|
Items in cart [0] |
Questions? Call 888-624-8373 |
| ||||||||||||
| Copyright © 2009. National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved. Terms of Use and Privacy Statement |
Below are the first 10 and last 10 pages of uncorrected machine-read text (when available) of this chapter, followed by the top 30 algorithmically extracted key phrases from the chapter as a whole.
Intended to provide our own search engines and external engines with highly rich, chapter-representative searchable text on the opening pages of each chapter.
Because it is UNCORRECTED material, please consider the following text as a useful but insufficient proxy for the authoritative book pages.
Do not use for reproduction, copying, pasting, or reading; exclusively for search engines.
OCR for page 88
OCR for page 89
VANNEVAR BUSH
March ~ I, 1890-June 2S, 1974
BY JEROME B. WIESNER
NO AMERICAN has had Heater influence in the growth of
science and technology than Vannevar Bush, and the
twentieth century may yet not produce his equal. He was an
ingenious engineer and an imaginative educator, but above all
he was a statesman of integrity and creative ability. He orga-
nized and led history's greatest research program during World
War II and, with a profound understanding of implications for
the future, charted the course of national policy during the
years that followed.
The grandson of two sea captains, "Van" Bush manifested
his Cape Cod heritage in a salty, independent, forthright per-
sonality. He was a man of strong opinions, which he expressed
and applied with vigor, yet he stood in awe of the mysteries of
nature, had a warm tolerance for human frailty, and was open-
minded to change and to new solutions to problems. He was
pragmatic, yet had the imagination and sensitivity of a poet,
and was steadily optimistic. These essential qualities speak
clearly in the foreword which he wrote in January 1970 for his
book of reminiscences, Pieces of the Action:
In my time, it has been my good fortune to have a piece of the action here
and there in varied circumstances. It has been a pleasant experience for me
to review some of the more rugged of these, and some of the more serene.
Do birds sing for the joy of singing? I believe they do. The complexity
of their songs is far greater than is needed for recognition or for marking
89
OCR for page 90
go
BIOGRAPHICAL MEMOIRS
of reserved areas. I have become acquainted with a catbird who obviously
derives pleasure as he tries out little phrases on his own. Moreover, I believe
that evolution produced birdsongs, and the joy that goes with them,
because of the survival value they bestow.
He who struggles with joy in his heart struggles the more keenly be-
cause of that joy. Gloom dulls, and blunts the attack. We are not the first
to face problems, and as we face them we can hold our heads high. In such
spirit was this book written.
Van Bush gave the most comprehensive view of himself in
Pieces of the Action. Characteristically, he despised pomposity
and rather than write a formal autobiography he organized his
recollections in a way that would illuminate certain historical
episodes and amplify some of his views of life. Written in a
direct, down-to-earth manner, the book tells a great deal about
the rugged, indomitable spirit of its author.
Bush's father, the Reverend Richard Perry Bush, was also
a nonconformist in style and conviction. He started his career
as cook on a mackerel smack at Provincetown, Massachusetts at
the age of fourteen and worked his way through Tufts College
by delivering coal to students' rooms. Although of a Methodist
family, he became a minister in the Universalist Church and
was a pastor in Everett, Massachusetts when his son was born
on March 11, 1890. Story has it that the boy was named for the
Reverend John Van Nevar, a colleague of the Reverend Mr.
Bush. Between Vannevar Bush and his father there was a strong
bond of affection, cemented by a good-humored appreciation in
each one for the personality and idiosyncracies of the other.
Both were members of the Masonic order, both were good out-
doorsmen, and both were wide-ranging in their interests.
As a boy, Vannevar Bush loved to tinker. When his father
became a pastor in Chelsea, where Vannevar attended high
school, he had a versatile shop at home. After high school he
moved on to Tufts College, where he received B.S. and M.S.
p. ~x.
~ Vannevar Bush, Pieces of the Action (New York: William Morrow, 1970),
OCR for page 91
VANNEVAR BUSH
91
degrees in 1913. Also, while still in college, he secured a patent
the first of many—for a surveying machine, which he built with
two bicycle wheels and a device using a pendulum, for inte-
grating and recording horizontal and vertical measurements.
After graduating from Tufts, Bush worked for a time in the
test department of the General Electric Company at Schenec-
tady, New York, and then as an inspector for the U.S. Navy.
He returned to Tufts in 1914 as an instructor in mathematics.
He had higher goals, however, and one of them was to marry
Phoebe Davis, a Chelsea girl. Having saved enough money for
one more year of study, he proposed to earn a doctorate at the
Massachusetts Institute of Technology in that one year so that
he could qualify for a better job and afford to get married. There
was academic skepticism that he could accomplish this, and he
was warned that he would wreck his health; but in 1916, at the
end of a year, he had earned a Doctor of Engineering, a degree
at that time given jointly by MIT and Harvard University. His
health was never better, a troublesome case of rheumatism hav-
ing disappeared for good. That fall he and Miss Davis were
married, and he became an assistant professor of electrical engi-
neering at Tufts. His first technical paper, "Oscillating-Current
Circuits by the Method of Generalized Angular Velocities,"
based on his doctoral thesis, was presented before the American
Institute of Electrical Engineers in 1917.
At about that time, Bush became a consultant to American
Research and Development Corporation (AMRAD), a small com-
pany with quarters on the Tufts campus which, with the backing
of l. P. Morgan, was pioneering in the development of radio
devices. When the United States entered World War I, Bush
went to New London, Connecticut to engage in antisubmarine
research for AMRAD. He developed a magnetic device for the
detection of submarines, but because of faulty administrative
coordination it was never used effectively a circumstance that
he would remember when he took charge of U.S. research dur-
OCR for page 92
92
BIOGRAPHICAL MEMOIRS
ing World War II. "That experience," he wrote later, "forced
into my mind pretty solidly the complete lack of proper liaison
between the military and the civilian in the development of
weapons in time of war, and what that lack meant." He did not
serve in the Navy during World War I, but he was a lieutenant
commander in the Naval Researve from 1924 to 1932.
In 1919, Bush joined the MIT faculty as associate professor
of power transmission. He was placed in charge of the intro-
ductory course in electrical engineering and in 1922, with his
colleague William H. Timbie, published a textbook, Principles
of Electrical Engineering. Meanwhile, he had been macle clirec-
tor of graduate study and of the Research Division of the De-
partment of Electrical Engineering.
Bush not only continued to serve as a consultant to AMRAD,
but was also largely responsible for its progress, despite numer-
ous vicissitudes, toward success. He enlisted Laurence K. Mar-
shall, who had been his roommate at Tufts, to provide business
leadership. A new company, eventually named Metals and Con-
trols Corporation, was formed to manufacture a thermostat
invented by John A. Spencer, a staff member. Thermionic tubes
for the booming radio industry were developed by another com-
pany, which took the name of Raytheon Manufacturing Com-
pany in 1925 and became a corporate giant. One of the tubes,
the S tube, a gaseous rectifier, enabled the owner of a radio set
to plug it into the household circuit rather than use what was
known as a B battery. The tube was the subject of papers pre-
sented before the Institute of Radio Engineers and the Ameri-
can Institute of Electrical Engineers by the inventor, C. G.
Smith, and Bush.
At MIT, Bush's interests turned toward computers. A former
student, David O. Woodbury, recalls that in 1922 he was work-
ing on a master's thesis, assigned by Bush, dealing with three-
.
# Pieces of the Action, p. 74.
OCR for page 93
VANNEVAR BUSH
93
phase transients in alternating current motors. The research
required onerous slide-rule computation, and Woodbury de-
vised a small machine to do the work. One day Bush saw Wood-
bury using the machine and asked what it was. When Woodbury
explained, the professor said, "Dave, give up all that slip-stick
work and write us a thesis on your invention." Woodbury did,
and sold the machine to General Electric Company.
The increasing complexity of power transmission networks
stimulated further development in methods of analysis. Another
of Bush's graduate students, Herbert R. Stewart, based a thesis
on the Product Integraph, stating: "It was Dr. Bush's suggestion
early in 1925 that a mechanical device should be developed to
perform the continuous integration, which was the beginning of
a continually expanding program of general solution of tran-
sients in networks by electromechanical means" (A New Re-
cord ing Prod uct Integraph and Multiplier, S.M. thesis, 1926~.
The Product Integraph was the first in a series of analog
computers which, though not direct ancestors of today's digital
computers, led in the opening of the modern field of compu-
tation. In addition to Stewart, those closely associated with
Bush in this development included Frank D. Gage, Harold L.
Hazen, King E. Gould, and Samuel H. Caldwell. An advanced
machine, called the Differential Analyzer, was completed in
1931 and was so successful that it was the model for the con-
struction of similar machines elsewhere. It could solve sixth-
order differential equations or three simultaneous second-order
differential equations. Another complex device developed at
that time by Harold Hazen and Hugh H. Spencer with Bush's
leadership was the Network Analyzer, used in the simulation of
power systems.
Preparation of the Differential Analyzer for solving a prob-
lem was a cumbersome process. Planning for a more versatile
machine, which could be controlled by punched tape, was be-
gun in 1935. Known as the Rockefeller Differential Analyzer
OCR for page 94
94
BIOGRAPHICAL MEMOIRS
because it was funded in part by the Rockefeller Foundation, it
had 2,000 electronic tubes, 200 miles of wire, 150 motors, and
weighed 100 tons. It was demonstrated for the first time in 1941
and throughout World War II was operated on a three-shift
basis in the computation of Navy range tables and studies of
fire-control systems, radar antennas, and other critical subjects.
Bush was by no means satisfied with the Differential Analyzer.
As early as 1937 he wrote memoranda on the possibility of
achieving greater speed with an electronic calculator the Rapid
Arithmetical Machine, as he called it. Preliminary studies of
its feasibility and, in fact, of tubes and circuits that might be
used were conducted, but investigators were diverted by war
research demands, and it was not until the early 1950s that
MIT began operating Whirlwind I, a high-speed, high-capacity,
highly reliable digital computer.
Although Bush maintained a lively interest in such ma-
chines, his career had taken a new direction. He had strong
views on education. For example, in "Critical Analysis of the
Examination System of American Engineering Schools," he
wrote:
The student is hounded. In four years the student has to take some forty
or fifty independently taught subjects in which he is examined formally a
total of perhaps a hundred times, and informally several hundred times....
All but exceptional students become automatons.... Our examinations are
poor.... Student memories are being taxed with data which any reason-
able practicing engineer would keep in notes or a handbook..
Dr. Karl T. Compton had become president of MIT in 1930,
and as part of his program to strengthen the Institute, he re-
organized it as three schools and appointed Bush vice president
of the Institute and dean of the School of Engineering. In the
latter position, Bush became virtually the operating executive.
His national reputation was growing, and in 1934 he was
# Vannevar Bush, Journal of Engineering Education, 23, no. 5 (January 1933~:
322-36.
OCR for page 95
VANNEVAR BUSH
95
elected to the National Academy of Sciences. The following
year he served on the Committee on the Relation of the Patent
System to the Stimulation of New Industries, organized by the
Science Advisory Board of the National Research Council.
In 1938 Bush was invited to become president of the Car-
negie Institution of Washington. President Compton was so
loath to lose him that he suggested an arrangement by which he,
Compton, would become chairman of the corporation and Bush
would become president of MIT. Bush accepted the Carnegie
invitation, however, and shortly afterward was also appointed
chairman of the National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics
(NACA). As he later put it, he soon "learned quite a bit of the
mysterious ways in which one operates in the Washington
maze." ~
After World War II broke out in Europe in 1939, Bush and
others became increasingly concerned by the lack of technologi-
cal preparedness in the United States. He; James B. Conant,
president of Harvard University, and Frank B. Jewett, president
of the National Academy of Sciences and president of Bell
Telephone Laboratories, were members of the Committee on
Scientific Aids to Learning, formed by the National Research
Council in 1937, and thus had occasion to meet together and
discuss the subject. President Compton of MIT and Richard C.
Tolman, dean of the Graduate School at the California Insti-
tute of Technology, also joined in these discussions. Irvin
Stewart, who was secretary of the Committee on Scientific Aids
to Learning, was likewise involved.
Out of the discussions came a plan for the establishment of
the National Defense Research Committee (NDRC), which Bush
described in four short paragraphs and submitted to President
Roosevelt. At the end of ten minutes he had an "OK-FDR," and
an order creating NDRC was issued on June 27, 1940, providing
~ Pieces of the Action, p. 34.
OCR for page 96
96
BIOGRAPHICAL MEMOIRS
nearly a year and a half of lead time before the United States
entered the war. Bush commented thirty years later:
There were those who protested that the action of setting up NDRC was an
end run, a grab by which a small company of scientists and engineers, act-
ing outside established channels, got hold of the authority and money for
the program of developing new weapons. That, in fact, is exactly what it
was. Moreover, it was the only way in which a broad program could be
launched rapidly and on an adequate scale. To operate through estab-
lished channels would have involved delays and the hazard that inde-
pendence might have been lost, that independence which was the central
feature of the organization's success.
Bush was appointed chairman, and other members of the
committee, in addition to Compton, Conant, Jewett, and Tol-
man, were Conway P. Coe, Commissioner of Patents; Rear Adm.
Harold G. Bowen, representing the Navy; and Brig. Gen.
George V. Strong, representing the Army. Stewart became the
executive secretary.
The organization was elaborated in 1942, when the Office
of Scientific Research and Development (OSRD) was established,
with Bush as its director. OSRD had three principal subdivisions
at that time: the NDRC, with Conant as chairman; the Commit-
tee on Medical Research (CMR), with A. Newton Richards as
chairman; and the Advisory Council, with Bush as chairman.
The latter, which included the chairmen of NACA, NDRC, and
CMR, as well as Army and Navy representatives, served as a co-
ordinating group. In addition, Bush was chairman of the Joint
New Weapons Committee of the Joint Chiefs of Staff and,
when the Manhattan District was created, chairman of its Mili-
tary Policy Committee, which functioned as its board of direc-
tors.
Although a certain organizational complexity was inevitable
in so large a program, OSRD and NDRC operations were simplified
~ Pieces of the Action, pp. 3~-3~.
OCR for page 97
VANNEVAR BUSH
97
by the fact that Van Bush was unquestionably the boss. He had
the full confidence of the President and Congress. He was de-
cisive and could be tough. "I remember one time when a section
walked into my office and resigned as a body," he wrote. "I still
do not know quite what the row was about. So I just told them,
'One does not resign in time of war. You chaps get the hell out
of here and get back to work, and I'll look into it.' " ~ His wis-
clom and integrity were respected.
The organization was a remarkable invention, but the most
significant innovation was the plan by which, instead of builcl-
ing large government laboratories, contracts were made with
universities and industrial laboratories for research appropriate
to their capabilities. OSRD responded to requests from military
agencies for work on specific problems, but it maintained its
independence and in many cases pursued research objectives
about which military leaders were skeptical. Military tradition
was that a war had to be fought with weapons that existed at
its beginning. Bush believed that World War II could be won
only through advances in technology, and he proved to be cor-
rect. In some instances, the armed forces were enthusiastically
cooperative. In others, resistance to innovation had to be over-
come. Bush, himself, went to Europe to make sure that the
proximity fuse was introduced to the battlefield and used effec-
tively.
The major exception to the policy of avoiding the building
of government laboratories was in the development of the
atomic bomb. After preliminary studies by NDRC and OSRD, it
became clear that a colossal program would be needed, and
Bush recommended to Secretary Stimson that the Army take
over the responsibility. The result was the formation of Man-
hattan Engineering District by the Corps of Engineers. Bush,
~ Pieces of the Action, p. 41.
OCR for page 98
98
BIOGRAPHICAL MEMOIRS
with Conant as his deputy, maintained an active scrutiny of
the enterprise.
Bush successfully confronted Sir Winston Churchill (and
earned his wrath) in London in an argument over the terms of
exchanging atomic information. He had the duty, after the
death of President Roosevelt, of giving President Truman his
first detailed account of the bomb. He was among those whose
recommendations prevailed when the President decided in
spite of some objections that the Smyth Report on atomic
energy should be released. He urged the appointment of the
Interim Committee to advise the President on use of the bomb
and on postwar atomic energy, and he was then appointed a
member of the committee. He was a participant in the "Atlee
Conference" and prepared the final draft of an agreement with
the British proposing control of atomic energy by the United
Nations. He was a defender of Dr. I. Robert Oppenheimer.
After the Atomic Energy Commission's (AEC) decision that
Oppenheimer's clearance be cancelled, he stated: "It does not
affect my complete confidence in Dr. Oppenheimer's loyalty and
deep devotion to the security of the United States.... Our in-
ternal security system has run wild." ~
Bush did not have a central role in the formation of the AEC,
but his voice was heard on this and other issues, such as military
unification. He was influential in developing a policy of main-
taining a high level of research for the military services and
was instrumental in organizing the Office of Naval Research.
But his greatest contribution was to launch an unprecedented
national program in science and technology.
Long before the war was over, Bush began to devote thought
to how the momentum of research could be sustained, with new
peacetime goals. In a letter, President Roosevelt asked him to
make recommendations on government policies for combating
~ Newsweek, July 12, 1954, pp. 24-25.
OCR for page 107
VANNEVAR BUSH
107
Marcellus Hartley Public Welfare Award, National Academy of
Sciences, 1945
Washington Award, Western Society of Engineers, 1946
Hoover Medal for 1946, AIEE, ASCE, AIMME, ASME, 1947
Distinguished Service Award, Tufts Alumni Council, 1947
Medal for Merit with Bronze Oak Leaf Cluster, President Truman,
1948
Knight Commander, Most Excellent Order of the British Empire,
1948
Medal, Industrial Research Institute, Inc. 1949
John Fritz Medal, AlEE, ASCE, AIMME, ASME, 1951
Award of Merit, American Institute of Consulting Engineers, 1953
John l. Carty Medal and Award for the Advancement of Science,
National Academy of Sciences, 1954
William Proctor Prize, Scientific Research Society of America, 1954
Officer, Legion of Honor, France, 1955
New England Award, Engineering Societies of New England, 1957
Charles F. Kettering Award, George Washington University, 1952
1963 National Medal of Science, President Johnson, 1964
Great Living American Award, Chamber of Commerce of the
United States, 1964
Citation, Brotherhood of Temple Ohabei Shalom, Brookline, Massa-
chusetts, 1964
Wisdom Award of Honor, The Wisdom Society, 1965
First Annual Founders Medal, National Academy of Engineers, 1966
Distinguished Service to Science Education Citation, National Sci-
ence Teachers Association, 1968
Atomic Pioneer Award, President Nixon, 1970
BOARDS
Life Member, Massachusetts Institute of Technology Corporation;
Chairman, 1957-1959; Honorary Chairman, 1959-1971
Regent, Smithsonian Institution, 1943-1955
Trustee, Tufts College, 1943-1962 (Emeritus)
Trustee, Johns Hopkins University, 1943-1955
Trustee, Carnegie Corporation of New York, 1939-1950
Trustee, Carnegie Institution of Washington, 1958-1974
Trustee, George Putnam Fund of Boston, 1956-1972
OCR for page 108
108
BIOGRAPHICAL MEMOIRS
Director American Telephone and Telegraph Co., 1947-1962
Director, Merck & Co., Inc., 1949-1962; Chairman of Board, 19~7-
1962
Director, Metals and Controls Corporation, 1952-1959
Director and Life Member, Graphic Arts Research Foundation, Inc.,
1949-1974
OCR for page 109
VANNEVAR BUSH
BIBLIOGRAPHY
109
1917
Oscillating-current circuits by the method of generalized angular
velocities. Proc. Am. Inst. Electr. Eng., 36~2~: 189-203; Trans. Am.
Inst. Electr. Eng., 36:207-34.
The coupled circuit by the method of generalized angular velocities.
Proc. Inst. Radio Eng., 5:363-73.
1919
Gimbal stabilization. l. Franklin Inst., 188: 199-215.
1920
Alignment chart for circular and hyperbolic functions of a complex
argument in rectangular coordinates. T. Am. Inst. Electr. Eng.,
39:658-59.
A simple harmonic analyzer. l. Am. Inst. Electr. Eng., 39:903-~.
1921
With C. G. Smith. A new rectifier. Proc. Inst. Radio Eng., 10:41-51.
1922
With W. H. Timbie. Principles of Electrical Engineering. N.Y.: John
Wiley & Sons. ix + 629 pp.
With C. G. Smith. Control of gaseous conduction. Trans. Am. Inst.
Electr. Eng., 41 :402-11.
With L. H. Connell. The eRect of absorbed gas on the conductivity
of glass. J. Franklin Inst., 194:231-40.
1923
Transmission line transients. Trans. Am. Inst. Electr. Eng., 42:
878-93.
1924
Note on operational analysis. l. Math. Phys., 3:95-107.
1925
With R. D. Booth. Power system transients. Trans. Am. Inst. Electr.
Eng., 44:80-103; l. Am. Inst. Electr. Eng., 44:229~0.
OCR for page 110
110
BIOGRAPHICAL MEMOIRS
1926
The force between moving charges. l. Math Phys., 5: 129-57.
1927
With F. D. Gage and H. R. Stewart. A continuous integraph. I.
Franklin Inst., 203:63-84.
With King E. Gould. Temperature distribution along a filament.
Phys. Rev., 29:337~5.
With P. H. Moon. A precision measurement of puncture voltage.
J. Am. Inst. Electr. Eng., 46: 1007-14.
With H. L. Hazen. Integraph solution of differential equations.
I. Franklin Inst., 204:575-615.
1928
Mechanical solution of engineering problems. Tech. Engr. News,
9:52-53.
1929
Transient stability: the analytical solution by point-by-point meth-
ods, M.I.T. Proceedings of Colloquium on Power-Circuit Anal-
ysis, June.
Operational Circuit Analysis. N.Y.: John Wiley & Sons. x + 392 pp.
1931
The Differential Analyzer: a new machine for solving differential
equations. T. Franklin Inst., 212:447-88.
Edith S. H. Caldwell. Thomas-Fermi equation solution by the differ-
ential analyzer. Phys. Rev., 38:1898-1902.
1933
Critical analysis of the examination system of American engineering
schools. (Presented at meeting of Society for the Promotion of
Engineering Education, Univ. of Maine, Orono, Oct. 8, 1932~.
J. Eng. Educ., 23~5~:322-36.
OCR for page 111
VANNEVAR BUSH
1934
111
Structural analysis by electric circuit analogies. l. Franklin Inst.,
217:289-329.
1935
John Ripley Freeman. In: Biographical Memoirs, 17: 171-87. N.Y.:
Columbia Univ. Press for the National Academy of Sciences.
1936
Instrumental analysis. Bull. Am. Math. Soc., 42:649-69.
1937
The engineer and his relation to government. Electr. Eng., 56:
928-36.
1939
The professional spirit in engineering. Mech. Eng., 61: 195-98.
1940
Arthur Edward Kennelly. In: Biographical Memoirs, 22:83-119.
N.Y.: Columbia Univ. Press for the National Academy of
~ -
~clences.
1941
The case for biological engineering. In: Scientists Face the World of
1942, pp.33-45. New Brunswick, N.~.: Rutgers Univ. Press.
Science and National Defense. l. of Appl. Phys., 12:823-26.
1943
Research and the war effort. Electr. Eng., 62:96-102.
The Kilgore bill. Science, 98:571-77.
1944
The American tradition of opportunity. Electr. Eng., 63:82-84.
1945
Statement. In: Surplus Material Research and Development (Hear-
ings before select committee on post-war military policy, House
OCR for page 112
112
BIOGRAPHICAL MEMOIRS
of Representatives, on H. Res. 465), pp. 237-59. Wash., D.C.:
U.S. Govt. Print. Off.
The builders. Technol. Rev., 47:162. (Reprinted in seventeen publi-
cations.)
Statement. In: Research and Development (Hearings before com-
mittee on military affairs, House of Representatives, on H. R.
2946, authorizing permanent program of scientific research in the
interest of national security), pp. 2-29. Wash., D.C.: U.S. Govt.
Print. Off.
Science the Endless Frontier: Report to the President on a Program
for Postwar Scientific Research. Wash., D.C.: U.S. Govt. Print.
Off.x + 184 pp.
As we may think. Atlantic Monthly, 176: 101-8.
Statement. In: Atomic Energy (Hearings before committee on mili-
tary affairs, House of Representatives, On H. R. 4280, for
development and control of atomic energy), pp. 35-51. Wash.,
D.C.: U.S. Govt. Print. Off.
Testimony. Hearings on Science Legislation (Hearings before a sub-
committee of the committee on military affairs, Senate, pursuant
to S. Res. 107 and S. Res. 146, authorizing a study of possibilities
of better mobilizing national resources), pp. 199-227. Wash.,
D.C.: U.S. Govt. Print. Off.
With Samuel H. Caldwell. A new type of differential analyzer.
J. Franklin Inst., 240:255-326.
Statement. In: To Increase Compensation of Officers and Employees
of the Federal Government (Hearings before a subcommittee of
the committee civil service, Senate, on S. 1414), pp. 223-36. Wash.,
D.C.: U.S. Govt. Print. Off.
Statement. In: Atomic Energy (Hearings before a special committee
on atomic energy, Senate, pursuant to S. Res. 179, Creating a
special committee to investigate problems relating to the develop-
ment, use and control of atomic energy), pp. 145-83. Wash., D.C.:
U.S. Govt. Print. Off.
Research and the war. Army Navy Journal, 83: 1 10, 139.
Letter to H. M. Kilgore. In: Hearings on Science Legislation (Hear-
ings before a subcommittee of the committee on military affairs,
Senate, pursuant to S. Res. 107 and S. Res. 146 authorizing a
study of the possibilities of better mobilizing the national re-
sources), pp. 1118-19. Wash., D.C.: U.S. Govt. Print. Off.
OCR for page 113
VANNEVAR BUSH
1946
113
Endless Horizons. Wash., D.C.: Public Affairs Press. ix + 182 pp.
The scientist and his government. In: Inauguration, Arthur Holly
Compton as Ninth Chancellor, pp. 59-66. St. Louis: Washington
Univ.
Public opinion concerning the patent system. American Patent Law
Assoc. Bull. (March-April-May):40~6.
Research, organization and national security. J. Am. Soc. of Nav.
Eng., 58:179-87.
Letter to Hugh B. Mitchell. In: To Establish a National Air Policy
Board (Hearings before a subcommittee on interstate commerce,
Senate, on S. 1639, a bill to establish a national air policy board),
p. 270. Wash., D.C.: U.S. Govt. Print. Off.
Planning in science. In: Science and Civilization: The Future of
atomic Energy, vol. 1, pp. 47-69. N.Y.: Whittlesey House/
McGraw-Hill.
Statement. In: National Science Foundation Act (Hearings before a
subcommittee of the committee on interstate and foreign com-
merce, House of Represenatives, on H. R. 6448, a bill to promote
the progress of science and the useful arts; to secure the national
defense; to advance the national health, prosperity and welfare),
pp. 47-55. Wash., D.C.: U.S. Govt. Print. Off.
New methodology of war. Army Ordance, 31:336.
1947
Statement. In: Navy Department Appropriation Bill for 1948 (Hear-
ings before the subcommittee of the committee on appropria-
tions, House of Representatives, on the Navy appropriation bill),
pp. 133-52. Wash., D.C.: U.S. Govt. Print. Off.
The scientific way. In: Modern Minds, An Anthology of Ideas, ed.
Howard Mumford Jones et al., pp. 300-05. Boston: D. C. Heath.
Statement. In: National Science Foundation (Hearings before the
committee on interstate and foreign commerce, House of Rep-
resentatives, on H. R. 942, H. R. 1815, H. R. 1830, H. R. 1834,
and H. R. 2027), pp. 231-54. Wash., D.C.: U.S. Govt. Print. Off.
Letter and Statement. In: National Defense Establishment (Unifica-
tion of the Armed Services) (Hearings before the committee on
armed services, Senate, on S. 758, a bill to promote the national
OCR for page 114
114
BIOGRAPHICAL MEMOIRS
security by providing for a national defense establishment which
shall be administered by a secretary of national defense), pp. 643-
48. Wash., D.C.: U.S. Govt. Print. Off.
Letter to George D. Aiken. In: Technical Information and Services
Act (Hearings before the committee on expenditures in the execu-
tive departments, on S. 493, a bill to provide for the coordination
of agencies disseminating technological and scientific informa-
tion), pp. 20-21; 200-22. Wash., D.C.: U.S. Govt. Print. Off.
Statement. In: National Security Act of 1947 (Hearings before the
committee on expenditures in the executive departments, House
of Representatives, on H. R. 2319, a bill to promote the national
security), pp. 549-70. Wash., D.C.: U.S. Govt. Print. Off.
Statement relative to aeronautical research and development and
government policy with respect thereto. In: Stenographic Report
of Proceedings, President's Air Policy Commission. Wash., D.C.:
Department of Commerce.
1948
Research and strategy. Reserve Officer, 25:4-5, 22.
Trends in American science. Physics Today, 1:~-7, 39.
Introduction. In: Palmer C. Putnam, Power from the Wind, pp. xi-
xiii. N.Y.: D. Van Nostrand.
1949
Richard Chace Tolman. Science, 109:20-21.
Panel discussion. Men against nature: the problem of world produc-
tion. In: Mid-Century, the Social Implications of Scientific
Progress: Discussions at the Massachusetts Institute of Technol-
ogy at the Mid-Century Convocation, ed. John Ely Burchard,
pp. 87-95. Cambridge: Technology Press.
Modern Arms And Free Men: A Discussion of the Role of Science in
Preserving Democracy. N.Y.: Simon & Schuster. xiii + 273 pp.
1950
Frederick Gardner Cottrell. In: Biographical Memoirs, 27:1-11.
N.Y.: Columbia Univ. Press for the National Academy of
Sciences.
OCR for page 115
VANNEVAR BUSH
1951
115
This period of transition. Electr. Eng., 70: 199-201.
The atomic bomb and the defense of the free world. (Address over
Mutual Broadcasting System for the Committee on the Present
Danger.) Reprinted in: American Assoc. of University Professors
Bull., 37:345-50.
Statement. In: Weather Control and Augmented Potable Water
Supply (Hearings before subcommittees of the committees on
interior and insular affairs. interstate and foreign commerce, and
agriculture and forestry, Senate, on S. 5, S. 22, and S. 798), pp.
148-51. Wash., D.C.: U.S. Govt. Print. Off.
With l. E. Jackson. Correction of spherical error of a pendulum.
I. Franklin Inst., 252:463-67.
Introduction. In: Of Societies and Men, by Caryl P. Haskins. New
York: W. W. Norton. pp. ix-xi.
1952
Automatic microtome. Science, 115: 649-52.
Science in medicine and related fields. Med. Ann. D.C., 22: 1-6, 58.
With Richard E. Hewitt. Frozen sectioning: a new and rapid
method. Am. I. Pathol., 28:863-73.
1953
With Nelson A. Rockefeller, Omar N. Bradley, Milton S. Eisen-
hower, Arthur S. Flemming, Robert A. Lovett, and David Sarnoff.
Report of the Rockefeller Committee on Department of Defense
Organization. Wash., D.C.: U.S. Govt. Print. Off. vi + 25 pp.
The relation of fundamental research to engineering. American
Engineer, May:13-16.
Foreword. In: Algal Culture: from Laboratory to Pilot Plant, ed.
John S. Burlew, pp. iii-vi. Wash., D.C.: Carnegie Institution
Publication no. 600.
With W. R. Duryee and J. A. Hastings. An electric micromanipu-
lator. Rev. of Sci. Instrum., 24:487-89.
Gano Sillick Dunn. In: Biographical Memoirs, 28:31-44. N.Y.:
Columbia Univ. Press for the National Academy of Sciences.
OCR for page 116
116
BIOGRAPHICAL MEMOIRS
1954
Defining the research task in government. Chemurgic Digest, 13:20.
Scientific motivation. Proc. Am. Philos. Soc., 98:225-32.
Testimony. In: U.S. Atomic Energy Commission: In the Matter of
T. Robert Oppenheimer, pp. 560-68, 909-15. Wash., D.C.: U.S.
Govt. Print. Off.
Lyman J. Briggs and atomic energy. Scientific Monthly, 78:275-77.
Statement. In: Organization and Administration of the Military
Research and Development Programs (Hearings before a sub-
committee of the committee on government operations), pp. 451-
74. Wash., D.C.: U.S. Govt. Print. Off.
Science and progress? Am. Sci., 43:241-58.
Karl Taylor Compton. Yearbook of the Am. Philos. Soc., pp. 409-12.
1955
Improved automatic microtome.Science, 122:119.
Statement. In: Automation and Technological Change (Hearings
before the subcommittee on economic stabilization of the joint
committee on the economic report), pp. 604-18, 628-34. Wash.,
D.C.: U.S. Govt. Print. Off.
Introduction. In: The World We Live In, ed. Life staff and Lincoln
Barnett, pp. 1-2. N.Y.: Time, Inc.
1956
Professional collaboration. (Martin Memorial Lecture, Clinical
Congress, American College of Surgeons.) Service, 125:49-54.
A bandsaw for cutting thin tissue sections. J. Bone it. Surg., 38-A:
1 159-62.
Proposals for Improving the Patent System (Study of the subcom-
mittee on patents, trademarks, and copyrights of the committee
on the judiciary, Senate, pursuant to S. Res. 167. Study No. 1~.
Wash., D.C.: U.S. Govt. Print. Off.
1958
Comfort Avery Adams. In: Biographical Memoirs, 38:1-16. N.Y.:
Columbia Univ. Press of the National Academy of Sciences.
OCR for page 117
VANNEVAR BUSH
1959
117
With Dwight E. Harken, Harrison Black, Warren ]. Taylor,
Wendall B. Thrower, and Harry S. Soroff. The surgical correc-
tion of calcific aortic stenosis in adults. Am. J. Cardiol., 4:135~6.
1961
Testimony. Drug Industry Antitrust Act (Hearings before the sub-
committee on antitrust and monopoly of the Committee on the
Judiciary, Senate, pursuant to S. Res. 52 and S. Res. 1152, a bill
to amend and supplant antitrust laws with respect to manufac-
turing and distributing drugs). Wash., D.C.: U.S. Govt. Print. Off.
1967
Science Is Not Enough. N.Y.: William Morrow. 192 pp.
1970
Pieces of the Action. N.Y.: William Morrow. 366 pp.
1971
Scientists and their dreams. American Scientist, 59:674-77.
Representative terms from entire chapter:
biographical memoirs
