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CHARLES CHRISTIAN
April4,1892-April13, 1968
BY WILLIAM A. FOWLER
LAURITSEN ~
CHARLES CHRISTIAN LAURITSEN, Danish-born physicist, became,
in his later years, an elder statesman in science for the de-
fense forces and government of his adopted country, the United
States. Through his own work, through the work of the labo-
ratory that he established, and through students and colleagues,
he exercised a profound influence on nuclear physics and its
applications in astronomy over a span of four decades. During
and after World War II he turned his attention to the scientific
and technological needs and capabilities of the United States in
national defense. By active and continuous engagement for
thirty years as participant, adviser, and consultant in the na-
tional scientific defense effort, he contributed to the interplay
between science and government that is so essential to both.
Charles Lauritsen was born in Holstebro, Denmark, on
April 4, 1892. He graduated in architecture from the Odense
Tekniske Skole in 1911 and emigrated in 1917 to find his
fortune in America. After various undertakings, from design-
ing naval craft in Boston to professional fishing off the Florida
coast, he went to Palo Alto in 1921 to work on ship-to-shore
radio for Federal Telegraph. There his interest turned to de-
signing radio receivers, and, together with several enthusiastic
# This biography, without the bibliography, appeared earlier in the Year Book
of the American Philosophical Society, 1969.
221
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BIOGRAPHICAL MEMOIRS
partners, he started producing them in a rented garage. In
1923 he went to St. Louis to become chief engineer for the
Kennedy Corporation and started making those fifty-pound,
ten-tube radio sets that brought music and entertainment to
tens of thousands of American households.
In 1926 Robert Andrews Millikan gave a lecture in St. Louis
that opened Lauritsen's eyes to a new world. Six years earlier
Millikan had become head of a small college in Pasadena, Cali-
fornia, which at about the same time took the name, the
California Institute of Technology. This was the new world
where graduate research in physics was pre-eminent. A certain
uneasiness about the future of the radio business, together with
the enthusiasm inspired by Millikan, led him to move his wife,
Sigrid, and a ten-year-old son, Thomas, to Southern California.
In Pasadena, he found much to his surprise that you could
get paid—though not handsomely—for working at a place like
Caltech, and he settled down to work. He signed up for the
courses of Epstein and Smythe and Tolman and Bowen and
Zwicky and Bateman and started to rebuild his intellectual
capital. More than that, he went to Millikan and asked for a
doctoral research project. What was interesting Millikan in the
fall of 1926 was the cold-emission effect: pulling electrons out
of metals by high electric fields. If one put in the experimental
numbers, it appeared to be easier to get electrons out than the
theory would allow, considering that they had to be pulled over
a quite formidable potential barrier at the surface. Would
Lauritsen look into it? Lauritsen was able to show that the
field emission was quite insensitive to temperature and dis-
played a simple exponential dependence on field strength that
agreed very well with a theory developed by Oppenheimer on
the basis of quantum-mechanical barrier penetration.
In 1929 Lauritsen received his Ph.D. in physics from the
California Institute, with which he remained associated for the
rest of his life. He became assistant professor of physics in
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CHARLES CHRISTIAN LAURITSEN 223
1930, associate professor in 1931, professor in 1935, and pro-
fessor emeritus in 1962.
Field emission, vacuum tubes, and the availability of a mil-
lion-volt cascade transformer led Lauritsen to x rays. He built
a series of x-ray tubes operating up to 750 kilovolts. Three-
quarters of a million volts was a considerable step forward in
the technology of the time. The largest medical x-ray tubes
then available were fragile overgrown glass bulbs rated for 200
kilovolts and worth their weight in gold. It seemed natural,
then, to explore whether the bigger tubes offered any new
opportunities in medicine, particularly in the treatment of
deep-seated malignant tumors. This idea proved quite inter-
esting to Albert Soiland, a distinguished radiologist in Los
Angeles, and after some preliminary experiments with animals,
treatment of patients with "super-voltage" x rays began in the
old High Voltage Laboratory at the California Institute in
October 1930. In the following year, Millikan interested W. K.
Kellogg in improving the facilities, and the Kellogg Radiation
Laboratory was funded and built. Lauritsen was elected a
Fellow of the American College of Radiology in 1931, at which
time he received the college's Gold Medal.
In 1932 Cockroft and Walton in Cambridge, England, an-
nounced that man-made machines could be used to disintegrate
nuclei. Lauritsen had a laboratory ready to enter this new and
exciting field. H. R. Crane, now professor of physics at the
University of Michigan, was still a graduate student under
Lauritsen. The x-ray therapy had been transferred from the
High Voltage Laboratory to Kellogg.
The two immediately
converted one of the old x-ray tubes in the High Voltage
Laboratory into a positive-ion accelerator using a bottle of
helium gas and a primitive ion source. One of the first projects,
published in September 1933, was the artificial production of
neutrons by bombarding beryllium targets with simple quartz
fiber electroscope that Lauritsen had developed for the x-ray
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BIOGRAPHICAL MEMOIRS
work, now furnished with a lining of paraffin. Neutrons had
been detected by Chadwick from studies of the rare but potent
radiations produced by bombarding beryllium with alpha par-
ticles from radium. The discovery that neutrons could now be
made "artificially" with machines, in numbers many orders of
magnitudes greater than using natural sources, revolutionized
neutron physics.
Not long after the discovery that neutrons could be pro-
duced using helium ions, G. N. Lewis of Berkeley supplied
Lauritsen with a sample of heavy water and Lauritsen and
Crane soon found how to augment this supply by electrolyzing
ordinary water. They discovered that deuterons produced neu-
trons even more copiously than helium ions. In addition, in
1934 they were the first to find that deuteron bombardment pros
duced radioactive nuclei as well as neutrons. This was first
published by Lauritsen, Crane. and W. W Darner in Rev
1 n C) A TV_ _ _ . 1 . 1 ~ .
-ark
~~. prom caroon mere was produced a ten-minute activity
that yielded the same positrons that Carl Anderson had dis-
covered in the cosmic radiation in 1932. Lauritsen soon found
the annihilation radiation that resulted when a positron met
a matching electron. He performed a pretty experiment, re-
markably convincing in its simplicity. He placed a graphite
target, bombarded side up, on top of one of his sensitive electro-
scopes and measured a certain discharge rate. He then placed
a thin absorber, previously shown not to be radioactive, on top
of the target—the discharge rate doubled. The explanation was
indeed quite simple. The positrons were created in a thin sur-
face layer of the target slab. The half moving downward were
annihilated in the target adjacent to the electroscope and the
resulting annihilation radiation discharged the electroscope.
When the absorber was not in place, the half moving upward
escaped into the atmosphere and were eventually annihilated at
some distance from the electroscope—too far, in fact, to affect
the discharge rate. The absorber placed on top of the target
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CHARLES CHRISTIAN LAURITSEN 225
stopped the upward moving positrons, which then produced a
discharge rate practically identical to the downward moving
ones thus, the doubling. To an observer not acquainted with
the nature of the radiation, it seemed very mysterious. When
explained, the experiment became a simple demonstration of
the annihilation phenomenon.
. · ~ . · .
Lauritsen loved experimental work in the laboratory, and
he passed this along to his graduate research students. I was
one of the first of his students. He taught us everything from
how to run a lathe to how to design and build electroscopes, ion
sources, cloud chambers, magnetic spectrometers, electrostatic
analyzers, and high voltage accelerators. But most of all he
taught us how to do experiments—in simple, direct, but very
elegant ways.
It was always the case that Lauritsen saw through to the
heart of any problem. Whereas most of us tend to overdesign
apparatus and to use redundant procedures in our experiments,
Lauritsen delighted in designing inexpensive and simple devices
that would make the experiment and its theoretical interpreta-
tion as straightforward as possible. He delighted too in con-
vincing us in his logical manner that his suggestions were the
right ones. When agreement had been reached, he got perhaps
his greatest satisfaction in going to the lathe and turning out
the most difficult parts and pieces himself. But withal he always
taught us why he did thus and so and we learned, insofar as we
were able, something of his marvelous insight into how to do
physics, as he so frequently expressed it.
Lauritsen was primarily an experimentalist, but it was his
close personal relationship with theorists that broadened and
deepened the experiences of his students. This continued
throughout his lifetime, but it was especially true before World
War II when what we now call classical nuclear physics was
in its golden age. It was truly golden for all the students in
Kellogg because first of all there was Charles Lauritsen, one of
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BIOGRAPHICAL MEMOIRS
the great men in the field, along with Rutherford and Cockcroft
and Lawrence and Tuve, but also there were his two great and
eminent friends Richard Tolman and Robert Oppenheimer.
They were giants—all three in their different ways—but all
three truly great men. It was exciting and even awe-inspiring to
listen to their discussions about our experiments and what the
experimental results meant in terms of the nuclear theory of
that time. Tolman and Oppenheimer were delighted with the
discoveries in nuclear physics that came out of Lauritsen's lab-
oratory the discovery of resonance in proton-induced reactions;
the first production of high-energy gamma rays, neutrons, and
radioactivity with accelerators; the discovery of the "mirror"
nuclei as well as the proof of the annihilation of positrons, among
many other firsts. Oppenheimer played a key role in elucidating
the significance of "mirror" nuclei such as TIC—FIB, ON—13C,
t5O t5N, and OF—70. The laboratory measurements on the
positron emission between these pairs showed that the beta
decay energy increased uniformly up the series. At Oppen-
heimer's suggestion a calculation showed that the energy in-
crease was entirely due to the coulomb interactions between
the protons in these nuclei and that the intrinsic nuclear inter-
actions between pairs of protons and pairs of neutrons were
identical, thus establishing the charge symmetry of the nuclear
forces. At a later date Lauritsen and his students and collabora-
tors went on to show that the excited states of "mirror" nuclei
were identical in energy, except for well-defined effects due to
particle emission. This was part of a comprehensive study of
the excited states of all the light nuclei undertaken in
Lauritsen's laboratory.
Lauritsen was also a close friend of H. P. Robertson who
left Caltech for Princeton in 1929 but returned in 1948. They
both had a broad range of interests in the physical sciences, from
nuclei to galaxies, and they also shared a common interest in
the interrelationship of science and society. In addition
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CHARLES CHRISTIAN LAURITSEN 227
Lauritsen was instrumental in bringing R. F. Christy, one of
Oppenheimer's students, to Caltech in order to provide theo-
retical guidance in the nuclear research.
One of Lauritsen's most significant discoveries was that of
the capture of protons by carbon with the emission of gamma
radiation. This process, called radiative capture, was a matter
of considerable theoretical controversy until Niels Bohr intro-
duced the concept of long-lived compound nuclei in connection
with the radiative capture of neutrons.
The full significance of Lauritsen's discovery did not come
until 1939 when Bethe at Cornell and Von Weizsacker in
Germany independently suggested that hydrogen could be con-
verted into helium in stars by means of a catalytic process in-
volving the isotopes of carbon and nitrogen that came to be
called the CN-cycle. The first reaction in the cycle is the radia-
tive capture of protons by t2C. The second and third reactions
involve similar capture by i3C and i4N. The fourth reaction is
the emission of alpha particles in the interaction of protons
with i5N in which i2C is the residual nucleus thus closing the
cycle. Lauritsen also studied this reaction.
Bethe and Critchfield suggested another process, the proton-
proton chain, by which hydrogen could be converted directly
into helium in stars. Bethe thought that the CN-cycle was the
dominant process in the sun and that the pp-chain predomi-
nated only in somewhat cooler stars than the sun. It is now
known from measurements in Lauritsen's laboratory that the
pp-chain dominates in the sun and that the CN-cycle takes over
in stars somewhat hotter than the sun. Even so, it was quite
clear in 1939 that problems in the application of nuclear physics
to astronomy could only be solved by detailed and accurate
measurements of nuclear reaction rates.
A start was made in this direction, mainly the construction
of a 2-million-volt electrostatic accelerator capable of high-
resolution direct-current operation, but World War II put a
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BIOGRAPHICAL MEMOIRS
stop to all nondefense related research and teaching. At the
end of the war Lauritsen had to decide the future direction of
research in his laboratory. He did not hesitate, and under his
direction the laboratory staff enthusiastically returned to the
field of low-energy, light-element nuclear physics. It was re-
solved to spend a good part of the effort on the study of those
nuclear reactions thought to take place in stars. Lauritsen was
encouraged in this by Ira Bowen, who became director of the
Mount Wilson and Palomar Observatories early in 1946.
Bowen held a series of informal seminars in his home, where
physicists and astronomers discussed problems of mutual in-
terest over beer and pretzels. In 1948 Jesse L. Greenstein
came to Caltech to lead the work in astronomy, and his in-
terests, particularly in the abundances of the elements in stars,
stimulated much of the experimental research.
Studies of the hydrogen-burning processes in main sequence
stars such as the sun began in earnest in 1946. Two additional
electrostatic accelerators were built, and in 1958 the Once of
Naval Research funded the purchase and installation of a tan-
dem accelerator capable of accelerating protons to 13-million-
electron-volts energy in the new Alfred P. Sloan Laboratory of
Mathematics and Physics. On the basis of laboratory observa-
tions made with these accelerators and with auxiliary electro-
static analyzers and magnetic spectrometers designed by
Lauritsen and of theoretical calculations on stellar structure
and evolution, it is possible to predict with considerable ac-
curacy, for example, the flux of neutrinos from the sun at the
surface of the earth. Attempts are now under way to detect
these neutrinos, the observation of which will mark a culmi-
nating stage in one phase of the work that Lauritsen originated
and encouraged in his laboratory.
In the decade of the 1950s the big question was "How does
helium burn in stars?" The question was solved in 1957 when
the energy, angular momentum, parity, and decay modes of the
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CHARLES CHRISTIAN LAURITSEN 229
7.65-million-electron-volt excited state of i2C were determined
in the laboratory. It is through this state that the Salpeter-
Hoyle process, 34He~ t2C, occurs in helium burning in red
giant stars.
In his later years, when he personally became more and
more involved in national defense matters, Lauritsen encour-
aged the staff of his laboratory to continue experimental work
in nuclear astrophysics and to use the laboratory accelerators in
other fields. Beam foil spectroscopy for the study of atomic
transition probabilities and proton channeling for the study of
properties of the solid state were introduced. These develop-
ments were a mark of Lauritsen's broad and far-ranging interests
in all aspects of nuclear physics and its applications.
In the summer of 1940, Lauritsen went to Washington to
join the newly formed National Defense Research Committee
as vice chairman of the section on Armor and Ordnance under
Tolman. His principal work in the initial stages of this effort
lay in organizing the development of proximity fuses and artil-
lery rockets and in promoting the interest of the armed services
in the exploitation of scientific research in the war effort. One
of the earliest substantive results of this work was the establish-
ment of a group at the Department of Terrestrial Magnetism
for the development of the proximity fuse under Merle Tuve.
Lauritsen participated actively in the work of this group during
the latter part of 1940 and early 1941, until the development of
bomb and rocket fuses had reached the service test phase and
the shell fuse development was well under way.
At this point, partly as a result of a visit to England,
Lauritsen concluded that a major effort on artillery rockets was
needed. Under the aegis of the Office of Scientific Research and
Development, he set up a project for that purpose at the Cali-
fornia Institute of Technology in the summer of 1941. This
project, which he directed all through the war, made a number
of major advances in rocket technology and developed some
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BIOGRAPHICAL MEMOIRS
dozens of service weapons, many of which were adopted and
used by the armed services. Among these were the "Mousetrap"
antisubmarine rocket, the 4.~-inch Beach Barrage Rocket, and
the 3.25-inch, b.0-inch, and 11.75-inch aircraft rockets. A large
part of the success of this effort may be ascribed to the close
relations that Lauritsen maintained with the services. Through
these connections, he was able to appreciate, and sometimes to
anticipate, tactical requirements and to insure that the newly
developed weapons were properly introduced into use. On
many occasions he participated in the training programs and
advised field commanders in the early phases of service appli-
cations. Thus, for example, he led a mission to England in 1944
to introduce U.S. Air Force pilots to the 5.0-inch aircraft rocket;
these pilots made effective use of their training in the Saint-Lo
breakthrough after D-day.
With the rocket development project well under way,
Lauritsen turned his attention in 1944 to the atomic bomb
project. During 1944 and 1945, he spent a considerable fraction
of his time at Los Alamos with Oppenheimer, participating in
the technical steering committee and in the scientific develop-
ment work. Some parts of the development were carried out in
Pasadena, again under his direction.
Late in the war, when it became apparent that a continuing
development and test facility would be needed by the armed
services, he persuaded the navy to establish the Naval Ordnance
Test Station at Inyokern, California. He took an active part
in the planning of this facility and supported its work over
the years, both informally and as a member of its Advisory
Board. In recognition of his contribution to the war effort,
he was awarded the Medal for Merit by President Truman in
1948.
Possibly the most far-reaching of Lauritsen's endeavors was
his early influence on the establishment of the Office of Naval
Research, an organization that played an important part in the
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CHARLES CHRISTIAN LAURITSEN 231
recovery of scientific research after the war, and whose opera-
tion set the pattern for broad federal support of science in this
country. Together with Captain R. D. Conrad, of the Office of
Research and Inventions of the United States Navy, and with
other members of the scientific community, he helped to lay
down the ground rules for the Office of Naval Research and
to bring it into being. He served the Office of Naval Research
for many years on its Advisory Committee and through informal
consultation with its administrators. He was the first recipient
of the Conrad Award for Scientific Achievement in 1958.
Starting in 1950, Lauritsen took an active part In a number
of major scientific study projects, carried out at the request of the
armed services. Among these were Project Hartwell, 1950;
Project Charles, 1950-1951; Project Michael, 1951; Project
Vista, 1951-1952; and the Lincoln Ad Hoc Study Group for
Continental Defense, 1951-1953.
At the time of the Korean War, he traveled to Korea for the
Weapons Systems Evaluation Group to observe the Inchon
landings and generally to evaluate the role of new-weapons de-
velopment in that action. He continued these activities through
his membership in a number of scientific advisory boards, where
he was involved in both scientific development and tactical
problems embracing the whole spectrum of defense activities.
Lauritsen also became heavily involved in the scientific and
military aspects of the ballistic-missile development program.
He served on the Panel on Weapons Technology for Limited
Warfare for the President's Scientific Advisory Committee, the
Strategic Weapons Panel and other advisory groups for the
Department of Defense, the U.S.-U.K. Ballistic Missile Scientific
Advisory Committee, the Advisory Committee on the Inter-
continental Ballistic Missile, the Air Force Space Study Com-
mittee, the Minuteman Flexibility and Safety Group for the
U.S. Air Force, the Advisory Board, Pacific Missile Board for
the U.S. Navy, and the Ad Hoc Committee on the Role of the
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BIOGRAPHICAL MEMOIRS
Army in Space for the U.S. Army. As their names suggest,
these activities were directed to the scientific evaluation of
national needs and capabilities in the currently most con-
spicuous example of the effect of science and technology on
national defense. In his participation in this work, Lauritsen's
understanding of both the detailed scientific considerations
and the broad tactical and strategic problems made an invalu-
able contribution to the sound conception and to the ultimate
success of these programs.
Lauritsen received many honors in his lifetime. In addition
to those already mentioned he was elected to the Royal Society
of Copenhagen in 1939 and was made Kommandor of Danne-
brog by the King of Denmark in 1953. He was elected president
of the American Physical Society in 1951 and was awarded the
Tom W. Banner Prize of the Society in 1967. He became a
member of the National Academy of Sciences in 1951 and of
the American Philosophical Society in 1954. The library of
the Aerospace Corporation, which he was instrumental in
founding, was dedicated to Lauritsen in 1968. The degree of
Doctor of Laws was conferred upon him by the University of
California at Los Angeles in 1965.
Charles Christian Lauritsen was an eminent research sci-
entist and teacher. More than one hundred graduate students
have received their doctoral degrees in the laboratory he
founded, many under his direct supervision. He authored
or co-authored approximately one hundred papers. He gave
unstintingly of his time and effort to the scientific aspects of the
national defense of his adopted country. He was a man of
great integrity and character and his influence on his students,
his colleagues, and his times is immeasurable.
IN PREPARING this biography of Charles Lauritsen I have made
abundant use, in some cases verbatim, of notes and papers by his
son, Thomas Lauritsen. I am grateful for permission to do this.
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CHARLES CHRISTIAN LAURITSEN 233
BIBLIOGRAPHY
KEY TO ABBREVIATIONS
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Phys. Rev. Physical Review
Phys. Rev. Lett. Physical Review Letters
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With B. Cassen. High potential x-ray tube. Phys. Rev., 36:988.
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With H. R. Crane and A. Soltan. Nouvelle source artificielle de
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With H. R. Crane and A. Soltan. Artificial production of neutrons.
Phys. Rev., 44:507.
With H. R. Crane and A. Soltan. Production of neutrons by high
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With H. R. Crane. On the production of neutrons from lithium.
Phys. Rev., 44:783.
1934
With H. R. Crane. Gamma rays from lithium bombarded with
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With H. R. Crane. Disintegration of beryllium by deutons. Phys.
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With H. R. Crane. Gamma rays from carbon bombarded with
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With H. R. Crane. Radioactivity from carbon and boron oxide
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radiation. Phys. Rev., 45:430.
With l. Read. An investigation of the Klein-Nishina formula for
x-ray scattering in the wave-length region 50 to 20 X-units.
Phys. Rev., 45:433.
With H. R. Crane. Disintegration of boron by deutons and by
protons. Phys. Rev., 45:493.
With H. R. Crane. Further experiments with artificially produced
radioactive substances. Phys. Rev., 45:497.
With H. R. Crane. Transmutation of lithium by deutons and its
bearing on the mass of the neutron. Phys. Rev., 45:550.
With J. R. Oppenheimer. On the scattering of the ThC" gamma-
rays. Phys. Rev., 46:80.
With H. R. Crane, L. A. Delsasso, and W. A. Fowler. High energy
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Phys. Rev., 46:531.
With H. R. Crane. Evidence of an excited state in the alpha-
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CHARLES CHRISTIAN LAURITSEN 235
Conference on Physics, London. Vol. 1. Nuclear Physics, p.
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1935
On the relation between- the roentgen and the erythema dose. Am.
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With H. R. Crane. The masses of BeS, Bee, and Bit as determined
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With H. R. Crane, L. A. Delsasso, and W. A. Fowler. The emission
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Phys. Rev., 47:887.
With H. R. Crane, L. A. Delsasso, and W. A. Fowler. The emission
of negative electrons from lithium and fluorine bombarded with
deuterons. Phys. Rev., 47: 971.
With H. R. Crane, L. A. Delsasso, and W. A. Fowler. Gamma
rays from nitrogen bombarded with deuterons. Phys. Rev.,
48:100.
With H. R. Crane, L. A. Delsasso, and W. A. Fowler. Gamma
rays from boron bombarded with protons. Phys. Rev., 48:102.
With H. R. Crane, L. A. Delsasso, and W. A. Fowler. Cloud
chamber studies of the gamma-radiation from lithium bom-
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With L. A. Delsasso and W. A. Fowler. Protons from the disin-
tearation of lithium by deuterons. Phys. Rev., 48:848.
1936
With W. A. Fowler and L. A. Delsasso. Radioactive elements of
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1937
With L. A. Delsasso and W. A. Fowler. Energy absorption of the
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BIOGRAPHICAL MEMOIRS
With W. A. Fowler. Radioactive alpha-particles from Li7 + H2
Phys. Rev., 51:1103.
With T. Lauritsen. Simple quartz fiber electrometer. Rev. Sci.
Instr., 9:51.
1938
With W. A. Fowler and E. R. Gaerttner. Gamma radiation from
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The development of high voltage x-ray tubes at the California In-
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1939
With E. R. Gaerttner and W. A. Fowler. The gamma radiation
from boron bombarded by deuterons. Phys. Rev., 55:27.
With W. B. McLean, R. A. Becker, and W. A. Fowler. Short range
alpha-particles from Fi9 + Hi. Phys. Rev., 55:769.
With W. B. McLean, R. A. Becker, and W. A. Fowler. Short range
alpha-particles from Fi9 — Hi. Phys. Rev., 55:796.
With W. A. Fowler. Pair emission from fluorine bombarded with
protons. Phys. Rev., 56:840.
With W. A. Fowler. Low energy gamma-radiation from lithium
bombarded with protons. Phys. Rev., 56:841.
1941
With T. Lauritsen and W. A. Fowler. Application of a pressure
electrostatic generator to the transmutation of light elements
by protons. Phys. Rev., 59:241.
With J. F. Streib and W. A. Fowler. The transmutation of fluorine
by protons. Phys. Rev., 59:253.
1942
With R. A. Becker and W. A. Fowler. Short range alpha-particles
from fluorine bombarded with protons. Phys. Rev., 62:186.
1947
With S. Rubin and W. A. Fowler. Angular distribution of the Li7
(p, y) y reaction. Phys. Rev., 71:212.
OCR for page 237
CHARLES CHRISTIAN LAURITSEN 237
With R. F. Christy, E. R. Cohen, W. A. Fowler, and T. Lauritsen.
The conservation of momentum in the disintegration of Li8.
Phys. Rev., 72:698.
With W. A. Fowler and T. Lauritsen. Electrostatic analyzer for
1.~-Mev protons. Rev. Sci. Instr., 18:818.
1948
With W. A. Fowler and T. Lauritsen. Gamma radiation from light
nuclei under proton bombardment. Phys. Rev., 73:181.
With T. Lauritsen, W. A. Fowler, and V. K. Rasmussen. Excited
states of Bin. Phys. Rev., 73:636.
With W. A. Fowler and T. Lauritsen. Gamma radiation from ex-
cited states of light nuclei. Reviews of Modern Physics, 20:236.
With T. Lauritsen. A null-reading fluxmeter. Rev. Sci. Instr.,
19:916.
With T. Lauritsen. Vacuum fittings. Rev. Sci. Instr., 19:919.
With T. Lauritsen and W. A. Fowler. Energy levels of light
nuclei. Nucleonics, 2:18.
1949
With T. Lauritsen and V. K. Rasmussen.
gamma-ray line. Phys. Rev., 75:199.
With A. V. Tollestrup and W. A. Fowler. Energy release in
beryllium and lithium reactions with protons. Phys. Rev.
75 :428.
With R. G. Thomas, S. Rubin, and \\1. A. Fowler. Beryllium-pro-
ton reactions and scattering. Phys. Rev., 75: 1612.
With W. A. Fowler. Gamma radiation from light nuclei under
proton bombardment. Phys. Rev., 76:314.
With W. A. Fowler and A. V. Tollestrup. Investigations of the
capture of protons and deuterons by deuterons. Phys. Rev.,
76:1767.
Doppler broadening of a
A portable roentgenmeter for field use.
1950
Rev. Sci. Instr., 20:964.
With V. K. Rasmussen, W. F. Hornyak, and T. Lauritsen. Nuclear
pairs and gamma radiation from excited states of 0~6. Phys.
Rev., 77:617.
With A. Tollestrup and W. A. Fowler. Nuclear mass determina-
tions from nuclear Q-values. Phys. Rev., 78:372.
OCR for page 238
238
BIOGRAPHICAL MEMOIRS
With C. Y. Chao, A. V. Tollestrup, and W. A. Fowler. Low energy
alpha-particles from fluorine bombarded by protons. Phys.
Rev.,79:108.
With T. Lauritsen. A radiation meter for disaster use. Science,
112:137.
With C. W. Snyder, S. Rubin, and W. A. Fowler.
~ ~ ~ ~ · ~ ~
A magnetic
analyzer tor cnargea-part~cies from nuclear reactions. Rev. Sci.
Instr., 21:852.
1951
With A. B. Brown, C. W. Snyder, and W. A. Fowler.
Excited states
of the mirror nuclei Li7 and Be7. Phys. Rev., 82:159.
With C. W. Li, W. Whaling, and W. A. Fowler. Masses of light
nuclei from nuclear disintegration energies. Phys. Rev., 83:
512.
1952
With A. Schardt and W. A. Fowler.
protons. Phys. Rev., 86:527.
The disintegration of NO by
1953
With A. A. Kraus, fir., A. P. French, and W. A. Fowler. Angular
distribution of gamma rays and short range alpha particles
from Ni5 (p, a y) Ci2. Phys. Rev., 89:299.
With W. D. Waters and W. A. Fowler. The elastic scattering of
protons by lithium. Phys. Rev., Dl :917.
1954
With F. Mozer and W. A. Fowler. Inelastic scattering of protons
by Li7. Phys. Rev., 93:829.
With R. W. Peterson, C. A. Barnes, and W. A. Fowler. Low excited
states of Fi9. I. Proton inelastic scattering. Phys. Rev., 94:
1075.
With [. Thirion and C. A. Barnes. Low excited states of Fly. II.
Lifetime measurements. Phys. Rev., 94:1076.
With R. W. Peterson and W. A. Fowler.
actions. Phys. Rev., 96:1250.
1957
Flourine-plus-proton re-
With F. B. Hagedorn, F. S. Mozer, T. S. Webb, and W. A. Fowler.
The elastic scattering of protons by Ni4. Phys. Rev., 105:209.
OCR for page 239
CHARLES CHRISTIAN LAURITSEN 239
With H. l. Martin, W. A. Fowler, and T. Lauritsen. Angular cor-
relations in the Fi9 (p, a y) 0~6 reaction. Phys. Rev., 106:
1260.
With C. W. Cook, W. A. Fowler, and T. Lauritsen. B12, C12 and
the red giants. Phys. Rev., 107:508.
1958
With C. W. Cook, W. A. Fowler, and T. Lauritsen. High energy
alpha particles from B12. Phys. Rev., 111:567.
With T. Lauritsen, C. A. Barnes, and W. A. Fowler. Angular cor-
relation of alpha particles from decay of Lie. Phys. Rev. Lett.,
1:326.
With C. A. Barnes, W. A. Fowler, H. B. Greenstein, and M. E.
Nordberg. Nature of the Lie beta-decay interaction. Phys.
Rev. Lett., 1:328.
Representative terms from entire chapter:
christian lauritsen
