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WILLIAM MAURICE EWING
May 12, 1906~Iay 4, 1974
BY EDWARD C. BOLLARD*
CHILDHOOD. 19~1922
W1~lAM MAURICE EWING was born on May ~ 2, ~ 906 in
Lockney, a town of about 1,200 inhabitants in the
Texas panhandle. He rarely used the name William and was
always known as Maurice. His paternal great-grandparents
mover! from Kentucky to Livingston County, Missouri, at
some date before IS50. Their son John Andrew Ewing,
Maurice's grandfather, fought for the Confederacy in the
Civil War; while in the army he met two brothers whose
family hac} also come from Kentucky to Missouri before IS50
ant! were living in De Kalb County. Shortly after the war he
marries! their sister Martha Ann Robinson. Their son Floyd
Ford Ewing, Maurice's father, was born in CIarkciale, Mis-
souri, in IS79. In 1889 the family followecl the pattern of the
times and mover! west to Lockney, Texas.
Floyd Ewing was a gentle, handsome man with a liking for
literature and music, whom fate had cast in the unsuitable
roles of cowhand, drylanc! farmer, and dealer in hardware
and farm implements. Since he kept his farm through the
*This memoir is a corrected and slightly amplified version of one published by the
Royal Society in their BiographicalMemoirs (21:269-311, 1975). The main changes
are that more detail is given in the first section and that numerous trivial errors in
the bibliography have been corrected. The Royal Society has given permission for
the republication.
119
OCR for page 120
120
BIOGRAPHICAL MEMOIRS
years of the depression, he must have been a farmer of per-
sistence and ability. He is spoken of with great affection by all
who knew him; he was a marvelous storyteller and an ac-
complished violinist who played the old hoedown pieces with
enthusiasm. His daughter Rowena has "such vivid memories
of him playing, always standing so straight and tall."
Ewing's mother, Hope Hamilton Ewing, was born at
Breckenricige, Stephens County, Texas, in ISS2. She was the
daugher of Isaac Hamilton of Illinois and Martha Ann
Carnahan of Arkansas, ant! she and her family mover! to
Lockney in ~ 892. The Ewings ant! the Hamiltons were
among the earliest settlers along the edge of the high plains
of northern Texas. In 1901 she marries! Floyd Ewing; she
was nineteen and he was twenty-two. In 1902 they set out on
a homesteading venture in eastern New Mexico near Por-
tales. They traveled in the traditional way with a wagon, two
mules, a horse and a cow; they dug a well, set up a wincimill,
and constructed a "half dug-out" with a sod roof. A few
months later they returned to Texas and drove a herd of fifty
cattle to their ranch. Unfortunately, they tract mover! into an
arid area in the worst year of a five-year drought. The story
of the ensuing disasters has been told with great skill and
sympathy by Maurice's brother Floyd, who was a professor of
history at Midwestern University, Wichita Falls, Texas (F. F.
Ewing, 1963~. In 1904 they returnee! to 'reXaS.
Maurice was the fourth of ten children. The three oldest
hack cried very young in New Mexico so that he grew up as the
eldest of seven. Mrs. Ewing was determinecl that her children
should receive a goof! education ant] shouic] have a wicIer
choice of careers than was to be found in a small west Texas
town. All but one, the eldest daughter Ethel, went to a uni-
versity and had professional or academic careers. Ethel mar-
riec! very young ant] for many years was a successful teacher
of the piano in Tulia, Texas. Bob became a naval captain and
OCR for page 121
WILLIAM MAURICE EWING
121
now works at the Marine Science Institute at Galveston,
Texas. Rowena married J. A. Peoples, a geophysicist and an
early colleague of Ewing's; Lucy married C. H. CIawson, a
professor of psychology at Amarillo, Texas; John, the young-
est, worker! for many years with Ewing at Lamont ant! is now
at the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution where he was,
for a while, Chairman of the Department of Geology and
Geophysics. It is remarkable that so many of Maurice's
brothers and sisters shouIc! have followed careers which in-
tertwined, in different ways, with his own.
Maurice enjoyed telling stories of his father's farm at
Lockney. No doubt the stories improved with the passage of
time, as when he said that he spent much of each spring
killing rattlesnakes with a hoe while chopping cotton. The
family was not well off, but he remembered his childhood as
a happy time and all his life kept the slow speech, the self-
conficlence, ant] the kindliness of the rural Texas of his
youth.
At public school in Lockney he at first preferrer] grammar
and languages to other subjects; later, in high school, he
cleveloped an interest in science and mathematics. He as-
cribed the change to the excellence of the teaching in the
Lockney high school. In 1922, when he was sixteen, he was
awarcled the Hohenthal Scholarship to the Rice Institute in
Houston, Texas.
A STUDENT AT THE RICE INSTITUTE, 1922—1929
The journey to Houston hac] to be done in the most eco-
nomical way. On one occasion, probably in his sophomore
year, he started off on a motorcycle which he bought for $12
from a man who hac} taken it to pieces and conic} not get it
together again. He hac! a $10 bill in his pocket ant! a blanket
roll strapped behind] him. On the first clay the chain of the
motorcycle broke ant} he ran out of gasoline; he abandoned
OCR for page 122
122
BIOGRAPHICAL MEMOIRS
the machine and boarclec! a freight train where he shared a
car with two hoboes. The brakeman found them and took
Ewing's watch and money; he persuacled him to return them
by explaining that he was on his way to college and needed
them. Later he was attacked by the hoboes. He got away from
the train by pretending to be a homicicial maniac, was hit with
a blackjack, and after a long cross-country chase, hick in some
brambles in a churchyard and escaped. He lost his blanket
roll ant] most of his clothes, but still had his $l O and his watch.
He felt he was too scantily cIac! to board a street car but
persuaded the police to drive him to Rice.* The ingenuity,
the persuasiveness, the physical toughness, and the courage
are typical of the mature Ewing. Clearly the boy was the
father to the man.
In his early days at Rice, Ewing earned money by working
in an all-night drugstore; he used to say that his main duties
were to take coffee and sandwiches to the call girls who lived
in the hotels around the oIc] Humble Builcling. Later he left
the drug store and took part-time jobs assisting with classes
ant! in the library. This brought in about $34 per month. It
must have been a hard life, but at the beginning of his third
year at Rice he was able to say, in a letter to his parents: "Well,
because of the grades ~ made last year, ~ was invited to a
banquet of the Houston Philosophical Society . . . and ~ sure
aim to go."
It was, ~ suppose, at Rice that he acquired his lifelong
habit of working most of the night as well as all clay. He also
showed his interest in teaching and gave much time to coach-
ing fellow students. His sister Lucy has described how during
vacation he would stanch over her while she played the piano,
insist that she do it right, and explain the background of the
piece.
event.
* This story is taken from a letter M. Ewing wrote to his parents just after the
OCR for page 123
WILLIAM MAURICE EWING
123
At the Rice Institute he at first majored in electrical engi-
neering but later changed to physics and mathematics. Not
surprisingly, he found physics, then in the great formative
period of quantum mechanics, more exciting than contempo-
rary engineering. He also founct physicists more congenial
than engineers (the Rice professors of engineering he cle-
scribed as "sarcastic Yankees"~. In physics he was greatly in-
fluenced by H. A. Wilson, an Englishman and a well-known
but unorthodox physicist, who claimed that he was the only
one of his contemporaries in the Cavenclish Laboratory who
clic! not get a Nobel Prize (it would be interesting to look again
at his ideas on nuclear systematics and see if they still look as
implausible as they clic! at the time). Wilson ran a weekly
colloquium at which the papers on the "new physics" were
discusser! as they came out, ant] where occasionally there
would be a talk by a distinguished visitor ("Men," said Ewing,
"whom ~ would otherwise have thought hardly mortar".
At Rice in the ~ 920's Ewing became a physicist. He
learned not only the subject but also the attitude of mind. All
his life he preferrer! simple arguments; his theory was set out
in detail, well understoocI, ant! carefully explained; his in-
struments were ingenious ant} often made by himself without
regard for current fashions. He told me that when he was in
his late forties he heart! a graduate stuclent complaining to
another that "Doe" expected him to use a galvanometers
"Never mind," replied the other, "all these old men will soon
be dead."
During the vacations at Rice he worked in a grain elevator
and later with an of! prospecting crew in the shallow lakes of
Louisiana; this was his first introduction to underwater geo-
physics. It was an exciting time, when gravity and seismic
measurements were revealing the salt-domes against whose
sicles the of! of the Gulf Coast fielcis is trapped. While still an
undergraduate he wrote his first scientific paper (1926), en-
OCR for page 124
124 BIOGRAPHICAL MEMOIRS
titled "Dewbows by Moonlight," which describes a rainbow
seen on the dew-covered grass of the campus.
While at Rice he played the trombone in the marching
bancI. There he was seen by a fellow. student, AvarilIa Hilclen-
brancI; as she afterwards told it: "When he came stricling
clown the street working his trombone slide in and out, my
heart stood still. He was my man." They were marries! in
1928.
Ewing obtained his B.A. in 1926. It is curious that H. A.
Wilson then advised him that he had no aptitude for experi-
mental work and should stick to theoretical physics. Rarely
has a professor given worse advice. Ewing started graduate
work in the Physics Department at Rice in the fall of ~ 926 and
obtained an M.A. in 1927 and a Ph.D. in 1931. His Ph.D.
thesis, entitled "Calculation of Ray Paths from Seismic
Gravely rime Curves," was reported in two papers with Don
Leet (1930, 1932a). The topic is central to much of Ewing's
later work. Refraction seismology was not, at that time, well
understoocI; there was, for example, a curious controversy as
to whether the refracted! ray went straight up ant! down or
was refracted along the interface at the critical angle. A
sound and detailed knowleclge of the ray theory of propaga-
tion in a layered] medium was critical for the seismic investiga-
tions of the next twenty years, and it was a fortunate chance
that led Ewing so early in this direction. Regrettably, the
collaboration with Leet, who was Director of the Harvard
seismological station, broke down with bitter feelings on both
sides. Ewing regarded this quarrel as having an adverse effect
on his career in the thirties. However, jobs ant! grants were
scarce for everyone, and ~ was never convinced that Leet's
disparagement had as much effect as Ewing believed.
THE 1930 S SEISMOLOGY AT SEA
In 1929 Ewing became an Instructor in Physics at the
University of Pittsburgh, but a year later moved to a similar
OCR for page 125
WILLIAM MAURICE EWING 125
position at Lehigh where he remained till 1940. He had a
heavy teaching loac] in elementary physics but at once started
to clevelop research in geophysics. The work of the next few
years is not of great interest; it consists of a variety of projects,
some of them suggested by local industry; for example, the
paper on prospecting for anthracite (1936a) and one on
locating a buried power shove] (193ScI). The main theme,
however, is the understancling of the methods of small-scale
seismology with explosive sources ~ ~ 932b, ~ 934a,b,c,d,
1935, 1936c).
The change came in November ~ 934, on the clay on which
he was visitec! in his seismic truck at Lehigh by Dick Field ant}
William Bowie. They came to suggest that he might interest
himself in applying the seismic method of prospecting to the
study of the continental shelf. Bowie was Chief of the Division
of Geodesy of the Coast and Geodetic Survey, very much a
member of the Establishment and something of a southern
gentleman. R. M. Fielc! was a Harvard man ant! a professor
of geology at Princeton. He was a major eccentric, but he was
also the man whose vision and enthusiasm started the band-
wagon of marine geology on its triumphant course (for brief
accounts of his life see Hess 1962 ant! Bullard 1962~. He hac!
largely founded and was Chairman of the American Geo-
physical Union's "Committee on the Geophysical Study of the
Ocean Basins." He had a pretty clear idea of what he wanted
clone and why, as can be seen from the first report of his
committee (Field 1933~. ~ can easily visualize the meeting with
Ewing, since ~ was taken by Fielct to see Bowie on a similar
errand in 1937. Field wouIc! have been persuasive, persistent,
talkative, and irrepressible, while Bowie wouic} have lent an
air of soliclity and charm; together they would have been
irresistible, particularly when they offered funds ant! ships. ~
do not know what made Field approach Ewing; it is likely that
Field had heard him talk at the American Geophysical Union
~ ~ 93 I, ~ 934a). For Ewing it was what he wantec! above all else,
OCR for page 126
126 BIOGRAPHICAL MEMOIRS
a problem worth tackling and the possibility of support and
,% . . .
tea sties.
It was decided that the first project would be to shoot as
many refraction seismic lines as possible spaced out between
Cape Henry on the east coast of Virginia and the edge of the
continental shelf 120 km out to sea, where the depth of water
was about 100 m This line was to be extended inland by
measurements on land between the coast and the outcrop of
basement rocks 120 km inland. The start was not propitious;
the Coast and Geodetic Survey allowed Ewing and his two
assistants (A. Crary and H. M. Rutherford) to embark in their
ship Oceanographer (the yacht Corsair given to the survey by
H. P. Morgan). Immediately before sailing, the captain was
injured in a motor car accident, and an assistant, who was to
have helped Ewing, was killed. The ship was fully occupied
with surveying, and Ewing's work had to be fitted in while she
was anchored at night. Shots were fired with seismographs on
the bottom; this gave experience in handling the gear at sea,
but no geological information was obtained. In the time avail-
able only reflection shooting could be attempted, and not
surprisingly, no identifiable reflections were received from
the basement.
The work convinced Ewing that the job could be done. On
~ July 1935 he wrote home: "I got proof that the measure-
ments can be made at sea . . . the people sponsoring the work
. . . think they can get the ship of the Scripps Oceanographic
Institute for our exclusive use. If so we can clean up an
important job in a few months This is hv far the most imnor-
--r -
tant project with which ~ have yet been connected. It is so
arranged that ~ see no possibility of anyone stealing the credit
from me." The anxiety about the credit for the work is typical
of one side of his character; he was having a hard struggle to
get established and could hardly believe that something
would not go wrong.
OCR for page 127
WILLIAM MAURICE EWING
127
When Oceanographer returned to port, Ewing set about the
observations on the land section of the line. This was a task
that his previous experience hac! made familiar. Meanwhile
Field exercised his persuasive powers on Henry Bigelow, the
Director of the Woocis Hole Oceanographic Institution. He
obtained the use of the R. V. Atlantis for two weeks. She was
a steel-hulled ketch, 43 m in length over all and with a dis-
placement of about 380 tonnes. She hac! sails and a diesel
engine; the sails were often used, not only for propulsion but
also to reduce her tendency to roll. 'rhe crucial work was
done in this vessel in October 1935. Her Master was Fred
McMurray, a very skilled and experienced seaman. On the
first day Field, Columbus Tselin, and Henry Stetson accom-
panied Ewing's party on a short trip to test the gear. Four
days later Ewing, Crary, ant! Rutherforc! set off for a two-
week cruise. At each station a seismograph measuring the
vertical component of the motion was lowered! to the sea floor
from the anchored ship on an insulated electric cable. Signals
from the instrument were transmitted up the cable to a re-
corcler in the ship. Charges of explosive were lowered from
the ship's boat at distances of up to 11 km from the ship. The
instant of explosion was transmitter! to the ship by raclio; the
time of transmission of the wave traveling through the water
gave the distance. Four refraction lines were shot on the Cape
Henry section ant! three on a line running south from Woods
Hole.
The object of the investigation was to study the nature of
the transition from the ocean to the continent. Is the "shelf
break," where the sea floor suddenly turns down from the
shallow water of the continental shelf to oceanic depths, a
fault in the basement, or is it the edge of a rubbish tip of
sediments built out from the lane! over sunken continent or,
perhaps, over ocean floor? Where is the true edge of the
continent? In what sense has it an ecige? These questions are
OCR for page 128
128
BIOGRAPHICAL MEMOIRS
fundamental for geology, and it is remarkable that they had
never seriously been approached before. There were, of
course, speculations based on the results of drilling on the
exposed part of the shelf, but no one had had the skill or the
enterprise to attempt what Ewing did.
He discovered a pile of sediments 3800 m thick. The
work is a classic example of a discovery of great practical
importance made in searching for knowledge. All the of!
obtained from the sea floor comes from sedimentary basins
like that discovered by Ewing. He told me that about ~ 936 he
had approached an executive of a large of! company and
asked for support for the work. He was told that there was no
shortage of oil and that the company was not in the least
interested in looking for it at sea.
Ewing's reputation was made he had done something
new and of first rate importance. The work was, of course,
preliminary. It was open to the criticism that too little shoot-
ing had been done; the time~istance curve at the outermost
station hac! only two points on it through which two lines were
drawn by using seismic velocities extrapolated from stations
nearer shore. To most people these were details which time
and further work would remedy. Ewing's own reply to enqui-
ries about how he could be sure with so few data was: "That's
how you tell the men from the boys." To Leet however it was
not so; he published a slashing attack on the whole operation
and its conclusions (l 937~.
Ewing had expected that Field and his geological friends
would seize on the information and produce interpretations
in terms of structure and history. It did not happen, though
his first paper (1937) was followed by one by B. I. Miller
(1937) which was supposed to discuss and explain the results;
it is a rather dull piece of work which sets out possible views
and leaves the main questions undecided. Ewing, whose own
paper was strictly factual, was surprised and perhaps a little
OCR for page 183
WILLIAM MAURICE EWING
183
In: The Earth Beneath the Continents, ed. l. S. Steinhart, et al.,
Geophys. Monogr. no. lo, pp.595~10. Wash., D.C.: Am. Geo-
phys. Union.
q. M. Ewing and J. Ewing. Geology of the Gulf of Mexico. In:
Exploiting the Ocean (Suppl. Trans. 2nd annual marine technol-
ogy society conference and exhibition), pp. 145~4. Wash.,
D.C.: Marine Technology Society.
1967
a. E. M. Thorndike and M. Ewing. Light scattering in the sea.
Society of photo-optical instrumentation engineers, seminar
proceedings Oct. 1~11, 1966, A IV 1-7.
b. I. Ewing, M. Talwani, M. Ewing, and T. Edgar. Sediments of the
Caribbean. Stud. Prop. Oceanog., 5:88-102.
c. M. Ewing, J. L. Worzel, and A. C. Vine. Early development of
ocean bottom photography at Woods Hole Oceanographic
Institution and Lamont Geological Observatory. In: Deep-Sea
Photography, ed. J. B. Hersey, pp. 13~1. Baltimore: Johns
Hopkins Univ. Press.
d. R. E. Wall and M. Ewing. Tension recorder for deep-sea
winches. Deep-Sea Res., 14:321-24.
e. M. Ewing, D. E. Hayes, and E. M. Thorndike. Corehead camera
for measurements of currents and core orientation. Deep-Sea
Res., 14:253-58.
f. I. R. Conolly and M. Ewing. Sedimentation in the Puerto Rico
trench. I. Sediment. Petrol., 37:4~59.
g. M. Ewing, T. Saito, and X. Le Pichon. Reply to "Comments on
mantle convection and mid-ocean ridges" by Peter R. Vogt and
Ned A. Ostenso. J. Geophys. Res., 72:2085.
h. E. T. Bunce, M. G. Langseth, R. L. Chase, and M. Ewing. Struc-
ture of the western Somali basin. I. Geophys. Res., 72:2547-55.
i. L. H. Burckle, T. Saito, and M. Ewing. A Cretaceous (Turonian)
core from the Naturaliste plateau southeast Indian Ocean.
Deep-Sea Res., 14:421-26.
j. I. Ewing and M. Ewing. Sediment distribution on the mid-ocean
ridges with respect to spreading of the sea floor. Science,
156: 159~92.
k. M. Ewing and R. A. Davis. Lebensspuren photographed on the
ocean floor. In: Deep-Sea Photography, ed. l. B. Hersey, pp.
25~94. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins Univ. Press.
OCR for page 184
184
BIOGRAPHICAL MEMOIRS
1. R. Houtz, l. Ewing, M. Ewing, and A. G. Lonardi. Seismic reflec-
tion profiles of the New Zealand plateau. J. Geophys. Res., 72:
47 13-29.
m. G. V. Latham, R. S. Anderson, and M. Ewing. Pressure varia-
tions produced at the ocean bottom by hurricanes. I. Geophys.
Res., 72:5693-5704.
n. E. M. Thorndike and M. Ewing. Photographic nephelometers
for the deep sea. In: Deep-Sea Photography, ed. J. B. Hersey, pp.
1 13-16. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins Univ. Press.
O. I. I. Groot, C. R. Groot, M. Ewing, L. Burckle, and I. R. Conolly.
Spores, pollen, diatoms and provenance of the Argentine basin
sediments. In: The quaternary history of the ocean basins. Prog.
Oceanog., 4:17~217.
1968
a. A. A. Nowroozi, M. Ewing, I. E. Nafe, and M. Fliegel. Deep
ocean current and its cc~rrelation with the ocean tide off the
coast of northern California. J. Geophys. Res., 73:1921-32.
b. M. Ewing, l. I. Ewing, R. E. Houtz, and R. Leyden. Sediment
distribution in the Bellinghausen basin. In: Symposium on Antarc-
tic Oceanography (held at Santiago, Chile, 1966), ed. R. I. Currie,
pp. 8~100. Cambridge, Eng.: W. Heffer for S.C.A.R.
c. J. Ewing, M. Ewing, T. Aitken, and W. J. Ludwig. North Pacific
sediment layers measured by seismic profiling. In: The Crust
and Mantle of the Pacific Area, ed. L. Knopoff et al., Geophys.
Monogr. no. 12, 147-73. Wash., D.C.: Am. Geophys. Union.
d. I. L. Worzel, R. Leyden, and M. Ewing. N-ewly discovered
diapirs in Gulf of Mexico. Bull. Am. Assoc. Petrol. Geol., 52:
1191- 1203.
e. W. R. Bryant, I. Antoine, M. Ewing, and B. Jones. Structure of
Mexican continental shelf and slope, Gulf of Mexico. Bull. Am.
Assoc. Petrol. Geol., 52:1204 28.
f. W. l. Ludwig, I. I. Ewing, and M. Ewing. Structure of the Ar-
gentine continental margin. Bull. Am. Assoc. Petrol. Geol., 52:
2337~8.
g. M. Ewing and F. Mouzo. Ocean bottom photographs in the area
of the oldest known outcrops, North Atlantic Ocean. Proc. Natl.
Acad. Sci. USA, 61:787-93.
h. M. Ewing and J. L. Worzel. Geophysical oceanographic studies
at Lamont Geological Observatory. In: Selected Papers from the
OCR for page 185
WILLIAM MAURICE EWING
185
Governor's Conference on Oceanography, pp. ~35. N.Y.: State
Science and Technology Foundation.
W. L. Donn and M. Ewing. The theory of an ice-free Arctic
Ocean. Meterol. Monogr., 8:10~5.
j. I. Ewing, M. Talwani, and M. Ewing. Sediment distribution in the
Caribbean Sea. In: Transactions of the Fourth Caribbean Geological
Conference, 1965, ed. I. B. Saunders, pp.317-324. Arima, Trini-
dad: Caribbean Printers.
k. M. Ewing, A. G. Lonardi, and I. I. Ewing. The sediments and
topography of the Puerto Rico trench and outer ridge. In:
Transactions of the Fourth Caribbean Geological Conference, 1965,
ed. I. B. Saunders, pp. 325-34. Arima, Trinidad: Caribbean
Printers.
1969
a. M. Ewing, K. Hunkins, and E. M. Thorndike. Some unusual
photographs in the Arctic Ocean. I. Mar. Tech. Soc., 3:41~4.
b. I. Ewing, R. Leyden, and M. Ewing. Refraction shooting with
expendable sonobuoys. Bull. Am. Assoc. Petrol. Geol., 53:
174 81.
c. M. B. Jacobs and M. Ewing. Suspended particulate matter: con-
centration in the major oceans. Science, 163:38~83.
d. A. A. Nowroozi, J. Kuo, and M. Ewing. Solid earth and oceanic
tides recorded on the ocean floor off the coast of northern
California. J. Geophys. Res., 74:605-14.
M. B. Jacobs and M. Ewing. Mineral source and transport in
waters of the Gulf of Mexico and Caribbean Sea. Science, 163:
805-9.
f. E. M. Thorndike and M. Ewing. Photographic determination of
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19
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Representative terms from entire chapter:
william maurice
