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ADOLPH HANS SCHULTZ
November 14, 1891-May 26, 1976
BY T. DALE STEWART
RESIDENCE IN THREE successive countries Germany,
Switzerland, the Uniter! States, and then again Swit-
zerIand serves to divide Adolph Schultz's life span of
eighty-five years into four segments: one, a German period
(from his birth on November 14, TS91 to cat ISLE; two, a first
Swiss period (from cat I S97 to 1916~; three, an American
period (from 1916 to 19511; and four, a second Swiss period
(from 1951 to his cleath on May 26, 19761. The American
period was not only the longest, but also the most scientifical-
ly productive; it comprised the peak years, between the ages
of twenty-five and sixty, of his career.
I. GERMANY
Of the German period of Schultz's life few facts are avail-
able. He was the only son among four children born to Julius
and Sophie (Frick) Schultz in Stuttgart. When he was about
six years old his German father diect, and his mother, a Swiss
by birth, took the four children to Zurich. Some twenty years
later he stated in the curriculum vitae appended to his doc-
toral dissertation: "Ich . . . besuchte Schulen in Deutschiand und
zum grossern Tei! in Zurich und bestand im September 1910 die
eidgenossische Maturitatsprufung." ~
i"Anthropologische Untersuchungen an der Schadebasis," Archiv fur Anthropolo-
g~e, 16 (1917): 104.
325
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326
BIOGRAPHICAL MEMOIRS
II. SWITZERLAND
Schultz's first Swiss period saw him through not only most
of his preparation for college, but his undergraduate and
graduate training as well. As an undergraduate he spent
three semesters at the University of Zurich and two at the
University of Bern. In Bern he served on the side as a visiting
assistant lecturer in zoology in Professor }. U. Duerst's Zoo-
technisches Institut. Then in April ~ 9 ~ 3, following his return to
Zurich, he matriculated in the doctoral program at the Uni-
versity there uncler the supervision of Professor O. Schiagin-
haufen and seven semesters later received his Ph.D. in
anthropology.
For his dissertation Schultz undertook an anthropological
investigation of the base of the human skull. Although the
Anthropological Institute in Zurich had series of skulls from
a number of racial groups, with the exception of Ancient
Egyptians and recent Swiss (Daniser), none had a sufficient
representation for Schultz's purpose. In order to bring all of
his skull samples up to adequate size, he visited several insti-
tutions in Germany. In Professor W. Walcleyer's anatomy
department in Berlin he obtained the skulls of some West
African Negroes and Chinese; in Professor G. Schwalbe's
anatomy department in Strassburg, Greenland Eskimos; in
Professor A. Jacobi's department in the Royal Museum for
Zoology-Anthropology-Ethnology in Dresden, Australians
and Chinese; and in Professor I. Ranke's department in the
Anthropological Institute in Munich, Australians and Chi-
nese. In all he studied 394 skulls from six racial groups.
Schultz electecl to take the majority of his skull measure-
ments with the skull oriented in one or the other of two
unconventional horizontals: glabelIa-basion and glabelIa-
inion. Otherwise he took a selection of conventional measure-
ments not requiring reference to a horizontal. To explain the
unconventional measurements, he supplied neatly drawn
and lettered diagrams. He also drew by hand the rest of the
OCR for page 327
ADOLPH HANS SCHULTZ
327
illustrations. Notable, too, is the fact that the measurements,
listed individually, are summarized statistically in the form of
means, standard deviations, ant! coefficients of variation, all
with their probable errors. I mention all this because later in
his career his publications generally became richer in pen-
and-ink renderings (inclucling tables) and poorer in statistical
analyses.
Three papers appeared in print ahead of the dissertation,
two in 1915 and one in 1916. The first two refer to some of
the same German skull collections from which he obtained
data for the dissertation. This suggests that in advance of the
visitts) to the German institutions Schultz made plans to col-
lect data needed for the investigation of three different prob-
lems. Here may be the beginning of the program of data
collection for which he became famous. From this time on his
examinations of specimens were so well thought out and so
complete that, before many years would pass, he could dip
into his data bank for much of what he needed to clear with
a new problem or to summarize the morphological character-
. . . . . .
Sacs ot a particular primate species.
These four publications also reveal a beginning shift in
interest from traditional physical anthropology, which deals
mostly with man, the highest primate, to a broader type of
study (now called primatology), which deals with all the pri-
mates. The first of these publications (1915) makes no men-
tion of nonhuman primates, the second (1915) makes slight
reference to them, ant] the third (1916) gives them extensive
coverage. The dissertation, which was published fourth
(1917), was planned, of course, before this shift in interest
had time to develop.
Reminiscing about this period of his life at the Third
International Primatological Congress in Zurich in ~ 970,
Schultz saicl:
.. . ,% . . . . . ~
In my student years of 1910 to 1916 at the University of Zurich interest
in primates happened to be unusually well represented in the Anatomical
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328
BIOGRAPHICAL MEMOIRS
Institute under the direction of Ruge and in the Anthropological Institute,
which had been founded by Martin, who was succeeded by Schlagin-
haufen. Together these departments. . . had assembled very extensive
collections of entire bodies and skeletons of nonhuman primates largely
through the cooperation of the Swiss Buttikofer, the director of the Rotter-
dam zoo and distinguished student of Indonesian primates. This material
served for great many important papers on primate anatomy by Ruge
himself, his staff and his graduate students.... At the same time the
Zurich collections had formed the basis for such well-known primatological
monographs from the anthropology department, as Mollison's pioneering
report on body proportions, Schlaginhaufen's study of dermatoglyphics
and Oppenheim's comparative data on cranial variability, for all of which
unusually large series of specimens had been available. Last not least, in
1914 there appeared Martin's great Lehrbuch der Anthropolog~e, in which
primates were dealt with in every chapter, confirming the close alliance
between physical anthropology and primatology....
It is hardly surprising that as a young student of anthropology in the
midst of so much primatological interest I soon came to feel that the study
of nonhuman primates was really more fascinating and rewarding than
that of mere man, whose morphology had already become known to what
seemed to me then down to the last details.2
III. TO AMERICA
The first Swiss period of Schultz's life encled and his
American period began when he came to the United States in
the fall of 1916. The circumstances leading to this move are
explained by Florence R. Sabin in Franklin Paine Mall; the
Story of a Mind (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press,
1934~. One of the projects that Mall had in mind in 1913 for
the new Department of Embryology, which he had induced
the Carnegie Institution of Washington to establish at the
Johns Hopkins Medical School in Baltimore, was an anthro-
pometric record of the Department's collection of human
embryos. Continuing the account in Sabin's words:
.
Volta Primatolog?ca, 26 ( 1976): 6-7.
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ADOLPH HANS SCHULTZ
329
Mall did not go abroad in 1913 [as was his custom] but asked me to
consult for him the anthropologists in Germany, Switzerland and France
and explain his problem of securing someone to measure human embryos
with an adequate technique. As a result Dr. Michael Reicher was recruited
from the department of Professor Schlagenhaufen in Zurich. He came to
Baltimore and started the work, but when the war broke out he was obliged
to return to Europe and Dr. Adolph Schultz, also from Schlagenhaufen's
laboratory, was appointed [to continue with the work] (pp. 30~51.
By the time Reicher left Baltimore the number of his
measured specimens had reached 385.3 Although he hoped
to return to Baltimore after the war and for this reason left
his data behind, Schultz continued the work, ant! by the time
he publisher! on the subject in 1922 and 1923, he had ex-
tended the coverage to 623 specimens. Not until 1929, how-
ever, did Schultz get around to publishing the cletails of the
technique he used in measuring the fetuses.
Two actions by Schultz during this period indicate how
well he was adjusting to life in his adopted country: in 1924
he married, and in 1934 he became a naturalizecl American
citizen. Travis Bacler, who became his wife and ultimately was
to survive him briefly, was from Virginia. I once visited them
at their vacation retreat, an old family house in McGaheys-
ville, located in the Shenadoah Valley some 75 miles in a
direct line southwest of Baltimore.
While Schultz was working on the fetuses, he was also
gathering data of other sorts, such as information concerning
the prenatal sex ratio and the development of the external
nose. The second subject led in 1919 to a contribution to the
Carnegie's publication series: it represented the first of his
seven Contributions to Embryology between ~ 9 ~ 9 and ~ 949.
Schultz's bibliography shows that by 1921 he was also
studying primate specimens other than human. One of his
papers that year reports the occurrence of a sternal gland in
Carnegie Institution of Washington, Yearbook, ~ 3 ( ~ 9 ~ 4): ~ 05, ~ 09.
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330
BIOGRAPHICAL MEMOIRS
an orang, anct another describes fetuses of the Guiana
howling monkey. Thereafter papers of this sort graclually
increased in frequency; in other words, his shift in interest
from physical anthropology to primatology, aireacly evident
before he left Zurich, was continuing and expanding in
Baltimore.
This shift took another form in 1923 when Schultz par-
ticipatecl in the first of four primate collecting trips to Central
America. On the first trip, which hacI as its destination east-
ern Nicaragua, he was accompanied by O. O. Heard. George
WisIocki and F. F. Snicier joined them in 1924 on the second
trip to the same area, generally described as the middle
course of the Princapolka River and a tributary thereof, the
Yao-ya River. The thirst and fourth trips, in 1929 ant! 1932,
were organized by Herbert C. Clark of the Gorgas Memorial
Institute for Tropical Medicine and centered on Chiriqui in
western Panama. Originally clesigned primarily to acquire
embryos and fetuses, the success otherwise of all these trips
may be judged from the number of mature skulls alone col-
lected: a total of 379 from among three species (howlers,
capuchins, and spiders). A by-product of the second trip was
an anthropological study of twenty-five and twelve adult In-
dian men of the Rama and Sumu tribes, respectively.
The first trip to Nicaragua was financed by Schultz per-
sonally, the second by the Carnegie and the Johns Hopkins
Meclical School. The participation of Johns Hopkins suggests
that the school was already interested in having Schultz join
its staff. In 1925 he accepted the position of associate profes-
sor of physical anthropology in the Department of Anatomy,
the first such position in any American meclical school.
To fill the vacancy created by Schultz's cleparture, G. 12.
Streeter, who tract succeeded Mall as director of the Carne-
gie's Laboratory of Embryology, brought in C. G. Hartman
from the University of Texas. This was a happy arrangement
OCR for page 331
1
ADOLPH HANS SCHULTZ
33
for Schultz, because Hartman at once set about establishing
a colony of rhesus macaques on the top floor of the Carnegie
buiTcting next door to the anatomy building, and he invited
Schultz to maintain the colony's growth records. Schultz was
also offered the remains of any members of the colony that
died. In turn he generously shared these remains with his
anatomical colleagues.
Out of this collaborative effort grew the precedent-setting
book, The Anatomy of the Rhesus Monkey, edited by Hartman
and Straus (1933~. The chapter therein by Schultz, "Growth
and Development," contains his observations and measure-
ments of more than twenty animals born in the Hartman
colony.
Between 1927 and 1938 Schultz tract a small primate col-
ony of his own populated by six chimpanzees (counting off-
spring) and an orang. These animals were kept in improvised
quarters in a former stable behind the anatomy builcling. As
a medical student at Hopkins in this period, ~ remember well
the vocal and mechanical din created by these caged animals.
The colony came to an ens] when the strength of the largest
mate chimpanzee—named "Dayton" by Schultz after the
antievolution trial in Dayton, Tennessee macle it impossible
to keep him confined to quarters.
Besides observing the living nonhuman primates around
him, Schultz was always seeking the remains of those dying in
captivity. Animal dealers, directors of zoos, and owners of
circuses responded generously, but their shipments of deact
animals occasionally led to amusing incidents. For example,
there is the tale of the zealous prohibition agents in Washing-
ton's Union Station, who, after apprehending a zoo attendant
bound for Baltimore, were abashed to finct that the bag he
was carrying, when opened in the midst of a crowd, con-
tainect a dead monkey and not the suspected liquid contra-
bancI. Other tales concern phone calls to Schultz at incon-
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332
.
BIOGRAPHICAL MEMOIRS
venient hours from irate clerks in the office of the express
company demanding that he come at once and claim stinking
packages. The odor was so bact sometimes, it is said, that he
was forced to expose and examine these specimens on the fire
escape of the anatomy building.
Of course, not all of the shipments were in such wretched
condition. Among the most notable acquisitions were the
huge gorillas "Congo" and "Gargantua." The latter gained
for Schultz considerable publicity because Life magazine (De-
cember 5, 1949) publishecl a large picture of him, caliper in
hand, bending over the corpse stretched out on an embalm-
ing table.
Given a choice, Schultz preferred animals shot in the wild
to animals that had died in capitivity. This being the case, he
was quick to accept an invitation from Harold Coolidge to
participate in a primate collecting expedition headed for
southeast Asia in 1937. The other scientists on the Asiatic
Primate Expeclition (APE) included C. R. Carpenter and S. L.
Washburn. In Thailand, the first stop for fierce work, the
party proceeded to the city of Chiang Mai, 375 miles north of
Bangkok; before leaving the country two months later they
had amassed a total of 233 gibbons, along with representa-
t~ves of other kinds of primates. Subsequently Schultz and
Washburn spent three months near Sandakan in North Bor-
neo collecting forty-four gibbons, seven orange, and series of
several kinds of lower primates. Most of the skeletons were
returned to the United States in a roughecl-out and dried
state. Back in Baltimore, Schultz cleaned up those acquired
for his personal collection, as well as those going elsewhere
but which he intended to study.
The Anatomy Department at Hopkins provided few
assistants for the staff. This mattered little to Schultz, be-
cause he was quite capable of dealing with his specimens
once they were skeletonized; anct this he often did, even to
OCR for page 333
ADOLPH HANS SCHULTZ
333
the point of numbering the bones and constructing the boxes
to house them. He also measured the bones, wrote his manu-
scripts in longhand, and illustrated them with masterly pen-
and-ink drawings. All this he carried out in a single large
room with two windows on one side and storage shelves going
to the ceiling on the other three sides. Considering that he
expended so much of his time getting his data assembled and
analyzed, it is remarkable that he published as much as he
did.
I think it is unlikely that Schultz ever had one of his
well-organized and beautifully illustrated manuscripts re-
jected by an editor. It should be noted, however, that during
his years in Baltimore he had close connections with the
founders and/or editors of the more important new journals
devoted, at least in part, to primate studies: in Washington
~ ~ ~ 11-V 1 ~ . 1 ~ -
~,
A. mra~c~a ot tne American f ournal of Physical! Anthropology
(1918~; also in Washington, N. Hollister of the Journal of
Mammai/ogy ( 19 ~ 9~; and in Baltimore, R. Pear! of the Quarterly
Review of Biology ( 1926) and Human Biology ( 19291. Between
1918 and 1949 these four journals alone carried 36 of his
articles. Among the larger pieces may be mentioned the 1930
article in Human Biology (136 pages, 23 hand-drawn figures)
and the 1944 article in theAmerican Journal of Physical Anthro-
pology (129 pages, 30 hand-drawn figures).
Schultz's early intensive efforts to report the growth and
development of particular primates, primarily through mea-
. , ~ , ~
surements, gradually became interspersed with efforts to
provide interpretive summaries. A few titles will suggest the
points he wished to emphasize: "Man as a Primate" (1931),
"Characters Common to Higher Primates and Characters
Specific for Man" (1936), "Variability in Man and Other
Primates" (1947), "The Physical Distinctions of Man" (19501.
These general articles, perhaps more than the others, left
enduring impressions on the thinking of primatologists.
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334
B IOGRAPH ICAL MEMOI RS
In the late 1940s a new trend in the field! of anatomy,
known as "histochemistry," arrived in force at Hopkins as
a new head of the department took over. Schultz could find
no indication in this change that the encouragement and
support he had always received would continue, so in 1951,
when he reached the age of sixty, he retired and went back
to Zurich, taking with him his primate collection. Thus, after
thirty-five years in Baltimore, Schultz's highly productive
American period came to an encI.
IV. BACK TO SWITZERLAND
The second Swiss period of Schultz's life began auspi-
ciously with his resumption of Swiss citizenship. SchIaginhau-
fen, who in 1951 had reached his fortieth year as director of
the University of Zurich's Institute of Anthropology, relin-
quished the position. Schultz was appointed director of the
Institute and was also designated professor of anthropology
in the University. The Institute provided a repository for his
collection and a natural place for him to continue his studies;
the professorship gave him further status with only limiter]
academic duties. The portion of his bibliography covering
this final period shows that, except for the year 1951, he
continued to publish at about the same rate as he had in
Baltimore: two to four articles a year, but now more often in
German.
The incorporation of Schultz's personal collection of
primate specimens into the Tnstitute's collection resulted in a
virtually unequalled primatological resource. From the com-
bined collections Schultz selected for exhibition some of the
more unusual specimens ant] others that illustrated evolu-
tionary changes and phylogenetic relationships. Perhaps be-
cause he had never before tract a display facility, he took
special pleasure and pride in showing off the arrangements
he had created.
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ADOLPH HANS SCHULTZ
BIBLIOGRAPHY
1915
339
*Einfluss der Sutura occipitalis transverse auf Grosse und Form des
Occipitale und des ganzen Gehirnschadels. Arch. Suisses An-
thropol. Gen., 1: 184-91.
*Form, Grosse und Lage der Squama temporalis des Menschen. Z.
Morphol. Anthropol., 19:353-80.
1916
older Canalis cranio-pharyngeus persisters beim Mensch und bei
den Affen. Morphol. Garb., 50:417-26.
1917
Anthropologische Untersuchungen an der Schadelbasis. Arch.
Anthropol., N. F. 16: 1- 103.
*Ein paariger Knochen am Unterrand der Squama occipitalis.
Anat. Rec., 12: 357-62.
1918
*Studies in the sex-ratio of man. Biol. Bull., 34:257-75.
*The fontanella metopica and its remnants in an adult skull. Am.
}. Anat., 23:259-71.
*The position of the insertion of the pectoralis major and deltoid
muscles on the humerus of man. Am. }. Anat., 23:155-73.
*Relation of the external nose to the bony nose and nasal cartilages
in whites and Negroes. Am. J. Phys. Anthropol., 1:329-38.
~Observations on the canalis basilaris chordae. Anat. Rec., 15:225-
29.
1919
*Changes in fetuses due to formalin preservation. Am. J. Phys.
Anthropol., 2: 35-41.
The development of the external nose in whites and Negroes.
Carnegie Inst. Washington Publ. 272, Contrib. Embryol., 9
(341: 173-90.
Asterisk denotes articles in which the author's first name is spelled "Adolf."
OCR for page 340
340
BIOGRAPHICAL MEMOIRS
1920
*Rassenunterschiede in der Entwicklung der Nase und in den
Nasenknorpeln. Verh. Schweiz. Naturforsch. Ges. Neuenburg,
101 :259-61.
An apparatus for measuring the newborn. Johns Hopkins Hosp.
Bull., 31:131-32.
1921
The occurrence of a sternal gland in orang-utan. }. Mammal.,
2: 194-96.
Fetuses of the Guiana howling monkey. Zoologica (N.Y.), 3:
242-62.
Sex incidence in abortions. Carnegie Inst. Washington Publ. 275,
Contrib. Embryol., 12~56~: 177-91.
1922
Das numerische Verhaltnis der Geschlechter. Nat. Mensch, 3:66-
76.
Das fotale Wachstum des Menschen. Verb. Schweiz. Naturforsch.
Ges. Bern, T. II:295-99.
Zygodactyly and its inheritance. J. Hered., 13: 113-17.
1923
Bregmatic fontanelle bones in mammals. I. Mammal., 4:65-77.
Fetal growth in man. Am. }. Phys. Anthropol., 6:389-99.
1924
Preparation and preservation of anatomical and embryological
material in the field. J. Mammal., 5: 16-24.
Growth studies on primates bearing upon man's evolution. Am. }.
Phys. Anthropol., 7:149-64.
Observations on Colobus fetuses. Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., 49:
443-57.
1925
Embryological evidence of the evolution of man. J. Wash. Acad.
Sci., 15:247-63.
With G. B. Wislocki. On the nature of modifications of the skin in
the sternal region of certain primates. l. Mammal., 6:236-44.
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ADOLPH HANS SCHULTZ
341
Studies on the evolution of human teeth. Dent. Cosmos, 5:67,
935-47, 1053-63.
Man's embryonic tail. Sci. Mon., 21:141-43.
1926
Variations in man and the
60:297-323.
Fetal growth of man and other primates. Q. Rev. Biol.,1 :465-521.
Anthropological studies on Nicaraguan Indians. Am. I. Phys. An-
thropol., 9:65-80.
Studies on the variability of platyrrhine monkeys. I. Mammal.,
7:286-305.
ir evolutionary significance. Am. Nat.,
1927
Les variations chez lthomme et leur signification au point de vue
de ['evolution. Bull. Soc. Etude Formes Humaines, 5:59-77.
Studies on the growth of gorilla and of other higher primates with
special reference to a fetus of gorilla, preserved in the Carnegie
Museum. Mem. Carnegie Mus., 11: 1-86.
La croissance foetale chez l'homme et autres primates. Bull. Soc.
Etude Formes Humaines, 5:270-334.
1929
The metopic fontanelle, fissure, and suture. Am. l. Anat.,44:475-
99.
The technique of measuring the outer body of human fetuses and
of primates in general. Carnegie Inst. Washington Publ. 394,
Contrib. Embryol., 20~1171:213-57.
1930
Notes on the growth of anthropoid apes with especial reference to
deciduous dentition. Rep. Lab. Mus. Comp. Pathol., Zool. Soc.
Philadelphia: 34-45.
The promise of a youthful science. iohns Hopkins Alum. Mag.,
18: 185-206.
The skeleton of the trunk and limbs of higher primates. Hum.
Biol., 2:303-438.
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342
BIOGRAPHICAL MEMOIRS
1931
The density of hair in primates. Hum. Biol., 3:303-21.
Man as a primate. Sci. Mon., 33:385-412.
1932
The hereditary tendency to eliminate the upper lateral incisors.
Hum. Biol., 4:3~40.
Human variations. Sci. Mon., 34:360-62.
The generic position of Symphalangus klossii. ], . Mammal., 13: 368-
69.
1933
Observations on the growth, classification and evolutionary spe-
cialization of gibbons and siamangs. Hum. Biol., 5:212-55,
385-428.
Growth and development. In: The Anatomy of the Rhesus Monkey, ed.
C. G. Hartman and W. L. Straus, Tr., pp. 10-27. Baltimore:
Williams & Wilkins.
Die Korperproportionen der erwachsenen catarrhinen Primaten,
mit spezieller Berucksichtigung der Menschenaffen. Anthro-
pol. Anz., 10:154-85.
Chimpanzee fetuses. Am. }. Phys. Anthropol., 18:61-79.
Notes on the fetus of an orang-utan. Rep. Lab. Mus. Comp.
Pathol., Zool. Soc. Philadelphia:28-39.
1934
Some distinguishing characters of the mountain gorilla. }. Mam-
mal., 15:51-61.
Inherited reductions in the dentition of man. Hum. Biol., 6:
627-31.
Davidson Black. Anthropol. Anz., 11:276-79.
1935
Eruption and decay of the permanent teeth in primates. Am. }.
Phys. Anthropol., 19:489-581.
The nasal cartilages in higher primates. Am. J. Phys. Anthropol.,
20:205-12.
With F. F. Snyder. Observations on reproduction in the chimpan-
zee. Bull. Johns Hopkins Hosp., 57:193-205.
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ADOLPH HANS SCHULTZ
1936
343
Characters common to higher primates and characters specific for
man. Q. Rev. Biol., 11:259-83, 425-55.
1937
Die Korperproportionen der afrikanischen Menschenaffen im
foetalen und im erwachsenen Zustand. In: Neue Forschungen in
Tierzucht und Abstammungslehre (Festschrift zum 60; Geburtstag
von Prof. Dr. J. Ulrich Duerst), pp.284-302. Bern: Verbands-
druckerei.
Fetal growth and development of the rhesus monkey. Carnegie
Inst. Washington Publ.479, Contrib. Embryol.,2641551:71-98.
Proportions, variability and asymmetries of the long bones of the
limbs and the clavicles in man and apes. Hum. Biol., 9:281-
328.
1938
To Asia after apes. Johns Hopkins Alum. Mag., 26:37-46.
Genital swelling in the female orang-utan. I. Mammal., 19:363-66.
The relative length of the regions of the spinal column in Old
World primates. Am. I. Phys. Anthropol., 24:1-22.
With W. M. Krogman. Anthropoid ape materials in American
collections. Am. J. Phys. Anthropol., 24:199-234.
The relative weight of the testes in primates. Anat. Rec., 72:387-
94.
1939
Notes on diseases and healed fractures of wild apes and their
bearing on the antiquity of pathological conditions in man.
Bull. Hist. Med., 7:571-82.
1940
The size of the orbit and of the eye in primates. Am. }. Phys.
Anthropol., 26:389-408.
Growth and development of the chimpanzee. Carnegie Inst.
Washington Publ. 518, Contrib. Embryol., 28~1701:1-63.
The place of the gibbon among the primates. Introduction: C. R.
Carpenter, "A field study in Siam of the behavior and social
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344
BIOGRAPHICAL MEMOIRS
relations of the gibbon (Hylobates tar)," Comp. Psych. Monogr.,
16:3-12.
1941
Growth and development of the orang-utan. Carnegie Inst. Wash-
ington Publ. 525, Contrib. Embryol., 29~182~:57-110.
Chevron bones in adult man. Am. I. Phys. Anthropol., 28:91-97.
With H. Lumer. Relative growth of the limb segments and tail in
the macaques. Hum. Biol., 13 :283-305.
The relative size of the cranial canacitv in nrim~te.c Am ~ Phvc
Anthropol., 28:273-87.
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Representative terms from entire chapter:
adolph hans
