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MELVILLE LAWRENCE WOLFROM
April 2,1900-June 20,1969
BY DEREK HORTON AND W. Z. HASSID
MELVILLE WOLFROM was born in Bellevue, Ohio, on April 2,
1900. He was the youngest of nine children in the family
of Frederick Wolfrom and Maria Louisa (Sutter) Wolfrom.
Originally, Melville's father's name was Friedrich Wolfrum,
but some time before his marriage he anglicized it to Frederick
Wolfrom. Melville's grandfather, Johann Lorenz Wolfrum,
brought his family to America from the Sudeten German border
town of Asch (now in Czechoslovakia) in 1854 and settled in a
log cabin near Weaver's Corners, Sherman Township, Huron
County, Ohio.
Friedrich Wolfrum attended the county schools and worked
from an early age to help support the family. For many years
he was in the dry goods business in a store in nearby Bellevue,
Ohio, and later worked as secretary-treasurer of a local tele-
phone company that was the forerunner of the Ohio Northern
Telephone Company. He died when Melville was only seven
years old; as a result, from an early age Melville was instilled
with the need for self-reliance. When still quite young, he
worked on odd jobs, especially during the summers. His mother
had a great respect for cultural pursuits, such as music and
good literature, and stimulated in him an interest in serious
reading. Melville was brought up in a very strict orthodox
Lutheran tradition; and, although in later years he did not
487
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488
BIOGRAPHICAL MEMOIRS
adhere to this strict religious background, he consistently ad-
vocated some type of formal religious training for his children
during their formative years.
During his early teens, Melville became involved in a small
manufacturing business maintained in the family home. His
three oldest brothers bought the patent on a type of horse
harness snap that was used successfully by several fire depart-
ments. After school each day, on Saturdays and holidays, and
throughout the summer vacations, Melville worked on the pro-
duction of these harness snaps and was paid ten to fifteen cents
an hour for his labor. During this time, he often tried to im-
prove the devices and, as a result of this experience, determined
to become a college graduate engineer with a view to a career
in manufacturing.
Melville attended Bellevue High School and graduated
second in the class of 1917. Stimulating teachers helped him
develop an early interest in nature study, fine arts, mathematics,
and German. His first encounter with science was in high
school, where he learned physical geography and botany from
a Mr. S. A. Kurtz. Later, he was much influenced by Mr. W. A.
Hammond, with whom he studied chemistry and, later, physics.
Hammond's influence was primarily responsible for Melville's
decision to become a chemist, or, more specifically, a chemical
engineer; the more "practical" aspect of the latter field was
appealing as a result of his earlier experience in the workshop.
Being without family financial support, Melville was un-
able to enter college upon graduation from high school. In-
stead, he obtained a position with the National Carbon Com-
pany, a firm manufacturing wet and dry batteries in the nearby
town of Fremont. There, in the works laboratory, he tested the
quality of the daily products. Within six months he was placed,
at the age of seventeen, in charge of the laboratory, with about
six persons under him. Here he conducted his first research
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MELVILLE LAWRENCE WOLFROM 489
project, an evaluation of the physical properties of carbon dry-
cell electrodes as a function of the conditions used in baking
the electrodes. During the winter, he took an evening course
in qualitative inorganic analysis, given at the plant. Early the
following summer, he resigned his post to go to Cleveland, with
the idea of entering Western Reserve University in the autumn
and earning his board by waiting on tables. He worked during
the summer at a boarding house and also at a variety of jobs in
factories and laboratories in Cleveland that were busy at that
time with war production. That autumn, the government estab-
lished the Students' Army Training Corps, and Melville entered
the naval unit at Western Reserve. The prescribed course of
study included physics, but no chemistry. The courses were un-
inspiring, much disorganization resulted from the influenza
epidemic, and he disliked the barracks life and the snobbish
fraternity system of the school. When the armistice came in
November 1918, he returned home to Bellevue feeling frus-
trated.
After working for a brief period as an advertising representa-
tive for a trade paper, in the autumn of 1919 he entered
Washington Square College of New York University. The col-
lege unit was new and was not functioning well; no chemistry
was offered. Again, he gave up his studies and returned to
Bellevue, where he felt regarded as a disgrace and misfit.
The following year he worked at odd jobs, as a laborer and
then as a bookkeeper. Finally, in the autumn of 1920 he entered
The Ohio State University in Columbus and embarked on a
course in chemical engineering, an endeavor that at last held his
attention and interest and that he enjoyed greatly. For his
board, he worked at boarding houses, restaurants, and cafe-
terias—as waiter, counter man, and dishwasher; he preferred the
last kind of work. In general, he always preferred working with
material things rather than with people; this preference was
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490
B I O G R A P H I C A L M E M O I R S
evident throughout his life, although he had an unexpectedly
perceptive insight into the character of those people he got to
know.
Young Wolfrom's first encounter with the chemistry of
carbohydrates came at the end of his sophomore year, when
Professor C. W. Foulk recommended him for a post as student
research assistant to Professor William Lloyd Evans of the De-
partment of Chemistry. The stipend was $250 per year, and
Wolfrom put in all of his extra time on the work. During his
junior year, he carried out quantitative oxidations of maltose
with permanganate at various temperatures and concentrations
of alkali. In his senior year, he attempted unsuccessfully to
synthesize amino acid esters of glycerol. None of this work was
published, but it was a good introduction to chemical research.
Professor Evans, a student of J. U. Nef's, was very research-
minded and inspirational. Wolfrom continued his work with
Professor Evans and received the A.B. degree (cum laude) in
1924. The influence of Professor Evans and the other inspira-
tional teachers of his undergraduate days was to endure through-
out his career; the broad interdisciplinary approach that he took
to research and the insistence upon careful observation, clear
expression, and historical accuracy can all be traced to the early
roots of his undergraduate training.
During every summer of his college career, Wolfrom worked
at Gypsum, Ohio, with his high school chemistry teacher, W. A.
Hammond, who was plant chemist for that installation of the
United States Gypsum Company. Melville's well-to-do uncle,
Frank A. Knapp, impressed by his nephew's progress, offered
to loan him the funds to complete his college work, but Mel-
ville's mother sternly forbade him
_~___ _ , 1 1 . r. . ~ ~
to take advantage of this
oIrer, as 1l ala not nt into ner scheme of Spartan training for
him.
Following graduation from The Ohio State University, Wol-
from moved to Northwestern University, in Evanston, Illinois, to
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MELVILLE LAWRENCE WOLFROM 491
carry out his graduate work under Professor W. Lee Lewis, a
student of Nef's. He began research immediately and worked
on it night and day, completing the M.Sc. degree in 1925 and
the Ph.D. in 1927. His problem was to provide experimental
evidence for the enediol theory advanced by Wohl and Neuberg
to explain the Lobry de Bruyn-Alberda van Ekenstein inter-
conversion of sugars in alkaline media. He observed that
2,3,4,6-tetra-0-methyl-D-glucose could be equilibrated with the
D-manno epimer in aqueous alkali and that there was no loss of
the 2-0-methyl group and no formation of keto sugars. The
result pointed to an enediol intermediate common to the two
methylated sugars and showed that the mechanism of enol for-
mation was not one of selective hydration and dehydration, as
had been suggested by Nef, but rather was consistent with a
simple keto-enol tautomerism. This work, published with
Lewis in 1928, was the first in what was to become Wolfrom's
remarkably prolific output of research Caners on the sugars ex-
tending over more than four decades and numbering more
than five hundred individual reports. He had a phenomenal
memory for detail from his early work; forty years after his
paper with Lewis was published, he could still describe it in
1 1
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492
BIOGRAPHICAL MEMOIRS
sity, where she met her future husband. Throughout their
married life, she continued to be involved in music teaching and
in musical activities in the community and was ever a sympa-
thetic and stimulating helpmate to her husband.
After receiving his Ph.D. degree from Northwestern,
Wolfrom was awarded a National Research Council Fellowship
that enabled him to undertake a period of postdoctoral study
with some of the leading investigators in his field of interest.
First, he went to study with Claude S. Hudson, then at the
National Bureau of Standards, in Washington, D.C., and the
undisputed leader on the American scene in research on carbo-
hydrates. Hudson, a student of Van' t Hoff's, had a strong
background in physical chemistry; and his individualistic phi-
losophy of research impressed Wolfrom greatly: his continuity
of purpose, his exacting standards in experimental work, and
his conservatism in theorizing until a thorough basis of facts had
been recorded. All of these attributes, together with Hudson's
concise and lucid style of writing, were to serve as models to
Wolfrom throughout his career. It is doubtful that two such
strong personalities could have long coexisted in the same in-
stitution, but Wolfrom ever after regarded Hudson as an inspir-
ing teacher and colleague, to whom he owed a great deal.
Years later, they were to be closely associated in editorial and
nomenclatural work, and they much enjoyed each other's com-
pany.
After a few months in Washington, Wolfrom moved in
September 1927 to New York City in order to work in the
laboratory of P. A. Levene at the Rockefeller Institute for
Medical Research. Levene, the outstanding master on the
North American continent in the young discipline of biochem-
istry, was an ardent genius with a remarkable capacity for hard
work and an urbane and cosmopolitan personality; he had a
warm interest in all of those who worked with him. In his
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MELVILLE LAWRENCE WOLFROM 493
contact with Levene, Wolfrom was able to assimilate at first
hand some of the valuable aspects of the European traditions
in science that Levene was able to convey to his co-workers at
the Rockefeller Institute, and he was simultaneously exposed
to the enormous challenge to the structural chemist offered by
the seemingly hopeless slimes and mucins that were components
of animal tissues. Levene had realized that more needed to be
known about the structures of the simple sugars, especially the
linkage positions in the disaccharides and the ring size in cyclic
monosaccharide derivatives, before he could ever hope to
achieve his goal of structural elucidation in the nucleic acids.
Wolfrom worked with him on these aspects, and, within a few
months, a paper resulted on the Wohl degradation of cello-
biose and its use in determining interglycosidic linkage-position.
In quick succession thereafter were published two more papers
on the ring structures of methyl D-lyxosides. In the summer of
1928 Wolfrom returned to The Ohio State University to finish
up his two-year fellowship.
There he worked independently
on the synthesis of stable derivatives of the acyclic forms of
the sugars, as such acyclic intermediates had been so often
proposed as transient species in reactions of the sugars. By re-
moving the thioacetal groups from the pentaacetate of D-glucose
diethyl dithioacetal, he was able to obtain and characterize the
acetate of the free aldehyde form of D-glucose; similar work in
the D-galactose series followed later.
In the autumn of 1929, Wolfrom was appointed Instructor
in Chemistry at The Ohio State University and one year later
was raised to the rank of Assistant Professor. He remained on
the faculty of the Department of Chemistry at Ohio State for
the whole of his career, becoming Associate Professor in 1936
and Professor in 1940. In 1939 he was awarded a fellowship
by the John Simon Guggenheim Memorial Foundation; and,
in February of that year, he traveled to Switzerland to work in
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BIOGRAPHICAL MEMOIRS
the laboratory of Professor P. Karrer of the University of
Zurich but returned to the United States at the outbreak of
hostilities in Western Europe.
With the aid of the successive generations of students who
came to carry out their graduate research under his direction,
Professor Wolfrom was able to launch a wide-ranging program
of research, with problems of structure and reactivity in the
carbohydrate field constituting the principal theme. The pro-
cedures used for obtaining acetylated aldehydo-D-glucose were
systematically extended through the sugar series, and new types
of aldose derivatives containing substituents on the hydrated
carbonyl gTOUp were obtained; these showed the predictable
behavior in being isolable in two isomeric forms, epimeric at
C-1. The new well-established fact that acyclic structures can
exist as reactive sugar-intermediates, sometimes having con-
siderable stability, rests largely on his pioneering work. His
first Ph.D. student, Alva Thompson, showed that the acetylated
· · r ~ .
~ · ~ ~
oxime of D-glucose undergoes conversion from a cyclic to an
acyclic form during the Wohl degradation, and for this work
Thompson received the Ph.D. degree in 1931.
Professor Wolfrom often appeared rather formidable and
awesome to the new graduate student, even though he was
physically only of medium height and build. He expected of
his colleagues the standards of work that he set for himself. It
was often difficult for lesser people to live up to his standards.
His own experimental research was always done with precision,
and he was proud to show that the samples he had prepared
~ ~ or · I' I' ~ I.
n~mse~r In one tn~rt~es were unctecomposect several decades later
and that their purity was unimpeachable, even by the chroma-
tographic techniques later developed.
He expected that all
melting points and optical rotations recorded by his students
should be as authoritative as his own experimental values.
Not every student or colleague who came into contact with
Wolfrom could accept his uncompromising standards. Professor
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MELVILLE LAWRENCE WOLFROM 495
Wolfrom chose to expend his energies in those areas where
the problems could be clearly defi-necl; and, once he had decided
what was the right course, he held steadfast to that position,
regardless of outside pressures. He tended to avoid becoming
involved in situations where negotiations and compromises had
to be made, or where the issues could not be stated in precise
terms.
A hard taskmaster, Wolfrom earned the greater respect of
many of his students after they had completed their work with
him. Despite his rather retiring and diffident manner toward
groups of people not known to him, and despite the apparent
gruffness and terseness that so often characterized his day-to-day
contacts with his co-workers, he actually took a deep interest
in the welfare of every colleague and student who had a genuine
interest in, and aptitude for, science. He went to considerable
lengths to help each of his students become established in a
suitable post after graduation and kept in touch with a sur-
prisingly large proportion of them long after their departure.
He had a deep insight into human personality and found-it
intriguing to delve into the background and motivations of each
of the persons with whom he worked. This interest is reflected
in the number of biographical memoirs that he chose to write,
especially of his early mentors; these were done with char-
acteristic thoroughness and show his perceptive qualities in
understanding human nature.
Although he never regarded lightly any of the work he
undertook, Wolfrom had a very strong sense of humor, not
always recognized by those who did not know him well. He
had an endless store of anecdotes concerning the personalities of
science, based on his own contacts with other scientists and on
his wide reading of the history of science; the humor of his dry
remarks would once in a while be betrayed by a fleeting smile.
This side of his personality was most in evidence when he was
with small groups of people he knew well and with small classes
-
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BIOGRAPHICAL MEMOIRS
of advanced students who were perceptive enough to appreciate
the subtleties of his comments.
His approach to teaching was always based on a solid, his-
torical foundation that traced the development of science
through the major milestones of factual knowledge, rather than
through rationalizations and correlations that involved extrapo-
. . ~ . . . ~ .
at~on ot existing Information.
At the graduate level, where he supervised almost a hundred
Ph.D. students and numerous M.S. candidates, Professor
Wolfrom made his major educational contribution. With these
students he was able to pursue research on several broad fronts
in the field of the carbohydrates. (A list of Wolfrom's published
articles and the participating co-workers is given at the end of
this memoir.) In the early days, most of the research students
were employed as part-time teaching assistants in chemistry at
Ohio State. Later, and especially after World War II, outside
funding through grants and contracts from government and
industry became available, and Wolfrom was able to expand
his research program further. The research group was enriched
by a regular succession of postdoctoral associates who came from
other institutions for one or two years of experience in Professor
Wolfrom's laboratory. The group became very cosmopolitan,
always containing members from Europe and Asia, and
Wolfrom particularly appreciated the new ideas and techniques
brought in by these colleagues who had received their doctoral
training in other laboratories.
Throughout his career, Wolfrom's early theme of research
on the acyclic forms of the sugars continued; in fact, one of his
posthumous articles is a book chapter on the subject. Extending
the route developed for aldehydo-D-glucose pentaacetate, he
devised general methods for obtaining crystalline acetates of
those sugars in which the carboyl group, aldehydic or ketonic,
was present in the free form, uncombined with any hydroxyl
group of the sugar chain; and the general chemistry of the
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542
BIOGRAPHICAL MEMOIRS
"Osage Orange Pigments. XVI. The Structure of Alvaxanthone,"
ilk. L. Wolfrom, F. Komitsky, fir., and P. M. Mundell, T. Org.
Chem., 30., 1088-1091.
"Isomerization of Tetra-O-acetyl- 1 -deoxy-D-arabino-hex- 1 -enopyra-
nose," R. U. Lemieux, D. R. Lineback, M. L. Wolfrom, F. B.
Moody, E. G. Wallace, and F. Komitsky, Jr., J. Org. Chem., 30',
1092-1096.
"Halogen and Nucleoside Derivatives of Acyclic 2-Amino-2-deoxy-D-
glucose. II," M. L. Wolfrom, H. G. Garg, and D. Horton, I. Org.
Chem., 30' 1096-1098.
"Nucleosides of D-Glucuronic Acid and of D-Glucofuranose and D-
Galactofuranose," M. L. ~Nolfrom and P. McWain, [. Org.
Chem., 30' 1099-1101.
"Synthesis of D-lyxo-Hexulose (D-Tagatose ) and 1-Deoxy-D-lyxo-hexu-
lose," M. L. Wolfrom and R. B. Bennett, T. Org. Chem., 30',
1284-1287.
"2,6-Diamino-2,6-dideoxy-D-mannose Dihydrochloride," M. L. Wol-
from, P. Chakravarty, and D. Horton, Chem. Commun., 143.
"Extrusion Column Chromatography on Cellulose," M. L. Wol-
from, D. H. Busch, Rosa M. de Lederkremer, Sharon C. Vergez,
and l. R. Vercellotti, 7. Chromatogr., 18' 42-46.
"The Anomeric 9-~2-Amino-2-deoxy-D-glucopyranosyl~adenines,
M. L. Wolfrom, H. G. Garg, and D. Horton, 7. Org. Chem., 30
1556-1560.
"Products from the Ortho Ester Form of Acetylated Maltose," M. L.
Wolfrom and Rosa M. de Lederkremer, .1. Org. Chem., 30', 1560-
1563.
"Two Forms of 2-0-~2-Acetamido-3,4,6-tri-O-acetyl-2-deoxy-,8-
D-glucopyranosyl)-1,3-O-benzylideneglycerol," W. A. Szarek, M. L.
Wolfrom, and H. Tomomatsu, Chem. Common., 326-32~7.
"Amino Derivatives of Starches. 2,6-Diamino-2,6-dideoxy-D-mannose
Dihydrochloride," M. L. Wolfrom, P. Chakravarty, and D. Hor-
ton, [. Org. Chem., 30', 2728-2731.
"Acyclic Sugar Nucleoside Analogs. III," M. L. Wolfrom, W. van
Bebenburg, R. Pagnucco, and P. Unchain, I. Org. Chem., 30'
2732-2735.
"Ethyl 3,4,6-Tri-O-acetyl-2-amino-2-deoxy- 1 -thio-~-D-glucopyrano-
side," M. L. Wolfrom, W. A. Cramp, and D. Horton, ]. Org.
Chem., 30., 3056-3058.
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i~ELVILLE LAWRENCE WOLFROM 543
"Benzylsulfonyl as N-Blocking Group in Amino Sugar Nucleoside
Synthesis," M. L. Wolfrom and R. Wurmb, J. Org. Chem., 30,
3058-3061.
"Osage Orange Pigments. XVII. 1,3,6,7-Tetrahydroxyxanthone from
the Heartwood," M. L. Wolfrom and H. B. Bhat, Phytochemis-
try, 4, 765-768.
"Synthesis of Diamino Sugars from 1,2-Diamino-1,2-dideoxyalditols.
4,5-Diacetamido-4,5-dideoxy-~-xylose," M. L. Wolfrom, l. L.
Minor, and W. A. Szarek, Carbohyd. Res., 1, 156-163.
"Amino Derivatives of Starches. Derivatives of 3,6-Diamino-3,6-di-
deoxy-D-altrose," M. L. Wolfrom, Yen-Lung Hung, and Derek
Horton, J. Org. Chem., 30, 3394-3400.
"Isomaltose Synthesis Utilizing 2-Sulfonate Derivatives of D-Glu-
cose," M. L. Wolfrom, K. Igarashi, and K. Koizumi, [. Org.
Chem., 30, 3841-3844.
"Chemical Evidence for the Structure of Starch," M. L. Wolfrom
and H. E1 Khadem, in "Starch: Chemistry and Technology. Vol.
I. Fundamental Aspects," R. L. Whistler and E. F. Paschall, Eds.,
Academic Press, Inc., New York, pp. 251-278.
"Carbohydrates of the Coffee Bean. IV. An Arabinogalactan," M. L.
Wolfrom and D. L. Patin, 7. Org. Chem., 30, 4060-4063.
Advances in Carbohydrate Chemistry, Vol. 20, edited by M. L.
Wolfrom and R. S. Tipson, Academic Press, Inc., New York.
"Stereoisomere Formen des Athyl-hemiacetals van ald ehyd o-D-
Galaktosepentaacetat," M. L. Wolfrom and William H. Decker,
Liebigs Ann. Chem., 690, 163-165.
Methods in Carbohydrate Chemistry, Vol. V, "General Polysac-
charides," Roy L. Whistler, Ed., 1 chapter by M. L. Wolfrom
and N. E. Franks, Academic Press, New York, pp. 276-279.
1966
"A Chemical Synthesis of Panose," M. L. Wolfrom and K. Koizumi,
Chem. Commun., 2.
"Trifluoroacetyl as [V-Blocking Group in Amino-sugar Nucleoside
Synthesis," M. L. Wolfrom and H. B. Bhat, Chem. Commun.,
146.
"2-Amino-2-deoxy-D-xylose and 2-Amino-2-deoxy-D-ribose and Their
1-Thioglycofuranosides," M. L. Wolfrom and M. W. Winkley,
J. Org. Chem., 31, 1169-1173.
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O44
BIOGRAPHICAL MEMOIRS
"Configuration of the Glycosidic Linkage of 2-Amino-2-deoxy-wglu-
copyranose to D-Glucuronic Acid in Heparin," M. L. Wolfrom, H.
Tomomatsu, and W. A. Szarek, I. Org. Chem., 31' 1173-1178.
"Quantitative Thin-layer Chromatography of Sugars on Micro-
crystalline Cellulose," M. L. Wolfrom, Rosa M. de Lederkremer,
and Gerhart Schwab, I. Chromatogr., 22', 474-476.
"Starch Acetals. O-Tetrahydropyran-2-yl and O-(l-Alkoxyethyl) De-
rivatives of Starch," M. L. Wolfrom, S. S. Bhattacharjee, and
G. G. Parekh, Die Starke, 18,131-135.
"Amino Derivatives of Starches. Sulfonation Studies on Methyl 3,6-
Anhydro-~-D-glucopyranoside and Related Derivatives," M. L.
Wolfrom, Yen-Lung Hung, P. Chakravarty, G. U. Yuen, and
D. Horton, ]. Org. Chem., 3192227-2232.
"Amino Derivatives of Starches. 2-Amino-3,6-anhydro-2-deoxy-D-
mannose," M. L. Wolfrom, P. Chakravarty, and D. Horton, I.
Org. Chem., 31, 2502-2504.
"Two-Dimensional Thin-layer Chromatography of Amino Acids on
Microcrystalline Cellulose," D. Horton, A. Tanimura, and M. L.
Wolfrom, ]. Chromatogr., 23, 309-312.
"Anomeric Nucleosides of the Furanose Forms of 2-Amino-2-deoxy-
D-glucose and 2-Amino-2-deoxy-D-ribose," hi. L. Wolfrom and
M. W. Winkley, Chem. Common., 533-534.
"Alkaline Hypochlorite Oxidation of Methyl ,0-Cellol~ioside," M. L.
Wolfrom and Rosa PI. de Lederkremer, Carbohyd. Res., 2', 426-
438.
"Synthesis of a D-Glucofuranosyl Nucleoside Derivative Through an
Oxazoline," M. L. Wolfrom and M. W. Winkley, J. Org. Chem.,
31' 3711-3713.
Advances in Carbohydrate Chemistry, Vol. 21, edited by M. L. Wol-
from and R. S. Tipson, Academic Press, Inc., New York.
1967
"Bis~phenoxy~phosphinyl as N-Blocking Group in Amino Sugar
Nucleoside Synthesis," M. L. Wolfrom, P. J. Conigliaro, and
E. ]. Soltes, I. Org. Chem., 32, 653-655.
"A Chemical Synthesis of Panose and an Isomeric Trisaccharide,"
M. L. Wolfrom and K. Koizumi, J. Org. Chem., 32' 656-660.
"On Sulphate Placement in Heparin," M. L. Wolfrom and P. Y.
Wang, Chem. Commun., 241.
"Osage Orange Pigments. XVIII. Synthesis of Osaj axanthone,
,,
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MELVILLE LAWRENCE WOLFROM 545
M. L. Wolfrom, E. W. Koos, and H. B. Bhat, 7. Org. Chem., 32,
1058-1060.
"Carbohydrate Nomenclature," M. L. Wolfrom, 7. Chem. Doc., 7,
78-81.
"Substituted Arylazoethylenes from Aldose Arylhydrazones," H. E1
Khadem, M. L. Wolfrom, Z. M. E1 Shafei, and S. E1 Ashry,
Carbohyd. Res., 4, 225-229.
"Trichloroacetyl and Trifluoracetyl as N-Blocking Groups in Nu-
cleoside Synthesis with 2-Amino Sugars," M. L. Wolfrom and
H. B. Bhat, J. Org. Chem., 32' 1821-1823.
"Anomeric Purine Nucleosides of the Furanose Form of 2-Amino-2-
deoxy-D-ribose, M. L. M7olfrom and M. W. Winkley, 7. Org.
Chem., 32', 1823-1825.
"Polysaccharides from Instant Coffee Powder," M. L. Wolfrom and
L. E. Anderson, I. Agr. Food Chem., 15,, 685-687.
"2,4-Dinitrophenyl as IV-Blocking Group in Pyrimidine Nucleoside
Synthesis with 2-Amino Sugars," M. L. Wolfrom and H. B. Bhat,
J. Org. Chem., 32., 2757-2759.
"Amino Derivatives of Starches. Amination of 6-O-Tritylamylose,"
M. L. Wolfrom, H. Kato, M. I. Taha, A. Sato, G. U. Yuen, T.
Kinoshita, and E. J. Soltes, 1 O,-g. Chem., 32', 3086-3089.
"Novel Reaction of a Nitro Sugar with Methanol," M. L. Wolfrom,
U. G. Nayak, and T. Radford, Science, 157', 538.
"A Novel Reaction of a Nitro Sugar with Alcohols," M. L. Wolfrom,
U. G. Nayak, and T. Radford, Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. U.S., 58'
1848-1851.
Advances in Carbohydrate Chemistry, Vol. 22, edited by M. L. Wol-
from and R. S. Tipson, Academic Press, New York.
1968
"Amination of Amylose Oxidized with Dimethyl Sulphoxide-Acetic
Anhydride," M. L. Wolfrom and P. Y. Wang, Chem. Commun.,
113-114.
"Reaction of Alkyl Vinyl Ethers with Methyl a-D-Glucopyranoside,"
M. L. Wolfrom, Anne Beattie, and Shyam S. Bhattacharjee, 7.
Org. Chem., 33' 1067-1070.
"~-Iduronic Acid in Purified Heparin," M. L. Wolfrom, S. Honda,
and P. Y. Wang, Chem. Commun., 505-506.
"Glycosides, Natural," M. L. Wolfrom, in "The Encyclopaedia
Britannica," Chicago, Ill., pp. 501-502.
OCR for page 546
546
BIOGRAPHICAL MEMOIRS
"Pectin," M. L. Wolfrom, in "The Encyclopaedia Britannica," Chi-
cago, Ill., p. 515.
"Carbohydrates," M. L. Wolfrom, in "The Encyclopaedia Britan-
nica," Chicago, Ill., pp. 863-868.
Tables, George G. Maher and M. L. Wolfrom, in "Handbook of
Biochemistry," Section D, Carbohydrates, H. A. Sober, Ed., The
Chemical Rubber Co., Cleveland, Ohio, pp. D1-D80.
"Reaction of 3,4-Dihydro-2H-pyran with Methyl ~x-D-Glucopyrano-
side," M. L. Wolfrom, Anne Beattie, S. S. Bhattacharjee, and
G. G. Parekh, .1. Org. Chem., 33, 3990-3991.
"AnomericAdenineNucleosides of 2-Amino-2-deoxy-D-ribofuranose,"
M. L. Wolfrom, M. W. Winkley, and P. McWain, in "Synthetic
Procedures in Nucleic Acid Chemistry," Vol. I, W. W. Zorbach
and R. S. Tipson, Eds., John Wiley and Sons, Inc., New York,
pp. 168-171.
" 1 -(Adenin-9-yl)- 1 -deoxyl- 1-S-ethyl- 1 -thio-aldebydo-D-galactose Alde-
hydrol," M. L. Wolfrom, P. McWain, and A. Thompson, in
"Synthetic Procedures in Nucleic Acid Chemistry," Vol. I, W. W.
Zorbach and R. S. Tipson, Eds., John Wiley and Sons, Inc., New
York, pp. 219-223.
"9-~-Acetamid~3,b,6-tri-O -acetyl-2-deoxy-D-glucosyl)-2,6-dichloro-9H-
purine," M. L. Wolfrom, M. W. Winkley, and P. McWain, in
"Synthetic Procedures in Nucleic Acid Chemistry," Vol. I, W. W.
Zorbach and R. S. Tipson, Eds., John Wiley and Sons, Inc., Ned
York, pp. 239-241.
" 1 -~2-Amino-2-deoxy-,8-D-glucopyranosyl )thymine, " M. L. Wolfrom,
H. B. Bhat, and P. McWain, in "Synthetic Procedures in Nucleic
Acid Chemistry," Vol. I, W. W. Zorbach and R. S. Tipson, Eds.,
John Wiley and Sons, Inc., New York, pp. 323-326.
"Anomeric 2-Amino-2-deoxy-D-glucofuranosyl Nucleosides of Ade-
nine and 2-Amino-2-deoxy-,B-~glucopyranosyl Nucleosides of
Thymine and 5-Methylcytosine," M. L. Wolfram and M. W.
Winkley, ]. Org. Chem., 33, 4227-4231.
A dvances in Carbohydrate Chemistry, Vol. 23, edited by M. L.
Wolfrom and R. S. Tipson, Academic Press, Inc., New York.
1969
"Quantitative Analysis of Gentiobiose and Isomaltose in Admixture,
and Its Application to the Characterization of Dextrins," M. L.
Wolfrom and G. Schwab, Carbohyd. Res., 9', 407-413.
OCR for page 547
MELVILLE LAWRENCE WOLFROM o47
"On the Amination of Amylose," M. L. Wolfrom, K. C. Gupta,
K. K. De, A. K. Chatterjee, T. Kinoshita, and P. Y Wang, Die
Starke, 21, 39~3.
"Anomeric Forms of 9-62-Amino-2-deoxy-D-xylofuranosyl~adenine,"
M. L. Wolfrom, M. W. Winkley, and S. Inouye, Carbohyd. Res.,
10', 97-103.
"The Isolation of ~-Iduronic Acid from the Crystalline Barium Acid
Salt of Heparin," M. L. Wolfrom, ~ Inn And P Y wane
Carbohyd. Res., 10' 259-265.
"Starch Acetals. Acid Sensitivity and Preferred Site of Reaction,"
M. L. Wolfrom and S. S. Bhattacharjee, Die Starke, 21',116-118.
"Trifluoroacetyl as an N-Protective Group in the Synthesis of Purine
Nucleosides of 2-Amino-2-deoxy Saccharides," M. L. Wolfrom
and P. l. Conigliaro, Carbohyd. Res., 11' 63-76.
"Reaction of Carbohydrates with Vinyl Ethers; A Differential Hy-
drolysis," M. L. Wolfrom, S. S. Bhattacharjee, and Rosa M. de
Lederkremer, Carbohyd. Res., 11' 148-150.
"Gas-liquid Chromatography in the Study of the Maillard Brown-
ing Reaction," M. L. Wolfrom and N. Kashimura, Carbohyd.
Res., 11, 151-152.
"On the Distribution of Sulfate in Heparin," NI. L. ~Tolfrom, P. Y.
Wang, and S. Honda, Carbohyd. Res., 11', 179-185.
"Reaction of Alkyl Vinyl Ethers with D-Galactose Diethyl Dithio-
acetal," M. L. Wolfrom and G. G. Parekl~, Carbohyd. Res., 11,
547-~57.
_, ~ At,,
Advances in Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biochemistry, Vol. 24,
edited by M. L. Wolfrom, R. S. Tipson, and D. Horton, Academic
Press, Inc., New York.
"Mono- and Oligo-saccl~arides," M. L. Wolfrom in "Symposium on
Foods: Carbohydrates and Their Roles," H. W. Schultz, R. F.
Cain, and R. W. Wrolstad, Eds., Avi Publishing Co., Inc., West-
port, Conn., pp. 12-25.
1970
Amination of Amylose at the C-2 Position," M. L. Wolfrom and
P. Y. Wang, Carbohyd. Res., 12, 109-114.
1971
"A Synthetic Heparinoid from Amylose," M. L. Wolfrom arid P. Y.
Wang, Carbohyd. Res., 18', 23-37.
OCR for page 548
548
BIOGRAPHICAL MEMOIRS
"Halogen and Nucleoside Derivatives of Acyclic 2-Amino-2-deoxy-
D-glucose. III," M. L. Wolfrom and P. l. Conigliaro, Carbohyd.
Res., 20, 369-374.
"Pyrimidine Nucleosides of 2-Amino-2-deoxy-D-galactose," M. L.
Wolfrom, H. B. Bhat, and P. I. Conigliaro, Carbohyd. Res., 20'
375-381.
`'Pyrimidine Nucleosides of the Furanose Form of 2-Amino-2-deoxy-
D-glucose," M. L. Wolfrom, P. l. Conigliaro, and H. B. Bhat,
Carbohyd. Res., 20, 383-390.
"Pyrimidine Nucleosides of the Furanose Form of 2-Amino-2-deoxy-
D-xylose," M. L. Wolfrom and P. J. Conigliaro, Carbohyd. Res.,
20, 391-398.
"Esters," M. L. Wolfrom and Walter A. Szarek, in "The Carbohy-
drates," Vol. IA, W. Pigman and D. Horton, Eds., Academic
Press, Inc., New York, pp. 217-238.
"Halogen Derivatives," M. L. Wolfrom and W. A. Szarek, in "The
Carbohydrates," Vol. IA, W. Pigman and D. Horton, Eds.,
Academic Press, Inc., New York, pp. 239-~51.
"Acyclic Derivatives," M. L. Wolfrom, in "The Carbohydrates,"
Vol. IA, W. Pigman and D. Horton, Eds., Academic Press, Inc.,
New York, pp. 355-422.
1972
"Acyclic-Sugar Nucleoside Analogs. Thymine Derivatives from
Acyclic D-Galactose and D-Glucose Precursors," M. L. Wolfrom,
H. B. Bhat, P. McWain, and D. Horton, Carbohyd. Res., 239
289-295.
"Acyclic-Sugar Nucleoside Analogs. 6-Mercaptopurine Nucleosides
Having Acyclic D-Galactose and D-Glucose Chains," M. L. Wol-
from, P. McWain, H. B. Bhat, and D. Horton, Carbohyd. Res.,
23, 296-300.
"Effect of Ionizing Radiation on the Browning Reaction of D-Glu
case, D-Fructose, Sucrose, and Raw-cane Sugar," W. W. Binkley,
M. E. Altenburg, and M. L. Wolfrom, Sugar J., 34, 25-28.
1974
"A New Method of Acetonation, Synthesis of 4,6-O-Isopropylidene-
D-glucopyranose," M. L. Wolfrom, A. B. Diwadkar, l. Gelas, and
D. Horton, Carbohyd. Res., 35, 87-96.
OCR for page 549
MELVILLE LAWRENCE WOLFROM 549
"Reactions of 4,b,6-Tri-O-benzoyl-1,3-dideoxy-1-diazo-D-erythro-hexu-
lose," M. L. Wolfrom, N. Kashimura, and D. Horton, Carbohyd.
Res., 36', 21 1-213.
"Detection of Willard Browning Reaction Products as Trimethyl-
silyl Derivatives by Gas-Liquid Chromatography," M. L. Wol-
from, N. Kashimura, and D. Horton, J. Agr. Food Chem., 22,
791-795.
"Factors Affecting the Maillard Browning Reaction between Sugars
and Amino Acids. Studies on the Nonenzymic Browning of De-
hydrated Orange Juice," J. Agr. Food Chem., 22' 796-800.
1975
"Four Isomeric Ethyl 1-Thioglycosides from 2-Amino-2-deoxy-D-
arabinose," M. L. Wolfrom and S. Inouye, Carbohyd. Res., 41,
1 17-134.
"Synthesis and Spectral Properties of Cytosine Nucleosides of 2-
Amino-2-deoxy-D-arabinose," M. L. Wolfrom and S. Inouye,
Carbohyd. Res., 42' 307-14.
"Synthesis of a Cytosine Nucleoside of 2-Amino-2-deoxy-,8-D-xylo-
furanose," M. L. Wolfrom, S. Inouye, and P. l. Conigliaro,
Carbohyd. Res., 42' 327-34.
OCR for page 550
OCR for page 551
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS FOR THE PHOTOGRAPHS
Photograph of Paul Rufus Burkholder
courtesy of the University of Georgia
Once of Public Relations
Photograph of Arthur Louis Day
by Kaiden Kazanjian
Photograph of William Draper Harkins
by \Ioffett
Photograph of Vladimir Nikolaevich Ipatieff
courtesy of Louis Schmerling
Photograph of Herbert Spencer Jennings
from a portrait by Frank B. A. Linton
Photograph of Alfred Harrison Joy
by R. Kourken
Photograph of John Rodman Paul
courtesy of Dorothy M. Horstmann
Photograph of William Thomas Pecora
U.S. Department of the Interior
Geological Survey
Photograph of tack Schultz
courtesy of T homes F. Anderson
Photograph of Stanley Smith Stevens
lay Paul Koby, Cambridge, Mass.
Photograph of John Torrence Tate
University of Minnesota Laboratory
OCR for page 552
Representative terms from entire chapter:
lawrence wolfrom
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