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OCR for page 249
EDWARD C. KE N DALL
March 8, 1886_May 4,1972
BY DWIGHT J. INGLE
. . . ~
EDWARD CALVIN KENDALL isolated thyroxine from the thyroid
gland; he and associates crystallized glutathione and estab-
lished its chemical structure; and he and associates isolated a
series of steroid compounds from the adrenal cortex and con-
tributed importantly to the determination of the structure and
synthesis of several of them. With Philip S. Hench, he con-
ceived the idea that cortisone might be useful in treating
rheumatoid arthritis, and they planned clinical studies that
confirmed the hypothesis. Kendall also initiated and partici-
pated in a number of related studies.
During his professional life he was called "Nick" by close
friends and by his wife. He was referred to as "The Chief" by
some of his laboratory associates, but commonly he was ad-
dressed with deference, as "Doctor Kendall."
Edward C. Kendall, the third child of George S. and Eva F.
Kendall, was born March 8, 1886, at South Norwalk, Connecti-
cut. The home was a citadel for religious teachings. The
father, a dentist by profession, took an active interest in com-
munity affairs. Edward attended the Franklin Elementary
School and, for two years, South Norwalk High School. He
spent a year at Stamford High School preparing for college.
During these years he excelled in mathematics and became
interested in the work of a foundry and a machine shop. In his
249
OCR for page 250
250
BIOGRAPHICAL MEMOIRS
teens, he set up a shop in the attic of his home; there he built
electrical apparatus and did machine work.
At Stamford High School Kendall developed an interest in
chemistry. It was enhanced by his brother-in-law's stories of an
amateur chemist who developed a secret process for making
high-quality writing paper. This much admired brother-in-
law graduated from Columbia University in 1900, and this in-
fluenced Edward to enter there four years later.
Edward concentrated his attention on chemistry and, as a
college senior, he wrote a thesis under the guidance of Professor
H. C. Sherman. During the summer of 1908, he served as a
laboratory instructor in the department of biochemistry. He
was awarded a scholarship for post-graduate work in biochem-
istry and received an M.S. degree in tune 1909.
He then became the first recipient of the Goldschmidt Fel-
lowship and began research on amylase, an enzyme of the pan-
creas. Kendall observed that the amount of reducing sugar
produced by given amounts of amylase varied considerably,
and he identified sodium chloride as the factor causing the vari-
ability; the presence of the salt enhanced the activity of amy-
lase severalfold. His first paper reported this research in the
Journal of the American Chemical Society; Professor Sherman
was co-author. He received the Ph.D. from Columbia in June
1910. (Hereafter, I shall refer to my subject as Dr. Kendall, for
I addressed him thus for forty years.)
In his memoirs, Dr. Kendall tells of departing from the
sheltered, restricted life of his boyhood; but he cites specifically
only that he played cards on Sundays and that he once tested the
consequences of saying "God damn" out loud. As an adult,
he was not overly religious, but he was more puritanical than
many who practice religion loudly. These early years must
have been important in the development of his quiet, scholarly
demeanor and self-discipline. He continued to keep physically
OCR for page 251
EDWARD C. KENDALL
251
fit throughout his adult life. He had participated in high school
sports and, in college, he was a bow oar in a four-man shell.
On September 1, 1910, Dr. Kendall began working in the
chemical laboratory of Parke Davis and Company; his assign-
ment was to isolate the hormone of the thyroid gland. He
stayed five months. He found that punching a time clock was
annoying, and he was disappointed by the intellectual isola-
tion. There were no seminars, and he found himself working,
in competition with another chemist who was assigned the
same problem.
After returning to New Yorl; City, he accepted an invitation
to occupy and equip a new laboratory in St. Luke's Hospital.
In the beginning, he worked without salary but was given
funds for supplies and equipment. Eventually a salary of
$1200 a year was provided, but it was never increased.
Dr. Kendall continued research on the thyroid gland. Near
the end of the nineteenth century, Professor Eugen Baumann,
a physiological chemist at the University of Freiburg, had pre-
pared iodine-containing extracts of thyroid glands that were
useful in treating clinical hypothyroidism. Baumann's partially
purified principle was named iodothyrin. The findings of
Baumann served as a starting, point for Dr. Kendall. By 1913
he had purified the active principle about a hundredfold. The
method of bioassay was to measure changes in the urinary nitro-
gen of dogs. The biologic activity of the partially purified
preparations was also demonstrated in hypothyroid patients.
The research was not appreciated by the clinical staff of the
hospital, whose attitude toward the partial purification of the
iodine-containing compound seems to have been "So what?"
At about tins time the hospital administrator sent Dr. Ken-
dall a box of cereal with a letter directing him to analyze the
contents. The letter and the cereal were thrown summarily into
the wastebasket. Not then or ever would the young chemist
OCR for page 252
252
BIOGRAPHICAL MEMOIRS
take orders of this sort or accept distraction from his own goals.
This and similar incidents formed the basis of his determina-
tion to move to a research-oriented institution.
It was Professor Clarence M. Jackson, soon to become a
great teacher of anatomy at the UniversitY of Minnesota. who
~ ~11 ~~ Ir ~~ ~_11 _ ~ 1 _ ~
cola Or. Kendall ot ctevelopments at the Mayo Clinic and sug-
gested that he apply to Dr. Louis B. Wilson, Director of Labora-
tories, for a position. Dr. Henry S. Plummer, a many-sided
genius, was involved in the treatment of diseases of the thyroid
and in studies of its pathologic physiology. Drs. Will and
Charlie Mayo were interested in diseases of the thyroid. Dr.
Kendall was invited to join the staff of the Mayo Clinic and he
began his research there on February 1, 1914. He was con-
cerned with two projects: first, the isolation of the hormone
of the thyroid gland, and second, the determination of the
amount of the acid-insoluble fraction of thyroid glands re-
moved surgically from patients so these data could be corre-
lated with other clinical and laboratory findings.
Baumann had prepared iodothyrin by boiling thyroid tis-
sue with 10 percent sulfuric acid to hydrolyze the proteins;
Dr. Kendall came to use repeated treatment with hot dilute
sodium and barium hydroxides followed by separation of the
acid-insoluble material. Near the end of 1914, an acid-in-
soluble fraction that contained 47 percent iodine had been
prepared. At this point, ethanol was used as a solvent. On
December 23, a sample was dissolved in a small amount of
ethanol and evaporation started. The young chemist was tired
and fell asleep. When he awakened, the ethanol had evapo-
rated, leaving on the bottom of the beaker a white crust sur-
rounded by a ring of yellow waxy material. When more
ethanol was added, the latter material dissolved but the white
crust did not. When the residue was analyzed the following,
morning, it was found to contain 60 percent iodine. During
the day, more of the crust alas prepared. On Christmas morn-
OCR for page 253
EDWARD C. KENDALL
253
ing, some of the white crust was dissolved in ethanol that con-
tained a small amount of sodium hydroxide. The addition of
a few drops of acetic acid precipitated crystals. This pure com-
pound was later named "thyroxin" and, still later, when it was
found to be an amino acid with an amine group, an "e" was
added to make the name "thyroxine" (The ending "ine" indi-
cates the chemical class to which the compound belongs.) Some
hypothyroid patients were treated with the crystalline hor-
mone; it was fully active in relieving the symptoms of thyroid
deficiency.
A year later, Edward C. Kendall married Rebecca Kennedy
of Buffalo, New York. To Dr. Kendall and "Becky," four chil-
dren were born—Hugh, Roy, Norman, and Elizabeth.
Before coming to the Mayo Clinic, Dr. Kendall had applied
for a position at the Rockefeller Institute and was bluntly
turned down by its director, Dr. Simon Flexner. This rankled
the younger man and, in 1916, he took special satisfaction in
reading a paper, "Isolation ill Crystalline Form of the Iodine-
Containing Compound of the Thyroid Gland," at a session of
the Federation of American Societies for Experimental Biology,
chaired by Dr. Flexner.
Efforts to identify the structure of thyroxine and to synthe-
size the compound extended over the next ten years; they re-
sulted in failure. Dr. Kendall described thyroxine incorrectly
as triiodo-hexahydro-oxindolepropionic acid. In 1926, Dr. C. R.
Harington of University College, London, identified the nu-
cleus of thyroxine as the tetra-iodo derivative of thyronine and
he synthesized thyroxine. At that point, the Mayo Clinic closed
its research on the chemistry of the thyroid hormone.
Dr. Kendall was already an important scientist and was to
accomplish goals more significant than the isolation of thy-
roxine; but he was not then, nor was he to become, a great
chemist. His formal training in chemistry had been brief, and
from the time he had received his Ph.D., he no longer worked
OCR for page 254
254
BIOGRAPHICAL MEMOIRS
with a master. A stubborn man, throughout his life he held
that his intuitive beliefs were valid until the evidence against
them became overwhelming. Other chemists had advised him
over and over that his proposed structural formula for thy-
roxine was incorrect. Usually, when confronted with proof
that a belief was incorrect, he would accept it with good grace;
but undue faith in his own ideas and resistance to the sug-
gestions of others characterized his whole life as a scientist.
Yet, in another sense, these foibles may have been necessary for
his noble aims, his tenacity, and, hence, his great achievements.
As Albert Szent-Gyorgyi said, "Discovery consists of seeing
what everybody has seen, and thinking what nobody has
thought."
The research interests of Dr. Kendall shifted to studying the
specific compounds involved in the effect of thyroxine on oxi-
dation in the body. Attention was focused on cysteine and gluta-
thione. Since the latter compound could not be purchased, the
Mayo group became involved in a program to crystallize it and
prepare it by synthesis. The compound was first isolated, ana-
lyzed, and named by Professor F. Gowland Hopkins of Cam-
bridge Universi ty in 1921. Bernard F. McKenzie and Dr.
Harold L. Mason were collaborators of Dr. Kendall in isolating
glutathione in crystalline form and in identifying it as a tri-
peptide of glutamic acid, cysteine, and glycine. This was ac-
complished independently of the isolation of crystals of gluta-
thione and determination of structure by Professor Hopkins.
The two groups agreed that the compound is glutamyl-cys-
teinyl-glycine. It was first synthesized by Dr. C. R. Harington.
The Section of Biochemistry at the Mayo Clinic was in-
volved in basic research, graduate education, and performing
clinical biochemistry. The last-named function was directed by
Dr. Arnold E. Osterberg, first research associate of Dr. Kendall
at the Mayo Clinic. It was Osterberg who suggested the name
"thyroxin." Although Dr. Kendall participated in graduate
OCR for page 255
EDWARD C. KENDALL
255
education to a small extent—he held the rank of professor since
1921—he would permit few distractions to his research. He was
never to become a sitting scientist; he was almost always at the
bench.
In the fall of 1929, Albert Szent-Gyorgyi, who, throughout his
life made discoveries and stimulated the research of others, be-
came a visiting scientist in Biochemistry at the Mayo Clinic.
Szent-Gyorgyi had isolated small amounts of a substance that he
first named "hexuronic acid." It is widely distributed in plants
and animals and relatively large amounts are in the adrenal cor-
tex. Fresh beef adrenal glands were made available to Dr. Szent-
Gyorgyi, and he isolated substantial amounts of the compound
during the eight months he spent in Dr. Kendall's laboratories.
Hexuronic acid was later identified as vitamin C and given the
name "ascorbic acid."
The initiation of research on adrenal glands in Dr. Ken-
dall's laboratories coincided with the publication of convincing
evidence that an extract of beef adrenal glands would sustain
life in adrenalectomized animals and would reverse the symp-
toms of Addison's disease in human patients. Several investi-
gators claimed to have achieved this during the 1920s, but the
first to publish statistically reliable evidence (1927) for the pro-
longation of life in adrenalectomized animals was Professor
Frank A. Hartman at the University of Buffalo. In 1930, Hart-
man and Katherine A. Brownell at Buffalo and J. J. Pfiffner
and W. W. Swingle at Princeton University prepared extracts
of the adrenal cortex that would sustain adrenalectomized ani-
mals indefinitely, would revive them from a state of adrenal
crisis, and would relieve the symptoms of patients with Addi-
son's disease. The efficacy of the Pfiffner-Swingle extract was
demonstrated on patients with Addison's disease by Dr. Leonard
G. Rowntree of the Mayo Clinic. Dr. Rowntree came to Dr.
Kendall with a plea to prepare adrenal cortical extract. The
challenge was accepted, but Dr. Kendall looked beyond the
OCR for page 256
256
BIOGRAPHICAL MEMOIRS
immediate clinical need toward the isolation and chemical
identification of the hormone of the adrenal cortex.
During the early 1930s, Dr. Giles A. Koelsche, a Fellow in
Biochemistry, carried out an important study of the effects of
thyroxine and of adrenal cortical hormones on nitrogen bal-
ance in dogs. It is generally believed that the hormones of each
gland are catabolic. This is true when they are given in excess,
but Koelsche demonstrated experimental conditions in which
physiological doses of adrenal cortical hormones favor a posi-
tive nitrogen balance and anabolism.
Dr..Joseph L. Svirbely
came to the Mayo Clinic for one year, did sophisticated bio-
logical studies, then returned for several summers. Svirbely
had contributed importantly to the identification of hexuronic
acid as vitamin C during his association with Dr. Szent-Gyorgyi
at Szeged, Hungary.
Dr. Frank C. Mann supported the research of Dr. Kendall
in two important respects. First, he was director of the Insti-
tute of Experimental Medicine of the Mayo Clinic, which car-
ried out all animal experimentation. Dr. Mann performed all
of the adrenalectomies on dogs used by the Kendall group in
bioassay procedures and research. Second, Dr. Mann was a
member of Mayo's Board of Governors for a number of years.
He was one of the effective spokesmen for the Clinic's labora-
~ , ~ - . ~
. . · ~ · , .
tory investigations. He was a great experimental surgeon and
physiologist, and a pathologist of broad interests, who had im-
portant Insights Into the complexities of life and disease. Dr.
Kendall and Dr. Mann were, in unique ways, strong personali-
ties. Each had a warm personal regard for the other, but Dr.
Mann was well aware of Dr. Kendall's foibles as a scientist.
Dr. Kendall's knowledge of physiology was shallow; he did not
appreciate the complexity of cause-and-effect relationships, and
he did not fully appreciate the extent of biological variability.
He was also given to making premature announcements of
laboratory results. All of this exasperated Dr. Mann. On one
OCR for page 257
EDWARD C. KENDALL
257
occasion, a brash young biochemist who came to the Institute
to do research and bioassays on adrenalectomized dogs was
questioned by Dr. Mann about his knowledge of physiology.
The new Fellow replied that, since he was trained in biochem-
istry, he had good basic knowledge of physiological processes.
Dr. Mann replied, "I know more than two hundred biochemists
and not a damn one of them knows any physiology." When the
remark was repeated to Dr. Kendall, he said, "I know more than
two hundred physiologists and not one of them knows any bio-
chemistry."
Some members of the Clinic staff and some members of the
Board of Governors questioned the wisdom of supporting basic
research in the Section of Biochemistry. So long as Drs. Will
and Charlie Mayo ran the clinic, they supported lair. Kendall's
programs. Dr. Charlie especially would come frequently to Dr.
Kendall's laboratory bench to chat and keep in touch with
progress. When the Mayo brothers began to turn over more
and more administrative responsibilities to committees, the re-
search program of Dr. Kendall was in some danger. He had
to appear before the Board each year and resell the program.
These were depression days and the Mayo Clinic did not accept
any outside support for any of its functions. Dr. Kendall could
plead a cause with quiet optimism, always promising early
progress. But there were years in which there was little progress
to report. Dr. Mann was in a position to scuttle Dr. Kendall's
program but did not. He would express misgivings, then sup-
port the continuation of the research. There was no true in-
consistency in this, for Dr. Mann understood better than most
physicians the necessity for basic research, that it is errant, and
that years of effort may go by without discovery.
In 1928, when I was an undergraduate student, a physician
friend gave me a publication containing "before and after"
pictures of a ten-vear-old girl in whom treatment with thy-
roxine at the Mayo Clinic had corrected cretinism within a few
OCR for page 258
258
BIOGRAPHICAL MEMOIRS
months. There was a remarkable spurt in growth. I wrote a
letter to Dr. Kendall. I received a reply to each of my questions
about this patient. In 1932, I heard him speak on thyroxine
at the University of Minnesota School of Medicine. After the
lecture I wrote to him and was again treated with kind con-
sideration. I was told that he note aimed to isolate the hormone
of the adrenal cortex. I was studying the work performance of
adrenalectomized rats: The general technique was to anesthe-
~ze one rat warn sodium phenobarbital, weight the gastrocne-
m~us muscle won ~~u grams, and stimulate it electrically to lift
the weight three times per second. Normal rats could continue
work of the stimulated muscle for more than fourteen days.
When the adrenal glands were removed, the amount of work
accomplished began to fall below that of sham-operated animals
within two hours, and muscular responsiveness was lost within
a day. I had shown that ability to work was lost because of
~ ~ _ _ _ . , 1 1
· 1 · . 1 ~ off
1
circulatory failure and that the state of shock was due to absence
of the adrenal cortex rather than of the adrenal medulla.
When I asked Dr. Kendall for a sample of adrenal cortical
extract, he suggested that I first test lactyl epinephrine. He had
an intuitive guess that since the adrenal glands contain both
lactic acid and epinephrine, the two compounds might be linked
together to form the hormone of the adrenal cortex. He be-
lieved that he had extracted this compound from adrenal
glands, but the evidence was tenuous. A final ether extract
contained lactic acid and gave a positive test for the catechol
grouping. He believed that synthetic lactyl epinephrine was
prepared in his laboratory, again basing chic concl',sion an th`>
finding that an ether-soluble product contained lactic acid and
gave a positive test for the catechol grouping. There was no
proof that lactic acid and epinephrine were chemically bonded.
Dr. Kendall had injected this latter product into dying adrenal-
ectomized dogs and had observed temporary improvement in
some of them; I found the product to have an epinephrine-like
= . ~ _ ~ ~ ~ ~ ., - ^ ~ _
OCR for page 281
EDWARD C. KENDALL
1930
281
Function of the suprarenal gland. Introduction. Proc. Staff Meet.
Mayo Clin., 5: 133-35.
With H. L. Mason and B. F. McKenzie. Crystalline glutathione. l.
Biol. Chem., 87:xli.
A study of glutathione. III. The structure of glutathione. l. Biol.
Chem., 87: 55-79.
With H. L. Mason and B. F. McKenzie. A study of glutathione. IV.
Determination of the structure of glutathione. I. Biol. Chem.,
88:409-23.
1931
With I. E. Holst. The oxidation of cobaltous cysteine. I. Biol.
Chem., 91 :435-74.
Chemical study of active constituents of suprarenal gland. I. Biol.
Chem., 92:1vi; also in Proc. Staff Meet. Mayo Clin., 6:296 (A).
The removal of traces of oxygen from nitrogen; a convenient appa-
ratus for studies in oxidation-reduction potentials. Science, 73:
394-97; also in Proc. Staff Meet. Mayo Clin., 5: 199-200~1930) (A).
The consideration of some of the glands of internal secretion from a
chemical viewpoint. Endocrinology, 15: 357-64.
With J. E. Holst. Oxidation of cobaltous cysteine. Proc. Soc. Exp.
Biol. Med., 28:674-75.
1932
Chemical studies of the suprarenal gland. l. Biol. Chem., 97:iv-v;
also in Proc. Staff Meet. Mayo Clin., 7:135-36 (A).
Studies on experimental suprarenal deficiency. Proc. Staff Meet.
Mayo Clin., 7:595-96.
Further studies on experimental suprarenal deficiency. Proc. Staff
Fleet. Mayo Clin., 7: 664-65.
1933
With B. F. McKenzie. Separation of the active principle essential to
life from the suprarenal gland. Proc. Staff Meet, Mayo Clin., 8:
90-92.
With H. L. Mason, B. F. McKenzie, and C. S. Myers. The physio-
logic action and chemical nature of the active principle in the
suprarenal gland essential to life. J. Biol. Chem., 100: 1ix-lx.
OCR for page 282
282
BIOGRAPHICAL MEMOIRS
Chemical nature of the hormone of the suprarenal cortex essential
to life. Proc. Staff Meet. Mayo Clin., 8:392-95.
1934
With H. L. Mason, B. F. McKenzie, C. S. Myers, and A. G. Koelsche.
The chemical nature and physiologic activity of the hormone of
the suprarenal cortex. l. Biol. Chem., 105:xlv-xlvi.
With H. L. Mason, B. F. McKenzie, C. S. Myers and G. A. Koelsche.
Isolation in crystalline form of the hormone essential to life from
the suprarenal cortex: its chemical nature and physiologic
properties. Trans. Assoc. Am. Physicians, 48: 147-52; also in Proc.
Staff Meet. Mayo Clin., 9:245-49 (A).
1935
Suprarenal cortical hormone. Minn. Med., 18:71-73.
With H. L. Mason, B. F. McKenzie, C. S. Myers, and W. D. Allers.
Recent developments in the investigation of the hormone of the
suprarenal cortex. Proc. Staff Meet. Mayo Clin., 10:245~6.
Vitamins from a chemical viewpoint. Med. Clin. North Am., 19:
447-86.
With G. A. Koelsche. The relation of the suprarenal cortical hor-
mone to nitrogen metabolism in experimental hyperthyroidism.
Am. J. Physiol., 113:335~9.
Adrenal cortex extract. i. Am. Med. Assoc., 105: 1486-89.
Glutathione. In: Cycloped ia of Med icine, ed. by G. M. Piersol.
Philadelphia: F. A. Davis Co.
1936
With R. M. Wilder, A. M. Snell, E. J. Kepler, E. H. Rynearson, and
Mildred Adams. Control of Addison's disease with a diet re-
stricted in potassium: a clinical study. Proc. Staff Meet. Mayo
Clin., 11: 273-83.
With W. D. Allers and H. W. Nilson. Studies on adrenalectomized
dogs: the toxic action of potassium. Proc. Staff Meet. Mayo Clin.,
11 :283-87.
With H. L. Mason and C. S. Myers. Concerning the chemical nature
of the hormones of the adrenal cortex. Proc. Staff iMeet. Mayo
Clin., 11:351-52.
With H. L. Mason, C. S. Myers, and W. D. Allers. A physiologic and
OCR for page 283
EDWARD C. KENDALL
283
chemical investigation of the suprarenal cortex. .T- Biol. Chem.,
114:1vii-lviii.
With i. L. Svirbely. Vitamin C and the adrenal cortical hormone.
Am. J. Physiol., 116: 187-93.
With H. L. Mason and C. S. Myers. The chemistry of crystalline
substances isolated from the suprarenal gland. If- Biol. Chem.,
114:613-31.
With D. i. Ingle. Survival of the adrenalectomized nephrectomized
rat. Am. .T- Physiol., 117: 200-203.
With H. L. Mason and C. S. Myers. Chemical studies of the supra-
renal cortex. II. The identification of a substance which pos-
sesses the qualitative action of cortin: its conversion into a dike-
tone closely related to androstenedione. .T Biol. Chem., 116:
267-76.
1937
With W. D. Alters. Maintenance of adrenalectomized dogs without
cortin through control of the mineral constituents of the diet.
Am. I. Physiol., 118: 87.
With D. J. Ingle and H. W. Nilson. The effect of cortin on the
concentrations of some constituents of the blood of adrenalecto-
mized rats. Am. l. Physiol., 118:302.
With R. M. Wilder, A. M. Snell, E. J. Kepler, E. H. Rynearson, and
Mildred Adams. The intake of potassium, an important con-
sideration in Addison's disease. A metabolic study. Arch. Intern.
Med., 59:367-93.
With H. L. Mason, W. M. Hoehn and B. F. McKenzie. Studies in
the chemistry of the suprarenal cortex. The structure and physio-
logic activity of compound B: its relation to compound A and
Reichstein's corticosterone. Proc. Staff Meet. Mayo Clin., 12:136.
With H. L. Mason, W. M. Hoehn, and B. F. McKenzie. Studies in
the chemistry of the suprarenal cortex. The probable position
of the undetermined atom of oxygen. Proc. Staff Meet. Mayo
Clin., 12:270.
With H. L. Mason, W. M. Hoehn, and B. F. McKenzie. Chemical
studies of the suprarenal cortex. III. The structures of com-
pounds A, B and H. J. Biol. Chem., 120:719.
The chemical constitution and physiologic activity of crystalline
products separated from the suprarenal cortex. Trans. Assoc.
Am. Physicians, 42: 123.
OCR for page 284
284
BIOGRAPHICAL MEMOIRS
A chemical and physiologic investigation of the suprarenal cortex.
Cold Spring Harbor Symposium on Quantitative Biology, 5:299.
With D. J. Ingle. The significance of the adrenals for adaptation to
mineral metabolism. Science, 86: 18.
With D. I- Ingle. Atrophy of the adrenal cortex of the rat produced
by the administration of large amounts of cortin. Science, 86:
245.
1938
Metabolic processes influenced by certain ductless glands. Proc. Staff
Meet. Mayo Clin., 13:379; also in Endocrinology, 24:798-805.
The influence of cortin, insulin and glucose on the metabolism of
potassium. Proc. Staff Meet. Mayo Clin., 13:519.
With H. L. Mason and W. M. Hoehn. Chemical studies of the supra-
renal cortex. IV. Structures of compounds C, D, E, F and G. i.
Biol. Chant., 124:459.
With E. V. Flock, ]. L. Bollman, and F. C. Mann. The effect of the
intravenous injection of glucose and other substances on the
concentration of potassium in the serum of the dog. J. Biol.
Chem., 125:57.
With E. V. Flock, J. L. Bollman, and F. C. Mann. The influence of
cortin and sodium chloride on carbohydrate and mineral me-
tabolism in adrenalectomized dogs. l. Biol. Chem., 126:679.
With D. l. Ingle. \Veights of adrenal glands in rats fed different
amounts of sodium and potassium. Am. i. Physiol., 122:585.
With D. l. Ingle and G. W. Higgins. Atrophy of the adrenal cortex
in the rat produced by administration of large amounts of cortin.
Anatomical Record, 71:363-72.
1 939
Influence of some of the ductless glands on metabolic processes.
Endocrinology, 24:798.
Report of the International Congress of Physiologists at Zurich. Proc.
Staff Meet. Mayo Clin., 14:78.
1940
Glutathione. In: Cyclopedia of Medicine, p. 791. Philadelphia: F. A.
Davis Co.
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EDWARD C. KENDALL
285
With B. B. Wells. A qualitative difference in the effect of com-
pounds separated from the adrenal cortex on distribution of
electrolytes and on atrophy of the adrenal and thymus glands of
rats. Proc. Staff Meet. Mayo Clin., 15: 133-39.
The function of the adrenal cortex. Proc. Staff Meet. Mayo Clin.,
15:207-304.
With B. B. Wells. The influence of corticosterone and C~7-hydroxy-
dehydrocorticosterone (compound E) on somatic growth. Proc.
Staff Meet. Mayo Clin., 15: 324-28.
The influence of the adrenal and thyroid on gluconeogenesis in
phlorhizin diabetes. Proc. Staff Meet. Mayo Clin., 15:493-96.
With B. B. Wells. The influence of the adrenal cortex in phlorhizin
diabetes. Proc. Staff Meet. Mayo Clin., 15: 565-73.
With D. l. Ingle. Influence of amorphous fraction from adrenal
cortex on efficiency of muscle. Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med., 45:
602-6.
Some observations of the physiologic activity of the thyroid. Trans-
actions of the American Association for the Study of Goiter, pp.
265-71.
1941
With B. B. Wells. The influence of the hormones of the adrenal
cortex on ketonuria in rats treated with phlorhizing. Proc. Staff
Meet. Mayo Clin., 16: 113-16.
Hormones. Annual Review of Biochemistry, 10: 285-336.
The function of the adrenal cortex. J. Am. Med. Assoc., 116:3294-98.
The adrenal cortex. Archives of Pathology, 32:464-501.
With F. H. Stodola. Studies on steroid ,8-ketols. I. The partial syn-
thesis of 16-keto-sterone acetate. I. Org. Chem., 6: 837~40.
With F. H. Stodola and B. F. McKenzie. Studies on steroid p-ketols.
II. A new partial synthesis of 5-androstene-3,16,17-triol: an
intermediate in the preparation of 16-hydroxytestosterone.
Org. Chem., 6:841-44.
1942
With W. J. Eversole and Robert Gaunt. The effect of adrenal
steroids in water intoxication. Am. l. Physiol., 1 3~: 378.
Hormones of the adrenal cortex. Endocrinology, 30:853.
OCR for page 286
286
BIOGRAPHICAL MEMOIRS
With Robert Gaunt and W. I. Eversole. Influence of some steroid
hormones on lactation in adrenalectomized rats. Endocrinology,
31 :84-88.
With Frank H. Stodola. Studies on steroid ,8-ketols. III. A partial
synthesis of 3,17-diacetoxy-5-androstene-16-one. I. Org. Chem.,
7:336.
With R. M. Reinecke. Method of bioassay of hormones of the
adrenal cortex which influence deposition of glycogen in the
liver. Endocrinology, 31 :573.
1943
With R. M. Reinecke. A comparison of the influence of some crystal-
line hormones of the adrenal cortex on the deposition of glycogen
in the liver. Endocrinology, 32:505-8.
With R. D. Williams. Influence of thiamine on induced hyperthy-
roidism. Arch. Intern. Med., 72: 185-95.
1944
With F. R. Heilman. The influence of 11-dehydro-17-hydroxycorti-
costerone (compound E) on the growth of a malignant tumor in
the mouse. Endocrinology, 34:416-20.
1946
With B. F. McKenzie and W. F. McGuckin. Steroids derived from
bile acids. I. The preparation of 3~-hydroxy-~ 11-choleric acid
from desoxycholic acid. .t Biol. Chem., 162:555-63.
With L. L. Engel, V. R. Mattox, B. F. McKenzie, and W. F. Mc-
Guckin. Steroids derived from bile acids. II. 3~-hydroxy-11,
12-dibromo-cholenic acid and related compounds. l. Biol. Chem.,
162:565-70.
With R. B. Turner, V. R. Mattox, L. L. Engel, and B. F. McKenzie.
Steroids derived from bile acid. III. Derivatives of ~9 -choleric
acid with substituents at C3 and Cat. J. Biol. Chem., 162:571-84.
With V. R. Mattox, R. B. Turner, L. L. Engel, B. F. McKenzie, and
W. F. McGuckin. Steroids derived from bile acids. IV. 3,9-Epoxy-
~-cholenic acid and closely related compounds. J. Biol. Chem.,
164:569-86.
With R. B. Turner, V. R. Mattox, L. L. Engel, and B. F. McKenzie.
OCR for page 287
EDWARD C. KENDALL
287
Steroids derived from bile acids. V. Introduction of oxygen at
Car, . J. Biol. Chem., 166: 345-65.
1947
Steroids derived from bile acids. IV. 3,9-Epoxy-~-cholenic acid, as
an intermediate in the partial synthesis of dehydrocorticosterone.
Recent Progress in Hormone Research, 1:65-81.
1948
With V. R. Mattox. The preparation of 3-keto-~4-steroids. l. Am.
Chem. Sac., 70:882-83.
With B. F. McKenzie, V. R. Mattox, and L. L. Engel. Steroids de-
rived from bile acids. VI. An improved synthesis of methyl
3,9-epoxy-~-cholenate from desoxycholic acid. I. Biol. Chem.,
173:271-81.
\\lith V. R. Mattox, R. B. Turner, B. F. McKenzie, and L. L.
Engel. Steroids derived from bile acids. VII. The probable
stereochemical configuration of some derivatives of the bile
acids. .l Biol. Chem., 173: 283-94.
With B. F. McKenzie and V. R. Mattox. Steroids derived from bile
acids. VIII. Catalytic hydrogenation of methyl 3~-hydroxy-12-
keto-~9 ~~-cholenate and related compounds. J. Biol. Chem.,
175:248-63.
With V. R. Mattox and B. F. McKenzie. Hemibydrohalides of 3(cz)-
hydroxy steroids. l. Am. Chem. Soc., 70:2662.
The influence of the adrenal cortex on the metabolism of water and
electrolytes. Vitamins and Hormones, 6: 277-327.
1949
The effect of a hormone of the adrenal cortex (17-hydroxy-11-dehy-
drocorticosterone: compound E) and of pituitary adreno-cortico-
tropin hormone arthritis: preliminary report. Proc. Staff Meet.
Mayo Clin., 24: 181-97.
With P. S. Hench, C. H. Slocumb, A. R. Barnes, H. I,. Smith, and
H. F. Polley. The effects of the adrenal cortical hormone 17-
hydroxy-l l-dehydrocorticosterone (compound E) on the acute
phase of rheumatic fever: preliminary report. Proc. Staff Meet.
Mayo Clin., 24:277-97.
OCR for page 288
288
BIOGRAPHICAL MEMOIRS
Some observations on the hormone of the adrenal cortex designated
compound E. Proc. Staff Meet. Mayo Clin., 24:298-301.
The chemistry and partial synthesis of adrenal steroids. In: The
Adrenal Cortex. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences,
50: 540~7.
With P. S. Hench, C. H. Slocumb, and H. F. Polley. Effects of en-
docrine secretions: the effect of cortisone and of ACTH on rheu-
matoid arthritis and acute rheumatic fever. Seventh Interna-
tional Congress on Rheumatic Diseases, May 31, 1949. Reprinted
from Rheumatic Diseases.
1950
Studies related to the adrenal cortex. Fed. Proc., 9:501-5.
With R. G. Sprague, M. H. Power, H. L. Mason, A. Albert, D. R.
lMathieson, P. S. Hench, C. H. Slocumb, and H. F. Polley. Ob-
servations on the physiologic effects of cortisone and ACTH in
man. Arch. Intern. Med., 85:199-258.
With P. S. Hench, C. H. Slocumb, and H. F. Polley. Effects of corti-
sone acetate and pituitary ACTH on rheumatoid arthritis, rheu-
matic fever and certain other conditions. Arch. Intern. Med.,
85: 545-666.
Cortisone. Chemical and Engineering News, 28:2074-77.
With V. R. Mattox. The mechanism of elimination of hydrogen
bromide from a-bromo keto-steroids through formation of hydra-
zones. l. Am. Chem. Soc., 72:2290.
With C. H. Slocumb, H. F. Polley, and P. S. Hench. Effects of corti-
sone and ACTH on patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Proc.
Staff Meet. Mayo Clin., 25:476.
With V. R. Mattox. Steroids derived from bile acids. IX. Diphenyl-
carbinol and diphenylethylene derivatives. i. Biol. Chem., 185:
589-92.
With V. R. Mattox. Steroids derived from bile acids. X. Preparation
of bromo derivatives of some 3-keto steroids. J. Biol. Chem., 185:
593-99.
With V. R. Mattox. Steroids derived from bile acids. XI. Prepara-
tion of 3-keto-~4-steroids. l. Biol. Chem., 185: 601-14.
Cortisone. Annals of Internal Medicine, 33:787-96; also in Neue
Medizinische Welt, No. 35/36, pp. 1-19.
With P. S. Hench, C. H. Slocumb, and F. H. Polley. Effects of corti-
OCR for page 289
EDWARD C. KENDALL
289
sone and pituitary adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) on
rheumatic diseases. I. Am. Med. Assoc., 144: 1327-35.
The story of cortisone. Hospital Management.
With P. S. Hench, C. H. Slocumb, and H. F. Polley. The anti-rheu-
matic effects of cortisone and pituitary ACTH. Transactions and
Studies of the College of Physicians of Philadelphia, 18 (4 ser.~:
95-102.
1951
With V. R. Mattox. Steroids derived from bile acids. XII. Adrenal
cortical hormones: introduction of a double bond. i. Biol. Chem.,
188:287-97.
Cortisone. Quarterly of Phi Beta Pi, 47:187-98.
With G. M. Higgins and Kathryn A. Woods. Some observations on
the physiologic activity of 6-dehydrocortisone (diene). Endocri-
nology, 48: 175-88.
The development of cortisone as a therapeutic agent. Antibiotics
and Chemotherapy, 1: 7-15.
With G. A. Fleisher. Preparation and absorption spectra of steroids
with 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazone groups at C-20 and C-21. l. Org.
Chem., 16: 556-72.
With G. A. Fleisher. Steroids with a glyoxal side chain at C-17 and
related compounds. J. Org. Chem., 16: 573-85.
The development of cortisone and hydrocortisone as therapeutic
agents. American Academy of Orthopedic Surgeons: Instructional
Course Lectures, vol. 8, pp. 60-67.
The development of cortisone as a therapeutic agent. (Nobel
lecture, Dec. 11, 1950) Stockholm: Kungl. Bokthyckeriet P. A.
Norstedt and Soner.
Alfred Nobel: the man and his prizes. Proc. Staff Meet. Mayo Clin.,
26:417-37.
The adrenal cortex and rheumatoid arthritis. British Medical iour-
nal, pp. 1295-99.
1952
Title F. B. Colton, W. R. Nes, D. VanDorp, H. L. Mason, and A. {.
L.aVine. Steroids derived from bile acids. XIII. Introduction of
the 17-hydroxyl group in the partial synthesis of cortisone. I.
Biol. Chem., 194:235-45.
OCR for page 290
290
BIOGRAPHICAL MEMOIRS
With F. B. Colton. Steroids derived from bile acids. XIV. Halogen
and other derivatives of a -pregnant. i. Biol. Chem., 194:
247-60.
With V. R. Mattox, G. Woroch, and G. A. Fleisher. Steroids derived
from bile acids. XVI. Preparation of 6-dehydrocortisone. i. Biol.
Chem., 197:261-70.
With W. F. NIcGuckin. Steroids derived from bile acids. XVII.
Dehydrobromination of 3-keto-4-bromosteroids with 2,4-dini-
trophenylhydrazine. i. Am. Chem. Soc., 74:3951.
Hormones of the adrenal cortex in clinical medicine. (Cameron Prize
Lecture) Edinburgh Medical journal, 59:1.
With W. F. McGuskin. Steroids derived from bile acids. XVIII.
Introduction of the 4,5-double-bond of cortisone. I. Am. Chem.
Soc., 74:5811.
With R. B. Turner, V. R. Mattox and W. F. McGuckin. Steroids de-
rived from bile acids. XIX. Barbier-Wieland degradation of the
11-keto series. i. Am. Chem. Soc., 74:5814.
With V. R. Mattox, R. B. Turner, W. F. McGuckin, and E. I. H.
Chu. Steroids derived from bile acids. XX. Degradation of 3a!,
9~-epoxy-11-ketonorcholanic acid to A, 9,`-epoxy-11-ketoetio-
cholanic acid. I. Am. Chem. Soc., 74:5818.
Acceptance of Kober Medal for 1952. 'Trans. Assoc. Am. Physicians,
65:52.
1953
Hormones of the adrenal cortex in health and disease. Proceedings
of the American Philosophical Society, 97:8-11.
Hormones of the adrenal cortex. Bulletin of the New York Academy
of Medicine, 29:91-99.
1960
With Zolton G. Hajos. Tetrahydro-3,4-furandione. I. Preparation
and properties. I. Am. Chem. Soc., 82:3219.
With Zolton G. Hajos. Tetrahydro-3,4-furandione. I. Dioxolane and
dioxane derivatives. J. Am. Chem. Soc., 82:3220.
OCR for page 291
Representative terms from entire chapter:
adrenal cortical
