. l. Colloid Sci., 13:86.
1959
Rontgenstreuung in Korpern mit regelloser Struktur. Z. Phys., 156:
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With R. L. Cleland. Flow of liquid hydrocarbons in porous Vycor.
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With L. K. H. van Beek. Effect of adsorbed water on the optical
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van Streustrahlung. In: Physikertagung Berlin 1959. Mos-
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line Solids, ed. by V. D. Frechette, p. 1. New York, John Wiley
& Sons.
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With A. Prock and G. McConkey. Inhomogeneous field method for
the study of large polarizable particles. I. Chem. Phys., 32:234.
With H. Coll and D. Woermann. Critical opalescence of poly-
styrene solutions. l. Chem. Phys., 32:939.
With H. Coll and D. Woermann. Critical opalescence of polystyrene
in cyclohexane. i. Chem. Phys., 33: 1746.
Arnold Sommerfeld und die Uberlichtgeschwindigkeit. Physika-
lische Blatter, 16: 568.
With H. Coll. Non-ionic detergents in non-aqueous solvents. PB
146,513. Washington, D.C., U.S. Department of Commerce,
Office of Technical Services.
With H. Coll. Non-ionic detergents in non-aqueous solvents. II.
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styrene-cyclohexane. PB 149,895. Washington, D.C., U.S. De-
partment of Commerce, Office of Technical Services.
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With R. N1. Nauman. The slow change in turbidity of sodium sili-
cate solutions. l. Phys. Chem., 65:5.
With R. V. Nauman. The refractive indices of sodium silicate solu-
tions. l. Phys. Chem., 65:8.
With R. V. Nauman. A light scattering study of the aggregation
of acidified sodium silicate solutions. l. Phys. Chem., 65:10.
With B. Chu. Critical opalescence of polystyrene in cyclohexane:
transmission measurements. AD 264,359. Washington, D.C.,
U.S. Department of Commerce, Office of Technical Services.
With B. Chu. Critical opalescence of polystyrene in cyclohexane:
range of molecular forces and radius of gyration. AD 264,360.
Washington, D.C., U.S. Department of Commerce, Office of
Technical Services.
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Molecular forces. In: International Symposium on Electrolytes,
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BIOGRAPHICAL MEMOIRS
With D. Woermann and B. Chu. Critical opalescence of poly-
styrene in cyclohexane: transmission measurements. I. Chem.
Phys., 36:851.
Critical opalescence and the range of molecular interaction. Ponti-
ficiae Academiae Scientiarum, Scripta Varia, 22:53.
With B. Chu and D. Woermann. Critical opalescence of poly-
styrene in cyclohexane: range of molecular forces and radius
of gyration. l. Chem. Phys., 36:1803.
With B. Chu and H. Kaufmann. Critical opalescence of binary
liquid mixtures: methanol—cyclohexane and aniline-cyclohex-
ane. i. Chem. Phys., 36: 3378.
With B. Chu. Spectrophotometry and light scattering on supported
platinum. J. Phys. Chem., 66:1021.
With H. Coll. The association of cx-monoglycerides in non-aqueous
solvents. [. Colloid Sci., 17: 220.
With H. Kaufmann, K. Kleboth, and B. Chu. Angular dissymmetry
of critical mixtures: aniline—cyclohexane: aniline-l-hexene.
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With B. Chu. Critical opalescence of polystyrene in ethylcyclo-
hexane. AD 266,258. Washington, D.C., U.S. Department of
Commerce, Once of Technical Services.
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Harvard lectures. New York, Elsevier Pub. Co.
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Structure determination by radiation scattering. Chemical Engi-
neering News, 41:92.
With B. Chu and D. Woermann. Viscosity of critical mixtures. J.
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With D. Woermann and B. Chu. Critical opalescence of poly-
styrene in ethylcyclohexane. J. Polym. Sci. Ser. A, 1 :255.
With B. Chu and H. Kaufmann. Molecular configuration of poly-
styrene in benzene. J. Polym. Sci. Ser. A, 1:2387.
Light scattering and molecular forces in electromagnetic scattering.
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Flussigkeiten, Gase, Makromolekule: kritische Streuung und die
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Light scattering as a tool. Official Digest of the Federation Society
of Paint Technology, 36:518.
With D. Caulfield and I. Bashaw. Critical opalescence of binary
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41:3051.
NVith K. Kleboth. An electrical field effect on the critical opales-
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Commerce, Office of Technical Services.
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Hans Falkenhagen zum 70 Geburtstag am 13 mai 1965. Z. Phys.
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Light-scattering as a tool. Pure and Applied Chemistry, 12:23.
With J. Bashaw, B. Chu, and D. M. Tancredi. Critical opalescence
of the polystyrene—cyclohexane system: small-angle x-ray scat-
tering. I. Chem. Phys., 44:4302.
With C. C. Gravatt. The behavior of non-ionic detergents in non-
polar solvents. AD-642604, N67-16150. Washington, D.C., U.S.
Department of Commerce, Office of Technical Services.
With C. C. Gravatt and M. Ieda. Electric field effect on the critical
opalescence. II. Relaxation times of concentration fluctuations.
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BIOGRAPHICAL MEMOIRS
Report AD-642606, N67-16129. Washington, D.C., U.S. Depart-
ment of Commerce, Office of Technical Services.
With C. C. Gravatt. Behavior of non-ionic detergents in non-polar
solvents. AD-642604. Washington, D.C., U.S. Department of
Commerce, Office of Technical Services.
1967
With C. C. Gravatt and M. Ieda. Electric field effect on the critical
opalescence. II. Relaxation times of concentration fluctuations.
J. Chem. Phys., 46:2352.
With C. C. Gravatt. Measurement of relaxation times of concen-
tration fluctuations by the electric field effect on critical opales-
cence. AD-657208, N67-38297. Washington, D.C., U.S. De-
partment of Commerce, Office of Technical Services.
Molecular Forces. Baker Lectures, Cornell. (Book: B. Chu) New
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With R. T. Jacobsen. Direct visual observation of concentration
fluctuations in a critical mixture. I. Chem. Phys., 48:203.
