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WALTER JOSEPH MEEK
August 15, 1878-February 15, 1963
BY CHANDLER McC. BROOKS
WALTER J. MEEK belonged to the generation of exclu-
sively American-trained biomedical scientists that first
clemonstrated the competence of American scholarship and
raised the level of American attainment in physiology to rival
that of any other nation of the Western World. He was a
member of the distinguished group of scientists who founded
the University of Wisconsin's School of Medicine and estab-
lishect its high repute. At present and in the future, all who
review the accumulated knowleclge of the heart, especially
the origin of the heartbeat, will refer to papers bearing the
names of Walter J. Meek and his students and associates.
Those who have written of Dr. Meek and their acquaintance
with him have emphasized, rather than his scientific accom-
plishments, his extraordinary qualities of intelligence, indus-
try, integrity, warmth of personality, and loyalty to family,
medical school, friends, and his profession. He was helct in
respect and affection by his colleagues young ant! oIcI.
Walter Joseph Meek was born in Dillon, Kansas on August
15, 1878, the son of William E. A. and Mary Hester (White)
Meek. He was of Scottish, English, and Irish ancestry. It is not
known exactly when the ancestors of the Meek family emi-
gratecl to America, but it is known that in 1750 they resided
in northern Virginia. After the Civil War they emigrated by
251
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252
BIOGRAPHICAL MEMOIRS
way of North Carolina and Knoxville, Tennessee to a home-
stead in east Kansas, near Abilene. Initially they hacT great
difficulty raising crops because of grasshopper plagues.
The cattle drives from Texas to Abilene hacI stopped by
the time Walter Meek was born, but Kansas was still
"frontier" country—that period, now so romanticized, had
not yet ended. Walter's sister he hac! two brothers and a
sister was reputed to have been escorted home from a
dance by Wilc! Bill Hickock, the marshal!. When rather
young, Walter accompanied a relative on an expedition into
Indian territory to bring back an escaped prisoner; he slept
out on the prairie by a campfire each night. (Later in life he
continued to enjoy trips into the mountains ant! wild country.
He took one such excursion with Herbert Gasser in 1933 or
1934, in an aircooled Franklin car, to the Southwest. They
were among the first 5,000 or so visitors to see Rainbow
Bridge, and in order to get there they hacT to ride part of the
way on horseback and sleep out overnight in the open.)
Walter was much younger than his brothers and sister; he
was an uncle at the age of six. His father died when he was
only eight and his mother a few years later. Subsequently, he
was brought up with his first cousins under a rather strict,
conservative, puritanical regime. Later in life he became a
staunch Republican and recounted with pricle that the Eisen-
howers lived in the town where he grew up. He and his
cousins learned, he said, never to pick fights with the Eisen-
howers because of their combative ability.
His cousins evidently helpec! cultivate his educational
aspirations. One of them, Eli Sawtell, attencled the University
of Kansas and became very proficient in Greek and Latin. Dr.
Meek told his son that he thought if Eli could graduate from
college, he couIcI too. Eli encouraged him, and he graduated
from the University of Kansas in 1902. Although he had been
president of the senior class and editor of the school paper,
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WALTER JOSEPH MEEK
253
he still manager! to graduate with the highest average at-
taine(1 at the University up to his clay. He was a founding
member of the Alpha Tan Omega Chapter of the University.
He was electecI to Phi Beta Kappa and was the first uncler-
gracluate to become a member of Sigma Xi. As a student he
much prized his Phi Beta Kappa key and wore it continually,
even when he was working summers in the wheat fields.
Eventually he lost his key in those fields, but a man working
in a grain elevator in Minneapolis found it in the wheat ant!
returned it to him.
After graduating from Kansas, Walter Meek stucliecT at
Penn College in Iowa and the University of Chicago, obtain-
ing a Ph.D. degree in physiology from Chicago in 1909. He
taught at Penn College in Oskaloosa, Iowa from 1903 until
1908. He had attained the rank of professor of biology there
when he was invited to join Joseph ErIanger at the University
of Wisconsin. Erianger's statement of purpose in offering an
instructorship noted that he wished Dr. Meek: "To assist me
with organization of, and the teaching in the laboratory." Dr.
Meek served Wisconsin as instructor in physiology
(1908-1910), assistant professor (1910-1912), associate pro-
fessor ~ ~ 9 ~ 2-l 9 ~ S), and professor ~ ~ 9 ~ S-l 9481.
When ErIanger resigned his position at Wisconsin to go to
Washington University in St. Louis, I. A. E. Eyster, then
professor of pharmacology at the University of Virginia, was
appointed in his place. Eyster's primary interest was in re-
search. He was not as outgoing as Dr. Meek was, and he was
not a popular lecturer. He ant! Meek were quite congenial,
however, and colIaboratecI in research on the cardiovascular
system for thirty years. Eyster was an excellent physiologist
and deserves much credit for their mutual success.
Meek was a skillecl administrator and students liked his
lectures. On Meek's retirement, President EIvehjem saic! Dr.
Meek was "the best classroom teacher uncler whom he had
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254
B I OGRAPH I CAL M EM OI RS
studied." Very soon Eyster and Meek exchanged jobs, and
Meek remained chairman of physiology until his retirement
in 1948. Eyster then reassumed the chairmanship and re-
tainect it until his own retirement in 1952. The first Eyster
and Meek article was published in 1912. It was quite appro-
priate that William H. Howell, one of the founders of Physio-
logical Reviews, should, and did, solicit an article from them
for the first issue ("The Origins and Conduction of the Heart
Beat," ~ Alp: 1, 1921~.
The first students to receive Ph.D. degrees from the
Department of Physiology at Wisconsin were K. K. Chen,
Chauncey D. Leake, ant! Ethel Ronzoni (Mrs. George H.
Bishop). By 1952 some thirty-eight persons tract received that
degree. Dr. Meek's last student was Eleanor M. Larsen. The
attainments of the department in Dr. Meek's time are cle-
scribecT in a chronicle of the University of Wisconsin, Medical
School, ~848-~948 Paul F. Clark, The History of the University
of Wisconsin EMadison: University of Wisconsin Press, 19671~.
In 1920 Meek became assistant dean of the Medical
School. His interest in students made him an effective ad-
visor. Among those he advised were premeclical students
from the University. It is said that at times he became briefly
unpopular for advising some leacling athletes to minimize
their physical efforts and study more if they wisher! to be-
come doctors. Some of them slid just that, to the detriment of
an occasional team record. In addition to advising premedics,
Dr. Meek for many years was in charge of admissions to the
Meclical School. He fount] this selection quite taxing because
some students he thought would make only average doctors
turner] out to be superb, while others he thought would be
superb turned out to be mediocre. He continues] to meet
these responsibilities, however, and held the posts of assistant
dean of medicine from 1920 through 1942, acting dean from
1942 through 1945, and associate clean from 1945 until his
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WALTER JOSEPH MEEK
255
retirement. He was also trustee of the Madison General
Hospital, a service he performer! without remuneration for
many years, and a member of the Governor's Advisory Com-
mittee on Meclical Education.
Dr. Meek held the commission of major in the Chemical
Warfare Service during the first World War. A chemical war-
fare unit was set up at the University, and from 1917 to 1919
Eyster and Meek were responsible for much of the work
carried on there. Many of the initial investigations on the
biological effects of mustard gas, lewisite, and phosgene were
made by this unit. In order to facilitate their work the army
was asked to provide a chemist. They sent a young drill ser-
geant who had majored in chemistry at Princeton, Chauncy
Leake called "Serge" by the Meeks. This association started
Dr. Leake on his career as a pharmacologist.
On December 26, 1906 Dr. Meek married Crescence
Ebericy. He met her on shipboard during his first trip to
Europe. They had three children: Joseph Walter Meek, born
May 2, 1912, professor in the Law School of the University of
New Mexico, died 1954; Mary Crescence Meek, born May 20,
1917, served as a stewardess for American Airlines for many
years; and John Sawyer Meek, born August 12, 191S, became
professor of chemistry at the University of Colorado. One
gathers that Dr. Meek and wife were a very congenial and
adventuresome couple. Their travels took them to Switzer-
lancl several times to hike over the high passes. They also
attendecl the Passion Play, where Dr. Meek took many photo-
graphs on glass slides; after cleveloping them he colored
them for lantern slide projections, which followed notes writ-
ten by Mrs. Meek detailing the costumes and their colors. Dr.
Meek hacT climbed Pikes Peak at an early date, before there
were auto roads to ascend, and in 1902 he visited Yel-
lowstone. Mrs. Meek also found pleasure in such outings, and
in 1914 the family spent the summer in Glacier National
. .
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256
BIOGRAPHICAL MEMOIRS
Park. According to their son John, Mrs. Meek learned to
drive a car long before Dr. Meek, but he was only the third
professor at Wisconsin to own an automobile. After 1920 the
family took many trips around the country. Dr. Meek oc-
casionally (1926 and 1927) left them to vacation and explore
the East Coast alone while he attended international meetings
in Europe, but usually the whole family took their vacations
together.
In many of his nonprofessional activities, Dr. Meek's puri-
tanical work ethic and ingenuity probably made him some-
what overwhelmed. He was a bookbinder; for many years he
bound all the journals to which he susbscribed. As mentioned
previously, he was an enthusiastic photographer, doing all his
own developing and enlarging. One of his accomplishments
was to make hand-colored portraits of his children. Among
the characteristics that impressed his son John as unique were
Dr. Meek's tremendous memory and his great enthusiasm for
anything he undertook. He was an avid gardener and a
naturalist, a member of the Society of American Naturalists.
In 1924 Mrs. Meek inherited some pewter that had be-
longed to her great-grandmother. She thought it would be
nice to have a table setting of pewter, so they began to collect
old pieces. Some of their purchases were found to be defec-
tive, so Dr. Meek learned to repair them. Soon he was making
molds, casting plates, and producing beakers, porringers,
mugs, jewel boxes, and the like. Their collection became
famous, at least locally. Once they had enough pewter to
serve twelve people, Dr. Meek decided it should be used on
an antique table. Next, it was decided that the table should
stand on old-fashioned rugs. The couple began to hook rugs,
fifteen minutes every morning and every evening. Gradually
their house in Madison was filled with antique furniture they
had purchased, repaired, and refinished. All this blended
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WALTER JOSEPH MEEK
257
well with the copper fixtures they had themselves made for
the house when it was built in 1912.
In the 1930s the youngest son, John, became interested in
collecting stamps. This attracted his father's interest, with the
result that Dr. Meek made albums, borders, and display cabi-
nets lined with velvet. They soon were looking for plate shifts,
double transfers, odd cancellations, and so forth. Everything
was so well organized for display that when occasions for
competitive display came, they usually obtained "best of
show" awards. This interest in collecting and in hobbies never
died. When Dr. Meek retired to Florida he became involved
in collecting shells. Again, he made display cabinets and
labeled each specimen with its scientific name and where he
had found it.
Dr. Meek's daily schedule was: Up at seven, off to work at
eight, home for lunch at tweIve-thirty. He had trained him-
self to lie down at one, go to sleep instantly, and awaken at
one-thirty. He then went back to work in his laboratory but
returned home at five-thirty.
Dr. Meek, though not a sportsman, did play golf left-
handed. When asked by his son why he did that when he was
really right-handed, his father explained that when he was a
student at Kansas some athletic activity was required. He had
refused to work out in the dusty old gym, so he was told he
had to engage in some physical activity if he expected to
graduate. He was not a large man, so it was decided that golf
would be acceptable. A professor who was left-handed gave
him a set of clubs; that was the way he learned to play the
game.
During the depression of the 1930s, a steam laundry in
town failed, and Dr. Meek evidently had made an investment
in it. Consequently, he became a member of the new board of
managers and ultimately became the director and manager.
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258
BI OGRAPHI CAL MEMOI RS
His administrative skills were brought into play and before
long the business again became solvent. As far as is known,
this was the only business venture undertaken by Dr. Meek.
Another avocation was the study of history. The well-
known historian, Erwin H. Ackerknecht, and Dr. Meek's as-
sociate, Dr. R. C. Herrin, have written extensively in praise of
Dr. Meek's contributions to the stucly of the history of mecI-
icine. His bibliography of 110 titles contains only six meclico-
historical papers, but Professor Ackerknecht states that they
do not reveal the full extent of his contribution. He wrote or
prepared papers chiefly about those who had contributed to
physiology, including the following titles: "Franz Joseph
Gall" ~ ~ 915), "Charles Bell" ~ ~ 9 ~ 6), "Albrecht VonHaller"
~ 1917), "English Medical Guilds" ~ ~ 920), "Beginnings of
American Physiology" ~ ~ 92 ~ ), "The Gentle Art of Poisoning"
~ 1922), "A Meclical Reformer" ~ ~ 923), "T. Rabelais" ~ ~ 924),
"The American Physiological Society" (1925), "Johannes E.
Purkinje" ~ 1927), "Car] Ludwig" ~ 193 ~ ), "Du Bois ReymoncT"
1932), "Ernst Bruccke" ~ ~ 933), "Fabricius, A Man Who
Missec] His Opportunity" (1935), "John Call Dalton" (1938),
"Claude Bernard" ~ 1939), "Richard Lower" ~ ~ 940-41),
"Meclical References in Shakespeare" ~ 1942), "The Endo-
crines" ~ 1945-46), "Walter B. Cannon" ~ ~ 948-49), and "The
Adrenals" (1952-531. Most of these and other such papers
were delivered at William Snow Miller's seminars on medical
history at the University. Professor Ackerknecht regrets that
many of the papers read in these seminars were not pub-
lishecl but he states that the group of individuals to which Dr.
Meek belonged click initiate a revival of interest in meclical
history in America.
For a brief perioc] Dr. Meek taught medical history in the
University. Incidentally,
O
he treasured the fact that he was
born the year Claude Bernard died. He never studied abroad
but few had a greater interest in the physiologists of Europe.
OCR for page 259
WALTER JOSEPH MEEK
259
His son reports that he was delighted to meet PavIov at an
International Congress and consiclered it a great privilege. It
is surprising that he could accomplish so much and sustain
such a variety of interests when he had a heavy teaching loacl
dealing with physiology for the medical students. For some
years he also lectures! to home economics students. Initially
he had only 100 such students in the course, but numbers
quickly increased to over 160. He could describe the most
complicated functions in such a way that all could under-
stand. In the course for first-year medical students he chiefly
taught neurophysiology. Another of his special duties rela-
tive to teaching and research was that he had charge of pro-
curement of all dogs used in the medical school. At many
sessions of the state legislature Dr. Meek had to appear and
justify the use of animals to offset the criticisms and actions
of the antivivisectionists. For many years he also prepared the
questions in physiology for the Wisconsin State Board licen-
sure examination in medicine.
In addition to all these other responsibilities and activities,
ant] without much technical help, Dr. Meek managed to ac-
complish much in a number of fields of research. He pub-
lished 110 scientific papers, many of these with J. A. E.
Eyster. He conducted some early studies with A. J. Carison on
the limulus heart. He was the first in this country to employ
the method of primary negativity in tracing the origin and
course of the excitatory process in the heart. He detected
shifting of the pacemaker during vagus stimulation and when
the sinoatrial node was destroyed. He used timed X-ray expo-
sures to stucly events of the cardiac cycle and the output of
the heart. He was interested in the effects of exercise,
hemorrhage, and plethora. His studies of the significance
and consequence of the enlargement of the heart in athletes
still receive attention.
Probably the most clinically relevant contribution ma(le by
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260
B I OGRAPH I CAL MEMOI RS
Dr. Meek was the discovery, in collaboration with Maurice H.
Seevers and Ralph M. Waters, that catecholamines cause ven-
tricular fibrillation in dogs anesthetized with cyclopropane.
Further studies of the effects of catecholamines on ventricu-
lar irritability, conducted in cooperation with Orth, Murphy,
Stutzman, and Allen, proviclect information concerning the
mechanism of this action; they identified epinephrine con-
geners that dicI not produce serious ventricular irritability.
Dr. Meek eventually chose phenylephrine as the best vaso-
pressor agent for producing a rise in blooct pressure without
a resulting paroxysmal atrial tachycardia. This work, which
he described in a Harvey Lecture clelivered March 20, 1941,
"Some Cardiac Effects of the Inhalation Anesthetics and the
Sympathomimetic Amines," was of much interest to both
pharmacologists and anesthetists.
Meek's later work was concerned with gastrointestinal
physiology. He studied chemical transmission of vagal effects
on the small intestine, the influence of intestinal distension
on gastric motility, and the actions of adrenalin and general
anesthesia on intestinal function. He studied the causes of
intestinal obstruction and ulceration. Some summaries state
that his work dealt mainly with the heart, circulation, gastro-
intestinal tract, and autonomic nervous system. He clearly
studied other matters as well, as revealed by his bibliography.
In~4merican Men of Science Dr. Meek listed circulation, shock,
and the effects of anesthetics on the heart as his three main
areas of research.
It is said of Dr. Meek that he seemed to have the power of
anticipating trends of scientific development. This was mani-
fest in his association with the American Physiological
Society. Dr. Meek became a member of the APS in 1908. He
was elected! to the Council in 1915, and served as secretary
from 1924 to 1929 and president from 1930 to 1932. After
his presidency he returned to the Council for four more
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WALTER JOSEPH MEEK
261
years. In 1933 he was appointed chairman of the newly
founder} Boarct of Publication Trustees, which has controlled
the business and editorial policies of all publications spon-
sored by the American Physiological Society since 1935. At
the forty-ninth meeting of the Society in Memphis (1937), he
proposed establishment of The Annual Review of Physiology;
this recommendation was approved. He served on the Board
of Publication Trustees for most of his life and was to a large
degree responsible for the Society's very effective publication
policies and actions. His unusual powers of organization were
frequently user! by the Society. He was chairman of the Cen-
tennial Committee for the fiftieth annual meeting held in
1938. Dr. Meek also served in collaboration with Drs. W. B.
Cannon and A. I. CarIson as chairman of the committee for
selection and nomination of honorary members for the APS.
He was one of the leaclers of American physiology for half a
century. He participated actively in scientific sessions held at
annual meetings of the Society. Among the many papers he
presented before the Society, the following were of greatest
interest: "The Origin of Fibrinogen in the Liver," "The
Initiation and Course of Cardiac Excitation," and "Distension
as a Factor in Intestinal Obstruction."
~ became a member of the American Physiological Society
in 1934, a year after Dr. Meek's term as president hac} enclecI.
~ never had a conversation with him, but I observed his ac-
tions and I knew him through his friends. Dr. Meek was
always busy, surrounciecI by friends, and thus less accessible
than was Joseph ErIanger, for example, who always appeared
to be alone and available to lunch with younger unknown
men. ~ also knew many of Walter Meek's other famous asso-
ciates better than I knew him: Herbert Gasser, George H.
Bishop, A. J. CarIson, K. K. Chen, Chauncy D. Leake, and
Ethel Ronzoni. All of these held Dr. Meek in high esteem
The men ~ knew of my generation who worked with Dr
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262
B I OGRAPH I CAL M EM OI RS
Meek also made known their respect and affection: Warren
Gilson, M. H. Seevers, R. C. Herrin, W. B. Youmans, Paul
Cranefield, and many others. ~ did hear him discuss pro-
posals at meetings of the American Physiological Society; he
was cautious, conservative, and not always on the winning
side, but his opinions were respected. I was not studying the
heart when Dr. Meek was most active in that field but T knew
of his work. For many years I used in my lectures on the
autonomic system an illustration of acety~choline assay by
Meek—partially because it surprised me that he was cloing
such work at a time when the field was dominated by Sir
Henry Date. One of my strongest impressions of Dr. Meek's
perception and kindness was obtained from an "Apprecia-
tion of Walter B. Cannon" that he wrote in 1933 for the Texas
Reports on Biology and Medicine. Cannon cTid not always receive
from some of Meek's contemporaries the respectful treat-
ment he deservecT in meetings of the American Physiological
Society. Those of us who were of Walter B. Cannon's school
much appreciated Meek's statement.
Dr. Meek retired officially in 1948. He remained at Wis-
consin as a research professor for one more year. After that
he gave some historical lectures at the University of Texas
and served on a committee to make recommendations con-
cerning establishment of the mecTical school at Gainesville,
Florida.
Dr. Meek hac] several heart attacks before retiring but
recovered with bed rest. He developed diabetes at the age of
fifty-five, and it became increasingly harct to control. His
cleath occurred quitely at his winter home at Fort Myers
Beach, Florida on February 15, 1963 at the age of eighty-
four. His ashes are buried with his wife's in her family's burial
plot at Westfield, Pennsylvania. Mrs. Meek died in 1973 at
the age of ninety-two. She was able to attend the dedication
of "Meek House," a part of the Witte Dormitory at the
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WALTER JOSEPH MEEK
263
University of Wisconsin. The University also publisher! a
biographic Memorial Resolution in honor of their distin-
guishec! faculty member, Emeritus Dean Walter Joseph
Meek.
Biographical accounts indicate that physiologists in his
day were not members of so many societies as is now re-
quired. In acictition to the American Physiological Society, he
belonged to the Society for Experimental Biology and
Medicine, American Zoologists, American Naturalists, ant!
The Harvey Society. He was listed in American Men of Science.
Dr. Meek received many honors during his life and post-
humously. There is a Meek Library and a Meek House at
Madison. In 1944 he was awarded membership in the
Wisconsin State Medical Society and was recipient of its Man
of the Year award. The American Society of Anesthesiolo-
gists elected him to honorary membership. In 1948 he was
awarclec] an honorary degree (D.Sc.) by the University of
Wisconsin. In 1949, one year after his retirement, he receiver!
a Distinguished Service Award from the University of
Kansas. The excellence of Dr. Meek's scientific contributions
was recognized by his election to membership in the National
Academy of Sciences in 1947. His principal contributions to
science are here listed.
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264
BIOGRAPHICAL MEMOIRS
BIBLIOGRAPHY
1907
A study of the choroid plexus. I. Comp. Neurol. Psychol.,
17:286-306
1908
With A. I. Carlson. On the mechanism of the embryonic heart
rhythm in limulus. Am. I. Physiol., 21:1-10.
The relative resistance of the heart ganglia, the intrinsic nerve
plexus and the heart to the action of drugs. Am. }. Physiol.,
21:230-35.
1909
Structure of the limulus heart muscle. l. Morphol., 20:403-12.
1911
With W. E. Leaper. Effects of pressure on conductivity in nerve and
muscle. Am. l. Physiol., 27:308-22.
Regeneration of Auerbach's plexus in the small intestine. Am. I.
Physiol., 28: 352-60.
1912
Relation of the liver to the fibrinogen content of the blood. Proc.
Am. Physiol. Soc.; Am. }. Physiol., 29:xix-xx(A).
With I. A. E. Eyster. Electrical changes in the heart during vagus
stimulation. Am. J. Physiol., 30:271-77.
With J. A. E. Eyster. The course of the wave of negativity which
passes over the tortoise's heart during the normal beat. Am. l.
Physiol., 31:31-46.
1913
With }. A. E. Eyster. Experiments on the origin and propagation of
the impulse in the heart: The point of primary negativity in the
mammalian heart and the spread of negativity to other regions.
Heart, 5:11~36.
1914
With I. A. E. Eyster. Experiments on the origin and propagation of
OCR for page 265
WALTER JOSEPH MEEK
265
the impulse in the heart: Observations on dying mammalian
hearts. Heart, 5:137-40.
With H. S. Gasser. A study of the mechanisms by which muscular
exercise produces acceleration of the heart. Am. l. Physiol.,
34:48-71.
1915
With B. H. Schlomovitz and }. A. E. Eyster. Experiments on the
origin and conduction of the cardiac impulse. V. The relation of
the nodal tissue to the chronotropic influence of the inhibitory
cardiac nerves. Am. I. Physiol., 37:177-202.
1916
With l. A. E. Eyster. The origin of the cardiac impulse in the turtle's
heart. Am. J. Physiol., 39:291-96.
1918
With H. S. Gasser. Blood volume. A method for its determination
with data for dogs, cats and rabbits. Am. I. Physiol., 47:302-17.
1919
With H. S. Gasser and I. Erlanger. Studies in secondary traumatic
shock. IV. The blood volume changes and the effect of gum
accacia on their development. Am. I. Physiol., 50:31-53.
1920
With I. A. E. Eyster. Instantaneous radiographs of the human heart
at determined points in the cardiac cycle. Am. I. Roentgenol.,
7:471-77.
With J. A. E. Eyster. Experiments on the pathological physiology of
acute phosgene poisoning. Am. J. Physiol., 51:303-20.
1921
Vagal apnea. Proc. Am. Physiol. Soc., Am. J. Physiol., 55:282(A).
With I. A. E. Eyster. Reactions to hemorrhage. Am. I. Physiol.,
56: 1-15.
With I. A. E. Eyster. The origin and conduction of the heart beat.
Physiol. Rev., 1: 1~3.
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266
BIOGRAPHICAL MEMOIRS
1922
With J. A. E. Eyster. The effect of plethora and variations in venous
pressure on diastolic size and output of the heart. Am. }. Phy-
siol., 61: 18~202.
1924
Vagus apnea. Am. J. Physiol., 67:309-16.
With K. K. Chen and H. C. Bradley. Studies of autolysis. XII.
Experimental atrophy of muscle tissue. l. Biol. Chem., 6 1:
807-27.
1925
With A. Wilson. The effect of changes in position of the heart on
the QRS complex of the electrocardiogram. Arch. Intern. Med.,
36:61~27.
1926
With A. Young and C. W. Muehlberger. Toxicological studies of
acute anilin poisoning. I. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther., 27:101-23.
With K. K. Chen. A comparative study of ephedrine, tyramine
and epinephrine with special reference to the circulation. T.
Pharmacol. Exp. Ther., 28:59-76.
1927
J
With }. A. Wilson. The effect of the pericardium on cardiac disten-
tion as determined by the X-ray. Am. J. Physiol., 82:31-~16.
With I. A. E. Eyster and F. J. Hodges. Cardiac changes subsequent
to experimental aortic lesions. Arch. Intern. Med., 39:53~49.
1928
With F. D. McCrea and J. A. E. Eyster. The effect of exercise on
diastolic heart size. Am. {. Physiol., 83:678-89.
1929
With M. Keenan and H. I. Theisen. The auricular blood supply in
the dog. Am. Heart I., 4:591-99.
1930
With I. A. E. Eyster. Studies on venous pressure. Am. I. Physiol.,
95:294-301.
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WALTER JOSEPH MEEK
1931
267
With R. C. Herrin. The influence of the sympathetics on muscle
glycogen. Am. J. Physiol., 97:57-65.
With M. C. Borman. Coronary sinus rhythm. IV. Rhythms subse-
quent to destruction by radon of the sino-auricular nodes in
dogs. Arch. Intern. Med., 47:957-67.
With R. C. Herrin. Studies on intestinal obstruction. Proc. Am.
Physiol. Soc., Am. J. Physiol., 97:532-33(A).
Functions of the gastro-intestinal tract with special reference to
ulcer producing gastro-duodenal malfunctions. Wis. Med. I.,
30:53~37.
1933
With R. C. Herrin. Distention as a factor in intestinal obstruction.
Arch. Intern. Med., 51:152-68.
1934
With M. H. Seevers, E. A. Rovenstine, and }. A. Stiles. A study of
cyclopropane anesthesia with especial reference to gas concen-
trations, respiratory and electrocardiographic changes. }. Phar-
macol. Exp. Ther., 51:1-17.
With M. H. Seevers. The cardiac irregularities produced by ephe-
drine and a protective action of sodium barbital. }. Pharmacol.
Exp. Ther., 51:287-307.
With R. C. Herrin. The effect of vagotomy on gastric emptying
time. Am. I Physiol., 109:221-31.
1936
With }. Lalich and R. C. Herrin. Reflex pathways concerned in
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Physiol., 115:41~14.
1938
With i. A. E. Eyster, H. Goldberg, and W. E. Gilson. Potential
changes in an injured region of cardiac muscle. Am. J. Physiol.,
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1940
With C. R. Allen and J. W. Stutzman. Production of ventricular
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268 BIOGRAPHICAL MEMOIRS
tachycardia by adrenalin in cyclopropane anesthesia. Anesthe-
siology, 1:158-66.
1941
Some cardiac effects of the inhalant anesthetics and the sympa-
thetic amines. The Harvey Lectures, 36: 188-227.
With J. A. E. Eyster and H. Goldberg. Relation between electrical
and mechanical events in dog's heart. Am. l. Physiol., 131:760-
67.
1942
With }. W. Stutzman. Role of thyroid in cyclopropane-adrenalin
tachycardia. Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med., 49:704-7.
1944
With O. S. Orth and }. W. Stutzman. Relationship of chemical
structure of sympathomimetic amines to ventricular tachycardia
during cyclopropane anesthesia. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther., 81:
197-202.
1945
With C. R. Allen and Q. Murphy. The action of morphine in slow-
ing the heart rate of unconditioned dogs. Anesthesiology, 6:
14~53.
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Representative terms from entire chapter:
walter joseph
