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ERNES r HARRY VES TINE
May 9, 1906 July 18, 1968
BY SCOTT E. FORBUSH
ERNEST HARRY VESTINE was born in Minneapolis, Minne-
sota on May 9, 1906, the son of Swedish parents, Frida
Christine (Lund) and Olaf Vestine, who left the United States
to live near Edmonton, Alberta. Here he receiver! all his early
education and a B.Sc. degree from the University of Alberta
in 1931. In 1932 he joiner! the Canadian Meteorological Of-
fice in Toronto, where he was occupied with meteorological
and geomagnetic measurements.
During the Second International Polar Year (1932-33),
Vestine led the Canadian expedition to Meanook in northern
Alberta, Canada, where he established ant! operated a new
magnetic observatory, an installation which continues to pro-
vicie important magnetic data from the auroral region. While
at Meanook, he made some of the most significant observa-
tions of noctilucent clouds—authoritatively described in his
comprehensive 1934 review article.
In September 1934 he left the Canadian Meteorological
Office for graduate study in England, and in 1937 received
a Ph.D. ant! a Diploma of the Imperial College of Science and
Technology from the University of London. His Ph.D. thesis,
done under Professor Sydney Chapman, dealt with the
electric current-systems responsible for geomagnetic field
variations during magnetic storms. There is no doubt that
367
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368 BIOGRAPHICAL MEMOIRS
this association with Professor Chapman profounclly influ-
enced Dr. Vestine, who greatly admired Chapman's numer-
ous classical contributions to geomagnetism ant] related
subjects. Both hac} the greatest respect for thoroughness and
objectivity, and each devoted his entire life to active research.
There was even some similarity in their psychologically calm
and logically objective approaches to problems.
Between July 1937 and January 1938, Dr. Vestine again
became associated with the Canadian Meteorological Office
in Toronto and later lecturer} in physics at the University of
Toronto. In January 1938 he joiner! the Carnegie Institution
of Washington's Department of Terrestrial Magnetism.
On May 20, 1943 Dr. Vestine married Lois Anne Reid.
Their only child, Henry Charles Vestine, is a successful popu-
lar musician. Dr. Vestine eras a persistent reader of scientific
literature with a keen interest in history and biography. He
ant} his wife often enjoyed cruising and fishing on the Chesa-
peake Bay in their comfortably equipped forty-foot motor
launch. Dr. Vestine was quite proficient in maintaining his
boat in excellent condition. He never appeared perturbed by
ordinary misfortunes and, like his wife, was always interest-
ing, courteous, and affable.
At the Department of Terrestrial Magnetism he made
numerous outstanding, comprehensive contributions to the
understanding of the earth's magnetic fielcI, its secular,
cliurnal, storm-time, and other variations and related phe-
nomena in the Earth's interior and in the auora and the
ionosphere. In recognition of these accomplishments, he was
given the sixth John A. Fleming Award in April, 1957 by the
American Geophysical Union of The National Academy of
Sciences-National Research Council. In his citation, Profes-
sor Chapman, world authority on geomagnetism and related
subjects, characterizes! Dr. Vestine as a world leader in geo-
magnetism ant} auroral science.
The association of Dr. Vestine with the Department of
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ER N E S r H A RRY V E S r I N E
369
Terrestrial Magnetism of the Carnegie Institution of
Washington was extremely fortunate and beneficial for both.
This Department was established in 1904, two years before
Dr. Vestine's birth. Since its founding, the Department hac]
completed an extensive worId-wide survey comprising an
enormous number of measurements of the earth's magnetic
field on lane! and sea. At many points, these measurements
were repeated at intervals to provide data for secular varia-
tion, while the observatories of many countries provided con-
tinuous data and additional lane! survey information.
The prodigious task of systematically organizing prac-
tically all of the useful aspects from this multitude of data
covering a period of four decades into reliable, comprehen-
sive, and usable forms was carried out under the direction of
Dr. Vestine, who effected many original, comprehensive
analyses of the results. Those who assisted] him in this exact-
ing task were so devoted to him because of his humane and
considerate appreciation of the involved details and reliabil-
ity required that all contributed their diligent, enthusiastic
and vigorous cooperation. Thus, in 1947 the Department of
Terrestrial Magnetism published the resulting two volumes,
described by Professor Chapman as "two great collections of
modern geomagnetic data, including brief but cogent analy-
ses ant! discussions of the data." The two large volumes,
containing over 900 pages, are The Description of the Earth's
Main Magnetic Field and Its Secular Change, 1905-]945 and The
Geomagnetic Field, Its Description and Analysis.
The contribution of these two volumes is best summarized
in the following principal parts a and b of the two cor-
responding prefaces by Dr. Vestine. These show not only that
he was thorough and most competent, but also charmingly
modest and self-effacing:
a) The present volume summarizes a descriptive study of the Earth's
main field and its secular change. It is the result of a very considerable
outlay of persistent effort, with much attention to detail, on the part of
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370
BIOGRAPHICAL MEMOIRS
those who have tried to fit the many published observations of magnetic
surveys into a consistent picture.
Perhaps students of geophysics will welcome most the comprehensive
new world-charts descriptive of secular change. These have been drawn
complete in all magnetic elements for the first time.,.They are also, we
believe, the first set of isoporic charts reasonably consistent with all avail-
able carefully assessed measurements with each other and with the known
character of electromagnetic fields. Since they are drawn at four epochs a
decade apart, the phenomenon is apparent with good continuity for almost
half a century. A new and rich store of information is thus afforded
respecting deep-seated, rapid, and mysterious physical processes of the
Earth's interior which to the best of our present knowledge are not re-
flected in any other way.
The new charts of secular change have permitted the use of the great
majority of survey-measurements made since the beginning of the present
century in constructing isomagnetic charts in seven elements for the epoch
1945.0. The rather successful use of older as well as more recent data has
thereby increased by a thousand or more the number of observational
points that would ordinarily determine the isomagnetic lines. In this way,
a somewhat more detailed description of the Earth's main field is afforded,
bringing into a little sharper focus a major geophysical phenomenon of
unknown cause.
It is not implied that this new series of charts represents an accurate
description of the geomagnetic field. There are many regions in which
magnetic measurements have never been made. Much use was made of
uncertain interpolations, particularly across polar and ocean areas.
I have not troubled the reader with the multitudinous details incidental
to a project of this kind. To have d. one so would have extended the present
book to many volumes. The aim rather has been that of providing a
condensed readable account highlighting features of importance and
Interest.
by This book continues a descriptive study of geomagnetism begun
with Carnegie Institution of Washington Publication 578, which was prin-
cipally concerned with the description of the Earth's main magnetic field
and its secular change. The present volume extends this work to the var-
ious known geomagnetic variations, with inclusion of some analyses.
To a considerable extent, the present book is actually a by-product of
Publication 578, since extensive information on geomagnetic variations was
required for the improving of estimates therein of geomagnetic secular
change for the period 1905 to 1945. Because the latter required descriptive
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ERN EST H ARRY V ESTI N E
371
information respecting shorter-period time-varianons on a world-wide
scale and over these many years, the general scope of coverage is consider-
able. Moreover, the emphasis has been upon the description rather than
upon the interpretation of results.
It is believed that the two volumes together comprise the first conve-
nient detailed compendium of geomagnetic data especially suited to the
needs of those engineering workers who are mainly concerned with the
practical applications of geomagnetism. The wide use of illustrative dia-
grams (many initially drawn as a training exercise for the draftsmen who
drew the maps of the first volume) enhances the effective description of
geomagnetic phenomena of our environment. The books emerge there-
fore as a kind of picture supplement to the standard treatise Ge~magnet~sm;
the writer hopes that his teacher, Professor Chapman, senior author of that
treatise, will not object to such suggestion, provided he be not held at fault
for any mistakes we may have made.
In the course.of pursuing the major descriptive objectives of this war
project, the writers could not resist the temptation to undertake some
serious investigations of the extensive new data available. Hence attempts
at explanation of certain phenomena will be found at intervals, between the
stacks of figures and tables, along with some short discussions linking the
present with previous work. The writers hope that in this way a more
interesting and readable account has been provided.
Dr. Vestine's logical, objective, and imperturbable ap-
proach to perplexing problems characterizes} all his activities
and his attitude in personal discussions of scientific questions
with colleagues. He always searched for inclependent tests of
conclusions, which he macle without personal bias or prefer-
ences. This accounted for the many fruitful, pleasant, ant!
profitable discussions enjoyed by his colleagues. From his
many investigations throughout his career of the secular
change of the geomagnetic field ant! its rate of change with
time, Dr. Vestine macie several funciamental contributions.
His improved determination of the westward drift showed
this to be correlated with the previously unexplained varia-
tions in the rate of the earth's rotation. When he consiclered
indepenclent geophysical evidence on the rigiclity of the
earth, Dr. Vestine concluded that "the source of the geo-
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372
BIOGRAPHICAL MEMOIRS
magnetic field! lies within a large-scale fluid-circulation inside
the central core of the earth and that this fluid circulation in
the core (relative to the mantle) must be considered estab-
lishect as real, since no other adequate large source needled to
conserve the total angular momentum (core plus mantIe) is
apparently available."* Over a period of about 120 years, the
geomagnetic field pattern was found to have drifted (with
variations in the rate of drift) about 3300 km west and about
2900 km north. He also showed that surface fluid motions of
the earth's core that can closely approximate secular change
also show features compatible with four of the generator
models that might account for the geomagnetic field but
that these comparisons clid not indicate a preferred choice
among these moclels. Such tests of models for secular change
are presently of much interest, since they provide some basis
for reliable estimation of the time scale for reversals of the
earth's dipole field. This reversal time is a useful too! in
geological investigations involving plate movements and
relater! phenomena. Thus, as in the nature of most research,
the studies initiated by Dr. Vestine have come to have impor-
tant consequences for other phenomena.
The phenomena of secular change was only one of Dr.
Vestine's many interests. He reliably located the northern
and southern auroral zones ant! showed the dependence of
their morphology upon the geomagnetic field. Related in-
vestigations proviclec! estimates on the maximum total energy
of particles in the Van Allen trapped radiation belts.
In 1944 and 1945, Dr. Vestine published the results of a
thorough, comprehensive investigation of the geographical
incidence of aurora and magnetic disturbances in the north-
ern and southern hemispheres respectively. The stucly
derived detailed curves showing the three geomagnetic com-
* Ernest Vestine, "On Variations of the Geomagnetic Field, Fluid Motions, and
Rate of the Earth's Rotation," journal of Geophysical Research, 58 (1953):127.
OCR for page 373
ERNES r HARRY VESTINE 373
portents of the disturbance diurnal variation, SD ~ difference
for magnetically disturbed, less that for quiet clays), ant! the
variation from pole to pole of the maxima ant! minima of SD.
These outstanding, authoritative studies indicate the thor-
oughness and reliability for which Dr. Vestine's work was
regarded with the highest esteem by geophysicists every-
where.
Dr. Vestine contributed much to the mathematical
methodology of techniques for analyses of the geomagnetic
field. In addition, he clevelopec} theoretical models for
aspects of magnetic storms and for the geomagnetic control
of the aurora. His investigations included the effect of solar
influences on magnetic storms ant} other geomagnetic phe-
nomena. His analytical investigation of seismic waves ant!
waves from blasts was most useful in seismology.
In acictition to his research contributions, Dr. Vestine
wrote many excellent survey articles on geomagnetism and
related phenomena for encyclope(lias, handbooks, diction-
aries, ant} some survey books.
After he joiner! the Rand Corporation in January 1959,
Dr. Vestine's interests were logically extended to include the
use of rockets for measuring the geomagnetic field at great
heights and for determining the lunar magnetic field. His
later work in space science included scientific uses of satel-
lites, astronautics and its applications, space vehicle environ-
ment, and the evolution and nature of the lunar atmosphere.
A most fitting tribute to the memory of Dr. Vestine is the
dedication to him of the publication World Magnetic Survey
1957—1969, publisher! in 1971 as lAGA Bulletin No. 28 of the
International Union of Geodesy and Geophysics Interna-
tional Association of Geomagnetism and Aeronomy World
Magnetic Survey Board. Dr. Vestine served as secretary gen-
eral of the Work! Magnetic Survey Board and formed the
center for planning ant! guidance of the activities of this
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374
BIOGRAPHICAL MEMOIRS
international enterprise. Worm Magnetic Survey was edited by
the late Dr. Alfred I. Zmuda, a very close friend of Dr.
Vestine. This interesting, authoritative volume describes geo-
magnetic surveys by lanct, sea, air, and satellite, and presents
charts, discussions of survey results, theories for the origin of
the geomagnetic field, discussion of the interpretation of
magnetic anomolies, and comments on seafloor spreading. It
is an outstanding monument to the memory of Dr. Vestine.
To foster investigation on a national and international
scale in his own and related Pelvis, he unselfishly contributed
the benefits of his knowleclge, experience, and judgment to
the work of numerous committees. As a participant in the
International Geophysical Year, Dr. Vestine was an alternate
member of the Executive Committee of the U.S. National
Committee for the IGY, a member of the Committee
on Aurora and AirgIow, anal a member of the Committee on
Geomagnetism. As a member of the National Academy of
Sciences, he server! as a member of the Committee on Parti-
cles and Fields, the Committee on International Relations,
the Space Science Board, and U.S. Commission IV to the
Union Radio Scientifique Internationale, as chairman of the
U.S. Pane! on World Magnetic Survey, as a member of the
Committee on Polar Research, and as a member of the U.S.
Committee for the Year of the Quiet Sun. Dr. Vestine's in-
volvement with the International Union of Geodesy and Geo-
physics included terms as chairman of the Committee on
Magnetic Secular Variation Stations, chairman of the Com-
mittee on World Magnetic Survey and Magnetic Charts,
chairman of Commission Il. Magnetic Charts, ant! secretary
general of the World Magnetic Survey Board, International
Association of Geomagnetism and Aeronomy. For the Amer-
ican Geophysical Union, Dr. Vestine served as a member of
Working Group IT, Committee on Space Research, as chair-
man of the Committee on Cosmic Terrestrial Relationships,
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E RN ES r H AR RY V ES TI N E
375
as a member of the Committee on Planetary Sciences, presi-
dent of the Section on Geomagnetism and Aeronomy, and as
a member of the Council.
Few investigators have enjoyed such a lifetime of extraor-
dinarily fruitful research that has contributed so solidly to the
understanding of so many phenomena in a wicle field of
geophysical interest. This achievement resulted from Dr.
Vestine's sustained singleness of purpose ant! persistent ef-
fort, without deflection by irrelevant activities, toward! his
laudable goal.
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376
EDU CATI O N
BIOGRAPHICAL MEMOIRS
HONORS AND DISTINCTIONS
University of Alberta, 192~32; B.Sc., 1931
University of Toronto, 1933-34
Imperial College of Science and Technology, University of Lon-
don, 193~37; D.I.C. (Diploma of Imperial College) and Ph.D.,
1937
PROFESSIONAL POSITIONS
Canadian Meterological Of fire, 1937
University of Toronto, Instructor in Geophysics and Meteorology,
1937
Carnegie Institution of Washington, Department of Terrestrial
Magnetism, 193~56
Johns Hopkins University, Applied Physics Laboratory, Consultant
on Missile Guidance, 194~56
Battelle Memorial Institute, Consultant, 1956-59
National Aeronautics and Space Administration, Consultant,
1959~6
National Science Foundation, Consultant, 196() 66
The Rand Corporation, 1957~8
University of California, Los Angeles, Professor of Meteorology,
1966 68
PROFESSI O NAL S OC I ETI ES
American Geophysical Union
American Seismological Society
Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineering
Society of Terrestrial Magnetism and Electricity Japan)
Washington Academy of Sciences
International Scientific Radio Union (URSI)
HONORS
National Academy of Sciences, Member, 1954
John A. Fleming Award by the American Geophysical Union of the
National Academy of Sciences-National Research Council, 1967
Moon Crater named Crater Vestine by the International Astro-
nomical Union
World Magnetic Survey Summary Volume of the International
Union of Geodesy and Geophysics dedicated to the memory of
Dr. Ernest Harry Vestine, 1971
OCR for page 377
ERNES r HARRY VES TINE
BIBLIOGRAPHY
1932
377
With R. I. Lang. First spark spectrum of antimony. Phys. Rev.,
42:223-41.
1933
Observations in terrestrial magnetism, meteorology and aurora at
Meanook, Polar Year, 1932-33. In: Results of the Second Interna-
tional Polar Year, 1932-33. Toronto: Meteorological Service of
Canada.
1934
Noctilucent clouds. I. R. Astron. Soc. Can., 28:249-72; 303-317.
1938
With S. Chapman. Electric current system of magnetic storms.
Terr. Magn. Atmos. Electr., 43:261~2.
1939
Solar relationships and magnetic storms. In: Cinquieme Rapport de la
Commission Pour ['etude des Relations Entre les Phenomenes Solaires
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1940
Note on surface field analysis. Trans. Am. Geophys. Union,
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The potential of the Earth's magnetic secular variation. Trans. Int.
Union Geod. Geophys., Washington Assembly. lUGG Bull. no.
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With M. A. Tuve and E. A. Johnson. Various hypotheses regarding
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The disturbance-field of magnetic storms. Trans. Int. Union of
Geod. Geophys., Washington Assembly. lUGG Bull. no.
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Magnetic secular variation in the Pacific area. In: Proceedings of the
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OCR for page 378
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1941
On the analysis of surface magnetic fields by integrals. Terr. Magn.
Atmos. Electr., 46:27~1.
1942
With H. C. Silsbee. Geomagnetic bays, their frequency and current
system. Terr. Magn. Atmos. Electr., 47:195-208.
The reduction of magnetic observations to epoch, Part 1. Terr.
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1943
Remarkable auroral forms. Terr. Magn. Atmos. Electr., 48:233-36.
1944
Geographic incidence of aurora and magnetic disturbance, north-
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Preliminary summary, auroral observations, Meanook, Canada,
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49:25-36.
1945
With E. I. Snyder. Geographic incidence of aurora and magnetic
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1946
With L. Laporte and C. Cooper. Geomagnetic secular change dur-
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1947
With L. Laporte, C. Cooper, I. Lange, and W. C. Hendrix. Descrip-
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With L. Laporte, I. Lange, and W. E. Scott. The Geo-Magnetic
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ERNEST HARRY VES TINE
379
1948
The rocket technique applied to exploration of the geomagnetic
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1952
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1953
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Note on analytical tests for distinguishing types of seismic waves. I.
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1954
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OCR for page 380
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1955
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1956
Some theoretical problems in geomagnetism. I. Geophys. Res.,
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ERNEST HARRY VES TINE
38
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Representative terms from entire chapter:
magnetic survey
