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EUGENE LINDSAY OPIE
July 5, 1873-March 12, 1971
BY ESMOND R. LONG
EUGENE LINDSAY OPIE, pathologist, distinguished for pioneer
and basic studies in many fields of medicine, died in his
ninety-eighth year after more than seventy years of research
and service in his chosen held. As a medical student at The
Johns Hopkins University in the 1890s, he made an important
discovery that alone would have made him eminent; namely the
close relation of abnormality of the islands or Langerhans of the
pancreas to diabetes mellitus. This relationship was his prin-
cipal subject of investigation for ten more years. He later went
on to studies that had wide influence in malaria, tuberculosis,
the fundamentals of immunology, the general principles of in-
flammation, medical education and leukemia and cancer. In
the late years of his life—his last research paper was published
in 1970—he was concerned with factors maintaining the proper
water balance in animal tissues. He was almost blind at that
time, but retained an astonishing memory of factors that might
apply, and a keen sense of touch that gave him knowledge of
what he could not see. In the last weeks of his life, marred as
they were by blindness and serious loss of hearing, he continued
to listen with pleasure to technical discussions by his visitors,
even when he had passed the point of understanding them.
Impressive as these details are, they still provide but an
incomplete list of Opie's services to human health and welfare.
293
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294
BIOGRAPHICAL MEMOIRS
He held many important administrative positions, which he
filled with faithful devotion to detail. He served his country,
not only through his influence in teaching and research, but
actually in the military activities of two wars—the Spanish-
American War and World War I.
The Spanish-American War merits more than passing in-
terest because Opie's role in it was indicative of his character
and receptive mind. In 1898, with William G. MacCallum, an
associate at the Johns Hopkins Medical School who also became
a distinguished pathologist, he volunteered for medical service.
Opie and MacCallum accompanied seriously ill and wounded
patients from military institutions in the South to hospitals for
continued care in the North. Typhoid fever and malaria were
rampant in these camps, and the two young Hopkins interns
learned much that they used later in understanding the ravages
of these diseases.
This is an appropriate place to mention another pioneer
investigation in which Opie and MacCallum were engaged as
medical students. The eminent pathologist William H. Welch
had turned Opie's attention to diabetes. Another Hopkins
luminary, internist William Sidney Thayer, drew both men
into important studies of lasting value on malaria. In correlated
but independent researches, Opie and MacCallum worked out,
in meticulous detail, the life cycles of the hematozoon parasite
of bird malaria in the sparrows and blackbirds of Baltimore
and—in MacCallum's case—in Ontario, Canada. These studies,
despite the youth of the investigators, were never considered
immature. At the end of their lives, the reports were still con-
sidered among the authors' best.
Opie was born in Staunton, Virginia, on July 5, 1873. His
parents were native Virginians of distinguished ancestry. His
father was a surgeon who became one of the founders of the
College of Physicians and Surgeons of Maryland (later the
Medical College of the University of Maryland). Son Eugene,
OCR for page 295
EUGENE LINDSAY OPIE
295
who had determined even in childhood to become a physician,
matriculated in the school of which his father was dean shortly
after he had been graduated with the A.B. degree from The
Johns Hopkins University, in 1893. After a year at the medical
school of the University of Maryland—already steeped in Johns
Hopkins traditions—Opie decided to return to the new medical
school at that university. He joined the first class to graduate,
completing the medical course in 1897. The unusually active
part he took in medical research in his student days is indicated
above.
Opie was never robust, nor given to strenuous exercise. An
anecdote of his Hopkins school days is worth telling. A con-
temporary at Hopkins, Lawrason Brown, who became one of
America's most noted phthisiologists, took Opie in hand to en-
sure a pleasanter life for him in the midst of a grinding cur-
riculum. Brown was husky and strong and a leader in sports;
Opie was seemingly frail and left out. Brown made the older
and bigger boys include Opie in their groups and give him a
chance in baseball and other sports. Ironically, after leading
immensely useful lives, Brown died of advanced pulmonary
tuberculosis at sixty-six, but Opie lived on despite the many
infirmities of old age until ninety-seven.
Opie remained at Hopkins for seven years after his gradua-
tion in medicine, as fellow, assistant, and instructor in bac-
teriology under the department head, the celebrated William
H. Welch, who had started the younger man on his way to
eminence. During the Hopkins years, Opie made a thorough
study of lesions of the pancreas. This led, first, to a new outlook
on diabetes and eventually to an understanding of the role of
the pancreas in furnishing an internally secreted hormone regu-
lating carbohydrate metabolism in the body. Other investiga-
tions brought out the effect of gallstones impacted at the point
of union of the bile and pancreatic ducts—diverting bile to
the pancreas and causing the grave lesion hemorrhagic pan-
OCR for page 296
296
BIOGRAPHICAL MEMOIRS
creatitis. This study integrated gross and microscopic study,
and produced successful experiments reproducing the disease
in animals. These investigations were formative in developing
the lasting skill of Opie as an experimental pathologist.
In 1904 Opie developed a relationship that lasted all his
life, with the newly created Rockefeller Institute for Medical
Research (now the Rockefeller University). The Rockefeller
Institute was then largely dependent for its leaders on the
Johns Hopkins Medical School. The Rockefeller Institute and
the Henry Phipps Institute in Philadelphia, as Opie later
wrote, ensured the privilege of pursuing research under condi-
tions that permitted the results of one study to suggest the next,
year after year, with few unwelcome interruptions. One of the
most favorable influences at the Rockefeller Institute was daily
close association with a score of dedicated investigators who
helped make up the backbone of America's early laboratory
medical research. Opie's Rockefeller years, from 1904 to 1910,
were marked by illuminating studies on proteolytic enzymes
and their relation to immunological processes.
One of the principal printed sources on Opie's life and work
in his forty most active years of research and teaching was his
own article, "Peripatetic Education of a Pathologist" (in
Med ical Clinics of North A merica, July 1957, pp. 935-952~.
Opie always regretted that he did not have a chance to study
under the great German leaders in pathology in his formative
years, whose printed works he read assiduously. He did travel
frequently in later years, and made personal contact with these
men and their successors, but he never profited, as he had
wished, by their elementary instruction. In his early years, Opie
was himself already a leader in the mainstream of medical re-
search and teaching and too much in demand in the developing
medical schools in his own country to take the necessary time
off.
In 1910 he accepted appointment as professor of pathology
at the School of Medicine at Washington University in St.
OCR for page 297
EUGENE LINDSAY OPIE
297
Louis, then being reorganized in the light of a now famous
report by Abraham Flexner. This report, on medical education
in America, was based on a survey by Flexner, sponsored by the
Carnegie Foundation for the Advancement of Teaching. One
of its first effects was the selection of a few medical schools, not
very well off at the time, for development as superior institu-
tions for medical teaching and research. These schools were to
be developed along the lines followed by the great schools of
continental Europe and The Johns Hopkins University in the
United States. Pathology was one of the most basic of several
fundamental sciences of medicine, and was accorded a high
place in the proposed revolution in medical schools. Opie was
a promising candidate for a role in the forthcoming develop-
ment of a superior department of pathology. In "Peripatetic
Education of a Pathologist," he noted a widespread tendency
of medical schools to choose pathologists as deans. The medical
school of Washington University proved no exception, and
Opie soon found himself in that responsible, but not altogether
desirable, position. He had been in the top rank as a full mem-
ber of the Rockefeller Institute; now he found himself a full
professor of pathology in an institution favored for expansion,
and its dean as well. The development plan called for integra-
tion of the medical school with a hospital—in this case the Barnes
Hospital in a medical center for the promotion of realistic
clinical teaching.
Opie was instrumental in effecting this union; at the same
time, he turned out a wealth of research on many topics. In this
period, ne Developed hits influential program of studies on
tuberculosis, noting the immunologic relations of primary in-
fection in childhood to the character of the well-known chronic
tuberculosis, or phthisis, in adults. A series of publications,
commencing in 1914 and never totally dropped, crystallized his
concepts. In simplified form, these held that the pulmonary
tuberculosis of adult type is not the continuation of tubercu-
losis of childhood, but rather a new exogenous infection ac-
· ~ . . . . ..
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298
BIOGRAPHICAL MEMOIRS
quired in adolescence or adult life—a view that contrasted
sharply with that held by many other noted students of the
disease. A corollary of Opie's thesis was that the first infection
modified the anatomical character of the tuberculosis acquired
from contact in later life. Additional studies in the immu-
nologicai field, particularly on enzymes, leukocytic and other
phagocytic cells, and antigens and antibodies, related immu-
nological sequences to the pathology of inflammation. These
studies were continued on a wider scale at the Henry Phipps
Institute in subsequent years.
During Opie's tenure at Washington University (1910-
1923), he served as a medical corps officer in World War I, in
grades from captain to colonel in the Hospital Unit formed at
Washington University and in special commissions for the study
of infectious disease in the Army. Out of his military experi-
ence came important studies on pneumonia, influenza, trench
fever, and tuberculosis.
In 1923 Opie left Washington University to accept appoint-
ment as professor of pathology, director of the department of
pathology, and director of the laboratories of the Henry Phipps
Institute at the University of Pennsylvania. His initial program
of research there is best described in his own words taken from
"The Peripatetic Education of a Pathologist":
"At the Rockefeller Institute I had studied the enzymes
concerned with tubercle formation and observed the beneficial
effect of injected leukocytes upon the course of experimental
tuberculous pleurisy. In the pathological laboratory of Washing-
ton University and during my service in the Army I had come
to realize how accurately the lesions of tuberculosis are defined
by X-ray films of the affected organs after their removal at
autopsy.... At the Henry Phipps Institute of the University
of Pennsylvania opportunity was offered to continue, under
very favorable conditions, study of the spread of tuberculosis
and to obtain insight into the pathogenesis and transmission of
the disease observed in patients and their families. It was pos-
OCR for page 299
EUGENE LINDSAY OPIE
299
sible to organize the outpatient department of the Institute so
that its routine operation by clinical staff, X-ray department,
visiting nurses and laboratory gave accurate and continuous
information about the spread of the disease through several
generations in whole families, white and colored, living in the
district around the institute.... The revealing chest films and
ingenious procedures introduced by Maurice McPhedran, my
associate in these studies, had an important part in establishing
the value of X-ray diagnosis. The frequent occurrence of recog-
nizable pulmonary lesions unaccompanied by symptoms became
evident for the first time, and the emergence of active disease
from those latent, that is asymptomatic lesions, was repeatedly
observed.... These studies were guided by parallel investiga-
tion of the pathological anatomy, immunology and pathogenesis
of the disease.... The relative importance of heredity, nutri-
tion and transmission of infection was actively discussed. Studies
at the Phipps Institute emphasized the dominant importance
of the latter. Transmission of the disease by intimate family
contact to both children and adults was clearly shown and
marital transmission definitely established. Tuberculosis was
found to occur in large part as long-drawn-out family or house-
hold epidemics in which it was transmitted from one generation
to the next."
Opie's studies in Philadelphia were by no means limited to
the clinical and visiting nurse services at the Phipps Institute
itself. By arrangement with the Philadelphia school system,
he carried out careful surveys of similar character on thousands
of schoolchildren. At the University of Pennsylvania, he con-
ducted investigations of the same character in medical students,
whose work with patients in the autopsy room, and at the
Philadelphia General Hospital, inevitably involved far more
than average exposure to tuberculosis.
But this was not enough to satisfy Opie in his examination
of every facet of his developing concepts. The relative suscepti-
hility of the white and colored races was always an important
OCR for page 300
300
BIOGRAPHICAL MEMOIRS
consideration. He and his Phipps staff collaborated with the
International Health Division of the Rockefeller Foundation
in a study of the dissemination, transmission and character of
tuberculosis in the predominantly black population of Jamaica.
For ten years Opie visited the island every year. He found the
disease more rapidly progressive in the black population of
Jamaica than in either the whites or blacks of Philadelphia.
This was particularly true among previously rural families who
had moved from the less crowded countryside of Jamaica to
the massive contagion of the towns and cities.
In all of Opie's studies, the tuberculin test as an indication
of the onset of infection was invaluable. The starting dates
of childhood infection, in particular, could be determined pre-
cisely, and by family X-ray examination the source of the new
infection could generally be identified promptly, and protective
measures instituted immediately.
Long after he left the Phipps Institute, Opie continued with
this pattern of study on tuberculosis. In 1939, while on leave of
absence from his position at Cornell University (see p. 301), he
served as visiting professor of pathology at the Peiping Union
Medical College. There he compared the anatomical character
of first infection and superinfection in Chinese adults. The
crowded urban and less crowded rural environments gave him
an unrivalled opportunity to pursue his studies. In effect, these
confirmed his previous views on the contagion of the disease.
His paper in collaboration with McPhedran on "The Con-
tagion of Tuberculosis" in 1926 had already set forth in detail
many of the factors concerned in exposure and infection, in-
cluding their quantitative and time relations, first infection as
compared with reinfection and such considerations as age, sex,
and race. There was still controversy regarding the two con-
trasting theories of the origin of the common ulcerative pul-
monary tuberculosis of adults, i.e., the long-held concept of
exogenous spread from old and latent childhood infections and
OCR for page 301
EUGENE LINDSAY OPIE
301
Opie's concept of new, heavy and continuous infection from
another person. In the lone, run, the latter has prevailed in
public health practice.
Concurrently with his studies of tuberculosis at the Phipps
Institute, Opie engaged in two other lines of highly productive
research: investigations of the phenomena of immunity and
leukemia. The work of Opie and his associate at the Institute,
Jacob Furth, cleared up many of the mysteries of the phe-
nomenon of anaphylaxis and the allied Arthus phenomenon.
With other associates—Stuart Mudd, Joseph Hughes and Daly
~ ~ . . . . . . .
Vend—ne related Immunological [actors to surface proper-
ties of bacteria and mammalian cells, determined the role of
dead tubercle bacilli as an immunizing factor in promoting
phagocytosis, and described the fixation of inflammatory ir-
ritants at the site of inflammation. Opie's studies in these
several fields, carried out in the 1 920s, remain of practical
working value today.
During Opie's tenure at the Phipps Institute, a generous
anonymous donor provided substantial funds for an experi-
mental study of leukemia in animals. A program of laboratory
investigation outlined by Opie was assigned to his associate,
Jacob Furth. Larvae laboratory space was provided, where pro-
ductive studies related the leukemias in special strains of labora-
tory mice and chickens to heredity and the action of viruses.
Opie continued these studies on a larger scale when he left the
Phipps Institute in 1931 to assume the position of professor of
pathology at the medical college of Cornell University and
pathologist of the New York Hospital. The financial Grant that
~ ~ ~ . ~ ~ . A, .. . . ..
nick Seen provided In rn~aue~pn~a was transferred to Cornell,
and Furth's studies with Opie were expanded on a large scale
to include isolation in relatively pure form of leukemia virus
and various factors in the induction of leukemia.
Opie's ten years at Cornell (1931-1941) were marked by
notable contributions to the principles of medical education.
OCR for page 302
302
BIOGRAPHICAL MEMOIRS
Not that this was a new field for him; he had, as noted before,
taken an influential part in the modernization of medical
teaching as professor and dean at Washington University. At
Cornell he was intimately associated with the development of
the College of Medicine and the New York Hospital as a
medical center, and was indeed an important member of the
hospital's Medical Board. One of his biographers, John Kidd,
testified to the value of Opie's immense erudition, wisdom, rich
experience, long perspective, and uncommon good sense in
solving the multiple problems met by the Board. During this
period influential immunological studies were also conducted,
particularly with Jules Freund, on sensitization and antibody
formation, tuberculosis in a variety of aspects, leukemia, and
inflammation. Opie's work was not so much a return to these
studies as a continuation of researches that had never been
dropped.
In 1941, at the statutory retirement age of sixty-eight, Opie
left the New York Hospital-Cornell Medical Center to move a
few hundred yards away and continue research as "guest investi-
gator" at the Rockefeller University, where he had been one
of the original staff, thirty-seven years earlier. Retirement was
a technicality. He was indeed relieved of administrative duties
and the multiple harassments and demands on his time that are
inevitable in an academic position of daily responsibilities. He
could not stop scientific research, however. It had been a part
of his life since boyhood and Opie regarded it as enjoyment
rather than a series of tasks to be completed. In his own words,
"It is a fortunate circumstance that most of those who follow
academic careers derive so much satisfaction from the doing of
their work that they are unwilling to give it up." He could also
reflect quietly on the changing outlook on old age. He recalled,
with his gentle and ever present sense of humor, a time when
he quizzed a medical student on the time of life when a certain
abnormality was likely to occur. "In the later period of life,"
the student replied, "between forty and fifty years of age."
OCR for page 311
EUGENE LINDSAY OPIE
1917
311
Progressive muscular ossification (progressive ossifying myositis); a
progressive anomaly of osteogenesis. i. Med. Res., 36:267-75.
With Nathaniel Allison. Hypertrophic chondrodystrophy in infancy
and adolescence; a progressive anomaly of osteogenesis. l. Med.
Res., 36:277-94.
The focal pulmonary tuberculosis of children and adults. .T. Exp.
Med., 25: 855-76.
The relation of apical tuberculosis of adults to the focal tuberculosis
of children. l. Exp. Med., 26:263-77.
1919
With Allen W. Freeman, Francis G. Blake, lames C. Small, and
Thomas M. Rivers. Pneumonia at Camp Funston. Report to
the Surgeon-General. l. Am. Med. Assoc., 72:108-16.
With others. Trench Fever, ed. by Richard P. Strong. Report of
Commission of Medical Research Committee of American Red
Cross. London: Oxford University Press. 446 pp.
With Allen W. Freeman, Francis G. Blake, fames C. Small, and
Thomas M. Rivers. Pneumonia following influenza (at Camp
Pike, Ark.~. l. Am. Med. Assoc., 72:556-65.
1920
With Hans Andersen. First infection with tuberculosis by way of
the lungs. Am. Rev. Tuberc., 4: 629-39.
First infection with tuberculosis by way of the intestinal tract. Am.
Rev. Tuberc., 4:641-48.
1921
The effect of smoke on health. In: Proceedings of the Smoke Preven-
tion Association, Fifteenth Annual Convention, St. Louis, pp.
16-19.
1922
Epidemic Respiratory Disease. St. Louis: C:. V. Mosby Co. 402 pp.
Phthisiogenesis and latent tuberculous infection. Am. Rev. Tuberc.,
6: 525-46.
Intracellular digestion; the enzymes and anti-enzymes concerned.
Physiological Reviews, 2:552-85.
OCR for page 312
312
BIOGRAPHICAL MEMOIRS
1923
The relation of antigen to antibody (precipitin) in vitro. J. Im-
munol., 8: 19-34.
The relation of antigen to antibody (precipitin) in the circulating
blood. J. Immunol., 8:~-74.
1924
Inflammatory reaction of the immune animal to antigen (Arthus
phenomenon) and its relation to antibodies. l. Immunol., 9:
231-45.
Desensitization to local action of antigen (Arthus phenomenon). l.
Immunol., 9:247-53.
Acute inflammation caused by antibody in an animal previously
treated with antigen; the relation of antigen to antibody in the
Arthus phenomenon. I. Immunol., 9:255-57.
Pathogenesis of the specific inflammatory reaction of immunized
animals (Arthus phenomenon); the relation of focal "sensitiza-
tion" to immunity. l. Immunol., 9:259-68.
The fate of antigen (protein) in an animal immunized against it.
J. Exp. Med., 39:659-75.
Widespread tuberculous infection of healthy individuals and its
significance. Bulletin of the New York Tuberculosis Association,
b:1-7.
Pathological evidence of first infection in association with active
pulmonary tuberculosis. Am. Rev. Tuberc., 10: 249-64.
Active and latent tuberculosis in the Negro race. Am. Rev. Tuberc.,
10:265-74.
1925
Antibodies and resistance in tuberculosis.
Assoc., 21st Annual Meeting, pp. 362-71.
Specific inflammatory reactions accompanying
(London), pp. 1-7.
Pathologic physiology of liver in relation to
fection. J. Am. Med. Assoc., 85:1533-37.
Trans. Natl. Tuberc.
immunity. Tubercle
intoxication and in-
1926
With F. Maurice McPhedran. The contagion of tuberculosis. Am.
Rev. Tuberc., 14: 347-418.
OCR for page 313
EUGENE LINDSAY OPIE
313
With i. Furth. Anaphylactic shock caused by antibody in animals
sensitized by antigen reversed passive anaphylaxis. J. Exp.
Med., 43:469-82.
With F. Maurice McPhedran. Spread of tuberculosis within families.
I. Am. Med. Assoc., 87: 1549-51.
1927
Infection with tuberculosis in children and in adults, and the re-
lation of one to the other. (Mary Scott Newbold Lecture)
Transactions of the College of Physicians of Philadelphia, pp.
1-24.
With J. D. Aronson. Tubercle bacilli in latent tuberculous lesions
and in lung tissue without tuberculous lesions. Arch. Pathol.
Lab. Med., 4: 1-21.
With Joseph D. Aronson. Human and bovine tubercle bacilli in
latent tuberculous lesions. Trans. Natl. Tuberc. Assoc., 23d
Annual Meeting, pp. 265-67.
Tuberculosis of lungs and bronchial lymph nodes. l. Am. Med.
Assoc., 89:1293-96.
Latent tuberculosis in children. Am. Rev. Tuberc., 16:468-78.
Pathology of the tuberculosis of childhood and its bearing on clinical
work. British Medical journal (Dec. 17), pp. 1-15.
1928
Experimental study of the leucemias and lymphomata. Medicine,
7:31-63.
The pathologic anatomy of influenza, based chiefly on American
and British sources. Arch. Pathol. Lab. Med., 5:285-303.
Finding tuberculosis for the good of the public health. American
journal of Roentgenology and Radium Therapy, 19:284-86.
1929
Epidemiology and control of tuberculosis. (Address of the President)
Am. Rev. Tuberc., 20: 141~9.
With H. R. M. Landis, F. Maurice McPhedran, and H. W. Hether-
ington. Tuberculosis in public-school children. Am. Rev.
Tuberc., 20:413-20.
With H. W. Hetherington, F. Maurice McPhedran, and H. R. M.
Landis. A survey to determine the prevalence of tuberculous
infection in school children. Am. Rev. Tuberc., 20:421-510.
OCR for page 314
314
BIOGRAPHICAL MEMOIRS
Inflammation and immunity. I- Immunol., 17:329-42.
1930
The pathogenesis and transmission of tuberculosis. (Harvey Lec-
tures, 1928-1929) Am. J. Med. Sci., 179: 104-19.
With E. i. Isaacs. Tuberculosis in Jamaica. Am. .T- Hyg., 12:1-61.
The significance of advanced tuberculous infection of school chil-
dren. i. Am. iMed. Assoc., 95: 1151-58.
The epidemiology of tuberculosis of Negroes. Am. Rev. Tube~rc.,
22:603-12.
Anatomical characteristics of tuberculosis in Jamaica. Am. Rev.
Tuberc., 22:613-25.
1931
With H. W. Hetherington, F. Maurice McPhedran, and H. R. M.
Landis. Tuberculosis in medical and college students. Arch.
Intern. Med., 48: 734-63.
With H. W. Hetherington, F. Maurice McPhedran, and H. R. M.
Landis. Tuberculosis in medical students. Transactions of the
Association of American Physicians, 46:237-41.
1932
The epidemiology of tuberculosis in relation to the pathological
anatomy and pathogenesis of the disease. Libman Anniversary
Volumes, 3:901-15. New York: International Press.
Cellular reactions of tuberculosis and their relation to immunity
and sensitization. Arch. Pathol., 14:706-21.
With F. Maurice McPhedran. Exogenous tuberculous infection of
adults; marital tuberculosis. Arch. Intern. Med., 50:945-51.
1933
Recognition and control of tuberculosis of childhood. American
Journal of Public Health, 23:305-15.
With F. Maurice McPhedran. Clinical significance of latent pul-
monary tuberculosis. Arch. Intern. Med., 52:137-46.
OCR for page 315
EUGENE LINDSAY OPIE
1934
315
With H. W. Hetherington, F. M. McPhedran, and H. R. M. Landis.
A further study of tuberculosis in public-school children. Am.
Rev. Tuberc., 29: 142-68.
1935
With H. W. Hetherington, F. M. McPhedran, and H. R. M. Landis.
Further study of tuberculosis among medical and other univer-
sity students; occurrence and development of lesions during the
medical course. Arch. Intern. Med., 55:709-34.
With F. M. McPhedran. The organization of an out-patient tuber-
culosis clinic for epidemiological investigation. Am. J. Hyg.,
22:539-64.
With F. M. McPhedran. The spread of tuberculosis in families.
Am. J. Hyg., 22:565-643.
With F. M. McPhedran and Persis Putnam. The fate of persons
in contact with tuberculosis; the exogenous infection of children
and adults. Am. J. Hyg., 22:644-82.
Present concepts of tuberculous infection and disease; their prin-
ciples and application. Am. Rev. Tuberc., 32:617-30.
William Henry Welch. I. Tech. Methods, 14:v-viii.
1936
-
With F. M. McPhedran. The spread of tuberculosis in Negro
families. Am. J. Hyg., 23:493-514.
With F. M. McPhedran and Persis Putnam. The fate of Negro per-
sons in contact with tuberculosis. Am. l. Hyg., 23:515-29.
With F. M. McPhedran and Persis Putnam. The relative frequency
of clinically manifest tuberculosis, open tuberculosis, asympto-
matic lesions and deaths in white and Negro persons. Am. T.
Hyg., 23:530-38.
The significance of allergy in disease. Medicine, 15:489-509.
1937
With Jules Freund. An experimental study of protective inocula-
tion with heat killed tubercle bacilli. I. Exp. Med., 66:761-88.
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316
BIOGRAPHICAL MEMOIRS
1938
With Jules Freund. Sensitization and antibody formation with in-
creased resistance to tuberculous infection induced by heat killed
tubercle bacilli. l. Exp. Med., 68:273-98.
1939
With E. W. Flahiff and H. H. Smith. Protective inoculation against
human tuberculosis with heat killed tubercle bacilli. Am. J.
Hyg., 29: 155-64.
Tuberculosis of first infection and of reinfection; their frequency
in Chinese people of Peking. Chin. Med. J., 56: 197-215.
Tuberculosis of first infection in adults from rural districts of
China. Chin. Med. l., 56:216-44.
The biology of the tubercle bacillus. Peking Natural History
Bulletin (1939-1940), 14:1-3.
1941
With E. Joyce Saward and Persis Putnam. The spread of tubercu-
losis in Negro families of Jamaica, B. W. I. Am. J. Hyg. Monogr.
Ser.no.16,pp.1-53.
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With Samuel H. Picks. Proteolytic digestion of red and white
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1943
The experimental production of leukemia and its significance in
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With Eyup H. Canat. Inflammation in embryonic life. II. Infection
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1944
The influence of diet on the production of tumors of the liver by
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The pathogenesis of tumors of the liver produced by butter yellow.
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Normal structure and degenerative changes of the cytoplasm of
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Cytochondria of normal cells, of tumor cells, and of cells with
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1948
An osmotic system within the cytoplasm of cells. l. Exp. Med.,
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The movement of water in tissues removed from the body and its
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The movement of water in tumor tissues removed from the body.
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1950
The effect of injury by toxic agents upon osmotic pressure main-
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With Mary B. Rothbard. Osmotic homeostasis maintained by mam-
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Osmotic activity of liver cells and melting point of liver. J. Exp.
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1955
Pathogenesis, cellular pathology and the nomenclature of disease
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Changes in the osmotic activity of liver and of kidney tissue caused
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Changes caused by injurious agents in the permeability of surviving
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1957
The peripatetic education of a pathologist. In: The Medical Clinics
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1958
Osmotic pressure of liver cells. In: Symposium on Liver Function,
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1959
Isotonicity of liver and of kidney tissue in solutions of electrolytes.
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1960
The relation of urea to the movement of water in liver tissue.
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1961
The relation of oxygen supply to water movement and to urea for-
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The effect of varied oxygen supply and of food intake on water
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1962
On the relation of necrosis and inflammation to denaturation of
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1963
On the relation of inflammation to the chemical constitution of
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1964
Inflammation in serous cavities. Arch. Pathol., 78:1-10.
1965
The relation of inflammation to the molecular structure of carbon
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1966
The normal and pathological movement of water in tissues and its
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Relation of visual illusions to memory Diseases of the Nervous
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The theory of retrojection of bile into the pancreas. Review of
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Adoption of standards of the best medical schools of Western
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Representative terms from entire chapter:
lindsay opie
