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NOTICE: The project that is the subject of this report was approved by the Governing Board of the National Research Council, whose members are drawn from the councils of the National Academy of Sciences, the National Academy of Engineering, and the Institute of Medicine. The members of the committee responsible for the report were chosen for their special competences and with regard for appropriate balance.
This report has been reviewed by a group other than the authors according to procedures approved by a Report Review Committee consisting of members of the National Academy of Sciences, the National Academy of Engineering, and the Institute of Medicine.
The National Academy of Sciences is a private, nonprofit, self-perpetuating society of distinguished scholars engaged in scientific and engineering research, dedicated to the furtherance of science and technology and to their use for the general welfare. Upon the authority of the charter granted to it by the Congress in 1863, the Academy has a mandate that requires it to advise the federal government on scientific and technical matters. Dr. Bruce M. Alberts is president of the National Academy of Sciences.
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The National Research Council was organized by the National Academy of Sciences in 1916 to associate the broad community of science and technology with the Academy’s purposes of furthering knowledge and advising the federal government. Functioning in accordance with general policies determined by the Academy, the Council has become the principal operating agency of both the National Academy of Sciences and the National Academy of Engineering in providing services to the government, the public, and the scientific and engineering communities. The Council is administered jointly by both Academies and the Institute of Medicine. Dr. Bruce M. Alberts and Dr. William A. Wulf are chairman and interim vice chairman, respectively, of the National Research Council.
This report and the study on which it is based were supported by Contract No. DTNH22-94-G-07414 from the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, U.S. Department of Transportation. Any opinions, findings, conclusions, or recommendations expressed in this publication are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the view of the organizations or agencies that provided support for the project.
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STANDING COMMITTEE TO REVIEW THE RESEARCH PROGRAM OF THE PARTNERSHIP FOR A NEW GENERATION OF VEHICLES
TREVOR O. JONES (chair),
NAE,1 Echlin, Incorporated, Cleveland, Ohio
R. GARY DIAZ,
formerly with Case Corporation, Racine, Wisconsin
DAVID E. FOSTER,
University of Wisconsin, Madison
DAVID F. HAGEN,
Michigan Center for High Technology, Detroit
SIMONE HOCHGREB,
Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge
FRITZ KALHAMMER,
Electric Power Research Institute, Palo Alto, California
JOHN G. KASSAKIAN,
NAE, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge
HAROLD H.C. KUNG,
Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois
CRAIG MARKS,
NAE, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor
JOHN SCOTT NEWMAN,
University of California, Berkeley
JEROME G. RIVARD,
NAE, Global Technology and Business Development, Harrison Township, Michigan
VERNON P. ROAN,
University of Florida, Palm Beach Gardens
SUPRAMANIAM SRINIVASAN,
Texas A&M University, College Station
F. BLAKE WALLACE, (retired),
Allison Engine Company, Indianapolis, Indiana
Subgroup on Nonelectrochemical Storage Devices
DAVID HAGEN (chair)
CRAIG MARKS
JEROME G. RIVARD
Subgroup on Electrical Systems and Systems Analysis
JEROME G. RIVARD (chair)
R. GARY DIAZ
JOHN G. KASSAKIAN
Subgroup on Batteries and Ultracapacitors
SUPRAMANIAM SRINIVASAN (chair)
FRITZ KALHAMMER
JOHN NEWMAN
VERNON P. ROAN
Subgroup on Fuel Cells
SUPRAMANIAM SRINIVASAN (chair)
SIMONE HOCHGREB
FRITZ KALHAMMER
HAROLD H.C. KUNG
JOHN NEWMAN
VERNON P. ROAN
Subgroup on Compression Ignition Direct Injection (CIDI) Engines
CRAIG MARKS (chair)
DAVID E. FOSTER
DAVID HAGEN
SIMONE HOCHGREB
HAROLD H.C. KUNG
Subgroup on Gas Turbines
VERNON P. ROAN (chair)
R. GARY DIAZ
CRAIG MARKS
F. BLAKE WALLACE
Subgroup on Stirling Engines
CRAIG MARKS (chair)
TREVOR O. JONES
JEROME G. RIVARD
Project Staff
JAMES ZUCCHETTO, director,
Board on Energy and Environmental Systems (BEES)
NAN HUMPHREY, senior program officer,
Transportation Research Board
SUSANNA E. CLARENDON, senior project assistant,
BEES
BOARD ON ENERGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SYSTEMS
ROBERT L. HIRSCH (chair),
Energy Technology Collaborative, Incorporated, Washington, D.C.
RICHARD MESERVE (vice chair),
Covington & Burling, Washington, D.C.
JAN BEYEA, consultant,
National Audubon Society, and Consulting in the Public Interest, Islip, New York
E. GAIL DE PLANQUE, former commissioner of the Nuclear Regulatory Commission,
Potomac, Maryland
LINDA C. DOLAN,
Martin Marietta Electronics and Missiles, Orlando, Florida
WILLIAM FULKERSON, (retired),
Oak Ridge National Laboratories, and University of Tennessee, Knoxville
JACQUES GANSLER,
The Analytical Sciences Corporation, Arlington, Virginia
ROY G. GORDON,
Harvard University. Cambridge, Massachusetts
FRANCOIS E. HEUZE,
Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California
LAWRENCE T. PAPAY,
NAE, Bechtel Group, Inc., San Francisco, California
RUTH A. RECK,
Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, Illinois
JOEL SPIRA,
NAE, Lutron Electronics Company, Inc., Coopersburg, Pennsylvania
JAMES SWEENEY,
Stanford University, Stanford, California
IRVIN WHITE,
UTECH, Inc., Fairfax, Virginia
Liaison Members from the Commission on Engineering and Technical Systems
RICHARD A. CONWAY,
NAE, Union Carbide Corporation, South Charleston, West Virginia
JERRY SCHUBEL,
New England Aquarium, Boston, Massachusetts
Staff
JAMES ZUCCHETTO, director
JILL WILSON, senior program officer
TRACY WILSON, senior program officer
SUSANNA CLARENDON, administrative assistant
Acknowledgments
The committee wishes to thank all the members of the Partnership for a New Generation of Vehicles who contributed significantly of their time and effort to this National Research Council study, whether by giving presentations at meetings, providing responses to committee requests for information, or hosting site visits. The committee also acknowledges the valuable contributions of organizations outside the Partnership for a New Generation of Vehicles, including those from outside the United States, who provided information on advanced vehicle technologies and development initiatives. Finally, the chairman wishes to recognize the committee members and the staff of the Board on Energy and Environmental Systems of the National Research Council for their hard work during the meetings and for their individual efforts in gathering information and writing sections of the report.
Acronyms
Ah
ampere hour
ARPA
Advanced Research Projects Agency
ATP
Advanced Technology Program
CIDI
compression ignition direct injection
CNG
compressed natural gas
CO
carbon monoxide
CO2
carbon dioxide
CRADA
cooperative research and development agreement
DISI
direct injected spark ignited
DME
dimethyl ether
DOC
U.S. Department of Commerce
DOD
U.S. Department of Defense
DOE
U.S. Department of Energy
DOT
U.S. Department of Transportation
EGR
exhaust-gas recirculation
EPA
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
GREET
greenhouse gases, regulated emissions and energy in transportation
HC
hydrocarbons
HEUI
hydraulic electronic unit injection
HEV
hybrid electric vehicle
HSDI
high speed direct injection
HVAC
heating, ventilation, and air conditioning
kWh
kilowatt hour
LEV
low-emission vehicle
MPFI
multi-port fuel injection
mV
millivolt
NASA
National Aeronautics and Space Administration
NDE
nondestructive evaluation
NOx
nitrogen oxides
NSF
National Science Foundation
NRC
National Research Council
OBD
on-board diagnostics
OEM
original equipment manufacturer
PEBB
power electronic building block
PEM
proton exchange membrane
PEMFC
proton exchange membrane fuel cell
PM
particulate matter
PNGV
Partnership for a New Generation of Vehicles
ppm
parts per million
R&D
research and development
SIDI
spark ignition direct injection
SOx
oxides of sulfur
SWRI
Southwest Research Institute
TACOM
Tank Automotive Command
ULEV
ultra-low emission vehicle
USABC
U.S. Advanced Battery Consortium
USCAR
United States Council for Automotive Research
VOCs
volatile organic compounds
VW
Volkswagen
ZEV
zero emission vehicle
List of Tables
H-1 |
Potential of PNGV Candidate Technologies and Assessment of Research Progress, |
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ES-1 |
Potential of PNGV Candidate Technologies and Assessment of Research Progress, |
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ES-2 |
PNGV's Presentation to Committee on Assessment of Major Barriers and Program Needs, |
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3-1 |
Systems Analysis Benchmarking Configurations, |
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4-1 |
CIDI Engine Critical Characteristics versus PNGV Milestone Targets, |
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4-2 |
PNGV Emission Targets and Standards, |
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4-3 |
Battery Target Comparison, |
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4-4 |
PNGV Design Targets for Short-Term Energy Storage, |
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6-1 |
Potential of PNGV Candidate Technologies and Assessment of Research Progress, |
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6-2 |
PNGV's Presentation to Committee on Assessment of Major Barriers and Program Needs, |
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7-1 |
Potential of PNGV Candidate Technologies in the Committee's Second Report, |