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Biographical Memoirs: Volume 47 (1975)

Chapter: 4 Vladimir Nikolaevich Ipatieff

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Suggested Citation:"4 Vladimir Nikolaevich Ipatieff." National Academy of Sciences. 1975. Biographical Memoirs: Volume 47. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/570.
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Suggested Citation:"4 Vladimir Nikolaevich Ipatieff." National Academy of Sciences. 1975. Biographical Memoirs: Volume 47. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/570.
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Suggested Citation:"4 Vladimir Nikolaevich Ipatieff." National Academy of Sciences. 1975. Biographical Memoirs: Volume 47. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/570.
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Suggested Citation:"4 Vladimir Nikolaevich Ipatieff." National Academy of Sciences. 1975. Biographical Memoirs: Volume 47. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/570.
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VLADIMIR NIKOLAEVICH IPATIEFF November 2Z, 1867-November 29, 1952 BY LOUIS SCHMERLING FORTUNATELY FOR BOTH the scientific and the industrial worlds, Vladimir Nikolaevich Ipatieff, who was born in Moscow on November 21, 1867, did not maintain his original intent to have a military career. When he was eleven years old, he was enrolled at the Third Moscow Military Gymnasium after three years in a classical gymnasium. He had no difficulty completing the courses, but his grades were poor until he was promoted to the sixth class at the age of fourteen. His favorite subject was mathematics, which he studied beyond the class requirements. His report card showed steady improvement, particularly in science courses. However, on being graduated at the age of sixteen, his application to the Mikhail Artillery School in St. Petersburg was rejected on the basis of his grades. He entered the Alexander Military School in Moscow, where he received an intense military education. He ranked near the top of his class and, rather than accept rank as sergeant, he decided to transfer in September 1886 to the Mikhail Artillery School, to which he was now admitted, the 450 ruble tuition being waived because he had the highest grades in his class in mechanics, artillery, and chemistry. He became an officer (lieu- ~ The author gratefully acknowledges his particular indebtedness to Dr. Vladimir Haensel for suggesting that he write this biography and for his helpful advice and comments throughout. 83

84 BIOGRAPHICAL MEMOIRS tenant) ~ on August 7, 1887, a day that he considered mem- orable because of the solar eclipse that occurred and the con- current scientific flight in a balloon made by a famous chemist, Dimitrii I. Mendeleev. Using part calf the money he received from the government and from his father for officer's equip- ment, he furnished a small chemistry laboratory in his home where he could study qualitative analysis (quantitative analysis being beyond his means because a balance was too expensive). After a four weeks' vacation, Lt. Ipatieff chose to join the Second Reserve Artillery Brigade and became a teacher of arithmetic and artillery at a battery school in Serpukhov (about 60 miles from Moscow). Since his classes were in the morning, he could devote his afternoons to studying chemistry, largely from two Russian language books: Mendeleev's The Funda- mentals of Chemistry (3d edition, 1884), and Menshutkin's Analytical Chemistry, books that he claimed were his real teachers. After teaching for two years, he passed competitive entrance examinations and, in September 1889 was admitted to the Mikhail Artillery Academy in St. Petersburg, which had been founded to give technical training to officers who were to serve as engineers in government munitions plants, as inspectors of materials furnished by private concerns, or as members of the Artillery Committee of the Chief Artillery Administration. Unfortunately (from Ipatieff's viewpoint), the supposedly well-equipped chemical laboratory at the Academy was less useful than it could have been: it had equipment for classes in qualitative and quantitative analysis, but not in organic chemistry. ~ Graduates of an institution such as the Mikhail Artillery School were given commissions and assigned to (or, if their grades were high, permitted to choose) active duty. Then, after serving in the army for a few years and after passing stiff competitive examinations, they could enter academies (such as the Mikhail Artillery Academy) for specialized training that led to high positions in the army or in military educational institutions.

VLADIMIR NIKOLAEVICH IPATIEFF 85 Ipatieff moved his home laboratory to his apartment in order to carry out experiments while studying for examinations. He found it necessary to get approval from the Governor of St. Petersburg because the police were suspicious of home lab- oratories, which might be used to prepare explosives. He received industrial experience in his junior year when he spent June and July working at plants and factories, par- ticularly in steel mills. He spent much time learning analytical methods of metallurgy. He commuted to the plants in order to be able to use his own laboratory in the evening. He was cr~c~zea oy nits supervisor (and his final grade was low) for spending more time in his laboratory than at the plants, but he had no regrets because he felt he learned much there that helped him all his life. Fellow students found Ipatieff's notes quite useful and persuaded him to prepare manuals of qualitative and quantita- tive analysis; these were subsequently published in 1891 by the Academy. ~ 1 1 1 ~ Much of Ipatieff's time at the Academy was spent studying the properties and analysis Off steel working with the In ~ · .. . _J ~~ Van ~ vv ~~ ~5 VV ALll Ally l Ally Ill Russian metallurgist, Professor Dimitrii K. Chernov. This resulted in 1892 in his first publication, "The Chemical Investi- gation of the Structure of Steel." Largely due to this work and to his manuals, Ipatie~ was retained by the Academy as an instructor (with the military rank of captain) after he was grad- uated on May 30, 1892, third highest in his class. He was granted a short leave of absence, which he used to travel to Moscow to marry Varvara Ermakova, whom he had known for ten years. His first teaching duties involved a junior class course in qualitative analysis. He decided to devote one hour a week to lectures on the laws of chemistry because he realized the de- ficiency of his chemical education at the Academy. He pub- lished a set of notes entitled, Principal Laws of Chemistry. Academy regulations required that in order to continue

86 BIOGRAPHICAL MEMOIRS teaching all instructors present an approved dissertation three years after their appointment as instructors. Ipatieff asked the advice of Professor A. E. Favorsky of St. Petersburg University, who was lecturing on organic chemistry at the Academy. Favor- sky suggested that he study organic chemistry and carry out research in that field. "For," said Favorsky, "it is only in organic chemistry that you will learn to think chemically and to experi- ment rationally." Ipatieff therefore took a course in organic chemistry from N. A. Menshutkin at the University of St. Peters- burg, but found that although he profited from the lectures, he did not find them interesting because Menshutkin presented them chiefly from an analytical and physical chemistry view- point. Ipatieff devoted himself to studying A. M. Butlerov's textbook of organic chemistry. His first practical work in organic chemistry was carried out in Favorsky's laboratory, where he started to study the isomeriza- tion of allene hydrocarbons to disubstituted acetylenes, as pro- posed in Favorsky's master's thesis. He spent much time learn- ing how to prepare dimethylpropylcarbinol by the reaction of dimethylzinc with the butyryl chloride. By the end of the spring of 1893, he had prepared two pounds of the tertiary alcohol. He studied the action of bromine on tertiary alcohols (usually using the commercially available tert-butyl alcohol) to obtain a dibromide from which an allene could be prepared. This and subsequent work formed his dissertation, "The Action of Bromine on Tertiary Alcohols and of Hydrogen Bromide Upon Acetylene and Allene Hydrocarbons in Acetic Acid Solu- tions," which was presented and accepted in 1895. Ipatied became an assistant professor and taught both inorganic and organic chemistry. He was awarded the first of his many (about twenty-five) awards in 1895—the Order of St. Stanislaus, third class. In 1896, the Academy, which was entitled to send one of its instructors abroad each year, decided to send Ipatieff to study .

VLADIMIR NIKOLAEVICH {PATIEFF 87 chemistry and the new explosives in use in other countries. Favorsky suggested that he go to Munich to work in the labora- tory of Adolf van Bacyer, to whom Favorsky immediately wrote, enclosing a copy of Ipatieff's dissertation, published in German. This letter and one from a Russian classmate of Bacyer resulted in Bacyer's accepting Ipatieff as an assistant for joint work. Baeyer suggested that Ipatieff study the structure of the terpene derivative, carone. Based largely on the determination of the structure of the caronic acids formed by permanganate oxida- tion of carone, Ipatieff was able to prove the structure of carone in about four or five months. Baeyer was so pleased by his assistant's work that he told Ipatieff to write up the investigation so they might publish it jointly rather than, as was usually the case, publish in Baeyer's name only with an expression of grati- tude to the young co-worker at the end of the paper. The remainder of Ipatieff's research in Munich was inde- pendent work, to which he turned at Baeyer's suggestion. He chose to finish work on a problem he had started at the Academy, the action of hydrogen bromide on allenes and other dienes. He found that addition of hydrogen bromide to 1,1-dimethyl- allene yielded the same dibromide as did its addition to isoprene. Dehydrobromination of the dibromide prepared from dimethyl- allene yielded isoprene, and Ipatieff was thus the first chemist to synthesize and then prove the structure of isoprene. While in Baeyer's laboratory, Ipatieff met Dr. Richard Willstaetter of Germany, who later became noted for organic research, particularly the synthesis of chlorophyll, and Dr. Moses Gomberg of the United States, who would later discover stable free radicals. They remained lifelong friends. Before returning to St. Petersbur~ in 1897 Inntieff vi~it`,r <~~ ~ ~ -r ~ chemists in Germany and France, including Rudolf Fittig, Pierre Berthelot, and Charles Friedel. He inspected military institutions and discussed ballistics. While in France, he spent four months with Paul Nlielle, discoverer of smokeless gun-

88 BIOGRAPHICAL MEMOIRS powder, studying the combustion of ballastite at various charg- ing densities to check the accuracy of the parallel layer com- bustion theory. Ipatieff carried out his usual large quantity of research experiments when he returned to the Artillery Academy. He was appointed a member of the Explosives Commission and of the Fifth Section of the Artillery Committee, which dealt with gunpowder and chemical questions. He also accepted appoint- ment as assistant professor at the Institute of Civil Engineers to teach chemistry and to supervise student experiments. Despite all these interests, he found time to attend the Second Inter- national Congress on Pure and Applied Chemistry in Vienna in the spring of 1898 and to write his dissertation on allene hydrocarbons, on the action of nitrosyl chloride and nitrogen oxide on unsaturated compounds, and on the synthesis of iso- prene. Acceptance of his dissertation at a public examination resulted in his being given the title Professor of Chemistry and Explosives. As the first chemistry teacher to hold the rank of professor at the Artillery Academy, Ipatieff redesigned and refurnished the laboratories and wrote textbooks on inorganic (seven revised editions) and organic chemistry (six revised editions). In 1900 he began to prepare a large quantity of butadiene by the only method then known—the passage of isopentyl al- cohol vapors through a heated tube at about 600°C. However, he obtained isovaleraldehyde and hydrogen instead of the ex- pected butadiene, methane, and water. He found that when he used a glass or quartz tube instead of the iron tube he had used in his earlier experiments, there was no reaction unless the temperature was raised to 700 ° C. Similar experiments showed that passage of other primary alcohols through the hot iron tube (but not the quartz tube) produced aldehyde and hydrogen, secondary alcohols yielded ketones and hydrogen, and tertiary alcohols underwent no reaction other than dehy-

VLADIMIR NIKOLAEVICH IPATIEFF 89 dration. Ipatieff concluded that the iron wall of the tube caused the dehydrogenation of the alcohols without undergoing any change; in other words, there occurred a new phenomenon, which Russian chemists called a contact reaction and other European chemists called a catalytic reaction. The significance of Ipatieff's work was that he showed that such reactions could occur at high temperatures; it had been assumed that under such conditions there would be complete breakdown of the alcohol and no clean reaction would occur. It had been be- lieved that the conversion of an organic compound could not be directed at temperatures above 250°C, certainly not at 500- 600°C. IpatieR also showed for the first time the influence of reaction vessel walls on a reaction. He became so interested in this subject that he dropped all other investigations and spent all his research time on catalysis, a field in which he made many outstanding contributions during the next fifty-one years. He showed that easily reducible oxides and the metals (for example, zinc, cupric oxide, and copper) catalyzed the dehy- drogenation of alcohols to ketones and aldehydes. On the other hand, when he used a graphite tube to investigate the effect of carbon, he was astonished to find that a different type of reaction occurred and at a lower temperature; ethyl alcohol was dehydrated to ethylene. Further investigation proved that the effect was due not to the graphite but to the clay binder used in the tube. Finally, Ipatieff showed that the difficult-to- reduce alumina in the clay was the dehydration catalyst. In 1902 he was appointed Professor Ordinary at the Artillery Academy, a considerable promotion both in salary and rank. He also became a lecturer at the University of St. Petersburg, with which he was connected until 1916, taking over a course in general chemistry in 1906. Because the chief function of the Academy was to train officers, Ipatieff found it difficult to find assistants for research. Nevertheless, he was able to discover new catalytic reactions,

JO BIOGRAPHICAL MEMOIRS such as (in 1903) the isomerization of olefins over alumina or zinc chloride and the conversion of ethyl alcohol to butadiene in the presence of powdered aluminum at 600°C. Moreover, in order to study the effect of high pressure on catalytic reac- tions, he designed a rotating autoclave (or "bomb") having a closure consisting of a disk gasket of heat-treated copper or other metal between two knife edges, one on the autoclave top and the other on the bottom of the cover. The usefulness and safety of this piece of apparatus was proved by the many tens of thousands of experiments that were, and are still, carried out . . In it. During the war between Russia and Japan (190~1905), Ipatieff and other officers who had been graduated from the Artillery Academy and continued to work in technical institu- tions received promotions to the same ranks as men who had been graduated at the same time but had gone into active service. He became a colonel. Despite the war and the political unrest that followed, Ipatieff's scientific research continued with little interruption. He investigated the effect of high pressures on such chemical processes as the addition of hydrogen to unsaturated hydrocar- bons (olefins and aromatics>, the destructive hydrogenation of organic compounds, and the polymerization of ethylene. These researches were destined to play an important role in the chem- ical industry. Ipatieff showed that the liquid phase hydrogena- tion of organic compounds is a more rapid reaction and in many cases proceeds farther than the vapor phase hydrogenation at atmospheric pressure, a reaction then being studied in France by Paul Sabatier and J. B. Senderens. In 1906 the Russian Academy of Sciences awarded Ipatieff the 4000-ruble Ivanov Prize in recognition of his scientific work. This increased his prestige and resulted in his being permitted to submit a dissertation, "Catalytic Reactions Under High Pres- sures and Temperatures," to the University of St. Petersburg for

VLADIMIR NIKOLAEVICH IPATIEFF 91 the Doctor of Chemistry degree. Such permission was necessary because he had never been graduated from a classical gym- nasium. A university regulation of 1884 made it possible to admit to public examination for higher degrees scientists whose achievements had made them famous; permission from the Minister of Education was necessary. Ipatieff received the per- mission, presented his dissertation, was examined publicly in February 1908, and was named a Doctor of Chemistry. In 1909 Ipatieff discovered an important phenomenon, the "promoter effect" of additives on catalysts. He noticed that the high-pressure hydrogenation of olefins in the presence of copper oxide was slow when carried out in a bronze-lined autoclave, but rapid and complete when an iron autoclave was employed. He concluded that the iron wall of the autoclave was a promoter for the hydrogenation. Similarly, he found that complete hy- drogenation occurred in the bronze-lined autoclave, if the added copper oxide was mixed with iron filings. Incorporation of promoters in catalysts is, of course, now widely used. Having taught for twenty-five years, as an "ordinary pro- fessor" for ten, Ipatieff in 1912 was named emeritus professor, a position that permitted him to continue teaching for ten more years at the Academy and to draw a yearly pension of 1500 rubles. His scientific life did not interfere with his military life. In 1910 he was promoted to the rank of major general; in 1914, lieutenant general. However, military factors did interrupt his research. During World War I, he was chairman of the Com- mission for the Preparation of Explosives, which by the end of the war controlled almost the entire chemical industry. In 1916 he was named chairman of the Chemical Committee of the Chief Artillery Administration, formed largely because of the Ger- man's use of poison gas. The Committee had five branches: poison gases, gas masks, explosives, incendiaries and flame throwers, and acids. It was concerned with developing the

92 BIOGRAPHICAL MEMOIRS production of these items as well as deciding the best types to manufacture. ~ The personnel of the Chemical Committee remained largely unchanged, even after the Russian Revolution in 1917, because most of its members were nonpartisan and worked only for the good of the country while sincerely regretting the mistakes of the old regime. The Chemical Committee was disbanded when it had relatively little to do after the war was almost over. The Bolshevik leaders asked Ipatieff to help convert the chemical industry from a wartime to a peacetime basis. He was appointed chairman of both the Chemical Committee of the Chief Artil- lery Administration and the Technical Section of the War Council, positions from which he was relieved in June 1918 when he pointed out that he would be more useful if his scientific ability were used. He served as chairman of the Chemical Administration of the Supreme Council of National Economy (S.C.N.E.) during 1921-1926. . He found life in St. Petersburg (now renamed Petrograd) quite unpleasant in 1919-1920. Malnutrition and fuel short- age led to epidemics; typhoid fever raged through the city. Food was rationed. Work in the laboratory ceased in 1918 because water pipes froze and there was no gas supply or heating fuel. About all he did was attend meetings of the Academy of Sciences (to which he had been elected as one of the three chemist members in January 1916) twice each month and give a weekly two-hour lecture at the Artillery Academy to about seven students, who wore overcoats in the unheated classroom. Ipatieff and his family survived the Revolution largely be- cause some of the leaders realized that the country had to make good use of a man with his scientific ability and because he leas friendly with all people, whether revolutionists or peasants. * The work and political affairs of the Commission and the Committee are discussed in a most interesting and detailed manner in Ipatieff's memoirs, The Life of a Chemist, pp. 19~236.

VLADIMIR NIKOLAEVICH IPATIEFF 93 In 1920 IpatieR was chosen to direct the Central Chemical Laboratory (previously the Centeral Laboratory of the Ministry of War) in Petrograd, since he had done so well in reorganizing the chemical industry as chairman of the special commission of the Chemical Committee of the S.C.N.E. Unfortunately, he had difficulty obtaining chemicals and apparatus, particularly because foreign purchases were not approved. One advantage of his connection with the laboratory Renamed the National Institute of Scientific and Technical Investigation) was its food research department, the investigations of which were paid for in food that was distributed to the hungry research workers and their families. Ipatieff was able to resume research in high-pressure catalysis using equipment he moved from the laboratory in the Artillery Academy. His chief areas of study were destructive hydrogenation of polynuclear aromatic hydro- carbons into mononuclear aromatic hydrocarbons and con- version of carbonic acid into formic acid. However, much of his time was spent making trips to Ger- many, England, France, and other European countries to negotiate for chemical supplies for his laboratory in Russia. He was also very busy on his return to Russia with committees concerned with the development of the chemical industry. He became chairman of the Scientific Technical Administration, which had jurisdiction over fourteen institutes, ranging from The Institute of Fertilizers to The Aerodynamic Institute and The Chief Bureau of Weights and Measures. The Administra- tion also subsidized many scientists working in other laboratories on problems of interest to industry. Ipatieff was considered a government official even though he never became a Communist Party member. He gave many personal reports to Lenin and, after 1924, to Trotsky. Early in 1926, Trotsky became the chairman (in name only) of the Scientific Technical Administration, while Ipatieff remained on the board as vice-chairman. In 1926 both were removed

94 BIOGRAPHICAL MEMOIRS from the Administration, chiefly as a result of disputes over development of one or another branch of the chemical industry, particularly nitrogen fixation and dyes, but Ipatieff remained chairman of a special Technical Council of the Chemical Ad- . . . mlnlstratlon. Ipatieff's interest in scientific chemistry remained high, and in 1926 he resumed annual publication of a large number of papers. In January 1927 he signed a contract, with Soviet approval, to establish research on high pressure and catalysis in the Bayerische Stickstoff Werke in Berlin, agreeing to devote three periods of one and one-half months each in Germany. The government approval was probably granted to "atone" ~ . .. . i, . 1 1 1 J ~~ tor spatted s Incomprehensible removal from the technical com- mittees and because it had been agreed that the USSR would share in any discoveries or inventions that resulted. IpatieR worked very happily in the new surroundings; the laboratory personnel were friendly and, best of all, he was free to concen- trate on purely experimental work. The Soviet government recognized Ipatieff's scientific ability. In 1927 he was awarded the Lenin Prize for his work on catalysis and high pressure. In May a banquet in his honor celebrated the thirty-fifth anniversary of the publication of his first paper. A month later he spoke on his latest achievements at a meeting sponsored by German scientific societies, to which were invited about twenty prominent Russian scientists to discuss their researches. At a dinner during this "Scientific Week," he was asked why he did not leave Russia and live in a country where his scientific work would find a more favorable environ- ment. Without hesitation, he replied as he had on other oc- casions to similar questions; he felt it his patriotic duty to re- main in his country for the remainder of his life and to devote all his ability to meeting its needs. Professor Albert Einstein, who overheard the question and answer, remarked that he agreed. However, within six years both men left their respective

VLADIMIR NIKOLAEVICH IPATIEFF 95 countries on grounds that fully justified their actions. Never- theless, Ipatieff, and also probably Einstein, long felt that he had betrayed his beliefs and deserted his country. In 1927 Ipatieff founded and directed the Institute of High Pressures in the Artillery Academy. Work developed efficiently and smoothly, with his son, Vladimir, one of the twelve men working under his direction. The research included the pre- cipitation of metals and oxides from aqueous solutions by hydrogen and the oxidation of phosphorus by water under pressure. As consultant to Bayerische Stickstoff Werke, he de- veloped the latter reaction into an industrial process for the manufacture of phosphoric acid for use in the manufacture of fertilizers. Although Ipatieff's research projects were extremely success- ful and resulted in many publications; although the government sent him as its delegate to many international meetings, includ- ing the International Bureau of Pure and Applied Chemistry in The Hague (1928), the Congress on Industrial Chemistry in Strasbourg (1928), and the International Engineering Congress in Tokyo (1929~; and although he was appointed chairman of the chemical committee of the Russian Academy of Sciences (1928), he could not keep from worrying about the future. Many chemists were arrested by the G.P.U. (State Political Administration), and rumors, confirmed by friends close to the G.P.U., suggested that Ipatieff's name was fourth on a list of chemists being considered for arrest, largely because of the gov- ernment's dissatisfaction with his work in Germany (despite its earlier approval). Therefore, when he was appointed to replace a professor of electricity who was to be one of ten dele- gates to the International Power Congress in Berlin, but who could not go because the G.P.U. had arrested him, Ipatieff was pleased to accept. While wives were usually not permitted to go abroad with their husbands, Ipatieff succeeded in getting his wife's passport in only three days by saying he would be a

96 BIOGRAPHICAL MEMOIRS delegate only if she could accompany him, because she needed medical treatment abroad. They crossed the Russian border at Negorloe on June 12, 1930. Most of their personal possessions were left behind; Ipatieff had not told even his wife (until they had left the country) that he did not expect to return to his beloved Russia, to Leningrad (formerly Petrograd), or to the laboratories. At the Berlin meeting, Ipatieff met many chemists prominent in the chemical industries of various countries. One of these was Dr. Gustav Egloff of the Universal Oil Products Company (UOP) in Chicago, with whom Ipatieff conversed in German because he did not speak English. He mentioned his interest in visiting laboratories in the United States. Egloff helped him get the necessary visa from the American Consul and in September the Ipatieffs arrived in New York City. Ipatieff met with Hiram Halle, president of COP; after a visit to the company's research laboratories in Riverside, Illinois, he accepted Halle's invitation to become Director of Chemical Research. It was agreed that he would spend six months a year, for the first three years, in Germany, where he was under contract to the Bayerische Stickstoff Werke. He returned to Berlin, where his work was concerned chiefly with the precipitation of pure aluminum oxide and of various metals and their oxides by the action of hydrogen on solutions of salts. In May 1931 Ipatieff and his wife returned to the United States, where he was permitted to remain as lecturer on catalysis in organic chemistry at Northwestern University, a position offered to him by Professor Ward V. Evans. For several years Ipatieff gave one lecture a week at the University (a task that made him practice the English he was studying intensively with ~ In a speech made at a dinner held in celebration of Ipatieff's seventy-fifth birthday, Evans said, "When I cash in, and they see fit to enumerate the little things I have been able to do, I hope they say, 'He brought Ipatieff to North- western University.' This will be glory enough for me."

VLADIMIR NIKOLAEVICH IPATIEFF 97 a private tutor); he spent the remainder of the week supervising research at UOP. Subsequently, he spent Wednesdays and Saturdays at the University and the remainder of the week at UOP. He Americanized his appearance by shaving off his beard. Thus, at sixty-four, the age at which most men are getting ready to retire, Ipatieff began to study a difficult new language and to carry out research with the objective of applying catalysis to petroleum technology. The Professor (the name by which Ipatieff was known at UOP) and his co-workers developed several catalysts and processes, at the same time adding to the fundamental knowledge of hydrocarbon reactions. It was found that, unlike sulfuric acid, which catalyzed the polymerization of olefins to produce not only olefins but also paraffins and dienes (a reaction the Professor named "conjunct polymerization"), phosphoric acid resulted in only olefinic poly- mers ("true polymerizations. A solid catalyst (kieselguhr im- pregnated with phosphoric acid) was developed and was already used industrially by 1935 for the conversion of gaseous olefins (formerly waste matter) to liquid gasoline having a high octane number, especially after hydrogenation. This was the first of many catalysts employed in continuous flow petroleum refining processes. It is still in worldwide use. Other reactions discovered and applied industrially included the catalytic alkylation of olefins by isoparaffins, previously believed to be the most inert of all organic substances, and the isomerization of saturated hydrocarbons, for example, of n- butane to isobutane. Processes based on these reactions produced high-octane aviation gasoline and played an important role in the winning of World War II. The processes are still used in the production of motor fuel. Many other chemical advances, a number of which found practical application, were made by Ipatieff and his research group during his UOP career. These included the develop- ment of hydrogenation and dehydrogenation catalysts, the al-

98 BIOGRAPHICAL MEMOIRS kylation of aromatic compounds, the demethylation of paragons, and other reactions. (See the titles of the almost 160 papers pub- lished in 1933-1954, listed in the appended bibliography.) His name appeared as inventor or co-inventor on more than two hundred U.S. patents. Early in this writer's career at UOP, the Professor men- tioned that he wanted each chemist working under his super- vision to have two problems, one for the company and one for the chemist's chemical soul. The chemical soul problem, which occupied 10-15 percent of the chemist's time, often became a company problem. A most important example of such a prob- lem was the isomerization of e-butane, studied by Herman Pines despite the fact that the higher boiling e-butane could be sold as a component of gasoline (at least in cold weather) and was more valuable than isobutane; it was not then fully appre- ciated that only isobutane undergoes catalytic alkylation to yield high-octane gasoline and would be used in an important com- mercial process. ' . ~ .1 . ~ · ~ ~ . . . Another research principle that the Professor emphasized at UOP was that new reactions being investigated, even in an industrial organization, should be studied first with pure com- pounds and then applied to commercial mixtures. He felt it was easier and quicker to understand the results and reach conclusions when relatively simple products, rather than com- plex mixtures, were obtained. Soon after his arrival in the United States, the Professor began work on his chemical autobiography, Catalytic Reactions at High Temperatures and Pressures. This was a well-organized review of all the catalytic work he and his collaborators carried out from the time he first showed (in 1901) that inorganic sub- stances induce organic reactions until 1936. He wrote the book because many chemists pointed out the desirability of a work that would coordinate his isolated papers, many of which had been published in various Russian and other foreign journals.

VLADIMIR NIKOLAEVICH IPATIEFF 99 Furthermore, he was extremely irritated by the treatment his work had received by authors of books on catalysis; he was annoyed by the fact that his contributions were ignored and credit for the reactions he had discovered was given to others. His book was published in Russian in April 1936 by the Russian Academy of Sciences, which asked his son, Vladimir, to edit it. Several months later, the English translation appeared. The writing of this chemical autobiography and of his memoirs, The Life of a Chemist, illustrates one of the out- standing characteristics of the Professor—his strict self-discipline, which was probably a result of his military training. He was able to write the books by making sure that he wrote at least three pages each morning before leaving his Chicago residence for the UOP laboratory in suburban Riverside. He took ad- vantage of the time spent on the train (about forty minutes round trip) to study English, by reading novels. Occasionally, when excited over an idea he was anxious to impart to his assistants, the Professor would burst into the laboratory and start talking rapidly in Russian. The blank look on his assistants' faces quickly let him know what was wrong; with a smile and an "excuse me," he would start over again, just as excited, but now in English. He had a most gracious personality: considerate, courteous, and charming. He never regarded the people working with him as his subordinates. He often asked about their families and was genuinely sorry to hear of illnesses and misfortunes. He did not reprimand, but suggested and taught in a most unobtrusive manner. It was never necessary for him to assert his authority; he inspired cooperation and encouraged independent thought. While in the United States, the Professor was repeatedly visited by Troyanovsky, Soviet ambassador to the United States and a former chemistry pupil, who tried to persuade him to return to Russia. He was asked to come back to help solve the many problems of the Russian industry. The Professor ex-

100 r ~ ~ ~ ~ · r ~ BIOGRAPHICAL MEMOIRS plained that this was impossible because of his contract with COP, and suggested that Russia would benefit by licensing processes for which he was responsible, such as polymerization or gaseous olenns. His refusal to return resulted in his being expelled from the Russian Academy of Sciences in January 1937; he was deprived of his Soviet citizenship and forbidden to return to the USSR. The Professor took the expulsions quite philosophically; he was convinced that the Soviet government could not deprive him of honors given by the Tsarist regime for scientific work and not for political beliefs. Furthermore, he became a United States citizen on March 11, 1937; his wife became one a month later. On April 26, 1939, he was elected to membership in the National Academy of Sciences. Ipatieff's attachment to chemistry was obvious to all who knew him. A UOP chemist recalls being surprised soon after beginning work at the company to find the Pr<~fes.sor wr~rkin~ _ ~ _ 1_ ~ _ _ _ . ~ 1 ~ · ~ . ~ ~ ~ A, at a laboratory oencn on wnlcn there were chemicals, test tubes, flasks, distilling columns, and other glassware. He asked the Professor (in Russian, the mother tongue of both men) whether his assistant was away, thus causing him to be in the laboratory. The Professor drew himself up and replied, "I am doing some of my own research because I love intimacy with chemistry. I love to carry out experiments with my own hands, to see and smell transformations of matter." The Professor was deeply religious and completely unprej- udiced. When he took the United States citizenship examina- tion, he answered in the affirmative when asked whether he went to church. In answer to the next question, "What church do you attend?", Ipatieff replied, "Any church; this is a free coun- try." This was the final question. Once, when the Professor and the writer were having a lengthy discussion as to whY an unexpected result had been ecu ~~ a~ experiment, one writer remarked In exasperation, "Only God knows!" The Professor answered, "Yes, but He doesn't care." ~ , . , ~ r-~-~~ ~ ~ ~ ~ %: _~ ~ ~ . .. . . ~ .

VLADIMIR NIKOLAEVICH IPATIEFF 101 The Professor had a favorite phrase that he used to keep the chemists working with him from leaping to unwarranted conclusions based on the unexpected results of an experiment. "Remember," he would warn, "ein Experiment ist kein Experi- ment." In 1939 he deposited $35,000 with Northwestern University to establish the Ipatieff Prize ($3000) to be awarded triennially by the American Chemical Society for outstanding chemical experimental work performed in the field of catalysis and high pressures by a chemist not yet 40 years old. When asked why he limited the prize to chemists under 40, he replied that honors were for old men; young men needed money. The Professor also established a fund at Northwestern in 1939 to institute a high-pressure catalytic labortaory, which the University named the Ipatieff High Pressure and Catalytic Laboratory and which UOP insisted on equipping because the company appreciated Ipatieff's scientific and technical work. The Professor not only kept financing the laboratory while he was its director, but also named it principal beneficiary of his will. Work carried out in the laboratory included catalytic con- densation of alcohols with ketones and other reactions of al- cohols. Most work was concerned with terpenes, for example their polymerization, alkylation, and isomerization; this was done chiefly because reactions of these hydrocarbons were not being studied in the UOP laboratories. The Professor's fortitude is illustrated by his preparations for a throat operation he underwent in December 1939. His throat had been inflamed and his voice hoarse for some months. He carefully kept the matter secret from his associates, and told everyone he was taking a month's vacation. He and his assis- tants laid out a program of research work to be carried out in his absence and made other plans, just as they had done before his other vacations. He said his goodbyes and left with no hint that he might soon undergo a serious operation. On December 2

102 BIOGRAPHICAL MEMOIRS he had a minor but torturous operation for the removal of tissue for examination purposes. On December 8 he learned it was cancerous. The operation, performed on December 18, was successful; but for the remainder of his life, the Professor spoke in a hoarse whisper. When he received the Willard Gibbs Medal of the Chicago Section of the American Chemical Society on May 24, 1940, his acceptance speech had to be read for him because he was forbidden by his physician to deliver any public speeches. However, it was not long before he was again able to speak at meetings. In 1951 the Professor flew to The Hague to attend the Third World Petroleum Congress. Though 84, he had never flown before. Dr. Vladimir Haensel, who accompanied him, remem- bers the event: "I would not say he was apprehensive, but, for reassurance, after he got into his seat and put on the belt, he crossed himself and from there on really enjoyed the trip. He had faith in God and faith in experienced personnel, and felt that this was a pretty good combination. We came back on the Queen Mary with Ipatieff strolling the deck while the ship was rolling and pitching violently, and most passengers were staying in their cabins. The flight back was not needed—he had done it once." Still actively engaged in research, Ipatieff died in Chicago on November 29, 1952. His wife died only ten days later. They were survived by two of their four children: their young- est son, Vladimir, a professor of chemistry in Leningrad, and their daughter, Anna. Their other two sons had passed away earlier—his first son, Dimitrii, was killed in action on the Vilna front during World War I, and his next son, Nicolai, died of yellow fever in 1934 in the Belgian Congo, where he was work- ing as a government food inspector. THIS BIOGRAPHY could not have been written without the aid of Ipatieff's autobiography, The Life of a Chemist, which presents in

VLADIMIR NIKOLAEVICH {PATIEFF 103 520 pages a detailed description of the Professor's schooldays, his scientific life, and his relations with the Russian governments, ending with his emigration to the United States in 1930. His shorter memoir, My Life in the United States (two hundred pages), covers the succeeding years until February 1941. I also depended on my own memories as well as those of many of my colleagues.

104 AWARDS AND MEDALS BIOGRAPHICAL MEMOIRS HONORS AND DISTINCTIONS 1895 1896 1898 1902 1904 1904 1906 1907 1913 1913 1913 1915 1916 Commander of the French Legion of Honor 1916 Order of St. Vladimir, Ed Class with Star 1920 Major Butlerov Prize 1927 Lenin Prize, Soviet Government 1928 Berthelot Medal 1939 Lavoisier Medal 1939 Medal presented by King Boris of Bulgaria 1940 Willard Gibbs Medal, Chicago Section, American Chemical Society 1940 Modern Pioneer Award, National Association of Manufac- turers Order of St. Stanislaus, ad Class Minor Butlerov Prize, Russian Physical-Chemical Society Order of St. Anna, ad Class Order of St. Stanislaus, 2d Class Order of St. Anna, 2d Class Order of St. Vladimir, 4th Class Ivanov Prize, Russian Academy of Sciences Order of St. Vladimir, ad Class Moshnin Prize, University of Moscow Order of St. Stanislaus, 1st Class with Star Order of St. Alexander (awarded by the King of Bulgaria) Order of St. Anna, 1st Class with Star 1942 Honor Scroll, American Institute of Chemists 1943 Fawcett Aviation Award 1952 Chevalier of the Cross of Lorraine and Companion of the Resistance 1952 Order of the French Association of the Knights of Cyprus and Jerusalem J HONORARY DEGREES 1927 Sc.D., University of Munich 1928 Sc.D., University of Strasbourg 1938 Sc.D., Northwestern University 1939 Sc.D., University of Sofia, Bulgaria

VLADIMIR NIKOLAEVICH IPATIEFF 105 HONORARY MEMBERSHIPS 1916 Russian Academy of Sciences 1922 Goettingen Academy of Sciences 1930 German Chemical Society 1938 Russian Institute of Science, Belgrade, Yugoslavia 1939 National Academy of Sciences, USA 1939 Glacier de l'Academie de la France

106 KEY TO ABBREVIATIONS BIOGRAPHICAL MEMOIRS BIBLIOGRAPHY Artilleriiskii Zh.—Artilleriiskii Zhurnal Ber. Dtsch. chem. Ges. Berichte der Deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft Bull. Acad. Sci. USSR _ Bulletin of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR (Izvestiya Akademii Nauk SSSR) Bull. Soc. chim. France Bulletin de la Societe chimique de France Chim. Ind. _ Chimie et Industrie C. R. hebd. seances Acad. sci. Comptes Rendus hebdomadaires des seances de l'Academie des sciences Div. Pet. Chem., A.C.S. Meg. = Division of Petroleum Chemistry, American Chemical Society (General papers presented before meetings of the division) Dokl. Akad. Nauk SSSR Doklady Akademii Nauk SSSR (Proceedings of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR) Ind. Eng. Chem. - Industrial and Engineering Chemistry Ind. Eng. Chem. Anal. Ed. Industrial and Engineering Chemistry, Analytical Edition J. Am. Chem. Soc. {ournal of the American Chemical Society J. Appl. Chem. USSR journal of Applied Chemistry of the USSR (Zhurnal Prikladnoi Khimii) J. Chem. Educ. journal of Chemical Education J. Chem. Ind. USSR - iournal of Chemical Industry, USSR (Zhurnal Khimicheskaya Promyshlennost) J. Org. Chem.—journal of Organic Chemistry {. Phys. Chem. Journal of Physical Chemistry J. prakt. Chem. journal fuer praktische Chemie J. Russ. Phys.-Chem. Soc. journal of the Russian Physical-Chemical Society (Zhurnal Russkago Fiziko-Khimicheskago Obshchestva) Khim. Prom. (Berlin) Khimicheskaya Promyshlennost (Chemical In- dustry, published in Berlin) Khim. Tverd. Topl. Khimiia Tverdogo Topliva (Chemistry of Solid Fuels) Natl. Pet. News— National Petroleum News Oil Gas {. Oil Gas ~ournal 1891 Quantitative Analysis. St. Petersburg. Qualitative A nalysis. St. Petersburg. 1892 Chemical investigation of the structure of steel. Artilleriiskii Zh., p. 1059. Principal Laws of Chemistry. St. Petersburg.

VLADIMIR NIKOLAEVICH IPATIEFF 107 1895 Action of bromine on saturated tertiary alcohols of the paragon series. J. Russ. Phys.-Chem. Soc., 27:347; J. prakt. Chem., 53:257 (1896~. Action of bromine on saturated alcohols and the action of hydrogen bromide on acetylene and allene hydrocarbons. (Dissertation) St. Petersburg. Action of hydrogen bromide on hydrocarbons of the CnH2n 2 series. I. Russ. Phys.-Chem. Soc., 27:388; l. prakt. Chem., 53:145 (1896~. 1896 With A. van Baeyer. Caronic acid. Ber. Dtsch. chem. Ges., 29:2796. 1897 Combustion of nitroglycerin in parallel layers. Artilleriiskii Zh. With N. Wittorf. Structure of isoprene. l. prakt. Chem., 55:1. Structure and synthesis of isoprene. I. prakt. Chem., 55:4. 1898 Action of zinc dust on dibromides in alcoholic solution. l. Russ. Phys.-Chem. Soc., 30:292. Action of ethyl sodium malonate on dibromides of the CnH2nBr series. J. Russ. Phys.-Chem. Soc., 30:391. Determination of Elementary Velocities of Combustion and of the Pressure Index for Gun Powder Burning in Parallel Layers. St. Petersburg. Preparation and Explosive Properties of Tri-nitro-cresol and Tri- nitro-naphthalene. St. Petersburg. Allene Hydrocarbons, the Reaction of Nitrosyl Chloride on Organic Compounds with a Double Bond and Nitrosates. St. Petersburg. 1899 Allene hydrocarbons. J. Russ. Phys.-Chem. Soc., 31:323; I. prakt. Chem., 59:577. Action of ethyl sodium malonate on dibromides of the CnH2nBr series. J. Russ. Phys.-Chem. Soc., 31:349; l. prakt. Chem., 59:542. Action of nitrosyl chloride on organic compounds containing a double bond. l. Russ. Phys.-Chem. Soc., 31 :426. With A. Solonina. Nitrosates. J. Russ. Phys.-Chem. Soc., 31:441. Melts of explosive compounds. Artilleriiskii Zh.

108 BIOGRAPHICAL MEMOIRS 1901 Pyrolytic reactions with organic compounds. l. Russ. Phys.-Chem. Soc., 33:143; Ber. Dtsch. chem. Ges., 34:596. Synthesis of methylheptenone. i. Russ. Phys.-Chem. Soc., 33:148; Ber. Dtsch. chem. Ges., 34:594. Action of zinc duct on dibromides of the CnH~nBr series. l. Russ. Phys.-Chem. Soc., 33: 151. With A. Solonina. The nitrosyl chloride reaction and the nitrosates. .T- Russ. Phys.-Chem. Soc., 33:496. Pyrogenetic Contact Reactions. St. Petersburg, 1901/1902. With Grawe. Synthesis of dimethylpentadecyl carbinol and the action of bromine on the same. l. Russ. Phys.-Chem. Soc., 33: 502. With W. Sviderskii. Action of ethyl sodium malonate on tribro- mides. J. Russ. Phys.-Chem. Soc., 33:532. Isoprenic acid. l. Russ. Phys.-Chem. Soc., 33:540. Pyrolytic contact reactions with organic compounds. J. Russ. Phys. Chem. Soc., 33:632. Decomposition of ethyl alcohol. Ber. Dtsch. chem. Ges., 34:3579. 1902 Pyrolytic contact reactions. II. J. Russ. Phys.-Chem. Soc., 34: 152. With S. Bordelius and W. Mikeladze. Action of ethyl sodium malo- nate on dibromides of the CnH2nBr~ series. J. Russ. Phys.-Chem. Soc., 34:351. Pyrolytic contact reactions with organic compounds. Ber. Dtsch. chem. Ges., 35: 1047. Pyrolytic contact reactions with organic compounds. III. Ber. Dtsch. chem. Ges., 35: 1057. With A. Sapozhnikov. Course in Inorganic Chemistry, 1902-1913 (8 editions). 1903 A new method for preparing ethylene hydrocarbons. J. Russ. Phys.- Chem. Soc., 35:577; Ber. Dtsch. chem. Ges., 36: 1990. Catalytic isomeric transformation. [. Russ. Phys.-Chem. Soc., 35:592. With W. Huhn. Catalytic isomeric transformation with cyclic hydro- carbons. J. Russ. Phys.-Chem. Soc., 35:603.

VLADIMIR NIKOLAEVICH IPATIEFF 109 Decomposition of ethyl alcohol in the presence of various catalysts. I. prakt. Chem., 67:420. With B. Ogonovskii. Addition of hydrogen halides to olefins. Ber. Dtsch. chem. Ges., 36:1988. Contact isomery. Ber. Dtsch. chem. Ges., 36:2003. With W. Huhn. Contact reactions with organic compounds. Ber. Dtsch. chem. Ges., 36:2014. With Leontovich. Contact metamery. Ber. Dtsch. chem. Ges., 36: 2016. Course in Organic Chemistry, 1903- (7 editions). 1904 With W. N. Dekhanov. The mechanism of the addition of hydrogen halide to olefins in acetic acid and aqueous media. l. Russ. Phys.- Chem. Soc., 36:659. With Tikhotzkii. Catalytic isomerization of vinyltrimethylene. J. Russ. Phys.-Chem. Soc., 36:760. With Leibin. Catalytic isomerization of butylenes. i. Russ. Phys.- Chem. Soc., 36:760, 762; Bull. Soc. chim. France, 34:1103. With Chernyavskii. Formation of acetaldehyde by the Schutzen- berger method. J. Russ. Phys.-Chem. Soc., 36:763. Manual for Ex perimental Chemistry. St. Petersburg. With G. G. Schulmann. Catalytic decomposition of organic acids. J. Russ. Phys.-Chem. Soc., 36:764; Bull. Soc. chim. France, 34~3~: 1105. Catalytic reactions at elevated temperatures and pressures. l. Russ. Phys.-Chem. Soc., 36:786. Dissociation in the phenomenon of catalysis. i. Russ. Phys.-Chem. Soc., 36:813. Pyrolytic decomposition of alcohols. Ber. Dtsch. chem. Ges., 37:2961. Conversion of alcohols into ethers. Ber. Dtsch. chem. Ges., 37:2986. 1906 Influence of pressure on catalytic action. J. Russ. Phys.-Chem. Soc., 38:63. Reduction catalysis. J. Russ. Phys.-Chem. Soc., 38:75. Dehydration in the presence of alumina catalyst. l. Russ. Phys.- Chem. Soc., 38:92. Purification of melinit. Zhurnal Artilleriiskago Komiteta.

110 BIOGRAPHICAL MEMOIRS 1907 Catalytic reactions at elevated temperatures and pressures. J. Russ. Phys.-Chem. Soc., 39:681. Catalytic reductions in the presence of metals. Ber. Dtsch. chem. Ges., 40:1270. Catalytic reductions in the presence of metal ozides. Ber. Dtsch. chem. Ges., 40: 1281. With Zdzitovetzkii. Catalytic isomerization of butylene. Ber. Ditch. chem. Ges., 40: 1827. 1908 With G. G. Filippov. Hydrogenation of aromatic ethers and acids in the presence of nickel. l. Russ. Phys.-Chem. Soc., 40:502. Decomposition of alcohols in the presence of metal oxides. l. Russ. Phys.-Chem. Soc., 40:508. Catalytic decomposition of acids. I. Russ. Phys.-Chem. Soc., 40:514. Hydrogenation of aromatic amines and quinoline in the presence of nickel oxide. Ber. Dtsch. chem. Ges., 41:991. Hydrogenation of benzaldehyde and benzyl alcohol in the presence of iron. Ber. Dtsch. chem. Ges., 41:993. With I. Yakovlev and L. Rakitin. Hydrogenation of anthracene and phenanthrene. Ber. Dtsch. chem. Ges., 41:996. With G. G. Filippov. Hydrogenation of aromatic esters, ethers and acids in the presence of nickel. Ber. Dtsch. chem. Ges., 41:1001. Reduction and oxidation of nickel oxides at atmospheric and ele- vated pressure. l. prakt. Chem., 77:513. Catalytic Reactions at Elevated Temperatures and Pressures. St. Petersburg. 1909 With A. Sapozhnikov. Condensed Course in Chemistry. St. Peters- burg. With V. Verkhovskii. Precipitation of metals from the aqueous solu- tions of their salts by hydrogen at elevated temperature and pressure. Ber. Dtsch. chem. Ges., 42:2078. Hydrogenation of aliphatic compounds with ethylene double bond in the presence of copper oxide. Ber. Dtsch. chem. Ges., 42:2089.

VLADIMIR NIKOLAEVICH {PATIEFF Ill Hydrogenation of fluorene, acenaphthene and retene in the presence of nickel oxide. Ber. Dtsch. chem. Ges., 42:2092. Hydrogenation of aromatic acids in the presence of nickel and cop- per oxide. Ber. Dtsch. chem. Ges., 42:2097. 1910 Dehydration of cyclic alcohols. Ber. Dtsch. chem. Ges., 43:3383. Action of admixtures on the activity of catalysts. Ber. Dtsch. chem. Ges., 43:3387. Hydrogenation of terpenes. Ber. Dtsch. chem. Ges., 43:3646. 1911 With N. Dovgolevich. Decomposition of hexane and hexamethylene. I. Russ. Phys.-Chem. Soc., 43:1229; Ber. Dtsch. chem. Ges., 44: 2987. The origin of crude oil. l. Russ. Phys.-Chem. Soc., 43:1229, 1437. Hydrogen at elevated temperatures and pressures. l. Russ. Phys.- Chem. Soc., 43: 1746. With V. Verkhovskii. Precipitation of metals from the aqueous solu- tions of their salts by hydrogen at elevated temperatures and pressures. Ber. Dtsch. chem. Ges., 44:1755. Polymerization of ethylene hydrocarbons at elevated temperatures and pressures. Ber. Dtsch. chem. Ges., 44:2978. Precipitation of metals from the aqueous solutions of their salts by hydrogen at elevated temperatures and pressures. Ber. Dtsch. chem. Ges., 44:3452. With G. Balachinskii. Hydrogenation of acetone in the presence of copper oxide and zinc. Ber. Dtsch. chem. Ges., 44:3459. With G. Balachinskii. Hydrogenation of terpenes. Ber. Dtsch. chem. Ges., 44:3461. The origin of crude oil. i. prakt. Chem., 84:800. 1912 Simultaneous action of catalysts. Catalytic reduction and oxidation. I. Russ. Phys.-Chem. Soc., 44: 1675. With O. Rutala. Dehydration of o-hexahydrocresol in the presence of alumina and copper oxide. i. Russ. Phys.-Chem. Soc., 44: 1692. With N. Matov. Simultaneous action of catalysts. Hydrogenation of terpenes. J. Russ. Phys.-Chem. Soc., 44:1695. Catalytic reactions at elevated temperatures and pressures. Catalytic

112 BIOGRAPHICAL MEMOIRS reduction of unsaturated aldehydes, ketones, alcohols and diketones. i. Russ. Phys.-Chem. Soc., 44:1703. Catalytic reduction of carbohydrates. i. Russ. Phys.-Chem. Soc., 44:1710. Displacement of acetic acid from solutions of its salts by carbon dioxide under high pressure. l. Russ. Phys.-Chem. Soc., 45:992. Combined action of catalysts. Ber. Dtsch. chem. Ges., 45:3205. Catalytic reactions at high temperatures and pressures. Ber. Dtsch. chem. Ges., 45:3218. With B. Zvyagin. Precipitation of metals from the aqueous solutions of their salts by hydrogen at elevated temperatures and pressures. Ber. Dtsch. chem. Ges., 45:3226. Catalytic synthesis of methane. J. prakt. Chem., 87:479. 1913 Catalytic reactions at elevated temperatures and pressures. i. Russ. Phys.-Chem. Soc., 45:994. Hydrogenation of fats in the presence of nickel oxide. l. Russ. Phys.- Chem. Soc., 45:1464. With O. Rutala. Polymerization of ethylene at elevated tempera- tures and pressures in the presence of a catalyst. Ber. Dtsch. chem. Ges., 46: 1748. Hydrogenation of phenols with unsaturated side chains. Ber. Dtsch. chem. Ges., 46:3589. 1914 With. A. N. Starunkevich. Precipitation of metals of the second group of the odd series of the periodic system from the aqueous solutions of their salts by hydrogen at elevated pressures and temperatures. l. Russ. Phys.-Chem. Soc., 46: 172; Bull. Acad. Sci. USSR, 1918:119. Hydrogenation of fats in the presence of metallic nickel and nickel oxide. J. Russ. Phys.-Chem. Soc., 46:302. With Lugovoi. Hydrogenation of phenols. l. Russ. Phys.-Chem. Soc., 46:470. 1917 With A. Andryuschenko. Absorption of carbon dioxide by salt solu- tions under elevated pressure. Bull. Acad. Sci. USSR, 1917:851.

VLADIMIR NIKOLAEVICH IPATIEFF 113 1918 With V. Verkhovskii. The solubility of zinc in hydrochloric acid at elevated pressures. Bull. Acad. Sci. USSR, 1918:1. 1923 With A. N. Starunkevich. The displacement of metals of the second odd group of the periodic system from their salt solutions by hydrogen at high temperature and pressure. Ber. Dtsch. chem. Ges., 56: 1663. 1924 With N. Klyukvin. Pyrolysis of naphthalene under the combined action of nickel oxide and alumina catalysts. Bull. Acad. Sci. USSR, 1924:A185; Ber. Dtsch. chem. Ges., 58:1. With N. Klyukvin. Polymerization phenomena under the combined action of alumina and iron at elevated temperatures and pres- sures. Bull. Acad. Sci. USSR, 1924:A186; Ber. Dtsch. chem. Ges., 58:4. The process of cracking. Khim. Prom. (Berlin), vol. 2. 1925 With N. Klyukvin. Simultaneous catalytic action of alumina and iron at high temperatures and pressures. Khim. Prom. (Berlin), 3:~. With I. Orlov and G. A. Razuvayev. Reactions between methyl alcohol and phenol at elevated temperatures and pressures. Bull. Soc. chim. France, 37~4~:1576. 1926 With G. A. Razuvayev. Hydrogenation of aromatic acids and their salts in the absence of solvents but in the presence of nickel oxide and under pressure. i. Russ. Phys.-Chem. Soc., 58:122. Precipitation of metals, metalloids and their oxides from aqueous solutions of their salts by hydrogen at elevated temperatures and pressures. J. Russ. Phys.-Chem. Soc., 58:664; Ber. Dtsch. chem. Ges., 59:1412. With G. A. Razuvayev. Hydrogenation of aromatic acids and their salts under pressure. Ber. Dtsch. chem. Ges., 59:306.

114 BIOGRAPHICAL MEMOIRS With V. Nikolayev. Action of hydrogen and water on phosphorus at high temperatures and under pressure. Ber. Dtsch. chem. Ges., 59:595. With N. A. Klyukvin. The influence of various factors, such as the presence of salts of metals, upon the separation of copper by hydrogen. Ber. Dtsch. chem. Ges., 59: 1412. With A. Kisselev. The formation of crystalline oxides from com- pounds of elements of the iron group (chromium, manganese and iron) by hydrogen under pressure and at high temperatures. Ber. Dtsch. chem. Ges., 59:1418. With N. V. Konduirev. The displacement of metals of the iron group from solutions of their organic salts and their cyanide compounds by hydrogen under pressure. III. Ber. Dtsch. chem. Ges., 59: 1421. With N1. Nikolayev. The displacement of phosphorus, arsenic and antimony from solutions of their compounds by hydrogen at high temperature and under pressure. IV. Ber. Dtsch. chem. Ges., 59:1423. With A. O. Petrov. Hydrolysis of salts of aromatic sulfonic acids at high temperature and pressure. Ber. Dtsch. chem. Ges., 59:1737. With G. A. Razuvayev. Hydrogenation of aromatic acids and their salts under pressure. Ber. Dtsch. chem. Ges., 59:2028. With G. A. Razuvayev. Condensation of lactic acid to methyl suc- cinic acid under the influence of the combined action of catalysts at high pressure and temperature. Ber. Dtsch. chem. Ges., 59: 2031. With A. O. Petrov. Catalytic condensation of acetone at high tem- peratures and pressures. Ber. Dtsch. chem. Ges., 59:2035. With V. Nikolayev. The allotropic modifications of phosphorus. Chemiker-Zeitung, 50:989. With A. Andreyevskii. The displacement of platinum by hydrogen at high pressure. C. R. hebd. seances Acad. sci., 183:51; Bull. Soc. chim. France, 39641:1405. With B. Dolgov. Hydrogenation of triphenylcarbinol and phenyl- fluorenecarbinol under pressure. C. R. hebd. seances Acad. sci., 183:304; Bull. Soc. chim. France, 39~4~:3456. With B. A. Muromtzev. Reduction of chromium compounds by hydrogen at elevated pressure and temperature. C. R. hebd. seances Acad. sci., 183:505; Bull. Soc. chim. France, 39~4~: 1384. With I. Orlov. Hydrogenation of xanthone and xanthene. C. R.

VLADIMIR NIKOLAEVICH IPATIEFF 115 hebd. seances Acad. sci., 183:973; Bull. Soc. chim. France, 41~4~: 208. With I. Orlov and A. D. Petrov. Action of elevated temperatures and pressures on some benzoic acid derivatives. Bull. Soc. chim. France, 39~4~:664. 1927 With I. Orlov and A. D. Petrov. Reaction between phenol and methyl alcohol at high temperatures and pressures. Bull. Acad. Sci. USSR, 1927:A49; Ber. Dtsch. chem. Ges., 60:130. With A. D. Petrov. Pyrolytic decomposition of ketones at elevated pressure. J. Russ. Phys.-Chem. Soc., 59:93; Ber. Dtsch. chem. Ges., 60:1956. With A. D. Petrov. Catalytic condensation of acetone at elevated temperatures and pressures. l. Russ. Phys.-Chem. Soc., 59:429; Ber. Dtsch. chem. Ges., 60:753. With I. Orlov. Hydrogenation of dibenzyl-acetone and dibenzyl- acetone under pressure. l. Russ. Phys.-Chem. Soc., 59:537; C. R. hebd. seances Acad. sci., 184:751; Bull. Soc. chim. France, 41~4~: 862. With I. Orlov and A. D. Petrov. Reaction between propyl alcohol and phenol at elevated temperatures and pressure. J. Russ. Phys.-Chem. Soc., 59:541; Ber. Dtsch. chem. Ges., 60:1006. With G. A. Razuvayev. Condensation of polybasic c'-hydroxy acids and keto acids under the combined action of catalysts. l. Russ. Phys.-Chem. Soc., 59:1083; Ber. Dtsch. chem. Ges., 60:1971. With B. Dolgov. Hydrogenation under pressure of tetraphenyl- methane and p-hydroxytetraphenylmethane. l. Russ. Phys.- Chem. Soc., 59: 1087; C. R. hebd. seances Acad. sci., 185:210; Bull. Soc. chim. France, 4 1 (4~: 1 62 1. With I. Orlov. Pyrolytic dissociation of some aromatic compounds under hydrogen pressure and the combined action of catalysts. Ber. Dtsch. chem. Ges., 60: 1963. With I. Orlov and A. Petrov. Aluminum Oxide as Catalyst in Or- ganic Chemistry. Leningrad, 1927; translated from Russian and edited by Carl Freitag, Leipzig: Academie Verlag, 1929. With G. A. Razuvayev. Reduction of polybasic <~-hydroxy acids under the combined action of catalysts. Ber. Dtsch. chem. Ges., 60:1973. With B. A. NIuromtzev. Displacement of metals or their oxides from

116 BIOGRAPHICAL MEMOIRS solutions by hydrogen under pressure. Ber. Dtsch. chem. Ges., 60: 1980. With V. V. Ipatieff. Effect of concentration of the hydrogen ions on the displacement of copper from solutions at elevated tempera- tures and pressures. Ber. Dtsch. chem. Ges., 60: 1982. With A. D. Petrov. Pyrolytic decomposition of cyclic ketones. Ber. Dtsch. chem. Ges., 60:2545; J. Russ. Phys.-Chem. Soc., 60:491. With A. Andreyevskii. Precipitation of iridium from solution by hydrogen under pressure. C. R. hebd. seances Acad. sci., 185:357; Bull. Soc. chim. France, 41~4~:1466. With V. Nikolayev. Separation of metals and their oxides from salt solutions by hydrogen under pressure. Bull. Soc. chim. France, 41~4~:1191; C. R. hebd. seances Acad. sci., 185:462. With B. A. Muromtzev. Formation of crystalline silicates in aqueous medium under pressure and high temperature. C. R. hebd. seances Acad. sci., 1 85: 647; Bull. Soc. chim. France, 4 1 (4~: 1 588. With V. Nikolayev. Hydrogenation of tin salts at elevated tempera- tures and pressures. l. Russ. Phys.-Chem. Soc., 60:331. 1928 With V. Nikolayev. Allotropic modifications of phosphorus obtained at elevated temperatures and pressures. I. Russ. Phys.-Chem. Soc., 60:885; Ber. Dtsch. chem. Ges., 61:630. With G. A. Razuvayev. Condensation of c`-hydroxy and keto acids under the combined action of catalysts under elevated hydrogen pressure. l. Russ. Phys.-Chem. Soc., 60:909. With A. D. Petrov. Pyrolytic decomposition of wood tar in the presence of hydrogen under pressure. J. Appl. Chem. USSR, 1:172. With V. V. Ipatieff. Displacement of metals or metal oxides from solutions by hydrogen and pressure. Displacement of lead and its oxides. Ber. Dtsch. chem. Ges., 61:624. With G. A. Razuvayev. Condensation of hydroxy acids by the simul- taneous use of a number of catalysts and at elevated hydrogen pressure. c~-Hydroxybutyric and ~x-hydroxyisovaleric acid. Ber. Dtsch. chem. Ges., 61:634. With I. Orlov and B. Dolgov. Preparation of some diphenylpara~ns. Dokl. Akad. Nauk SSSR, Ser. A., 1~. With I. Orlov and A. D. Petrov. Hydrogenation of alkyl aryl ketones under pressure. Dokl. Akad. Nauk SSSR, Ser. A, 255.

VLADIMIR NIKOLAEVICH IPATIEFF 117 Displacement of metals and their oxides by hydrogen under pressure at high temperatures. Chim. Ind., special no., April, p. 411. With B. Dolgov. Catalytic hydrogenation under pressure of p-hy- droxydiphenylmethane and p-hydroxytriphenylcarbinol. C. R. hebd. seances Acad. sci., 185: 1484; Bull. Soc. chim. France, 43~4~: 242. 1929 With D. G. Zvyagintzev. Action of hydrogen at elevated tempera- tures and pressures on solutions of ruthenium salts. l. Russ. Phys.-Chem. Soc., 61:823; Ber. Dtsch. chem. Ges., 62:708. With I. Orlov. Pyrolytic decomposition of aromatic compounds under hydrogen pressure and in the presence of mixed catalysts. I. Russ. Phys.-Chem. Soc., 61:1295; Ber. Dtsch. chem. Ges., 62: 593. With I. Orlov and N. D. Lukhachev. Cracking of some organic com- pounds under elevated hydrogen pressure. J. Russ. Phys.-Chem. Soc., 61:1339; Ber. Dtsch. chem. Ges., 63:156 (1930~. With G. A. Razuvayev and I. F. Bogdanov. The action of hydrogen at elevated pressure on metallo-organic compounds. T. Russ. Phys.-Chem. Soc., 61:1791; Ber. Dtsch. chem. Ges., 63:335 (1930~. With G. A. Razuvayev and A. Sizov. Synthesis of a-chlorostyryldi- chloroarsine. l. Russ. Phys.-Chem. Soc., 61: 1869; Ber. Dtsch. _ chem. Ges., 63: 174 ~ 1930~. With A. D. Petrov. Cracking naphthenic acids under elevated pres- sure. J. Appl Chem. USSR, 2:327. With A. D. Petrov. Cracking of primary tar from donetz coal under elevated hydrogen pressure. I. Appl. Chem. USSR, 2:429. With V. Vasilevskii. Preparation of sulfur chloride from pyrites, alkaline earth sulfates and refuse from gas producers. J. Appl. Ghem. USSR, 2:689. Hydrogenation of coal. i. Chem. Ind. USSR, 6: 1243. Pyrolysis of high molecular compounds and cracking of heavy petroleum fractions under hydrogen pressure. l. Chem. Ind. USSR, 6: 1563-70. With V. V. Ipatieff. Displacement of copper from neutral or acid copper sulfate solutions by hydrogen under pressure. Ber. Dtsch. chem. Ges., 62:386. With G. A. Razuvayev and V. Stromskii. Action of ammonia on halogen-substituted arsines. Ber. Dtsch. chem. Ges., 62:598.

118 BIOGRAPHICAL MEMOIRS Gasoline substitutes. Chaleur et Industrie, 112:377. Investigation of liquid fuels. Chim. Ind., special no., February, p. 115. With B. Dolgov. The rupture of some derivatives of the naphthyl methanes during hydrogenation under pressure. Bull. Soc. chim. France, t4345 :950. 1930 With B. A. Muromtzev. Displacement of metals and their oxides from their salt solutions by hydrogen at elevated pressures and temperatures. Ber. Dtsch. chem. Ges., 63:160. With G. A. Razuvayev and V. Malinovskii. Displacement of metals from the solutions of their salts by hydrogen at elevated tempera- tures and pressures. Displacement of arsenic from the solution of its salts by hydrogen. Ber. Dtsch. chem. Ges., 63: 166. With A. D. Petrov. Heating naphthenic acids at elevated tempera- ture and pressure. Ber. Dtsch. chem. Ges., 63:329. With A. D. Petrov and I. Z. Ivanov. Cracking of a primary tar from donetz coal under elevated hydrogen pressure. Ber. Dtsch. chem. Ges., 63:331. With A. V. Frost. The chemical equilibrium between phosphine, phosphorus and hydrogen. Ber. Dtsch. chem. Ges., 63: 1104. With G. A. Razuvayev. The displacement of the elements of Group Five from their phenyl derivatives by hydrogen. Ber. Dtsch. chem. Ges., 63:1110. Correction to the work of Ipatieff and Aluromtzev: precipitation of crystalline hydroxide of aluminum and chromium from solutions of their salts at high temperature and pressure. Ber. Dtsch. chem. Ges., 63:2365. With A. D. Petrov and I. Z. Ivanov. The cracking of acetone under pressure and in the presence of zinc chloride. Ber. Dtsch. chem. Ges., 63:2806. With G. A. Razuvayev and V. Malinovskii. The displacement of metallic arsenic from an alkaline solution of the arsenic acid by hydrogen pressure at high temperature. Ber. Dtsch. chem. Ges., 63:2812. Cellulose from sugar. Dokl. Akad. Nauk SSSR, A381. With B. N. Dolgov and Yu. N. Volnov. A new method for the prep- aration of mesitylene. Ber. Dtsch. chem. Ges., 63:3072. Synthetic crude oil. Khim. Tverd. Topl., 1 (2~: 3-1 2, (3~: 3-1 3.

VLADIMIR NIKOLAEVICH IPATIEFF 119 1931 With B. N. Dolgov. Hydrogenation and decomposition of silico- organic compounds at high temperature and pressure. I. Journal of General Chemistry, USSR, 1: 5-12. With B. N. Dolgov. A study of catalysts for the synthesis of methanol. I. Chem. Ind. USSR, 8:825. With M. A. Belopolskii and M. Nemtzov. Hydrogenation of Grozny mixed-based fuel oil. Reports of the Conference on Cracking Hydrogenation, Grozny, 1: 119. With A. V. Frost and A. A. Vedenskii. The question of the allotropy of phosphorus. Bull. Soc. chim. France, 49~4~:670. Pyrolysis and destructive hydrogenation of heavy crude oil fractions. Natl. Pet. News, 23~12~:49. Hydrogenation developments in Russia. Natl. Pet. News, 23~25~:61. 1932 With M. S. Newtzov. Polymerization of olefins from cracked gases. Khim. Tverd. Topl., 3:707. 1933 With C. Freitag. Oxidation of phosphorus with water at elevated pressures and temperatures. Zeitschrift fuer anorganische und allgemeine Chemie, 215: 388. Hydrogenation of aromatic compounds at temperatures close to their decomposition in the presence of catalyst. J. Am. Chem. Soc., 55: 3696. 1934 With V. I. Komarewsky. The action of aluminum chloride on benzene and cyclohexane. i. Am. Chem. Soc., 56: 1926. With H. Pines and R. C. Wackher. Catalysis in the hydrogen bro- mide-olefins addition. J. Am. Chem. Soc., 56:2398. With H. Pines and R. E. Schaad. Isomerization of normal butenes. i. Am. Chem. Soc., 56:2696. 1935 With P. V. Usachev. Oxidation of phosphorus with water at high

120 BIOGRAPHICAL MEMOIRS temperature and pressure in the presence of alkali. The pro- duction of phosphorous acid. i. Am. Chem. Soc., 57:300. With A. V. Grosse. Reaction of paraffins with olefins. .T- Am. Chem. Soc., 57:1616. With V. I. Komarewsky and A. V. Grosse. Reactions of naphthenic hydrocarbons with olefins. I. Am. Chem. Soc., 57:1722. With G. Egloff. Polymer gasoline from cracked gases. Natl. Pet. News, 27~20~:24-G. With C. Freitag. Double decomposition and oxidation of inorganic compounds under pressure. Transformation of heavy spar into barium carbonate. Ind. Eng. Chem., 27:342. Catalytic polymerization of gaseous olefins by liquid phosphoric acid. Propylene. Ind. Eng. Chem., 27:1067. With B. B. Corson. Catalytic polymerization of gaseous olefins by liquid phosphoric acid. Butylene. Ind. Eng. Chem., 27:1069. With B. B. Corson and G. Egloff. Polymerization a new source of gasoline. Ind. Eng. Chem., 27:1077. 1936 With H. Pines and V. I. Komarewsky. Alkylation of aromatic hydro- carbons and phenols in the presence of phosphoric acid. Ind. Eng. Chem., 28:222. With A. V. Grosse. Action of aluminum chloride on paraffins. Auto- destructive alkylation. Ind. Eng. Chem., 28:461. With H. Pines. Propylene polymerization. Ind. Eng. Chem., 28:684. With B. B. Corson. Gasoline from ethylene by catalytic polymeriza- tion. Ind. Eng. Chem., 28:860. With A. V. Grosse, H. Pines, and V. I. Komarewski. Alkylation of paraffins by olefins in the presence of aluminum chloride. J. Am. Chem. Soc., 58:913. With A. V. Grosse. Polymerization of ethylene with aluminum chloride. J. Am. Chem. Soc., 58:915. With H. Pines and V. I. Komarewsky. Destructive alkylation in the presence of phosphoric acid. l. Am. Chem. Soc., 58:918. Catalytic Reactions at High Pressures and Temperatures. New York: Macmillan Publishing Co., Inc. With B. B. Corson and H. Pines. Influence of sulfuric acid concen- tration upon the reaction between olefins and benzene. i. Am. Chem. Soc., 58:919.

VLADIMIR NIKOLAEVICH {PATIEFF 121 With V. I. Komarewsky. Destructive alkylation in the presence of a hydrogenating catalyst. l. Am. Chem. Soc., 58: 922. With H. Pines. Alkylation accompanying depolymerization. I. Am. Chem. Soc., 58: 1056. With H. Pines. Conjunct polymerization the influence of tem- perature, concentration, and quantity of sulfuric acid on poly- merization of olefins. J. Org. Chem., 1:464. The problem of the rational utilization of crude oil and its distil- lates. Oil Gas J., 35~26~:171. 1937 With H. Pines. The cleavage of side chains in aromatic hydro- carbons in the form of paraffins by means of aluminum chloride. I. Am. Chem. Soc., 59:56. With B. B. Corson. Influence of cyclohexene concentration in the alkylation of benzene by cyclohexene. Dealkylation of cyclo- hexylbenzenes. I. Am. Chem. Soc., 59:645. With V. I. Komarewsky. Hydro-polymerization. I. Am. Chem. Soc., 59:720. With L. Schmerling. Identification of alkylbenzenes. I. Identifica- tion of monoalkylbenzenes by means of the acetamino deriva- tive. J. Am. Chem. Soc., 59:1056. With B. B. Corson. Dealkylation of dialkylbenzenes. l. Am. Chem. Soc., 59:1417. With A. V. Grosse. New metal halide catalysts for hydrocarbon re- actions. l. Org. Chem., 2:559. With V. I. Komarewsky. Iso-octane production by simultaneous polymerization and hydrogenation. Ind. Eng. Chem., 29:958. Cracking of some distillates of crude oil under high pressure and destructive hydrogenation of different tars. Booklet. Chicago: Universal Oil Products Company. With H. Pines and A. V. Grosse. Reaction of paragons with cyclo- paraffins in the presence of metal halide catalysts. Div. Pet. Chem., A.C.S. Mtg., Rochester, September. 1938 With H. Pines and L. Schmerling. Isomerization accompanying alkylation. Alkylation of benzene with isopropylethylene in the presence of sulfuric acid. I. Am. Chem. Soc., 60:353.

122 BIOGRAPHICAL MEMOIRS With H. Pines and B. B. Corson. Alkylation of benzene with cyclo- para~ns in the presence of sulfuric acid. T. Am. Chem. Soc.' 60:577. With H. Pines. Destructive hydrogenation of alkylated monocyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. Div. Pet. Chem., A.C.S. Mtg., Dallas, April. With B. B. Corson. Action of aluminum chloride on cyclohexyl- benzene. i. Am. Chem. Soc., 6Q:747. With H. Pines and L. Schmerling. Phosphoric acid as catalyst in the ethylation of phenol. l. Am. Chant. Soc., 60:1161. With L. Schmerling. Identification of alkylbenzenes. II. Identifica- tion of the eight amylbenzenes and cyclopentylbenzene by means of their mono- and diacetamino and monobenzamino derivatives. J. Am. Chem. Soc., 60:1476. With H. Pines and B. S. Friedman. Reaction of isobutene and diiso- butene with phenol, with and without scission of C-C linkages. I. Am. Chem. Soc., 60:2495. With H. Pines and B. S. Friedman. Reaction of aliphatic olefins with thiophenol. J. Am. Chem. Soc., 60:2731. With A. V. Grosse and I. M. Mavity. Reaction of paragons with aromatic hydrocarbons. I, II. Various aromatic hydrocarbons and 2,2,4-trimethylpentane. J. Org. Chem., 3:137, 448. With R. E. Schaad. Mixed polymerization of butenes by solid phos- phoric acid catalyst. Ind. Eng. Chem., 30:596. With B. B. Corson. Olefin hydrogenation. Ind. Eng. Chem., 30: 1039. With B. B. Corson. Refining gasoline with solid phosphoric acid catalyst. Ind. Eng. Chem., 30: 1316. 1939 With B. S. Friedman. Reaction of thiol compounds with aliphatic olefins. J. Am. Chem. Soc., 61 :71. With H. Pines and A. V. Grosse. Reaction of paraffins with hexa- hydroaromatic hydrocarbons in the presence of aluminum halides. J. Am. Chem. Soc., 61:640. With B. S. Friedman. Identification of alkyl phenyl sulfides, sulf- oxides and sulfones. i. Am. Chem. Soc., 61:684. With B. B. Corson. Simultaneous dehydrogenation-hydrogenation

VLADIMIR NIKOLAEVICH {PATIEFF 123 of cyclohexene in the presence of nickel. T. Am. Chem. Soc., 61: 1056. With H. Pines. Isomerization of alkylcyclopentanes. I. Am. Chem. Soc.,61:1076. With H. Pines and L. Schmerling. Reaction of propene with ~so- olefins in the presence of sulfuric acid. I. Am. Chem. Soc., 61:1825. With H. Pines. Synthesis of t-butyl and t-amylcyclopentane and of their intermediate products. I. Am. Chem. Soc., 61:2728. With B. B. Corson. Hydrogenation of acetophenone to cyclohexyl- methylcarbinol in the presence of solvent. l. Am. Chem. Soc., 61:3292. With H. Pines. Reaction of benzene with methylcyclobutene and methylenecyclobutane in the presence of sulfuric acid. J. Am. Chem. Soc., 61:3374. With B. B. Corson and ]. D. Kurbatov. Copper as catalyst for the hydrogenation of benzene. l. Phys. Chem., 43:589. Catalytic refining methods. Oil Gas l., 37~46~:86. 1940 With R. E. Schaad. Catalytic hydration of acetylene and of some alkylacetylenes. I. Am. Chem. Soc., 62:178. With L. Schmerling and B. S. Friedman. Notes on the preparation and properties of some aliphatic hydrocarbons. l. Am. Chem. Soc., 62:2446. With H. Pines and L. Schmerling. Isomerization accompanying alkylation. II. The alkylation of benzene with olefins, naph- thenes, alcohols and alkyl halides. I. Org. Chem., 5:252. With H. Pines and L. Schmerling. Isomerization accompanying alkylation. III. The alkylation of benzene with neopentyl chlo- ride and neopentyl alcohol. l. Am. Chem. Soc., 62:2901. With B. B. Corson and J. D. Kurbatov. Mixed copper—chromium oxide hydrogenation catalysts. J. Phys. Chem., 44:670. With A. V. Grosse. Catalytic dehydrogenation of gaseous paraffins. Ind. Eng. Chem., 32:268. 1941 With R. L. Burwell. The catalytic preparation and interconversion of simple and mixed ethers. J. Am. Chem. Soc., 63:969.

124 BIOGRAPHICAL MEMOIRS With B. B. Corson. Activation and poisoning of copper hydrogena- tion catalysts. I. Phys. Chem., 45:431. With B. B. Corson. Mixed copper hydrogenation catalysts. i. Phys. Chem., 45:440. With H. Pines. Reaction of hexahydroaromatics with olefins in the presence of aluminum chloride. J. Org. Chem., 6:242. 1942 With H. Pines and A. V. Grosse. Alkylation of paraffins at low tem- peratures in the presence of aluminum choloride. l. Am. Chem. Soc., 64:33. With V. Haensel. Hydrogenation of alkyl phenyl ketones in the presence of copper alumina catalysts. i. Am. Chem. Soc., 64:520. With V. Haensel. Condensation of ketones with alcohols in the presence of mixed catalysts. l. Org. Chem., 7:189. With G. S. Monroe. Determination of solubilities of gases at high temperatures and high pressures by rotating bomb. Ind. Eng. Chem. Anal. Ed., 14: 166. With G. S. Monroe. Determination of critical temperatures by rotating bomb. Ind. Eng. Chem. Anal. Ed., 14:171. Aviation gasoline by polymerization and alkylation of cracking gases. Chemical and Engineering News, 20~21~: 1367. 1943 Modern science in Russia. I. Chem. Educ., 20:159. With V. Haensel. Cracking cyclohexane. Thermal and catalytic decomposition at high pressures. Ind. Eng. Chem., 35:632. With A. V. Grosse. The alkylation of paraffins with olefins. The identification of the paragons formed. J. Org. Chem., 8:438. With R. C. Olberg and H. Pines. SYnthesis of 1.4-enoxvcvclohexane J. Am. Chem. Soc., 65:2260. ' 1 ~ ~ - With L. Schmerling. Identification of alkylbenzenes. III. The acetamino and benzamino derivatives of isobutylbenzene. l. Am. Chem. Soc., 65:2470. 1944 With H. Pines and R. E. Schaad. Reaction of benzene with buta- diene in the presence of sulfuric acid and hydrogen fluoride catalyst. J. Am. Chem. Soc., 66:816.

VLADIMIR NIKOLAEVICH IPATIEFF 125 With R. C. Olberg and H. Pines. The dehydration of 1,4-cyclo- hexanediol. Synthesis of 1,4-epoxycyclohexane. I. Am. Chem. Soc., 66: 1096. With H. Pines. Studies in the terpene series. I. Dehydration of alcohols in the terpene series under pressure and in the presence of dilute aqueous salt-solutions. I. Am. Chem. Soc., 66:1120. With G. S. Monroe. The dehydration of the lower aliphatic alcohols in the presence of dilute aqueous solutions of acids and salts. l. Am. Chem. Soc., 66:1627. 1945 With H. Pines, B. Kvetinskas, and L. S. Kassel. Determination of equilibrium constants for butanes and pentanes. I. Am. Chem. Soc., 67:631. With H. Pines and R. C. Olberg. Studies in the terpene series. II. Hydrogen disproportionation of limonene. l. Am. Chem. Soc., 67:694. With R. E. Schaad. Heptenes and heptanes from propylene and butylenes. Ind. Eng. Chem., 37:362. With R. E. Schaad, H. Pines, and G. S. Monroe. Reaction between benzene and butadiene in the presence of silico-phosphoric acid catalyst. i. Am. Chem. Soc., 67:1060. With H. Pines. Dehydration of 2-methyl-2,4-pentanediol and 4- methyl-x-penten-2-ol under pressure and in the presence of dilute aqueous salt solutions. l. Am. Chem. Soc., 67:1200. With H. Pines. Studies in the terpene series. III. Hydrogen trans- fer reaction during the dehydration of terpenic alcohols. J. Am. Chem. Soc., 67:1226. With L. Schmerling. p-Acetamino-~-chloro-t-butyl)-benzene. l. Am. Chem. Soc., 67:1624. With H. Pines. Reaction of methylcyclopentane with olefins in the presence of sulfuric acid and hydrogen fluoride catalysts. .T- Am. Chem. Soc., 67:1631. With L. Schmerling. p-Di-~-chloro-t-butyl)-benzene. T. Am. Chem. Soc., 67: 1862. With H. Pines. Studies in the terpene series. IV. Method for the determination of rings in bicyclic dihydroterpenes. Isomeriza- tion of pinane in the presence of dilute aqueous salts. J. Am. Chem. Soc., 67: 1931.

126 BIOGRAPHICAL MEMOIRS With G. S. Monroe. Synthesis of methanol from carbon dioxide and hydrogen over copper-alumina catalysts. Mechanism of reaction. I. Am. Chem. Soc., 67:2168. With H. Pines and A. Edeleanu. Isomerization accompanying alkylation. IV. Reaction of cycloheptanol and cycloheptene with benzene. Synthesis of cycloheptylbenzene. I. Am. Chem. Soc., 67:2193. With V. Haensel. Selective demethylation of paraffin hydrocarbons. J. Am. Chem. Soc., 68:345. 1946 The Life of a Chemist. Stanford: Stanford Univ. Press. With L. Schmerling. Ethylation of benzene in the presence of solid phosphoric acid. Ind. Eng. Chem., 38:400. With H. Pines and R. C. Olberg. Studies in the terpene series. V. Action of dilute aqueous salt solutions on 3,3,5-trimethylcyclo- hexanol and 1,1,3-trimethyl-x-cyclohexene. l. Am. Chem. Soc., 68:1709. With V. Haensel. Polytreating of catalytically cracked gasolines. Ind. Eng. Chem., 38:1045 1947 With H. Pines, V. Dvorkovitz, R. C. Olberg, and M. Savoy. Studies in the terpene series. VI. Cyclic isomerization of limonene. I. Org. Chem., 12:34. With G. S. Monroe. The catalytic formation of toluene from ben- zene and benzene-methane at high pressures. I. Am. Chem. Soc., 69:710. With H. Pines. Reaction of propane with carbon monoxide in the presence of aluminum chloride. l. Am. Chem. Soc., 69:1337. With H. Pines and M. Savoy. Studies in the terpene series. VII. Destructive hydrogenation of bicyclic dihydroterpenic hydro- carbons. I. Am. Chem. Soc., 69:1948. With L. L. Gershbein and H. Pines. Reaction of isopropyl alcohol in the presence of catalysts containing magnesium oxide. l. Am. Chem. Soc., 69:2888. With V. Haensel. Selective demethylation of paraffin hydrocarbons. Ind. Eng. Chem., 39:853.

VLADIMIR NIKOLAEVICH IPATIEFF 127 1948 With R. E. Schaad. Polymerization of pentenes. Ind. Eng. Chem., 40:78. With H. Pines. Reaction of methylcyclopentane with propene in the presence of aluminum bromide-hydrogen bromide. I. Am. Chem. Soc., 70:531. With H. Pines and R. C. Olberg. Studies in the terpene series. VIII. Effect of catalyst solvent and temperature on the dehydrogena- tion of pinane and p-menthane. l. Am. Chem. Soc., 70:533. With W. W. Thompson and H. Pines. The potassium permanganate test for detection of unsaturation. I. Am. Chem. Soc., 70: 1658. With H. Pines and B. M. Abraham. Isomerization of saturated hydro- carbons. V. The effect of cyclohexene upon the isomerization of methylcyclopentane and cyclohexane. l. Am. Chem. Soc., 70: 1742. With H. Pines and R. C. Olberg. Hydrogen transfer. I. Reaction of p-cymene with olefinic hydrocarbons in the presence of sul- furic acid and hydrogen fluoride catalysts. J. Am. Chem. Soc., 70:2123. With G. S. Monroe and L. E. Fischer. High pressure laboratory flow apparatus. Ind. Eng. Chem., 40:2059. With L. Schmerling. . . . . .— Effect of hydrogen on action of aluminum chloride on alkanes. Ind. Eng. Chem., 40:2354. With H. Pines and Anna Weizmann. Hydrogen transfer. II. Re- action of diisopropyltoluene and isopropylcyclohexyltoluene with methylcyclohexene. i. Am. Chem. Soc., 70:3859. 1949 With H. Pines and E. Aristoff. Isomerization of saturated hydro- carbons. VI. Effect of benzene upon the isomerization of methyl- cyclopentane. l. Am. Chem. Soc., 71:749. With G. S. Monroe, L. E. Fischer, and E. E. Meisinger. Decomposi- tion of alcohols over nickel-kieselguhr and other catalysts, in- fluence of different factors on decomposition. Ind. Eng. Chem., 41:1802. With H. Pines and E. E. Meisinger. Destructive hydrogenation of indan and hexahydroindan. J. Am. Chem. Soc., 71: 2685. With H. Pines and E. E. Meisinger. The influence of the walls of the

128 BIOGRAPHICAL MEMOIRS autoclave upon the hydrogenation of p-cymene. l. Am. Chem. Soc., 71:2934. With H. Pines and W. R. Strehlau. Hydrogen transfer. III. Re- action of p-ethyltoluene and p-propyltoluene with methylcyclo- hexene. Synthesis of diarylalkanes. i. Am. Chem. Soc., 71:3534. With H. Pines and G. I. Czajkowski. Synthesis of 1,3-di-t-butyl- benzene and 1,3-di-t-butylcyclohexane. I. Am. Chem. Soc., 71: 3798. 1950 With G. S. Monroe and L. E. Fischer. Low temperature hydrogen production. Ind. Eng. Chem., 42:92 With H. Pines and D. R. Strehlau. Hydrogen transfer. IV. Reaction of p-isobutyltoluene and p-s-butyltoluene with methylcyclo- hexene. l. Am. Chem. Soc., 72:1563. With E. E. Meisinger and H. Pines. Isomerization accompanying alkylation. V. Reaction of 4-methylcyclohexene with benzene in the presence of hydrogen fluoride. I. Am. Chem. Soc., 72:2772. With H. Pines and J. D. LaZerte. Isomerization accompanying alkylation. VI. Reaction of isobutylene and 2-butene with benzene. l. Am. Chem. Soc., 72:2850. With H. Pines and E. Aristoff. Isomerization of saturated hydro- carbons. VII. The effect of light upon the Isomerization of methylcyclopentane in the presence of aluminum bromide-hy- drogen bromide. J. Am. Chem. Soc., 72:4055. With H. R. Appell and H. Pines. Studies in the terpene series. IX. Isomerization accompnaying cycloalkylation of benzene. J. Am. Chem. Soc., 72:4260. With H. Pines and E. Aristoff. Isomerization of saturated hydro- carbons. VIII. The effect of oxygen and light upon the isomeriza- tion of methylcyclopentane in the presence of aluminum bromide. J. Am. Chem. Soc., 72:4304. With H. Pines. Composition of W-6 Raney-nickel catalyst. J. Am. Chem. Soc., 72:5320. With H. Pines and D. R. Strehlau. Hydrogen transfer. V. Reaction of m-cymene and o-cymene with methylcyclohexene in the pres- ence of hydrogen fluoride. I. Am. Chem. Soc., 72:5521. 1951 With W. W. Thompson and H. Pines. Studies in the terpene series.

VLADIMIR NIKOLAEVICH IPATIEFF 129 X. Isomerization accompanying hydrogenolysis of alcohols. J. Am. Chem. Soc., 73:553. With i. E. Germain and H. Pines. Decarboxylation catalytique des sets de sodium en solution aqueuse. Essai de differentiation des acides cyclopentanique et cyclohexaniques. Bull. Soc. chim. France, 1845) :259. With G. l. Czajkowski and H. Pines. Studies in the terpene series. XI. The dehydroxymethylation of bicyclic primary terpenic al- cohols by hydrogenolysis in the presence of nickel catalysts. J. Am. Chem. Soc., 73:4098. With H. Pines and W. D. Huntsman. Isomerization accompanying alkylation. VII. Reaction of benzene with methylcyclopropane, ethylcyclopropane, and with dimethylcyclopropanes. J. Am. Chem. Soc., 73:4343. With H. Pines and W. D. Huntsman. Isomerization accompanying alkylation. VIII. Reaction of benzene with 2- and 3-pentanol. i. Am. Chem. Soc., 73:4483. With H. Pines and F. J. Pavlik. Isomerization of saturated hydro- carbons. IX. Isomerization of ethylcyclopentane, 1,3-dimethyl- cyclopentane, and 1,1-dimethylcyclopentane in the presence of aluminum bromide. Synthesis of 1,1-dimethylcyclopentane. l. Am. Chem. Soc., 73:5738. 1952 With L. L. Gershbein. Hydrogenation of organo-tin and lead com- pound under pressure. I. Am. Chem. Soc., 74:1540. With l. E. Germain, W. W. Thompson, and H. Pines. Studies in the terpene series. XII. Cyclic Isomerization of limonene. Proof of the structure of a new bicycloterpene. l. Org. Chem., 17:273. With H. Pines. Studies in the terpene series. XIII. Reaction of benzene and p-cymene with 2,6-dimethylbicyclo-~3.2.14-2-octene. J. Org. Chem., 17:485. With H. Pines and A. Rudin. Investigation of preparation of bromides from 1-, 2-, and 3-pentanol. Synthesis of pure bromo- pentanes. l. Am. Chem. Soc., 74:4063. With H. Pines and R. C. Olberg. Studies in the terpene series. XIV. Skeletal Isomerization and hydrogen transfer of cyclic olefins in the presence of aluminum-hydrogen chloride and silica-alumina catalysts. i. Am. Chem. Soc., 74:4872.

130 BIOGRAPHICAL MEMOIRS With G. i. Czajkowski and H. Pines. Studies in the terpene series. XV. Cycloisomerization of cY- and ,8-pinene, ~-terpineol, and 1,8- terpin hydrate. J. Org. Chem., 17: 1431. With H. Pines and F. i. Pavlik. Isomerization of saturated hydro- carbons. X. Catalytic Isomerization of cycloheptane. i. Am. Chem. Soc., 74:5544. 1953 Early work on the displacement of metals and metal oxides. I. Chem. Educ., 30: 110. With H. Pines and R. W. Meyerholtz, in Synthesis of 2,2,4-tri- methyl-4-phenylpentane and 2,2,4-trimethyl-4-cyclohexylpentane. Reactions of 2,2,4-trimethyl-4-phenylpentane. [. Am. Chem. Soc., 75:937. With H. Pines and W. D. Huntsman. Isomerization accompanying alkylation. IX. The reaction of benzene with n- and isopropyl- cyclopropane. l. Am. Chem. Soc., 75:2311. With H. Pines and W. D. Huntsman. Isomerization of saturated hydrocarbons. XI. The Isomerization of alkylcyclopropanes and alkylcyclobutanes in the presence of aluminum halide catalysts. J. Am. Chem. Soc., 75:2315. With F. l. Pavlik and H. Pines. Studies in the terpene series. XVI. Hydrogenolysis of pinane in a flow type apparatus in the pres- ence of hydrogenation catalysts. J. Am. Chem. Soc., 75:3179. With B. Kvetinskas, E. E. Meisinger, and H. Pines. High pressure thermal reactions of propylbenzene, p-cymene and s-butylben- zene. Isomerization of alkyl groups. J. Am. Chem. Soc., 75:3323. With H. Pines and E. Aristoff. Isomerization of saturated hydrocar- bons. XII. The effect of experimental variables, alkyl bromides, and light upon the Isomerization of methylcyclopentane in the presence of aluminum bromide. J. Am. Chem. Soc., 75:4775. With J. E. Germain and H. Pines. The structure of di-(methylcyclo- hexyl)-benzene from cycloalkylation of 4-methylcyclohexene with benzene in the presence of hydrogen fluoride. I. Am. Chem. Soc., 75:6056. With H. Pines and H. G. Rodenberg. Synthesis of cyclobutane by the dehydroxymethylation method. J. Am. Chem. Soc., 75:6065. With W. D. Huntsman and H. Pines. Studies in the terpene series. XVII. The thermal Isomerization of pinane at high pressure. I. Am. Chem. Soc., 75:6222.

VLADIMIR NIKOLAEVICH IPATIEFF 131 With H. Pines and E. F. Jenkins. Studies in the terpene series. XVIII. Isomerization accompanying the dehydrogenation of 1,1,3-trimethylcyclohexene and of 1,1,3-trimethyl-x-cyclohexene. J. Am. Chem. Soc., 75:6226. 1954 With H. Pines and H. G. Rodenberg. Dehydroxymethylation of primary alcohols. l. Am. Chem. Soc., 76:771. With H. Pines and A. Rudin. Studies in the terpene series. XIX. Hydroisomerization and hydrogenolysis of cyclohexane, methyl- cyclohexene, and p-menthene in the presence of hydrogenation catalysts. i. Am. Chem. Soc., 76:2640. With H. Pines and N. E. Hoffman. Studies in the terpene series. XX. The thermal isomerization of pinane at atmospheric pres- sures. I. Am. Ghem. Soc., 76:4412. 1955 With H. Pines and B. Kvetinskas. Oxidative condensation of p- cymene, isopropylbenzene, and chloroisopropylbenzene. J. Am. Chem. Soc., 77:343. With H. Pines and J. A. Vesely. Migration of double bonds in olefinic and diolefinic hydrocarbons catalyzed by sodium. Dehy- drogenation of d-limonene to p-cymene. l. Am. Chem. Soc., 77:347. With H. Pines and l. A. Vesely. Sodium catalyzed reactions. II. Side-chain ethylation of alkyl hydrocarbons catalyzed by sodium. I. Am. Chem. Soc., 77: 5~4. 1959 My Life in the United States. Evanston, Illinois: Northwestern Univ. Press. A large number of articles in the Soviet Encyclopedia and other encyclopedias and chapters in books.

132 BIOGRAPHICAL MEMOIRS UNITED STATES PATENTS 1933 1,895,329 With Carl Freitag. Process of Producing Phosphoric Acid and Hydrogen. 1934 1,960,631 Treatment of Hydrocarbon Gases. 1935 1,993,512 Treatment of Hydrocarbons. 1,993,513 Treatment of Hydrocarbons. 1,994,249 With Aristid V. Grosse. Synthesis of Hydrocarbons. 2,001,906 Treatment of Hydrocarbon Oils. 2,001,907 Treatment of Motor Fuel. 2,001,908 Treatment of Hydrocarbons. 2,001,909 Treatment of Hydrocarbons. 2,001,910 Treatment of Hydrocarbon Oils. 2,005,861 Manufacture of Hydrocarbons. 2,006,695 Treatment of Hydrocarbon Oil. 2,018,065 Catalysts. 2,018,066 Treatment of Hydrocarbon Oils. 2,020,649 Treatment of Hydrocarbons. 1936 2,035,889 Purification of Gases. 2,037,789 Treatment of Hydrocarbon Oils. 2,037,790 Treatment of Hydrocarbon Oils. 2,037,791 Treatment of Hydrocarbon Oils. 2,037,792 Treatment of Hydrocarbon Oils. 2,039,798 Treatment of Hydrocarbon Oils. 2,039,799 Treatment of Hydrocarbons. 2,046,900 Manufacture of Alkyl Phenols. 2,051,859 With Vasili Komarewsky. Polymerization of Olefins. 2,057,432 With Aristid V. Grosse. Treatment of Hydrocarbon Oils. 2,057,433 Treatment of Hydrocarbon Oils. 2,058,881 Treatment of Inhibitors. 2,061,871 Manufacture of Hydrocarbons. 2,062,312 Manufacture of Alkyl Phosphates. 2,063,933 Conversion of Hydrocarbon Oil.

VLADIMIR NIKOLAEVICH IPATIEFF 133 1937 2,067,764 Treatment of Hydrocarbons. 2,081,357 Method of Improving Gasoline. 2,088,598 With Aristid V. Grosse. Manufacture of Alkylated Cyclic Hydrocarbons. 2,098,045 With Vasili Komarewsky. Treatment of Hydrocarbons. 2,098,046 With Vasili Komarewsky. Treatment of Hydrocarbons. 2,099,738 Alkylation of Trihydric Phenols. 2,101,857 With Raymond E. Schaad. Manufacture of Motor Fuels. 2,102,073 With Raymond E. Schaad. Treatment of Hydrocarbons. 2,102,074 With Raymond E. Schaad. Treatment of Hydrocarbons. 1938 2,104,424 With Aristid V. Grosse. Manufacture of Aromatic De- . . rlvatlves. 2,107,794 With Vasili Komarewsky. Manufacture of Alcohols. 2,112,846 With Herman Pines. Treatment of Hydrocarbons. 2,112,847 With Herman Pines. Treatment of Hydrocarbons. 2,113,654 With Ben B. Corson. Treatment of Catalysts. 2,116,151 With Ben B. Corson. Manufacture of Motor Fuels. 2,120,702 With Raymond E. Schaad. Manufacture of Catalysts. 2,131,806 With Vasili Komarewsky. Treatment of Hydrocarbons. 1939 2,145,657 With Vasili Komarewsky. Process for the Hydrogenation of Hydrocarbon Oils. 2,147,256 With Herman Pines. Process for Alkylating Phenols. 2,157,208 With Raymond E. Schaad. Polymerization and Catalyst Therefor. 2,169,494 With Herman Pines. Treatment of Butane. 2,170,306 With Herman Pines. Treatment of Hydrocarbons. 2,174,883 With Herman Pines. Treatment of Hydrocarbons. 2,179,092 Manufacture of Ethers. 2,181,942 With Herman Pines. Polymerization of Olefins. 1940 2,187,034 With Herman Pines. Treatment of Hydrocarbons. 2,197,872 With George S. Monroe. Treatment of Hydrocarbons.

134 BIOGRAPHICAL MEMOIRS 2,199,564 With Herman Pines. Hydrocarbon Reactions. 2,202,104 With Raymond E. Schaad. Manufacture of Motor Fuels. 2,211,207 With Louis Schmerling. Treatment of Catalysts. 2,211,208 With Ben B. Corson. Manufacture of Catalysts. 2,214,463 With Raymond E. Schaad. Treatment of Hydrocarbons. 2,217,019 With Aristid V. Grosse. Treatment of Hydrocarbons. 2,225,782 With Ben B. Corson. Reaction of Metal Catalysts. 1941 2,236,099 With Herman Pines. Treatment of Paraffin Hydrocar- bons. 2,253,034 With Raymond E. Schaad. Manufacture of Ketones and Aldehydes. 2,267,735 With Ben B. Corson. Manufacture of Catalysts. 2,267,736 With Ben B. Corson. Treatment of Catalysts. 2,267,737 With Vladimir Haensel. Treatment of Hydrocarbons. 1942 2,270,302 With Raymond E. Schaad. Manufacture of Hydrocar loons. 2,270,303 Hydrogenation of Hydrocarbons. 2,271,299 With Herman Pines. Manufacture of Catalysts. 2,273,041 With Herman Pines. Treatment of Hydrocarbons. 2,273,042 With Herman Pines. Treatment of Hydrocarbons. 2,273,043 With Herman Pines. Treatment of Hydrocarbons. 2,273,320 With Aristid V. Grosse. Hydrocarbon Reactions. 2,275,181 With Ben B. Corson. Process for Hydrogenating Hydro- carbons. 2,275,182 With Raymond E. Schaad. Manufacture of Catalysts. 2,283,142 With Herman Pines. Isomerization of Normal Butane. 2,283,143 With Herman Pines. Isomerization of Normal Butane. 2,290,189 With Herman Pines. Conversion of Straight Chain Ole- fins to Isoparaffins. 2,291,254 With Herman Pines. Conversion of Hydrocarbons. 2,297,769 With Vladimir Haensel. Hydrogenation of Alkyl Aryl Ketones. 2,298,383 With Herman Pines. Treatment of Hydrocarbons.

VLADIMIR NIKOLAEVICH {PATIEFF 135 1943 2,311,232 With Herman Pines. Manufacture of Catalysts. 2,315,078 With Herman Pines. Conversion of Hydrocarbons. 2,316,247 With Herman Pines. Isomerization of Paraffins. 2,316,248 With Herman Pines. Isomerization of Paraffins. 2,318,225 With Herman Pines. Production of Isobutane. 2,318,226 With Herman Pines. Production of Isobutane. 2,318,781 With Herman Pines. Treatment of Hydrocarbons. 2,322,025 With Aristid V. Grosse. Conversion of Hydrocarbons. 2,325,122 With Herman Pines. Treatment of Butane. 2,327,188 With Herman Pines. Treatment of Paragons. 2,327,189 With Vladimir Haensel. Treatment of Hydrocarbons. 2,329,858 With Louis Schmerling. Treatment of Hydrocarbons. 2,332,467 With Carl B. Linn. Production of Ethers. 2,334,099 With Herman Pines. Treatment of Hydrocarbons. 2,334,100 With Vladimir Haensel. Hydrogenation of Ketones. 2,335,246 With Vladimir Haensel. Hydrocarbon Conversion. 1944 2,340,557 With Herman Pines. Conversion of Hydrocarbons. 2,341,782 With Louis Schmerling. Treatment of Hydrocarbon Oils. 2,342,865 With Herman Pines. Alkylation of Hydrocarbons. 2,345,751 Production of Diolefinic Hydrocarbons. 2,346,701 With Herman Pines. Treatment of Propane. 2,347,266 With Louis Schmerling. Isomerization of Para~nic Hy- drocarbons. 2,348,700 With Herman Pines. Treatment of Butane. 2,348,702 With Louis Schmerling. Hydrogenation of Hydrocarbon Materials. 2,349,834 With Louis Schmerling. Treatment of Hydrocarbons. 2,352,199 With George S. Monroe. Production of Toluene. 2,352,200 With George S. Monroe. Production of Toluene. 2,353,899 With Herman Pines. Isomerization of Paraffin Hydro- carbons. 2,355,219 With Vladimir Haensel. Hydrogenation of Aryl Car- boxylic Acids. 2,356,001 With Herman Pines. Conversion of Hydrocarbons.

136 BIOGRAPHICAL MEMOIRS 2,358,011 With Louis Schmerling. Treatment of Hydrocarbons. 2,361,065 With Louis Schmerling. Alkylation of Aromatic Hydro- carbons. 2,366,126 With Herman Pines. Production of Cycloolefinic Hydro- carbons and Aromatic Hydrocarbons. 1945 2,366,531 2,366,731 2,366,736 2,369,495 2,369,691 2,374,433 2,374,600 2,375,041 2,381,828 2,382,318 2,382,881 2,382,882 2,384,337 2,385,300 2,386,007 2,386,468 2,386,957 2,388,937 2,389,780 2,391,508 2,391,509 With Vladimir Haensel. Dehydrogenation of Hydrocar- bons. With Carl B. Linn. Alkylation of Isoparaffins. With Carl B. Linn. Alkylation of Isoparaffins. With Louis Schmerling. Treatment of Aromatic Hydro- carbons. With Louis Schmerling. Catalyst Manufacture. Production of Butadiene. With Louis Schmerling. Alkylation of Aromatic Hydro- carbons. With Louis Schmerling. Alkylation of Aromatic Hydro- carbons. With Carl B. Linn. Conversion of Hydrocarbons. With Raymond E. Schaad. Alkylation of Benzene. With Herman Pines. Isomerization of Saturated Hydro- carbons. With Herman Pines. Isomerization of Saturated Hydro- carbons. With Herman Pines. Manufacture of Catalysts. With Herman Pines. Conversion of Hydrocarbons. With Louis Schmerling. Production of Aromatic Ke- tones. With Raymond E. Schaad. Process for Isomerizing Nor- mal Butenes to Isobutene. With Vladimir Haensel. Dehydrocyclization of Aliphatic Hydrocarbons. With Louis Schmerling. Treatment of Hydrocarbon Oils. With Vladimir Haensel. Conversion of Ethylene. With Herman Pines. Manufacture of Butadiene. With Herman Pines. Manufacture of Butadiene

VLADIMIR NIKOLAEVICH {PATIEFF 137 1946 2,392,924 With Herman Pines. Production of Isobutane. 2,394,691 With Herman Pines. Destructive Hydrogenation of Poly- cyclic Hydrocarbons. 2,399,224 With Vladimir Haensel. Conversions of Hydrocarbons. 2,399,741 With Herman Pines. Conversion of Dicyclic Dihydro- terpenes to Cyclopentene Hydrocarbons and Pentameth- ylene Hydrocarbons. 2,401,636 With Vladimir Haensel. Process for Reducing the Olefin Content of an Olefinic Distillate. 2,402,051 With Louis Schmerling. Catalysts. 2,402,847 With Louis Schmerling. Alkylation of Aromatics with a Ferrous Chloride Catalyst. 2,403,439 With George S. Monroe. Process for Isomerizing Mono- olefins. 2,404,498 With George S. Monroe. Production of Toluene. 2,404,536 With Louis Schmerling. Alkylation of Hydrocarbons. 2,404,537 With Louis Schmerling. Treatment of Hydrocarbons. 2,404,538 With Louis Schmerling. Manufacture of Arylalkene Hy- drocarbons. 2,404,927 With Louis Schmerling. Manufacture of Isoparaffins. 2,406,630 With Herman Pines. Production of Cycloolefinic Hy- drocarbons and Aromatic Hydrocarbons. 2,406,631 With Herman Pines. Production of Cycloolefinic Hy- drocarbons and Aromatic Hydrocarbons. 2,406,632 With Herman Pines. Production of Cycloolefinic Hy- drocarbons and Aromatic Hydrocarbons. 2,406,639 With Louis Schmerling. Catalytic Reactions. 2,410,445 With Herman Pines. Production of Diolefinic Hydro- carbons by Reaction of an Alcohol with an Acetylenic Hydrocarbon. 2,410,553 With Louis Schmerling. Manufacture of Alkylated Aro- matic Compounds. 2,410,554 With Herman Pines. Production of Aromatic Com- pounds. 2,411,047 With Carl B. Linn. Alkylation of Aromatics. 2,412,012 With Louis Schmerling. Preparation of Aldehydes and Acetals.

138 2,419,142 2,419,690 2,420,749 2,421,936 2,421,946 BIOGRAPHICAL MEMOIRS 1947 2,416,106 With Carl B. Linn. Polymerization of Olefinic Hydro- carbons in the Presence of Boron Fluoride and an Acid Fluoride of a Metal. With Carl B. Linn. Treatment of Alkyl Ketones to Form Condensation Products Thereof. With Herman Pines. Conversion of Hydrocarbons. With Herman Pines. Treatment of Monocyclic Olefinic Hydrocarbons. With Vladimir Haensel. Production of Octenes. With Carl B. Linn. Polymerization of Olefinic Hydro- carbons. 2,422,435 With Herman Pines. Manufacture of Cyclohexene Ox- ides. 2,422,670 With Vladimir Haensel. Selective Demethylation of Paraffinic Hydrocarbons. 2,422,671 With Vladimir Haensel. Process for Lowering the Molecular Weight of Non-Aromatic Hydrocarbons. 2,422,672 With Vladimir Haensel. Selective Demethylation of Tri- methylpentanes to Form Triptane. 2,422,673 With Vladimir Haensel. Treatment of Alkyl Aromatic Hydrocarbons. 2,422,674 With Vladimir Haensel. Selective Demethylation of Saturated Hydrocarbons. 2,422,675 With Vladimir Haensel. Selective Demethylation of Saturated Hydrocarbons. 2,427,791 With Louis Schmerling. Hydrogenation of Halogenated Hydrocarbons. 2,428,279 With Carl B. Linn. Alkylation of Aromatics. 2,430,190 With Louis Schmerling. Alkylation of Phenols. 2,431,754 With Carl B. Linn. Condensation of Alkyl Ketones in Presence of Aqueous Ammonium Halide Solutions. 2,431,756 With Herman Pines. Treatment of Terpenic Hydrocar- bons. 1948 2,434,409 With Carl B. Linn. Process for Purifying a Hydrocarbon Mixture Containing Small Amounts of Organic Fluorine Compounds.

VLADIMIR NIKOLAEVICH IPATIEFF 139 2,435,443 With Herman Pines. Separation of Gem Cyclic Hydro- carbons from Nongem Cyclic Hydrocarbons by Selective Dehydrogenation. 2,438,215 With Louis Schmerling. Treatment of Polyalkyl Aro- matics. 2,439,982 With George S. Monroe. Production of Dehydrated Castor Oil. 2,441,663 With Vladimir Haensel. Process for Purifying Saturated Hydrocarbons Involving Selective Demethylation. 2,442,878 With Louis Schmerling. Manufacture of Alkylated Aro- matic Hydrocarbons. 2,443,732 With Carl B. Linn. Dehydration of Alkyl Ketones. 2,444,509 With Vladimir Haensel. Composition of Matter. 1949 2,465,475 With Herman Pines. Purification of Cyclic Olefinic Ke- tones. 2,476,416 With Herman Pines. Isomerization of Paraffin Hydro- carbons by Contact with Catalyst Comprising Aluminum Chloride and Ferric Chloride. With George S. Monroe. Dehydration of Alcohols. With Herman Pines. Manufacture of Bicycloalkyl Aro- matic Compounds and Hydrocarbons. 2,478,270 2,480,268 1950 2,502,569 With Herman Pines. Manufacture of Alkylcyclopentane Hydrocarbons. 2,514,546 With Herman Pines. Production of Cycloalkylperhy- droindan Hydrocarbons. 2,519,576 With Herman Pines. Production of Arylindans. 2,519,577 With Herman Pines. Production of Arylindan Hydro- carbons. 2,526,895 With Herman Pines. Production of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons. 2,526,896 With Herman Pines. Production of Diaryl Alkanes. 2,526,897 With Herman Pines. Production of Aryl Indans. 1951 2,538,248 With George S. Monroe. Isomerization of Olefins.

140 BIOGRAPHICAL MEMOIRS 2,557,505 With Herman Pines. Production of Diarylalkanes. 2,563,037 With George S. Monroe. Conversion of Aromatic Amines to Aromatic Hydrocarbons. 2,578,207 With Herman Pines. Di-(Alkylphenyl)-Alkenes. 1952 2,584,103 With Herman Pines. Alkylation of Aromatic Hydrocar- bons. 2,586,535 With Herman Pines. Catalytic Hydrogenation of Aro- matic Hydrocarbons in a Stainless Steel Reactor. 2,587,577 With Herman Pines. Production of Arylindanes. 2,622,110 With Herman Pines. Di~cycloalkyl~alkanes. 1953 2,630,460 With Herman Pines. 4-Alkylbiphenyls. 2,631,174 With Herman Pines. Polycyclic Benzene Hydrocarbons. 1954 2,671,114 With Herman Pines. Bis~hydronopyl) Ether. 2,671,120 With Herman Pines and Bruno Kvetinskas. Noncatalytic Isomerization of Aromatic Compounds. 2,694,730 With Herman Pines. Bicyclooctene Derivatives. 1956 2,750,261 With George S. Monroe. Hydrogen. 2,751,406 With Herman Pines. Oxidative Condensation. 2,758,140 With Herman Pines and Bruno Kvetinskas. Noncatalytic Condensation of Aromatic Compounds with Unsaturated Hydrocarbons.

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Biographic Memoirs: Volume 47 contains the biographies of deceased members of the National Academy of Sciences and bibliographies of their published works. Each biographical essay was written by a member of the Academy familiar with the professional career of the deceased. For historical and bibliographical purposes, these volumes are worth returning to time and again.

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