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PAUL DARWIN FOOTE
March 27,1888-~ ugust 2,1971
BY ALLEN V. ASTIN
PAUL DARWIN FOOTE was a man of diversified interest and talent
who left a major imprint on many areas of science and tech-
nology. During his college days he started out to be an electrical
engineer, was once tempted to become a lawyer and another time
to be a classicist, but ended up with a major in physics. About
18 years before his death he gave the Home Secretary of the
National Academy of Sciences the following account of his
origins ant! youth.
I was born March 27, 1888, in Andover, Ashtabula County, Ohio, and
was one of the first children in the county to be issued an official birth
certificate. My father at various times was a city and county superintendent
of public schools in Andover, Madison, Chardon, and {efferson, Ohio.
Upon his retirement from teaching at 65, he became general agent of
several northeastern counties for an insurance company and was active
up to his death in 1939 at the age of 87. My mother was Abbie Lottie
Tourgee, who died at age 56 in 1920 from septicemia following a tooth
extraction, this occurring long before medical knowledge of antibiotics.
Both parents were for many generations of American extraction but
originally Father's antecedents came from England and Mother's from
France. Mother was talented in literary matters and was always active
in women's clubs.
I had one brother, Ralph L. Foote, who was killed in an automobile
accident in 1946. Our home life was most pleasant, one of our diversions
being horseback riding and carriage driving. As a boy I always had my
horse as well as a bicycle, and enjoyed many excursions with the children
of other families. [Iowever, my home life terminated in 1905 at the age
175
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176
BIOGRAPHICAL MEMOIRS
of 17, for thereafter I was able to return infrequently for only a few days.
I attended Chardon public schools from 1893 to 1905, being graduated
as valedictorian of my class. Avocations were chess, fishing, and music. I
played the clarinet in the school orchestra and village band from age 12;
later with college orchestras and bands, and during the early Twenties
with the Washington D.C. symphony orchestra.
As a youngster from 12 to 17, I was general agent for three Ohio
counties for the sale of aluminum combs. Few people in the late Nineties
had ever seen this metal, and the combs priced at 10 to 80 cents sold
readily by mail and house canvass. It was a lucrative business for a boy
and permitted me to indulge in many extravagances. For example, a
classmate and I living about a mile apart had the first two-way radio
telegraph setup in Ohio, around 1900, when silver coherers were required
as detectors. We also had x-ray equipment and fairly good basement
laboratories for electrical experiments and photography. From age 12 to
15 I had won several prizes for photography in such national magazines as
Success (that eventually failed to substantiate its name). As I was the only
amateur photographer in the village, my services in this work were often
used to advantage by real estate agents and property owners. My first
experience in hydraulics occurred at the age of 14 in the high school
physics laboratory where I had permission to work on week ends. I
connected a water turbine to the compressed air line, and just had time
to drop under the table when the blades and case embedded themselves
in the walls and ceiling.
Although I could have received financial help from my parents, I
worked my way through college. While attending Adelbert College,
Western Reserve University, 1905-1909, I was employed part time by a
Cleveland law firm and taught city night school, chiefly algebra. Life
with the law firm was most exciting and several of the young lawyers,
who later became judges, encouraged me during my three years' employ-
ment, to enter this profession. The firm was the official collector of bad
accounts for the associated merchants and physicians of Cleveland. My
first introduction to the petroleum industry occurred when, acting as a
deputy constable, I served notice on a president of an oil company to
appear in court in answer to a suit for an unpaid bill. He was a giant, and
he attacked me with his fists, doing considerable damage. He was heavily
fined in police court and later I filed suit for personal damages. When at
the hearing it was discovered that I was only 19, our attorneys immediately
withdrew the case as it might have had complications in my service as
deputy constable. Collection of bad accounts and garnisheeing of wages
in those early days was dirty and usually thrilling business for those who
understood the procedures, but it enabled me to become personally
acquainted with nearly every physician and grocer in Cleveland.
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PAUL DARWIN FOOTE
177
I was always interested in mathematics and physics, and planned to
take the five-year course in electrical engineering in combination with the
Case School of Applied Science. Shop credits were secured by summer
class work at Case. However, after being graduated from Western Univer-
sity magna cum laude and Phi Beta Kappa, I accepted an offer to become
a laboratory assistant in physics at the University of Nebraska and there-
after was trained in physics and mathematics rather than electrical
. .
engineering.
At Western Reserve, Professor Emerson, head of the English Depart-
ment, tried to influence me toward English as a career. I enjoyed his
private tutoring and even won the Early English Text Society Prize, a
complete edition of English pre-Chaucer, a quite valuable set of books
later donated to the University of Pittsburgh. [Iowever, the turning point
in my career was undoubtedly due to Professor Whitman, head of the
Department of Physics. In advanced studies at Reserve in both mathematics
and physics, I was often the sole member of the class so that my training
in general was by practical tutoring. Professor Smith tutored me in quater-
nions during my sophomore and junior years, and Professor Whitman and
later Professor Montcastle in various subjects in physics. Professor Whitman
believed in learning by experience. This was often costly in time but
thoroughly rewarding. Once I constructed, in the machine shop, a rather
complicated apparatus of brass assembled by soldering. For final cleaning
I asked him if boiling in oil would be satisfactory. He suggested trying it,
and I thereby learned to his amusement that the boiling point of oil was
above the melting point of solder.
At Nebraska I spent two years, 1909-1911, with Professor C. A. Skinner
using apparatus designed by Professor Brace. My thesis, published in
Physical Review in 1912, contained data on the magnetic rotation of the
plane of polarization and ellipticity of plane polarized light reflected from
mirrors in a magnetic field. These data, including effect of strength of
field and dispersion through the spectrum, still stand in the modern
physical tables. While at Nebraska I continued studies with the Depart-
ment of Mathematics and studied theoretical physics in quaternion nota-
tion under Professor L. B. Tuckerman. In 1911 I took the civil service
examination for assistant physicist at the Bureau of Standards and received
a mere passing grade. I knew that I had answered all the questions
correctly in quaternion notation. Years later the person who marked my
papers informed me that although he did not understand any of my
mathematics, since I had failed to define the notation, I arrived at the
correct answers and he marked my papers "Pass". Even this low grade was
sufficient for appointment. ~
~ Paul D. Foote: Autobiographical Statement for the National Academy of
Sciences, 1953, pp. 1-~.
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BIOGRAPHICAL MEMOIRS
Paul Foote's career at the National Bureau of Standards con-
sisted of two separate periods: 191 1-1916 and 1917-1927. During
the first period he rose rapidly from a laboratory assistant to the
Chief of the Pyrometry Section, in which position he carried on
pioneering work in high temperature measurements and played
a major role in the development of the pyrometer and automatic
heat control industries, then in their infancy. Noteworthy among
many publications in this period was a section on "Thermom-
etry, Pyrometry, and Heat Conductivity" for McGraw-Hill's
Standard Handbook for Electrical Engineers (1916~. The pyrom-
etry organization that Foote developed at the Bureau during this
period has continued substantially unchanged for many years
and achieved international recognition.
In 1916 Foote resigned from the Bureau of Standards to
accept the position of assistant manager of the Fisher Scientific
Company in Pittsburgh, at that time a small firm engaged in the
manufacture of instruments for military use, especially tele-
scopic gun sights. He shared in the invention of the F 8c F optical
pyrometer and other temperature measuring equipment. The
production of military instruments, as well as that of pyrometer
and metallurgical equipment, had just become a successful
manufacturing operation when the University of Minnesota
asked that Foote be permitted to spend seven months at the
University to deliver lectures and to establish a section on py-
rometry in the Physics Department. The Fisher Scientific Com-
pany agreed to the arrangement and retained him as assistant
manager, to handle business transactions by correspondence,
during the period he spent at the University.
From the time he had joined the Bureau in 1911, Foote had
taken graduate academic work in Washington, D.C., receiving
credit for this work from various schools. This, together with
courses taken at Minnesota, and a thesis on pyrheliometry,
reporting work done jointly with the U.S. Weather Bureau, was
accepted by the University of Minnesota in fulfillment of the
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PAU L DARWI N F O OTE
179
requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in physics
which was awarded in 1917.
The Uniter! States hac! entered World War I by the time
Foote returned to the Fisher Scientific Company, and shortly
thereafter, at the request of the Government, he was released for
technical duty at the Bureau of Standards. At first he was
engaged in various military technical projects, probably the
most important of which was the organization and direction of
the development of heat control processes for the manufacture
of high-grade optical glass. This early work, along with the coop-
erative efforts of a large group of industries, private laboratories
(including the Carnegie Geophysical Laboratory in Washing-
ton, D.C.), and government agencies, led not only to the success-
ful manufacture of a fair grade of optical glass for use in World
War I, but provided a cornerstone for the highly developed
American optical glass industry as we know it today.
While he was at the University of Nebraska Foote began an
important and long-lasting friendship with John T. Tate, who
received his master's degree there in 1912. This friendship was
renewed at the University of Minnesota, where Tate had come
after receiving his doctorate under James Franck in Germany.
Foote said: "fate was one of my teachers, in fact all of the
younger staff took courses under each other. Tate taught me
statistical mechanics and the group, including Arthur Compton,
Tate, McKeehan and Klopsteg were in my class on radiation
theory." ~ Tate also came to the Bureau of Standards on tempo-
rary wartime assignment in 1917 to work in the Pyrometry
section with Foote. Although both were primarily concerned
with wartime problems, Tate, influenced probably by exciting
new work he had observed in Gottingen in the spectral analysis
of mercury and other metal vapors, interested Foote in begin-
ning a study of atomic processes.
# Quoted in: "John Torrence Tate," Biographical Memoirs, 47:464. Wash.,
D.C.: National Academy of Sciences, 1975.
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BIOGRAPHICAL MEMOIRS
Following the war, Foote and one of his assistants, Fred L.
Mohler, turned their attention increasingly to this then new
field of atomic research. Although this field of work was beyond
the scope of their organizational responsibilities for heat and
pyrometry work, Bureau Director Stratton allowed Foote and
Mohler considerable freedom (but without extra funds) to
pursue their spectral studies of atomic processes.
Their work, which was described in one of the Bureau's
annual reports as "Investigations in Electronics," included
studies of the excitation and ionization potentials of simple
molecules and the photo-ionization of alkali vapors. These find-
ings provided important experimental support for the quantum
theory of spectra. An important monument to their work was
the well-known reference book Origin of Spectra, first published
in 1922. About the time the book came out, the Bureau Director
decided to give their work organizational recognition in its own
right and he established in the Optics Division a Section on
Radium, X-Rays, and Atomic Structure, with Foote as its chief.
Foote's interests were very broad, and conscious of the
emerging importance of X-rays and radium, he dedicated some
of his attention to the health hazards of radiation. Through
contacts established with most of the leading hospitals and
roentgenologists in the United States, the new Section initiated
the standardization of X-ray dosages for therapeutic treatments
and also set up standards for hospital X-ray installations and
for the protection of operators and patients. The procedures
developed were the foundation for modern X-ray practice. In
1926, at the request of Secretary of Commerce Herbert Hoover,
Foote undertook a special mission to Europe to report on engi-
neering and medical developments in X-ray and radioactivity.
At the time practically all of the radium in America was meas-
ured and certified under Foote's direction, and it was he who
presented a second United States gift of radium to his friend
Madame Curie.
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PAUL DARWIN FOOTE 181
By 1927 more than seventy publications had been produced
by Foote's new Section, and ever alert to new challenges, he
began to consider leaving government service. He decided to
accept the position of Senior Industrial Fellow on a new Fellow-
ship on oil production technology established for its Production
Department by the Gulf Oil Corporation at the Mellon Institute
of Industrial Research in Pittsburgh, and he resigned from the
Bureau in 1927. At this time practically no physicists were em-
ployed in the petroleum industry, since most of the technical
work was conducted by chemists in the field of production, re-
fining, and product development. Foote's immediate problem
was the initiation of research on the application of physics to
the discovery of oil fields and to the production of crude oil from
these fields. His experience up until this time had been for the
most part in academic type physics and he knew nothing about
the petroleum industry and its problems. He spent the first two
years studying the industry, traveling in the oil fields, and estab-
lishing in his own mind the problems presented in petroleum
exploration and production.
In a short time this Gulf Fellowship on production had over-
flowed its limited space at Mellon Institute, and additional
quarters were rented in office buildings to house a rapidly grow-
ing Geophysical Division under Dr. E. A. Eckhardt, who joined
Foote in 1928. Eckhardt, also a former Bureau of Standards
physicist, had already been engaged in geophysical work for
another oil company. From that time on, the work expanded by
leaps and bounds, and by the beginning of 1930 a large part of
the Fellowship was transferred to the Gulf Production Company
as a new Research Department occupying a new eighty-room
laboratory building. The research staff numbered approximately
ninety, and the work had expanded into all phases of oil field
technology. Research activities continued to expand, and before
long the Company was again renting space in other buildings in
the area. The Research Department of the Gulf Production
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182
BIOGRAPHICAL MEMOIRS
Company became in 1933 the Gulf Research 8c Development
Corporation, a full-fledged subsidiary of Gulf Oil Corporation.
Foote was named Director of Research and Executive Vice-
President of this Company and was elected to its Board of
Directors.
By 1934 the various groups associated with the Research
Laboratory had become so spread out geographically that it was
decided again to bring them all together. To this end a tract of
forty-seven acres was leased near Harmarville, Pennsylvania,
sixteen miles northeast of downtown Pittsburgh, and three main
laboratory buildings with a few small auxiliary buildings were
erected there. The new laboratory was occupied in April 1935.
By this time the Company had broadened the scope of its activ-
ities to include major research projects in refining, manufactur-
ing, and sales and had become the centralized research organiza-
tion for the Gulf Oil Corporation. Shortly after its inauguration
the Harmarville staff comprised approximately 250 employees,
with another 250 in the field engaged in geophysical operations.
In 1936 the name of the Company was changed to the Gulf
Research 8c Development Company, its present name. In 1945,
Dr. Foote was made a vice-president of the Gulf Oil Corporation
and the Gulf Refining Company. Under Foote's leadership the
Gulf Research Sc Development Company became one of the most
complete, integrated petroleum laboratories in the world.
Paul Foote retired from the Gulf Research & Development
Company at the end of 1953, having reached the usual industrial
retirement age of sixty-five. For the next four years he engaged
in a variety of consulting activities. One of these was a temporary
part-time position on the staff of the National Academy of
Sciences as the coordinator of the Academy's advisory services
to the Office of Ordnance Research. During this period he
moved his residence from Pittsburgh to Washington.
In September 1957 President Eisenhower appointed him to
the post of Assistant Secretary of Defense for Research and Engi-
neering. Foote became very much involved in trying to improve
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PAUL DARWIN FOOTE
183
the military research and development program and in increas-
ing the effectiveness of the advisory Defense Science Board.
However, before he had time to bring about many significant
changes he was forced to retire (in October 1958) because it was
discovered that he was past the age of seventy and that he had
had fifteen years prior government service at the National
Bureau of Standards (NBS). Foote was amused over the fact that
Civil Service regulations made a roadblock of his NBS years to
his desire to stay through the balance of the Eisenhower Admin-
istration. At the time of his second retirement Dr. Foote was
awarded the Defense Medal for Meritorious Civilian Service
for outstanding contributions to the National Defense.
Paul Foote did nc~t long remain idle. In 1960 he was per-
suaded to take a part-time position with the National Academy
of Sciences to supervise the Academy's advisory services to the
National Bureau of Standards. The assignment involved the
staffing, scheduling, and coordinating of about sixteen discipline
oriented committees, corresponding to the primary organiza-
tional units of the Bureau. Foote's wide contacts with the scien-
tific and engineering community, coupled with his great interest
in the Bureau, enabled him to organize highly competent com-
mittees to work effectively with the Bureau during a period of
rapid growth associated with the post-Sputnik atmosphere. The
Bureau valued most highly Paul Foote's efforts. Failing health
led to Dr. Foote's resignation from this activity at the end of
1965.
Throughout the remainder of his life Foote's primary pro-
fessional interest was the American Philosophical Society, where
he remained active on the Society's Research Committee and
was also a regular attendee, with his wife Miriam, of the Society's
meetings. He was elected to the Society at the relatively young
age of thirty-nine (1927) and served at various times as Coun-
cilor, Secretary, and a member of the Class I Membership Com-
mittee. He died at his Washington home on August 2, 1971.
Paul Foote was very active in professional society activities
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BIOGRAPHICAL MEMOIRS
throughout his career, and he received many honors. He was
president of the American Physical Society in 1933, secretary of
the Optical Society of America in 1920, and vice-president of the
Washington Academy of Sciences in 1936. He founded the Re-
view of Scientific Instruments and was its editor for ten years.
He was editor of the Journal of the Optical Society of America
for a similar period and an associate editor of the Journal of the
Franklin Institute. He was chairman of the small group of
physicists that organized the American Institute of Physics in
1931.
He was elected to the National Academy of Sciences in 1943.
Other honors and activities include: The Outstanding Achieve-
ment Gold Medal from the University of Minnesota, 1951;
honorary degree of Doctor of Science from the Carnegie Insti-
tute of Technology, 1953; the Pittsburgh Man-of-the-Year in
Science Award from the Pittsburgh Junior Chamber of Com-
merce, 1953; the Pittsburgh Award for outstanding service to
chemistry from the American Chemical Society, 1954; the
honorary degree of Doctor of Science from Western Reserve
University, 1961. During World War II, he served as a consul-
tant to the Office of Scientific Research and Development and to
the Research and Development Board, and he was a member
of the Executive Committee for Antisubmarine Warfare. He was
also a member of the Industrial Advisory Group of the Atomic
Energy Commission, the National Science Foundation Advisory
Committee for Minerals Research, the Army Ordnance Advisory
Committee, and the National Advisory Committee for Astro-
nautics.
An insight into Paul Foote's broader interests and into his
light good humor can be gleaned from some of his writings.
About 1920 he published anonymously in the Taylor Instru-
ment Company house organ a paper on "The Temperature of
Heaven and Hell." By making scientific deductions from de-
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PAU L DARWI N F O OTE
185
scriptions of the states of various material substances as described
in the Bible, Foote concluded that Heaven was hotter than Hell.
The paper, or portions of it, are periodically reprinted for
example, in the journal Applied Optics (1972) but all have
attributed the paper to an anonymous source. Nevertheless, a
copy of the original manuscript with Paul Foote's notations
identifying himself as the author was found in his personal file
after his death.
A second example is provided in his Presidential Address to
the members of the American Physical Society in December
1933. In discussing the importance of science to American indus-
try, he was critical of those who claim that scientists are moti-
vated mainly by an altruistic search for truth and are not con-
cerned with recognition or material reward. He protested the
belief
. . . that the true scientist is motivated solely by his spirit of curiosity, by his
thirst for knowledge, and for the discovery of truth for truth's sake alone.
For the benefit of the many academic scientists who believe this fiction I
propose the following practical experiment. Let articles submitted to the
Physical Review be carefully read by the editorial board and secure the
sponsorship of the American Physical Society. Every approved paper will
then be published anonymously with no possibility of determining the
authorship or the institution,from which the research emanated. Certainly
nothing is lost to science in the anonymous publication of work sponsored
by a competent editorial board. All the truth is there as before. If such
a policy were adopted I believe we would have no publication problem on
our hands, but assuming a few papers are received it would be interesting
to observe the American Institute of Physics in its attempt to collect three
dollars per page from each authors' institution.#
The final example is a serious-funny letter to the Editor of
Science in 1964 on the subject "Noise." In the letter Foote la-
ments the rapid increase in noise associated with modern living,
chastises engineers and architects on their priorities, and con-
~ Review of Scientific Instruments, 5 (February 1934): 57.
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BIOGRAPHICAL MEMOIRS
eludes: "Eventually the problem will be solved. However, by
the time that the building industry and architects are educated
to the requirements, most of us will be immune to noise, buried
under six feet of soc3." ~
Paul Foote had a full personal life, enjoying immensely his
family, his music, his cabin cruiser, his automobile, and his clubs
and professional societies.
He was first married, in February 1913, to Bernice Claire
Foote, a cousin, and they had two children, William Spencer
and Charlotte Jane (Mrs. John M. Hallewell). Each of his
children presented him with three grandchildren. Bernice died
in 1939, and about a year later Paul Foote married Sophie
Miriam Shanks Sage, a widow and daughter of Robert Lewis
Shanks of Greenwich, New York, a jeweler and watchmaker.
From this marriage Foote acquired two stepsons, Robert L. and
Evan T. Sage, and additional grandchildren.
Paul and Miriam spent many weekends and occasional long
trips on the water in their well-equipped cabin cruiser, first
acquired in Pittsburgh and later moved overland to Washington
for anchorage in the Potomac. This activity tell to an interest in
navigation which Foote studied with his characteristic intensity.
During Foote's second period at NBS he helped organize
among fellow scientists a chamber music group for which his
excellence on the clarinet was a real asset.
Paul Foote must be classified as a man whose impact covered
many fields: basic science, especially the early growth of quan-
tum physics; scientific instrumentation, especially thermal and
photoelectric measurement; the development of the petroleum
industry; the effective use of science by industry, national
defense and other governmental agencies, and the more effective
operation of professional societies, especially to deal with their
publication problems.
# Science, 143 January lo, 1964~: 1ol.
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PAUL DARWIN FOOTE
At the time of Foote's death Frederick Seitz wrote:
187
With the death of Paul D. Foote on 2 August at the age of 83 U.S.
physicists have lost one of their most important and creative links with
the early history of the profession.... Few individuals in our time have
been as dedicated as he was to the creation of relationships within the
community of American physicists that would advance the role physics
could play in our society. Our times call for more of the spirit that
motivated Foote to explore new roles for the members of the physics
professional
Physics Today, 24 (November 1971~: 73.
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188
BIOGRAPHICAL MEMOIRS
Bl BLIO GRAPHY
1911
The magnetic rotation and ellipticity for massive metal mirrors. J.
Wash. Acad. Sci., 1: 145.
1912
The magnetic rotation and ellipticity produced by mirrors of mas-
sive metals. Phys. Rev., 34:96.
1913
Note on cold-junction corrections for thermocouples. Burl Stand.
(U.S.) Bull., 9:553.
Note on calibration of optical pyrometers. Chem. Metall. Eng.,
11:97.
1914
Das Emissions vermogen van Metallen und Oxiden. Phys. Z., 15:271.
1915
The emissivity of metals and oxides. I. Nickel oxide (NiO) in the
range 600 ° to 1300° C. Burl Stand. (U.S.) Bull., 11:41.
The emissivity of metals and oxides. IV. Iron Oxide. Burl Stand. Sci.
Pap. 249. Burl Stand. (U.S.) Bull., 12:83.
Characteristics of radiation pyrometers. Burl Stand. (U.S.) Sci. Pap.
250.
The emissivity of metals and oxides. III. The total emissivity of
platinum and the relation between total emissivity and resis-
tivity. Burl Stand. Sci. Pap. 243. Burl Stand. (U.S.) Bull., 11:607.
Center of gravity and effective wave length of transmission of
pyrometer color screens and the extrapolation of the high tem-
perature scale. Burl Stand. Sci. Pap. 260. Burl Stand. (U.S.) Bull.,
12:483.
A new relation derived from Planck's law. Burl Stand. (U.S.) Sci.
Pap. 259.
1916
Thermometry, pyrometry and heat conductivity. In: Standard Hand-
book for Electrical Engineers, ed. F. F. Fowle. N.Y.: McGraw-
Hill.
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PAU L DARWI N F O OTE
189
Pyrometer and clinical thermometers. In: International Encyclo-
pedia.
Illumination from a radiating disk. Burl Stand. (U.S.) Sci. Pap. 263.
Luminosity of a black body and temperature. Burl Stand. Sci. Pap.
270. Burl Stand. (U.S.) Bull., 13:137.
A misconception of the criterion for gray body radiation. I. Wash.
Acad. Sci., 6:193.
The relation between color temperature, apparent temperature, true
temperature and monochromatic emissivity of radiating mate-
rials. i. Wash. Acad. Sci., 6:317.
Luminosity and temperature of metals. J. Wash. Acad. Sci., 6:323.
1917
A visibility equation derived from the Ives and Kingsburgh new
luminosity equation. J. Wash. Acad. Sci., 7:317.
Probe-wire measurements of anode fall of potential. l. Wash. Acad.
Sci., 7:482.
The resonance and ionization potentials for electrons in sodium
vapor. J. Wash. Acad. Sci., 7:517.
The proper type of absorption glass for an optical pyrometer. J.
Wash. Acad. Sci., 7:545.
Criteria for gray radiation. J. Wash. Acad. Sci., 7:573.
Anode resistance films. i. Wash. Acad. Sci., 7:593.
1918
An optical ammeter. l. Wash. Acad. Sci., 8:77.
Simple method of measuring emfs accurately. Elec. World, 71:559.
Resonance and ionization potentials for electrons in cadmium vapor.
Burl Stand. (U.S.) Sci. Pap. 317.
Standardization of rare metal thermocouples. Chem. Metall. Eng.,
18:343.
Standardization of base metal thermocouples. Chem. Metall. Eng.,
18:403.
Some peculiar thermoelectric effects. J. Wash. Acad. Sci., 8:545.
Melting points of the chemical elements and other standard tem-
peratures. Burl Stand. (U.S.) Circ. 35.
Electronic frequency and atomic number. Phys. Rev., l2(Series 2~:
115.
The Marvin pyrheliometer. Mon. Weather Rev., Nov.: 499.
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190
BIOGRAPHICAL MEMOIRS
The relation of optical and radiation pyrometry to modern physics.
Trans. Faraday Soc., 13: 1.
Resonance and ionization potentials for electrons in metallic vapors.
Philos. Mag., 36:64.
Some characteristics of the Marvin pyrheliometer. Burl Stand. (U.S.)
Sci. Pap. 323.
Low voltage discharge in sodium vapor. l. Wash. Acad. Sci., 8:513.
1919
Ionization and resonance potentials for electrons in vapors of mag-
nesium and thallium. l. Wash. Acad. Sci., 37:33.
Ionization and resonance potentials for electrons in vapors of
arsenic, rubidium and caesium. Phys. Rev., 13(Series 2~: 59.
Determination of Planck's constant h by electronic-atomic impact in
metallic vapors. l. Opt. Soc. Am., 2-3:96.
1920
Thermoelectric pyrometry. Bull. Am. Inst. Mining Eng., Pyrometry
Vol.
Optical and radiation pyrometry. Bull. Am. Inst. Mining Eng.,
Pyrometry Vol.
Recording pyrometry. Bull. Am. Inst. Mining Eng., Pyrometry Vol.
High temperature control. Bull. Am. Inst. Mining Eng., Pyrometry
Nlol.
Standard scale of temperature. Bull. Am. Inst. Mining Eng., Pyrom-
etry Vol.
Ionization and resonance potentials for electrons in vapors of lead
and calcium. Philos. Mag., 40:73.
Atomic theory and low voltage arcs in caesium vapor. Philos. Mag.,
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OCR for page 195
Representative terms from entire chapter:
resonance potentials
