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VLADIMIR NIKOLAEVICH IPATIEFF
November 2Z, 1867-November 29, 1952
BY LOUIS SCHMERLING
FORTUNATELY FOR BOTH the scientific and the industrial
worlds, Vladimir Nikolaevich Ipatieff, who was born in
Moscow on November 21, 1867, did not maintain his original
intent to have a military career. When he was eleven years old,
he was enrolled at the Third Moscow Military Gymnasium
after three years in a classical gymnasium. He had no difficulty
completing the courses, but his grades were poor until he was
promoted to the sixth class at the age of fourteen. His favorite
subject was mathematics, which he studied beyond the class
requirements. His report card showed steady improvement,
particularly in science courses. However, on being graduated
at the age of sixteen, his application to the Mikhail Artillery
School in St. Petersburg was rejected on the basis of his grades.
He entered the Alexander Military School in Moscow, where he
received an intense military education. He ranked near the top
of his class and, rather than accept rank as sergeant, he decided
to transfer in September 1886 to the Mikhail Artillery School,
to which he was now admitted, the 450 ruble tuition being
waived because he had the highest grades in his class in
mechanics, artillery, and chemistry. He became an officer (lieu-
~ The author gratefully acknowledges his particular indebtedness to Dr.
Vladimir Haensel for suggesting that he write this biography and for his helpful
advice and comments throughout.
83
OCR for page 84
84
BIOGRAPHICAL MEMOIRS
tenant) ~ on August 7, 1887, a day that he considered mem-
orable because of the solar eclipse that occurred and the con-
current scientific flight in a balloon made by a famous chemist,
Dimitrii I. Mendeleev. Using part calf the money he received
from the government and from his father for officer's equip-
ment, he furnished a small chemistry laboratory in his home
where he could study qualitative analysis (quantitative analysis
being beyond his means because a balance was too expensive).
After a four weeks' vacation, Lt. Ipatieff chose to join the
Second Reserve Artillery Brigade and became a teacher of
arithmetic and artillery at a battery school in Serpukhov (about
60 miles from Moscow). Since his classes were in the morning,
he could devote his afternoons to studying chemistry, largely
from two Russian language books: Mendeleev's The Funda-
mentals of Chemistry (3d edition, 1884), and Menshutkin's
Analytical Chemistry, books that he claimed were his real
teachers.
After teaching for two years, he passed competitive entrance
examinations and, in September 1889 was admitted to the
Mikhail Artillery Academy in St. Petersburg, which had been
founded to give technical training to officers who were to serve
as engineers in government munitions plants, as inspectors of
materials furnished by private concerns, or as members of the
Artillery Committee of the Chief Artillery Administration.
Unfortunately (from Ipatieff's viewpoint), the supposedly
well-equipped chemical laboratory at the Academy was less
useful than it could have been: it had equipment for classes
in qualitative and quantitative analysis, but not in organic
chemistry.
~ Graduates of an institution such as the Mikhail Artillery School were given
commissions and assigned to (or, if their grades were high, permitted to choose)
active duty. Then, after serving in the army for a few years and after passing
stiff competitive examinations, they could enter academies (such as the Mikhail
Artillery Academy) for specialized training that led to high positions in the
army or in military educational institutions.
OCR for page 85
VLADIMIR NIKOLAEVICH IPATIEFF 85
Ipatieff moved his home laboratory to his apartment in
order to carry out experiments while studying for examinations.
He found it necessary to get approval from the Governor of
St. Petersburg because the police were suspicious of home lab-
oratories, which might be used to prepare explosives.
He received industrial experience in his junior year when
he spent June and July working at plants and factories, par-
ticularly in steel mills. He spent much time learning analytical
methods of metallurgy. He commuted to the plants in order
to be able to use his own laboratory in the evening. He was
cr~c~zea oy nits supervisor (and his final grade was low) for
spending more time in his laboratory than at the plants, but
he had no regrets because he felt he learned much there that
helped him all his life.
Fellow students found Ipatieff's notes quite useful and
persuaded him to prepare manuals of qualitative and quantita-
tive analysis; these were subsequently published in 1891 by the
Academy.
~ 1 1 1 ~
Much of Ipatieff's time at the Academy was spent studying
the properties and analysis Off steel working with the In
~ · .. .
_J ~~ Van ~ vv ~~ ~5 VV ALll Ally l Ally Ill
Russian metallurgist, Professor Dimitrii K. Chernov. This
resulted in 1892 in his first publication, "The Chemical Investi-
gation of the Structure of Steel." Largely due to this work
and to his manuals, Ipatie~ was retained by the Academy as an
instructor (with the military rank of captain) after he was grad-
uated on May 30, 1892, third highest in his class. He was granted
a short leave of absence, which he used to travel to Moscow to
marry Varvara Ermakova, whom he had known for ten years.
His first teaching duties involved a junior class course in
qualitative analysis. He decided to devote one hour a week to
lectures on the laws of chemistry because he realized the de-
ficiency of his chemical education at the Academy. He pub-
lished a set of notes entitled, Principal Laws of Chemistry.
Academy regulations required that in order to continue
OCR for page 86
86
BIOGRAPHICAL MEMOIRS
teaching all instructors present an approved dissertation three
years after their appointment as instructors. Ipatieff asked the
advice of Professor A. E. Favorsky of St. Petersburg University,
who was lecturing on organic chemistry at the Academy. Favor-
sky suggested that he study organic chemistry and carry out
research in that field. "For," said Favorsky, "it is only in organic
chemistry that you will learn to think chemically and to experi-
ment rationally." Ipatieff therefore took a course in organic
chemistry from N. A. Menshutkin at the University of St. Peters-
burg, but found that although he profited from the lectures, he
did not find them interesting because Menshutkin presented
them chiefly from an analytical and physical chemistry view-
point. Ipatieff devoted himself to studying A. M. Butlerov's
textbook of organic chemistry.
His first practical work in organic chemistry was carried out
in Favorsky's laboratory, where he started to study the isomeriza-
tion of allene hydrocarbons to disubstituted acetylenes, as pro-
posed in Favorsky's master's thesis. He spent much time learn-
ing how to prepare dimethylpropylcarbinol by the reaction of
dimethylzinc with the butyryl chloride. By the end of the
spring of 1893, he had prepared two pounds of the tertiary
alcohol. He studied the action of bromine on tertiary alcohols
(usually using the commercially available tert-butyl alcohol)
to obtain a dibromide from which an allene could be prepared.
This and subsequent work formed his dissertation, "The Action
of Bromine on Tertiary Alcohols and of Hydrogen Bromide
Upon Acetylene and Allene Hydrocarbons in Acetic Acid Solu-
tions," which was presented and accepted in 1895. Ipatied
became an assistant professor and taught both inorganic and
organic chemistry. He was awarded the first of his many (about
twenty-five) awards in 1895—the Order of St. Stanislaus, third
class.
In 1896, the Academy, which was entitled to send one of its
instructors abroad each year, decided to send Ipatieff to study
.
OCR for page 87
VLADIMIR NIKOLAEVICH {PATIEFF 87
chemistry and the new explosives in use in other countries.
Favorsky suggested that he go to Munich to work in the labora-
tory of Adolf van Bacyer, to whom Favorsky immediately wrote,
enclosing a copy of Ipatieff's dissertation, published in German.
This letter and one from a Russian classmate of Bacyer resulted
in Bacyer's accepting Ipatieff as an assistant for joint work.
Baeyer suggested that Ipatieff study the structure of the terpene
derivative, carone. Based largely on the determination of the
structure of the caronic acids formed by permanganate oxida-
tion of carone, Ipatieff was able to prove the structure of carone
in about four or five months. Baeyer was so pleased by his
assistant's work that he told Ipatieff to write up the investigation
so they might publish it jointly rather than, as was usually the
case, publish in Baeyer's name only with an expression of grati-
tude to the young co-worker at the end of the paper.
The remainder of Ipatieff's research in Munich was inde-
pendent work, to which he turned at Baeyer's suggestion. He
chose to finish work on a problem he had started at the Academy,
the action of hydrogen bromide on allenes and other dienes.
He found that addition of hydrogen bromide to 1,1-dimethyl-
allene yielded the same dibromide as did its addition to isoprene.
Dehydrobromination of the dibromide prepared from dimethyl-
allene yielded isoprene, and Ipatieff was thus the first chemist
to synthesize and then prove the structure of isoprene.
While in Baeyer's laboratory, Ipatieff met Dr. Richard
Willstaetter of Germany, who later became noted for organic
research, particularly the synthesis of chlorophyll, and Dr.
Moses Gomberg of the United States, who would later discover
stable free radicals. They remained lifelong friends.
Before returning to St. Petersbur~ in 1897 Inntieff vi~it`,r
<~~ ~ ~ -r ~
chemists in Germany and France, including Rudolf Fittig,
Pierre Berthelot, and Charles Friedel. He inspected military
institutions and discussed ballistics. While in France, he spent
four months with Paul Nlielle, discoverer of smokeless gun-
OCR for page 88
88
BIOGRAPHICAL MEMOIRS
powder, studying the combustion of ballastite at various charg-
ing densities to check the accuracy of the parallel layer com-
bustion theory.
Ipatieff carried out his usual large quantity of research
experiments when he returned to the Artillery Academy. He
was appointed a member of the Explosives Commission and of
the Fifth Section of the Artillery Committee, which dealt with
gunpowder and chemical questions. He also accepted appoint-
ment as assistant professor at the Institute of Civil Engineers
to teach chemistry and to supervise student experiments. Despite
all these interests, he found time to attend the Second Inter-
national Congress on Pure and Applied Chemistry in Vienna
in the spring of 1898 and to write his dissertation on allene
hydrocarbons, on the action of nitrosyl chloride and nitrogen
oxide on unsaturated compounds, and on the synthesis of iso-
prene. Acceptance of his dissertation at a public examination
resulted in his being given the title Professor of Chemistry
and Explosives.
As the first chemistry teacher to hold the rank of professor
at the Artillery Academy, Ipatieff redesigned and refurnished
the laboratories and wrote textbooks on inorganic (seven revised
editions) and organic chemistry (six revised editions).
In 1900 he began to prepare a large quantity of butadiene
by the only method then known—the passage of isopentyl al-
cohol vapors through a heated tube at about 600°C. However,
he obtained isovaleraldehyde and hydrogen instead of the ex-
pected butadiene, methane, and water. He found that when
he used a glass or quartz tube instead of the iron tube he had
used in his earlier experiments, there was no reaction unless
the temperature was raised to 700 ° C. Similar experiments
showed that passage of other primary alcohols through the hot
iron tube (but not the quartz tube) produced aldehyde and
hydrogen, secondary alcohols yielded ketones and hydrogen,
and tertiary alcohols underwent no reaction other than dehy-
OCR for page 89
VLADIMIR NIKOLAEVICH IPATIEFF 89
dration. Ipatieff concluded that the iron wall of the tube caused
the dehydrogenation of the alcohols without undergoing any
change; in other words, there occurred a new phenomenon,
which Russian chemists called a contact reaction and other
European chemists called a catalytic reaction. The significance
of Ipatieff's work was that he showed that such reactions could
occur at high temperatures; it had been assumed that under
such conditions there would be complete breakdown of the
alcohol and no clean reaction would occur. It had been be-
lieved that the conversion of an organic compound could not be
directed at temperatures above 250°C, certainly not at 500-
600°C. IpatieR also showed for the first time the influence of
reaction vessel walls on a reaction. He became so interested in
this subject that he dropped all other investigations and spent
all his research time on catalysis, a field in which he made many
outstanding contributions during the next fifty-one years.
He showed that easily reducible oxides and the metals (for
example, zinc, cupric oxide, and copper) catalyzed the dehy-
drogenation of alcohols to ketones and aldehydes. On the other
hand, when he used a graphite tube to investigate the effect
of carbon, he was astonished to find that a different type of
reaction occurred and at a lower temperature; ethyl alcohol
was dehydrated to ethylene. Further investigation proved that
the effect was due not to the graphite but to the clay binder
used in the tube. Finally, Ipatieff showed that the difficult-to-
reduce alumina in the clay was the dehydration catalyst.
In 1902 he was appointed Professor Ordinary at the Artillery
Academy, a considerable promotion both in salary and rank.
He also became a lecturer at the University of St. Petersburg,
with which he was connected until 1916, taking over a course
in general chemistry in 1906.
Because the chief function of the Academy was to train
officers, Ipatieff found it difficult to find assistants for research.
Nevertheless, he was able to discover new catalytic reactions,
OCR for page 90
JO
BIOGRAPHICAL MEMOIRS
such as (in 1903) the isomerization of olefins over alumina or
zinc chloride and the conversion of ethyl alcohol to butadiene
in the presence of powdered aluminum at 600°C. Moreover,
in order to study the effect of high pressure on catalytic reac-
tions, he designed a rotating autoclave (or "bomb") having a
closure consisting of a disk gasket of heat-treated copper or other
metal between two knife edges, one on the autoclave top and
the other on the bottom of the cover. The usefulness and safety
of this piece of apparatus was proved by the many tens of
thousands of experiments that were, and are still, carried out
. .
In it.
During the war between Russia and Japan (190~1905),
Ipatieff and other officers who had been graduated from the
Artillery Academy and continued to work in technical institu-
tions received promotions to the same ranks as men who had
been graduated at the same time but had gone into active
service. He became a colonel.
Despite the war and the political unrest that followed,
Ipatieff's scientific research continued with little interruption.
He investigated the effect of high pressures on such chemical
processes as the addition of hydrogen to unsaturated hydrocar-
bons (olefins and aromatics>, the destructive hydrogenation of
organic compounds, and the polymerization of ethylene. These
researches were destined to play an important role in the chem-
ical industry. Ipatieff showed that the liquid phase hydrogena-
tion of organic compounds is a more rapid reaction and in many
cases proceeds farther than the vapor phase hydrogenation at
atmospheric pressure, a reaction then being studied in France
by Paul Sabatier and J. B. Senderens.
In 1906 the Russian Academy of Sciences awarded Ipatieff
the 4000-ruble Ivanov Prize in recognition of his scientific work.
This increased his prestige and resulted in his being permitted
to submit a dissertation, "Catalytic Reactions Under High Pres-
sures and Temperatures," to the University of St. Petersburg for
OCR for page 91
VLADIMIR NIKOLAEVICH IPATIEFF 91
the Doctor of Chemistry degree. Such permission was necessary
because he had never been graduated from a classical gym-
nasium. A university regulation of 1884 made it possible to
admit to public examination for higher degrees scientists whose
achievements had made them famous; permission from the
Minister of Education was necessary. Ipatieff received the per-
mission, presented his dissertation, was examined publicly in
February 1908, and was named a Doctor of Chemistry.
In 1909 Ipatieff discovered an important phenomenon, the
"promoter effect" of additives on catalysts. He noticed that the
high-pressure hydrogenation of olefins in the presence of copper
oxide was slow when carried out in a bronze-lined autoclave,
but rapid and complete when an iron autoclave was employed.
He concluded that the iron wall of the autoclave was a promoter
for the hydrogenation. Similarly, he found that complete hy-
drogenation occurred in the bronze-lined autoclave, if the added
copper oxide was mixed with iron filings. Incorporation of
promoters in catalysts is, of course, now widely used.
Having taught for twenty-five years, as an "ordinary pro-
fessor" for ten, Ipatieff in 1912 was named emeritus professor,
a position that permitted him to continue teaching for ten more
years at the Academy and to draw a yearly pension of 1500
rubles.
His scientific life did not interfere with his military life.
In 1910 he was promoted to the rank of major general; in 1914,
lieutenant general. However, military factors did interrupt his
research. During World War I, he was chairman of the Com-
mission for the Preparation of Explosives, which by the end of
the war controlled almost the entire chemical industry. In 1916
he was named chairman of the Chemical Committee of the Chief
Artillery Administration, formed largely because of the Ger-
man's use of poison gas. The Committee had five branches:
poison gases, gas masks, explosives, incendiaries and flame
throwers, and acids. It was concerned with developing the
OCR for page 92
92
BIOGRAPHICAL MEMOIRS
production of these items as well as deciding the best types to
manufacture. ~
The personnel of the Chemical Committee remained largely
unchanged, even after the Russian Revolution in 1917, because
most of its members were nonpartisan and worked only for the
good of the country while sincerely regretting the mistakes of
the old regime. The Chemical Committee was disbanded when
it had relatively little to do after the war was almost over. The
Bolshevik leaders asked Ipatieff to help convert the chemical
industry from a wartime to a peacetime basis. He was appointed
chairman of both the Chemical Committee of the Chief Artil-
lery Administration and the Technical Section of the War
Council, positions from which he was relieved in June 1918
when he pointed out that he would be more useful if his
scientific ability were used. He served as chairman of the
Chemical Administration of the Supreme Council of National
Economy (S.C.N.E.) during 1921-1926.
.
He found life in St. Petersburg (now renamed Petrograd)
quite unpleasant in 1919-1920. Malnutrition and fuel short-
age led to epidemics; typhoid fever raged through the city.
Food was rationed. Work in the laboratory ceased in 1918
because water pipes froze and there was no gas supply or heating
fuel. About all he did was attend meetings of the Academy of
Sciences (to which he had been elected as one of the three
chemist members in January 1916) twice each month and give a
weekly two-hour lecture at the Artillery Academy to about
seven students, who wore overcoats in the unheated classroom.
Ipatieff and his family survived the Revolution largely be-
cause some of the leaders realized that the country had to make
good use of a man with his scientific ability and because he leas
friendly with all people, whether revolutionists or peasants.
* The work and political affairs of the Commission and the Committee are
discussed in a most interesting and detailed manner in Ipatieff's memoirs, The
Life of a Chemist, pp. 19~236.
OCR for page 131
VLADIMIR NIKOLAEVICH IPATIEFF 131
With H. Pines and E. F. Jenkins. Studies in the terpene series.
XVIII. Isomerization accompanying the dehydrogenation of
1,1,3-trimethylcyclohexene and of 1,1,3-trimethyl-x-cyclohexene.
J. Am. Chem. Soc., 75:6226.
1954
With H. Pines and H. G. Rodenberg. Dehydroxymethylation of
primary alcohols. l. Am. Chem. Soc., 76:771.
With H. Pines and A. Rudin. Studies in the terpene series. XIX.
Hydroisomerization and hydrogenolysis of cyclohexane, methyl-
cyclohexene, and p-menthene in the presence of hydrogenation
catalysts. i. Am. Chem. Soc., 76:2640.
With H. Pines and N. E. Hoffman. Studies in the terpene series.
XX. The thermal isomerization of pinane at atmospheric pres-
sures. I. Am. Ghem. Soc., 76:4412.
1955
With H. Pines and B. Kvetinskas. Oxidative condensation of p-
cymene, isopropylbenzene, and chloroisopropylbenzene. J. Am.
Chem. Soc., 77:343.
With H. Pines and J. A. Vesely. Migration of double bonds in
olefinic and diolefinic hydrocarbons catalyzed by sodium. Dehy-
drogenation of d-limonene to p-cymene. l. Am. Chem. Soc.,
77:347.
With H. Pines and l. A. Vesely. Sodium catalyzed reactions. II.
Side-chain ethylation of alkyl hydrocarbons catalyzed by sodium.
I. Am. Chem. Soc., 77: 5~4.
1959
My Life in the United States. Evanston, Illinois: Northwestern
Univ. Press.
A large number of articles in the Soviet Encyclopedia and other
encyclopedias and chapters in books.
OCR for page 132
132
BIOGRAPHICAL MEMOIRS
UNITED STATES PATENTS
1933
1,895,329 With Carl Freitag. Process of Producing Phosphoric
Acid and Hydrogen.
1934
1,960,631 Treatment of Hydrocarbon Gases.
1935
1,993,512 Treatment of Hydrocarbons.
1,993,513 Treatment of Hydrocarbons.
1,994,249 With Aristid V. Grosse. Synthesis of Hydrocarbons.
2,001,906 Treatment of Hydrocarbon Oils.
2,001,907 Treatment of Motor Fuel.
2,001,908 Treatment of Hydrocarbons.
2,001,909 Treatment of Hydrocarbons.
2,001,910 Treatment of Hydrocarbon Oils.
2,005,861 Manufacture of Hydrocarbons.
2,006,695 Treatment of Hydrocarbon Oil.
2,018,065 Catalysts.
2,018,066 Treatment of Hydrocarbon Oils.
2,020,649 Treatment of Hydrocarbons.
1936
2,035,889 Purification of Gases.
2,037,789 Treatment of Hydrocarbon Oils.
2,037,790 Treatment of Hydrocarbon Oils.
2,037,791 Treatment of Hydrocarbon Oils.
2,037,792 Treatment of Hydrocarbon Oils.
2,039,798 Treatment of Hydrocarbon Oils.
2,039,799 Treatment of Hydrocarbons.
2,046,900 Manufacture of Alkyl Phenols.
2,051,859 With Vasili Komarewsky. Polymerization of Olefins.
2,057,432 With Aristid V. Grosse. Treatment of Hydrocarbon Oils.
2,057,433 Treatment of Hydrocarbon Oils.
2,058,881 Treatment of Inhibitors.
2,061,871 Manufacture of Hydrocarbons.
2,062,312 Manufacture of Alkyl Phosphates.
2,063,933 Conversion of Hydrocarbon Oil.
OCR for page 133
VLADIMIR NIKOLAEVICH IPATIEFF 133
1937
2,067,764 Treatment of Hydrocarbons.
2,081,357 Method of Improving Gasoline.
2,088,598 With Aristid V. Grosse. Manufacture of Alkylated Cyclic
Hydrocarbons.
2,098,045 With Vasili Komarewsky. Treatment of Hydrocarbons.
2,098,046 With Vasili Komarewsky. Treatment of Hydrocarbons.
2,099,738 Alkylation of Trihydric Phenols.
2,101,857 With Raymond E. Schaad. Manufacture of Motor Fuels.
2,102,073 With Raymond E. Schaad. Treatment of Hydrocarbons.
2,102,074 With Raymond E. Schaad. Treatment of Hydrocarbons.
1938
2,104,424 With Aristid V. Grosse. Manufacture of Aromatic De-
. .
rlvatlves.
2,107,794 With Vasili Komarewsky. Manufacture of Alcohols.
2,112,846 With Herman Pines. Treatment of Hydrocarbons.
2,112,847 With Herman Pines. Treatment of Hydrocarbons.
2,113,654 With Ben B. Corson. Treatment of Catalysts.
2,116,151 With Ben B. Corson. Manufacture of Motor Fuels.
2,120,702 With Raymond E. Schaad. Manufacture of Catalysts.
2,131,806 With Vasili Komarewsky. Treatment of Hydrocarbons.
1939
2,145,657 With Vasili Komarewsky. Process for the Hydrogenation
of Hydrocarbon Oils.
2,147,256 With Herman Pines. Process for Alkylating Phenols.
2,157,208 With Raymond E. Schaad. Polymerization and Catalyst
Therefor.
2,169,494 With Herman Pines. Treatment of Butane.
2,170,306 With Herman Pines. Treatment of Hydrocarbons.
2,174,883 With Herman Pines. Treatment of Hydrocarbons.
2,179,092 Manufacture of Ethers.
2,181,942 With Herman Pines. Polymerization of Olefins.
1940
2,187,034 With Herman Pines. Treatment of Hydrocarbons.
2,197,872 With George S. Monroe. Treatment of Hydrocarbons.
OCR for page 134
134 BIOGRAPHICAL MEMOIRS
2,199,564 With Herman Pines. Hydrocarbon Reactions.
2,202,104 With Raymond E. Schaad. Manufacture of Motor Fuels.
2,211,207 With Louis Schmerling. Treatment of Catalysts.
2,211,208 With Ben B. Corson. Manufacture of Catalysts.
2,214,463 With Raymond E. Schaad. Treatment of Hydrocarbons.
2,217,019 With Aristid V. Grosse. Treatment of Hydrocarbons.
2,225,782 With Ben B. Corson. Reaction of Metal Catalysts.
1941
2,236,099 With Herman Pines. Treatment of Paraffin Hydrocar-
bons.
2,253,034 With Raymond E. Schaad. Manufacture of Ketones and
Aldehydes.
2,267,735 With Ben B. Corson. Manufacture of Catalysts.
2,267,736 With Ben B. Corson. Treatment of Catalysts.
2,267,737 With Vladimir Haensel. Treatment of Hydrocarbons.
1942
2,270,302 With Raymond E. Schaad. Manufacture of Hydrocar
loons.
2,270,303 Hydrogenation of Hydrocarbons.
2,271,299 With Herman Pines. Manufacture of Catalysts.
2,273,041 With Herman Pines. Treatment of Hydrocarbons.
2,273,042 With Herman Pines. Treatment of Hydrocarbons.
2,273,043 With Herman Pines. Treatment of Hydrocarbons.
2,273,320 With Aristid V. Grosse. Hydrocarbon Reactions.
2,275,181 With Ben B. Corson. Process for Hydrogenating Hydro-
carbons.
2,275,182 With Raymond E. Schaad. Manufacture of Catalysts.
2,283,142 With Herman Pines. Isomerization of Normal Butane.
2,283,143 With Herman Pines. Isomerization of Normal Butane.
2,290,189 With Herman Pines. Conversion of Straight Chain Ole-
fins to Isoparaffins.
2,291,254 With Herman Pines. Conversion of Hydrocarbons.
2,297,769 With Vladimir Haensel. Hydrogenation of Alkyl Aryl
Ketones.
2,298,383 With Herman Pines. Treatment of Hydrocarbons.
OCR for page 135
VLADIMIR NIKOLAEVICH {PATIEFF 135
1943
2,311,232 With Herman Pines. Manufacture of Catalysts.
2,315,078 With Herman Pines. Conversion of Hydrocarbons.
2,316,247 With Herman Pines. Isomerization of Paraffins.
2,316,248 With Herman Pines. Isomerization of Paraffins.
2,318,225 With Herman Pines. Production of Isobutane.
2,318,226 With Herman Pines. Production of Isobutane.
2,318,781 With Herman Pines. Treatment of Hydrocarbons.
2,322,025 With Aristid V. Grosse. Conversion of Hydrocarbons.
2,325,122 With Herman Pines. Treatment of Butane.
2,327,188 With Herman Pines. Treatment of Paragons.
2,327,189 With Vladimir Haensel. Treatment of Hydrocarbons.
2,329,858 With Louis Schmerling. Treatment of Hydrocarbons.
2,332,467 With Carl B. Linn. Production of Ethers.
2,334,099 With Herman Pines. Treatment of Hydrocarbons.
2,334,100 With Vladimir Haensel. Hydrogenation of Ketones.
2,335,246 With Vladimir Haensel. Hydrocarbon Conversion.
1944
2,340,557 With Herman Pines. Conversion of Hydrocarbons.
2,341,782 With Louis Schmerling. Treatment of Hydrocarbon
Oils.
2,342,865 With Herman Pines. Alkylation of Hydrocarbons.
2,345,751 Production of Diolefinic Hydrocarbons.
2,346,701 With Herman Pines. Treatment of Propane.
2,347,266 With Louis Schmerling. Isomerization of Para~nic Hy-
drocarbons.
2,348,700 With Herman Pines. Treatment of Butane.
2,348,702 With Louis Schmerling. Hydrogenation of Hydrocarbon
Materials.
2,349,834 With Louis Schmerling. Treatment of Hydrocarbons.
2,352,199 With George S. Monroe. Production of Toluene.
2,352,200 With George S. Monroe. Production of Toluene.
2,353,899 With Herman Pines. Isomerization of Paraffin Hydro-
carbons.
2,355,219 With Vladimir Haensel. Hydrogenation of Aryl Car-
boxylic Acids.
2,356,001 With Herman Pines. Conversion of Hydrocarbons.
OCR for page 136
136 BIOGRAPHICAL MEMOIRS
2,358,011 With Louis Schmerling. Treatment of Hydrocarbons.
2,361,065 With Louis Schmerling. Alkylation of Aromatic Hydro-
carbons.
2,366,126 With Herman Pines. Production of Cycloolefinic Hydro-
carbons and Aromatic Hydrocarbons.
1945
2,366,531
2,366,731
2,366,736
2,369,495
2,369,691
2,374,433
2,374,600
2,375,041
2,381,828
2,382,318
2,382,881
2,382,882
2,384,337
2,385,300
2,386,007
2,386,468
2,386,957
2,388,937
2,389,780
2,391,508
2,391,509
With Vladimir Haensel. Dehydrogenation of Hydrocar-
bons.
With Carl B. Linn. Alkylation of Isoparaffins.
With Carl B. Linn. Alkylation of Isoparaffins.
With Louis Schmerling. Treatment of Aromatic Hydro-
carbons.
With Louis Schmerling. Catalyst Manufacture.
Production of Butadiene.
With Louis Schmerling. Alkylation of Aromatic Hydro-
carbons.
With Louis Schmerling. Alkylation of Aromatic Hydro-
carbons.
With Carl B. Linn. Conversion of Hydrocarbons.
With Raymond E. Schaad. Alkylation of Benzene.
With Herman Pines. Isomerization of Saturated Hydro-
carbons.
With Herman Pines. Isomerization of Saturated Hydro-
carbons.
With Herman Pines. Manufacture of Catalysts.
With Herman Pines. Conversion of Hydrocarbons.
With Louis Schmerling. Production of Aromatic Ke-
tones.
With Raymond E. Schaad. Process for Isomerizing Nor-
mal Butenes to Isobutene.
With Vladimir Haensel. Dehydrocyclization of Aliphatic
Hydrocarbons.
With Louis Schmerling. Treatment of Hydrocarbon
Oils.
With Vladimir Haensel. Conversion of Ethylene.
With Herman Pines. Manufacture of Butadiene.
With Herman Pines. Manufacture of Butadiene
OCR for page 137
VLADIMIR NIKOLAEVICH {PATIEFF 137
1946
2,392,924 With Herman Pines. Production of Isobutane.
2,394,691 With Herman Pines. Destructive Hydrogenation of Poly-
cyclic Hydrocarbons.
2,399,224 With Vladimir Haensel. Conversions of Hydrocarbons.
2,399,741 With Herman Pines. Conversion of Dicyclic Dihydro-
terpenes to Cyclopentene Hydrocarbons and Pentameth-
ylene Hydrocarbons.
2,401,636 With Vladimir Haensel. Process for Reducing the Olefin
Content of an Olefinic Distillate.
2,402,051 With Louis Schmerling. Catalysts.
2,402,847 With Louis Schmerling. Alkylation of Aromatics with
a Ferrous Chloride Catalyst.
2,403,439 With George S. Monroe. Process for Isomerizing Mono-
olefins.
2,404,498 With George S. Monroe. Production of Toluene.
2,404,536 With Louis Schmerling. Alkylation of Hydrocarbons.
2,404,537 With Louis Schmerling. Treatment of Hydrocarbons.
2,404,538 With Louis Schmerling. Manufacture of Arylalkene Hy-
drocarbons.
2,404,927 With Louis Schmerling. Manufacture of Isoparaffins.
2,406,630 With Herman Pines. Production of Cycloolefinic Hy-
drocarbons and Aromatic Hydrocarbons.
2,406,631 With Herman Pines. Production of Cycloolefinic Hy-
drocarbons and Aromatic Hydrocarbons.
2,406,632 With Herman Pines. Production of Cycloolefinic Hy-
drocarbons and Aromatic Hydrocarbons.
2,406,639 With Louis Schmerling. Catalytic Reactions.
2,410,445 With Herman Pines. Production of Diolefinic Hydro-
carbons by Reaction of an Alcohol with an Acetylenic
Hydrocarbon.
2,410,553 With Louis Schmerling. Manufacture of Alkylated Aro-
matic Compounds.
2,410,554 With Herman Pines. Production of Aromatic Com-
pounds.
2,411,047 With Carl B. Linn. Alkylation of Aromatics.
2,412,012 With Louis Schmerling. Preparation of Aldehydes and
Acetals.
OCR for page 138
138
2,419,142
2,419,690
2,420,749
2,421,936
2,421,946
BIOGRAPHICAL MEMOIRS
1947
2,416,106 With Carl B. Linn. Polymerization of Olefinic Hydro-
carbons in the Presence of Boron Fluoride and an Acid
Fluoride of a Metal.
With Carl B. Linn. Treatment of Alkyl Ketones to Form
Condensation Products Thereof.
With Herman Pines. Conversion of Hydrocarbons.
With Herman Pines. Treatment of Monocyclic Olefinic
Hydrocarbons.
With Vladimir Haensel. Production of Octenes.
With Carl B. Linn. Polymerization of Olefinic Hydro-
carbons.
2,422,435 With Herman Pines. Manufacture of Cyclohexene Ox-
ides.
2,422,670 With Vladimir Haensel. Selective Demethylation of
Paraffinic Hydrocarbons.
2,422,671 With Vladimir Haensel. Process for Lowering the
Molecular Weight of Non-Aromatic Hydrocarbons.
2,422,672 With Vladimir Haensel. Selective Demethylation of Tri-
methylpentanes to Form Triptane.
2,422,673 With Vladimir Haensel. Treatment of Alkyl Aromatic
Hydrocarbons.
2,422,674 With Vladimir Haensel. Selective Demethylation of
Saturated Hydrocarbons.
2,422,675 With Vladimir Haensel. Selective Demethylation of
Saturated Hydrocarbons.
2,427,791 With Louis Schmerling. Hydrogenation of Halogenated
Hydrocarbons.
2,428,279 With Carl B. Linn. Alkylation of Aromatics.
2,430,190 With Louis Schmerling. Alkylation of Phenols.
2,431,754 With Carl B. Linn. Condensation of Alkyl Ketones in
Presence of Aqueous Ammonium Halide Solutions.
2,431,756 With Herman Pines. Treatment of Terpenic Hydrocar-
bons.
1948
2,434,409 With Carl B. Linn. Process for Purifying a Hydrocarbon
Mixture Containing Small Amounts of Organic Fluorine
Compounds.
OCR for page 139
VLADIMIR NIKOLAEVICH IPATIEFF 139
2,435,443 With Herman Pines. Separation of Gem Cyclic Hydro-
carbons from Nongem Cyclic Hydrocarbons by Selective
Dehydrogenation.
2,438,215 With Louis Schmerling. Treatment of Polyalkyl Aro-
matics.
2,439,982 With George S. Monroe. Production of Dehydrated
Castor Oil.
2,441,663 With Vladimir Haensel. Process for Purifying Saturated
Hydrocarbons Involving Selective Demethylation.
2,442,878 With Louis Schmerling. Manufacture of Alkylated Aro-
matic Hydrocarbons.
2,443,732 With Carl B. Linn. Dehydration of Alkyl Ketones.
2,444,509 With Vladimir Haensel. Composition of Matter.
1949
2,465,475 With Herman Pines. Purification of Cyclic Olefinic Ke-
tones.
2,476,416 With Herman Pines. Isomerization of Paraffin Hydro-
carbons by Contact with Catalyst Comprising Aluminum
Chloride and Ferric Chloride.
With George S. Monroe. Dehydration of Alcohols.
With Herman Pines. Manufacture of Bicycloalkyl Aro-
matic Compounds and Hydrocarbons.
2,478,270
2,480,268
1950
2,502,569 With Herman Pines. Manufacture of Alkylcyclopentane
Hydrocarbons.
2,514,546 With Herman Pines. Production of Cycloalkylperhy-
droindan Hydrocarbons.
2,519,576 With Herman Pines. Production of Arylindans.
2,519,577 With Herman Pines. Production of Arylindan Hydro-
carbons.
2,526,895 With Herman Pines. Production of Polycyclic Aromatic
Hydrocarbons.
2,526,896 With Herman Pines. Production of Diaryl Alkanes.
2,526,897 With Herman Pines. Production of Aryl Indans.
1951
2,538,248 With George S. Monroe. Isomerization of Olefins.
OCR for page 140
140 BIOGRAPHICAL MEMOIRS
2,557,505 With Herman Pines. Production of Diarylalkanes.
2,563,037 With George S. Monroe. Conversion of Aromatic Amines
to Aromatic Hydrocarbons.
2,578,207 With Herman Pines. Di-(Alkylphenyl)-Alkenes.
1952
2,584,103 With Herman Pines. Alkylation of Aromatic Hydrocar-
bons.
2,586,535 With Herman Pines. Catalytic Hydrogenation of Aro-
matic Hydrocarbons in a Stainless Steel Reactor.
2,587,577 With Herman Pines. Production of Arylindanes.
2,622,110 With Herman Pines. Di~cycloalkyl~alkanes.
1953
2,630,460 With Herman Pines. 4-Alkylbiphenyls.
2,631,174 With Herman Pines. Polycyclic Benzene Hydrocarbons.
1954
2,671,114 With Herman Pines. Bis~hydronopyl) Ether.
2,671,120 With Herman Pines and Bruno Kvetinskas. Noncatalytic
Isomerization of Aromatic Compounds.
2,694,730 With Herman Pines. Bicyclooctene Derivatives.
1956
2,750,261 With George S. Monroe. Hydrogen.
2,751,406 With Herman Pines. Oxidative Condensation.
2,758,140 With Herman Pines and Bruno Kvetinskas. Noncatalytic
Condensation of Aromatic Compounds with Unsaturated
Hydrocarbons.
OCR for page 141
Representative terms from entire chapter:
vladimir nikolaevich
