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EDMUND WARE SINNOTT
February 5, 1888-January 6, 1 968
BY W. GORDON WHALEY
EDMUND WARE SINNOTT was born in Cambridge, Massa-
chusetts on February 5, 1 88S, one of two sons of Charles
Peter and Jessie EIvira (Smith) Sinnott. Although he spent
the first ten years of his life in Milwaukee, Wisconsin, as far
as anyone can determine this interval had little effect on his
overpowering dedication to New England. That dedication,
however, did not limit his keen interest in worldwide affairs
as they related to the advancement of science.
The period during which Edmuncl Sinnott rose to emi-
nence in science was one in which reductionism had become
the dominant mode. Many scientists came to disagree
strongly with Sinnott's attempts to meld science with human-
ism an attempt he considered essential to the development
of what he called the "whole man." He felt only whole men
could make proper use of rational science.
His choice of scientific fields was not surprising in view of
his background. His mother was a clescenclent of the Rever-
end Henry Smith, the first minister in Wethersfield,
Connecticut. Both his parents were teachers, no doubt lend-
ing encouragement to a career in academic life. He attencled
a grammar school that was run as a moclel school supervised
by the Bridgewater State Normal School, at which his father
spent his life as a geography and geology teacher. When he
351
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352
B IOGRAPH ICAL MEMOI RS
graduated in 1900 he went to Bridgewater High School,
where he worked hard in advanced classical courses. He en-
tered Harvard in the fall of 1904, having first expressed an
interest in becoming a writer. Although he devoted himself
largely to other pursuits, it certainly can be said that he wrote
with style and distinction. He shortly chose zoology as his area
of concentration because he had a particular interest in birds.
(Many years later he would complete a unique book in col-
laboration with an ornithologist who had once been a col-
league.) During his sophomore year at Harvard, he was of-
fered an assistantship in botany and studied under Professor
E. C. Jeffrey, who was engaged in an attempt to reclassify
plants on the basis of comparative anatomy. Professor Jeffrey
influenced a large number of individuals who became bota-
nists and contributed to many diverse fields. Sinnott's first
publications were, appropriately, in the field of comparative
anatomy, but no single field in the biological sciences held his
exclusive attention. While a Harvard undergraduate, he
spent his summers on Cape Cod, where he built up a large
collection of plants and became particularly interested in, and
published studies on, the flora of Cape Cod ponds. About the
same time he came upon some fossil wood in eastern Massa-
chusetts and while still a student published a paper on the
subject.
He was stimulated by the Harvard atmosphere and com-
pleted his bachelor's degree in 190S, his master's degree in
1910, and his Ph.D. in 1913. By the time he wrote his disser-
tation, he had turned to the study of reproduction in ever-
greens. His moves from one biological field to another sub-
stantially broadened his knowledge, and this wide base served
him well throughout his life. He held various assistantships,
the Austin teaching fellowship, and finally a Sheldon travel-
ing fellowship, which allowed him to spend a year abroad,
mainly in Australasia, although he managed to stretch it into
a trip around the world. He spent this period in association
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EDMUND WARE SINNOTT
353
with his roommate, Arthur I. Fames, who was later to be-
come one of the country's foremost plant morphologists and
anatomists.
After completing his Ph.D., Sinnott spent two years as an
instructor in the Harvard Forestry School ancT the Bussey
Institution. One must suppose that the latter association was
particularly significant because some of the earliest studies in
plant genetics in the United States developed there. These
briefly held positions were followed in 1915 by an appoint-
ment to the Connecticut Agricultural College in Storrs as
professor of botany and genetics. Here the die was cast, for
a strong interest in the developing science of genetics was
present. L. C. Dunn had become a staff member of the Agri-
cultural Experiment Station at Storrs and was aIreacly pursu-
ing essentially parallel lines of genetic studies with poultry,
mice, and rats. Dunn's colleague at the Experiment Station,
Walter Landauer, had been experimenting with poultry
genetics, while D. H. Jones was conducting a series of experi-
ments that greatly influenced the emergence of genetic stud-
ies in maize at the Experiment Station in New Haven. In fact,
scientists in the whole lower New England area were concen-
trating on genetics. The extensiveness of these studies related
to T. H. Morgan's studies at Columbia. The result was the
interpretation of genetics on a broad biological base.
Sinnott understood this biological base thoroughly and
chose to contribute to it with a study of the genetics of the
Cucurbitaceae. His initial interest was in pumpkins and
squashes, but as he became increasingly intriguccl by the rela-
tion of Mendelian genetics and the development of form, he
turner! to unusual forms among the gourds. The relationship
of Mendelian factors to the development of particular forms
was, and still is, largely an intractable problem. Sinnott tested
many different approaches to relationships between genetic
background and size and form, but, not surprisingly, he
failed to fincI one that satisfied him. Nonetheless, adhering
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354
BIOGRAPHICAL MEMOIRS
closely to the ideas extending from Menclel's work prevalent
at the time, he related a great many characteristics of cucur-
bits to specific genes. For a while his life was occupied with
page after page of Punnett squares. Then he complicated
things with studies of linkage (and "crossing over"), which
had been central subjects for T. H. Morgan and L. C. Dunn.
Dunn tract written his dissertation on linkage. Finally, though
Sinnott continent his own work to fundamental genetic stud-
ies, he came to a full realization of the interrelationships
between genetic and cytological studies as they were so perti-
nently clevelopecl by E. B. Wilson, both in his lectures and
ultimately in his book, The Cell ire Development and Heredity.
Wilson's book was revised through a number of editions ant!
has recently been reprinted as one of the classics in biological
science. Almost a handbook, it has survived more than three-
quarters of a century.
Sinnott follower] the same pattern. He developer! lectures
for a course in genetics, ant] then with L. C. Dunn he turner!
the lecture material and other investigations into a book,
Principles of Genetics, originally published in 1925. As Theo-
closius Dobzhansky, a collaborator on later editions with Sin-
nott anti Dunn, has written in his memoir of Dunn:
The second edition was published in 1932, the third in 1939, and the
fourth and the fifth in 1950 and 1958 in collaboration with Th. Dobzhan-
sky (although Sinnott's name was retained as the senior author). During the
last years of his life, Dunn was sketching parts of what was meant to become
the sixth edition. Translations of Principles of Genetics appeared in several
languages (and so did a pirated edition in English printed in Taiwan). Most
interesting is the fate of the Russian translation in the 1930s, more copies
of which were published than the English original. It was widely used for
several years, until Trofim Denisovich Lysenko and the Soviet government
outlawed it, whereupon it came to be passed from hand to hand like a
subversive tract.l
"'Leslie Clarence Dunn," in Biographical Memoirs, vol. 49 (Washington, D.C.
National Academy of Sciences, 1978), p. 82.
OCR for page 355
EDMUND WARE SINNOTT
355
This book, too, became a handbook with worIc~wide distri-
bution. It is still useful in interpretations of early classical
genetics and mollified illustrations from it are still user! in
such modern texts as Tames Watson's Molecular Biology of the
Gene, which Watson introduced with a chapter on "The Men-
delian View of the World."
Sinnott early became the editor of a long series of botan-
ical and biological works published by McGraw-Hill. His own
major works were a part of this series, as were those of several
of his early colleagues, including Arthur Eames. This edi-
torial position provider! a means through which he couIcI
maintain his earlier interests while expanding his knowlecige
in related fields.
Perhaps Sinnott's most direct scientific contributions were
his investigations of the development of form. Many of these
pertain to animal studies, but botanically trained, he pre-
ferred to work with plants. He was not the original developer
of morphogenesis but he was certainly one of the major con-
tributors to it. He was a pioneer in his attempt to tie morpho-
genesis to specific genetic bases. In this he established the
foundations of approaches being undertaken in the late
twentieth century.
In allucling to his direct contributions in the combined
fielcls of genetics and morphogenesis, one must not overlook
the importance of his less direct contributions in many areas
within the field! of botany. Both his publications of investiga-
tions and his Botany: Principles and Problems stimulates! and
influencer! large numbers of colleagues and students who
were to go on to further studies in these areas.
Sinnott belonged among biologists who were as interested
in ideas as they were in cletails of proof not a popular
category at that time. Perhaps this is one of the reasons it is
difficult to pinpoint his own specific contributions within the
great range of scientific affairs to which he acictressecT him-
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356
BIOGRAPHICAL MEMOIRS
self. He finally setting on an interpretation of the control of
development of form as the result of what he termed "mor-
phological fielcts." The term was one that few people ac-
cepted and even fewer understood. Sinnott's conclusion that
development relates to morphological fields was, in effect, his
way of saying that he had gone as far as possible at the time
because knowledge and techniques still left much unknown.
When Sinnott went to the Connecticut Agricultural Col-
lege, he succeeded Albert F. Blakeslee, who, though a bota-
nist, had initiated some of the poultry genetics studies
at Storrs. Blakeslee hac] moved to the Cold Spring Harbor
Laboratory. These two men had known each other earlier at
Harvard, and by the time of the move, Blakeslee hacT become
intensely interested in studying the genetic background of
differences in the genus Datura. This interest became the
central focus of his investigations at the Cold Spring Harbor
Laboratory, which, to this clay, has maintained a dominant
interest in genetic studies. During summers, in associa-
tion with Blakeslee at Cold Spring Harbor, Sinnott pursued
further basic genetic studies on plants in which he was less
particularly interested than had been the case in his study of
the cucurbits. Once again he hac] gotten into a situation that
,
broaclened his background.
Later he purchased an eighteenth century saltbox house
and several surrounding acres in Woodbury, Connecticut,
restorer] the house, and returnee! part of the land to an arable
condition. This became a family summer home, but it must
also have been the gourd center of America, for he had set
out to study in cletai] the genetic background of size, form,
and color in a plant group characterized by great diversity.
Numerous scientists and their students were frequent visitors
to his private Woodbury experiment station. He entertained
them graciously but never without a lecture on the basic
genetics of plants, illustratecI by materials he collectecl on a
quick run to the field.
OCR for page 357
EDMUND WARE SINNOTT
357
After thirteen years at the Connecticut Agricultural Col-
lege, Sinnott moved to Barnarc! College of Columbia Univer-
sity. T. H. Morgan had left Columbia, and one must suppose
that someone saw the wisdom of replacing him with the fast-
rising team of L. C. Dunn and E. W. Sinnott- one working
primarily with animals and the other with plants. They had
already published the first edition of Principles of Genetics
while at Storrs.
It is difficult to establish priority among Sinnott's many
contributions, but if the Principles of Genetics does not occupy
the foremost position, it certainly comes close to it. Sinnott's
Botany: Principles and Problems, which went through five edi-
tions, the last in cooperation with Katherine Wilson, was
widely used but ctid not have the broacT influence of the
Principles of Genetics. His encyclopedic Plant Morphogenesis,
which was not published until 1960, brought together a phe-
nomenal range of studies on the development of form. It
presaged interpretations that have come to the fore since its
publication, and it laid a solid founciation for them. In a sense
Sinnott's tremendous influence in this field of investigation
came to an end when it began to seem possible to work out
molecular and macromolecular bases for genetic control. He
understood clearly that this was the direction of the future,
however, and he turned his own interests to broader matters.
Sinnott was electecl to the National Academy of Sciences
In 1936. In 1939 he was appointed to the Columbia Univer-
sity faculty, and in 1940 he moved from Columbia to Yale to
undertake a reorganization of the botanical work as Sterling
Professor of Botany and chairman of the Department. This
assignment called forth all his talents as a botanist, but it also
brought his emergence as a spokesman for science. In this
role he reached his peak when he became chairman of the
Division of the Sciences and director of the Sheff~el(1 Scien-
tif~c School in 1945, then, in 1950, clean of the Graduate
School.
.
OCR for page 358
358
BIOGRAPHICAL MEMOIRS
All along, the issue of stark unbridled science hacI both-
ered Sinnott, and he callecl for a spiritual outlook that he felt
tract to accompany science because, as he is often quoted as
saying, "science alone may make monsters of men." In his
later years he expressed his strong religious and philosophi-
cal views. His rationale was that the expression of these views
strengthened science by indicating relationships among sci-
ence, humanism, philosophy, and religion. Two Roads to
Truth, in which he clevelops parallel rationales for science anti
religion, and Cell and Psyche, in which biological science and
humanism are linkecl, had wicle circulation. Though he came
to concentrate on this sort of writing, he never forsook his
interest in the problem of organic form.
In The Problem of Organic Form, publishect in 1963, he
referred to Sir D'Arcy Wentworth Thompson, who pub-
lished On Growth and Form in 1917, as the patron saint of
morphogenesis. If Sir D'Arcy was the patron saint, Edmund
Sinnott, another declicatecI scientist, was fully ordainecI and
occupied a position somewhat similar to that of Jonathan
Edwards in the Great Awakening.
Katherine Wilson pointed out in her memorial article on
Sinnott in the Plant Science Bulletin that:
Dr. Sinnott's views and conclusions (on this subject) are most aptly
summarized in his own words: 'Back of all the phenomena of genetics,
biochemistry, and physiology stands the important fact that a living thing
is an organism, that there is an interrelationship among its parts which is
manifest in development, and that if this system is disturbed it tends, by a
process of self-regulation, to restore itself. The most evident expression of
this organization is the form of the organism and its structures. Morpho-
genesis, the study of the origin of form, thus assumes a central position in
the biological sciences.'2
On the national scene, Sinnott occupied a number of sig-
nificant positions. He made a notable contribution as presi-
~PIant Science Bulletin, 14 ( 1968): 6-7.
OCR for page 359
EDMUND WARE SINNOTT
359
dent of the American Association for the Advancement of
Science during its centennial year, and he called for the ac-
ceptance of science by urging that the brotherhood of man be
developecI through the brotherhood of science.
Two aspects of Sinnott's career can be summed up by
statements accompanying awards to him. At its fiftieth
anniversary celebration, the Botanical Society of America
initiated annual awards for distinguishes] contributions to
botany. Professor Sinnott was among the first recipients, and
the award to him bore the following citation: "Ecimund Ware
Sinnott, morphologist, anatomist, geneticist, and botanical
statesman, for his numerous varied and sustained contribu-
tions to plant anatomy, histology, evolution, and botanical
theory." A later award honoring his contributions to Yale
reads: "A loyal son of Harvard, by his stature as a clistin-
guished scientist, administrator, historian, and great human-
ist he brought honor to this university and warm friendship
to a legion of admiring colleagues both here and throughout
the world."
He was noted for a view of science that knew no national
boundaries and one that knew no division among scientists.
He sustained this view with deep knowledge, intensity, articu-
~areness, and arrao~ty—all linker] to a remarkably stern self-
discipline. The extent of his influence in laying solid founda-
tions for succeeding generations is reflected in the posts he
hell] and the honors he received. Lest it be thought that
science and its relationship to philosophy isolated him from
other things, it shouIct be noted that he was a painter and a
sculptor of ability, producing among his works a few deemecl
by experts to be of museum quality. Not surprisingly, he
generally took objects of his beloved New England as his
subjects.
Edmund Sinnott died on January 6, 1968. He was sur-
vived by his wife, the former Mabel H. Shaw of Bridgewater,
]_ ~ 1 en ~ A.
OCR for page 360
360
BIOGRAPHICAL MEMOIRS
Massachusetts, and their three children, Edmund Jr.,
Mildred, and Clara. Not too long before his final illness, he
returned to Storrs, Connecticut to attend a meeting. An
historian of science, he had himself long ago become part of
the history of science. Nonetheless, he actively attenclecI ses-
sions and commented on presentations from his deep wis-
clom. In informal conversations he relatecI clevelopments in
science, sometimes very specifically to sociological considera-
tions such as the relation of heredity to poverty and disease.
By this time the interpretation of the human condition had
become for him a very complex weaving. Among the many
threads were his concerns with the ever-changing scientific
investigations; others had to do with spiritual matters. This
thinking was expressed by Sinnott at the early, informal
meetings of the Society for Growth and Development, of
which he was a member of the organizing committee. The
organization later clevelopecl into the Society for Develop-
mental Biology.
He saw as other threads the influence of religion and
social interactions. He was just as proud of one of his last
works a book on meetinghouse anc! church in early New
England- because he saw this as part of the tapestry.
In a rather tongue-in-cheek article a national magazine
once chided Sinnott for taking the crookedness out of
crooked squashes and putting it into straight ones thus giv-
ing both new characteristics by his genetic manipulations.
One hopes in the present day that genetic manipulations and
the wisdom and understanding Sinnott brought to science
will combine and prevail.
OCR for page 363
EDMUND WARE SINNOTT
B IBLIOGRAPHY
1909
363
On mesarch structure in Lycopodium. Bot. Gaz., 48: 138-45.
Paracedroxylon, a new type of Araucarian wood. Rhodora, 11:
165-173.
1910
Foliar gaps in the Osmundaceae. Ann. Bot., 24:107-18.
1911
The evolution of the Filicinean leaf-trace. Ann. Bot., 25:167-91.
Some features of the anatomy of the foliar bundle. Bot. Gaz.,
51 :258-72.
1912
Pond flora of Cape Cod. Rhodora, 14:25-34.
1913
The morphology of the reproductive structures in the Podocarpi-
neae. Ann. Bot., 27:39-82.
The fixation of character in organisms. Am. Nat., 47:705-29.
1914
Some Jurassic Osmundaceae from New Zealand. Ann. Bot., 28:
471-79.
Investigations on the phylogeny of the angiosperms. I. The
anatomy of the node as an aid in the classification of angio-
sperms. Am. I. Bot., 1:303-22.
With I. W. Bailey. Investigations on the phylogeny of the angio-
sperms. II. Anatomical evidence of reduction in certain of the
Amentiferae. Bot. Gaz., 58:36-60.
Investigations on the phylogeny of the angiosperms. III. Nodal
anatomy and the morphology of stipules. Am. J. Bot., 1:441-53.
Investigations on the phylogeny of the angiosperms. IV. The origin
and dispersal of herbaceous angiosperms. Ann. Bot., 28:547-
600.
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364
BIOGRAPHICAL MEMOIRS
1915
With Irving W. Bailey. Investigations on the phylogeny of the
angiosperms. V. Foliar evidence as to the ancestry and early
climatic environment of the angiosperms. Am. I. Bot., 2:1-22.
With Irving W. Bailey. The evolution of herbaceous plants and its
bearing on certain problems of geology and climatology. I.
Geol., 23:289-306.
With I. W. Bailey. A botanical index of cretaceous and tertiary
climates. Science, n.s. 41:831-34.
1916
With Irving H. Bailey. The climatic distribution of certain types of
angiosperm leaves. Am. i. Bot., 3:24-39.
With H. H. Bartlett. Coniferous woods of the Potomac formation.
Am. I Sci., 41: 276-93.
Endemism as a criterion of antiquity among plants. Mem. N.Y. Bot.
Gard., 6:161-66.
Comparative rapidity of evolution in various plant types. Am. Nat.,
50:466-78.
Evolution of herbs. Science, n.s. 44:291-98.
A botanical criterion of the antiquity of the angiosperms. J. Geol.,
24:777-82.
1917
The "age and area" hypothesis and the problem of endemism. Ann.
Bot., 31 :209-16.
The "age and area" hypothesis of Willis. Science, n.s. 46:457-59.
1918
Conservatism and variability in the seedling of Dicotyledons. Am. }.
Bot., 5:120-30.
Evidence from insular flora as to the method of evolution. Am.
Nat., 52:269-72.
Factors determining character and distribution of food reserve in
woody plants. Bot. Gaz., 66:162-75.
Isolation and specific change. Mem. Brooklyn Bot. Gard., 1:
444-47.
OCR for page 365
EDMUND WARE SINNOTT
1921
365
With i. Arthur Harris. The vascular anatomy of normal and variant
seedlings of Phaseolus vulgar~s. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA,
7:35-41.
With l. Arthur Harris, John Y. Pennypacker, and G. B. Durham.
The vascular anatomy of dimerous and trimerous seedlings of
Phaseolus vulgaras. Am. {. Bot., 8:63-102.
With J. Arthur Harris, John Y. Pennypacker, and G. B. Durham.
Correlations between anatomical characters in the seedling of
Phaseolus vulgaris. Am. I. Bot., 8:339-65.
With I. Arthur Harris, John Y. Pennypacker, and G. B. Durham.
The vascular anatomy of hemitrimerous seedlings of Phaseolus
vulgaris. Am. l. Bot., 8:375-81.
With }. Arthur Harris, John Y. Pennypacker, and G. B. Durham.
The interrelationship of the number of the two types of vascular
bundles in the transition zone of the axis of Phaseolus vulgaris.
Am. I. Bot., 8:425-32.
The relation between body size and organ size in plants. Am. Nat.,
55:385-403.
1922
With Albert F. Blakeslee. Structural changes associated with factor
mutations and with chromosome mutations in Datura. Proc.
Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 8:17-19.
With George B. Durham. Inheritance in the summer squash. I.
Hered., 13: 177-86.
Inheritance of fruit shape in Cucurbita pepo. I. Bot. Gaz.,74:95-103.
With I. W. Bailey. The significance of the "foliar ray" in the evolu-
tion of herbaceous angiosperms. Ann. Bot., 36:523-33.
1923
Botany. Principles and Problems. New York: McGraw-Hill.
With George B. Durham. A quantitative study of anisophylly in
dicer. Am. J. Bot., 10:278-87.
1924
Plant classification in elementary botanical tests. Science, 60:291-
92.
Age and area and the history of species. Am. }. Bot., 11 :573-78.
OCR for page 366
366
BIOGRAPHICAL MEMOIRS
1925
With Leslie C. Dunn. Principles of Genetics. New York: McGraw-Hill.
xviii + 431 pp.
1927
A factorial analysis of certain shape characters in squash fruits. Am.
Nat.,61:333-44.
1929
Botany. Principles and Problems, 2d ed. New York: McGraw-Hill.
With George B. Durham. Developmental history of the fruit in lines
of Cucurbita pepo differing in fruit shape. Bot. Gaz., 87:411-21.
The plant life of Australia and New Zealand. }. N.Y. Bot. Gard.,
30:11-18.
1930
The morphogenetic relationships between cell and organ in the
petiole of Acer. Bull. Torrey Bot. Club, 57:1-20.
Some problems in plant development. Torreya, 30:91-96.
With Dorothy Hammond. Factorial balance in the determination
of fruit shape in Cucurbita. Am. Nat., 64:509-24.
1931
The character and inheritance of developmental differences in
fruit shape. Science, n.s. 73:507.
The independence of genetic factors governing size and shape in
the fruit of Cucurbita pepo. ]. Hered., 22:381-87.
1932
With Leslie C. Dunn. Principles of Genetics, 2d ed. New York:
McGraw-Hill.
Shape changes during fruit development in Cucurbita and their
importance in the study of shape inheritance. Am. Nat., 66:
301-9.
1934
With Samuel Kaiser. Two types of genetic control over the develop-
ment of shape. Bull. Torrey Bot. Club, 61: 1-7.
With Helen Houghtaling and A. F. Blakeslee. The comparative
anatomy of extrachromosomal types in Datura stramonium.
Carnegie Inst. Washington Publ. #451. 50 pp.
OCR for page 367
EDMUND WARE SINNOTT
1935
367
Botany. Principles and Problems, 3d ed. New York: McGraw-Hill.
The place of botany in a liberal education. Iowa State Coll. I Sci.,
9:243-48.
Evidence for the existence of genes controlling shape. Genetics,
20:12-21.
With L. C. Dunn. The effect of genes on the development of size
and form. Biol. Rev., 10:123-51.
The genetic control of developmental relationships and its bearing
on the theory of gene action. Science, n.s. 81:420.
1936
Morphogenetics may provide the key to life. Independent
Columbia Univ., 3: 1, 4.
A developmental analysis of inherited shape differences in Cucur-
bit fruits. Am. Nat., 70:24~54.
The relation of organ size to tissue development in the stem. Am.
I. Bot., 23:418-21.
With Vivian V. Trombetta. The cytonuclear ratio in plant cells. Am.
i. Bot., 23:602-6.
1937
A developmental analysis of inherited differences. Teach. Biol.,
6:49-50.
Morphology as a dynamic science. Science, n.s. 85:61-65.
The relation of gene to character in quantitative inheritance. Proc.
Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 23:224-27.
The genetic control of developmental relationships. Am. Nat.,
71:113-19.
1938
Structural problems at the meristem. Bot. Gaz., 99:803-13.
1939
With Leslie C. Dunn. Principles of Genetics, 3d ed. New York:
McGraw-Hill.
Cell division and differentiation in living plant meristems. Collect.
Net, 14:101, 107, 108.
The cell and the problem of organization. Science, n.s. 89:41-46.
Growth and differentiation in living plant meristems. Proc. Natl.
Acad. Sci. USA, 25:55-58.
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368
BIOGRAPHICAL MEMOIRS
A developmental analysis of the relation between cell size and fruit
size in Cucurbits. Am. i. Bot., 26: 179-89.
With Robert Bloch. Cell polarity and the differentiation of root
hairs. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 25:248-52.
The relation of cell to organ in plant development. Collect. Net,
14:189, 191-93.
With Robert Bloch. Changes in intercellular relationships during
the growth and differentiation of living plant tissues. Am. I
Bot., 26:625-34.
The cell-organ relationship in plant organization. Growth, 1st
Suppl.:77-86.
1940
The frontiers of genetics. Teach. Biol., 9: 121-24, 136.
With Robert Bloch. Cytoplasmic behavior during division of vacuo-
late plant cells. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 26:223-27.
1941
With Robert Bloch. Division in vacuolate plant cells. Am. J. Bot.,
28:225-32.
With Robert Bloch. The relative position of cell walls in developing
plant tissues. Am. I. Bot., 28: 607- 1 7.
Buildings, equipment and textbooks used by teachers of biology in
secondary schools: Data from a questionnaire. Am. Biol. Teach.,
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Vitamins and recent biological research. Yale Rev., 31:38-52.
1942
Comparative rates of division in large and small cells of developing
fruits. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 28:36-38.
An analysis of the comparative rates of cell division in various parts
of developing Cucurbit ovary. Am. I. Bot., 29:317-23.
The problem of internal differentiation in plants. Am. Nat.,
76:253-68.
1943
With Alicelia Hoskins Franklin. A developmental analysis of the
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EDMUND WARE SINNOTT
369
Make measurable what cannot yet be measured. Q. Rev. Biol.,
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With Robert Bloch. Luffa sponges, a new crop for the Americas. J.
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Cell division as a problem of pattern in plant development. Tor-
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With Robert Bloch. Development of the fibrous net in the fruit of
various races of Luffa cylindrica. Bot. Gaz., 105:90-99.
All flesh is grass. Yale Rev., 32:681-92.
1944
Genetics and geometry. Mathematicians aid biologists in studies of
form. Yale Sci. Mag., 18:~8, 18.
With Harold S. Burr. Electrical correlates of form in Cucurbit
fruits. Am. }. Bot., 31:249-53.
Science and the education of free men. Am. Sci., 32:205-15.
Cell polarity and the development of form in Cucurbit fruits. Am.
I. Bot., 31:388-91.
With Robert Bloch. Visible expression of cytoplasmic patterns in
the differentiation of xylem strands. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA,
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1945
With Paul R. Burkholder. Morphogenesis of fungus colonies in
submerged shaken cultures. Am. }. Bot., 32:424-31.
Plants and the material basis of civilization. Am. Nat., 79:28-43.
With Robert Bloch. The cytoplasmic basis of intercellular patterns
in vascular differentiation. Am. }. Bot., 32:151-56.
The relation of cell division to growth rate in Cucurbit fruits.
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The relation of growth to size in Cucurbit fruits. Am. J. Bot.,
32:439-46.
The biological basis of democracy. Yale Rev., 35:61-73.
1946
Botany. Principles and Problems, 4th ed. New York: McGraw-Hill.
With Robert Bloch. Comparative differentiation in the air roots of
Monstera deliciosa. Am. }. Bot., 33:587-90.
Substance or system: the riddle of morphogenesis. Am. Nat.,
80:497-505.
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370
BIOGRAPHICAL MEMOIRS
1947
Science and the whole man. Vital Speeches, 14: 111-17.
Plants hold the basic patents. In: Warren Weaver, The Scientists
Speak, pp.207-11. New York: Boni and Gaer.
Science needs the humanities. Yale Sci. Mag., 31:9,16,18.
1948
Science and the whole man. Am. Sci., 36:127-38.
The American journal of Science, 181~1948. Science, n.s. 108:
227-29.
1949
Growth and morphogenesis. Science, n.s. 109:391-94.
Man and energy. Yale Rev., 38:640-53.
1950
With Leslie C. Dunn and Theodosius Dobzhansky. Principles of
Genetics, 4th ed. New York: McGraw-Hill.
Cell and Psyche: The Biology of Purpose (The John Calvin McNair
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Amateur brings fresh viewpoint to science. Science, 57:34.
Science and religion: A necessary partnership (Lyman Beecher
lectures). Hazen pamphlet #25. New Haven, Connecticut: Ed-
ward W. Hazen Foundation.
Ten million scientists. Science, 111:123-29.
William Crocker the man and the scientist. Contrib. Boyce
Thompson Inst., 16: 1-3.
How to live in two worlds. Sat. Rev. Lit., 33:7, 8, 38, 39.
1951
The frontiers of science. Yale Alumni Mag., 14:6, 7.
1952
Oasis in the jungle. Sat. Rev. Lit., 35: 19-20.
Reaction wood and the regulation of tree form. Am. }. Bot., 39:
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Conserving the intangibles. Yale Conserv. Stud., 1: 1-4.
The biology of purpose. Am. I. Orthopsychiatry, 22:457-68.
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1953
371
Most universal diversity. Sat. Rev. Lit., 36:37.
Bones we leave behind. Sat. Rev. Lit., 36:13.
Life is the greatest problem. AIBS Bull., 3:4.
Plant morphogenesis. In: Growth and Differentiation in Plants, ed. W.
E. Loomis, pp. 19-26. Ames: The Iowa State College Press.
Two Roads to Truth: A Basis for Unity under the Great Tradition. New
York: The Viking Press. xii + 241 pp.
1954
B iology and teleology. Bios, 25:35-43.
1955
With K. S. Wilson. Botany: Principles and Problems, 5th ed. New York:
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Cosmos and the brain. Sat. Rev. Lit>, 38 20.
Paul B. Sears. Science, 121:227.
The Biology of the Spirit. New York: The Viking Press.
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1956
Botany and morphogenesis. Am. }. Bot., 43:52~32.
Science and the human spirit. Bull. Atom. Sci., 12:360-64.
1957
Matter, Mind and Man: The Biology of Human Nature. New York:
Harper & Bros.
1958
With Leslie C. Dunn and Theodosius Dobzhansky. Principles of
Genetics, 5th ed. New York: McGraw-Hill.
The genetic basis of organic form. Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci., 71:
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1959
Three dimensions in graduate education. Grad. }., 2:5~60.
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372 BIOGRAPHICAL MEMOIRS
1960
Plant Morphogenesis. New York: McGraw-Hill.
1961
Life sciences and the general reader. Yale Rev., 51: 16~74.
1962
Man's unique distinction. Grad. }., 5:19~210.
1963
With K. S. Wilson. Botany. Principles and Problems, 6th ed. New York:
McGraw-Hill.
The Problem of Organic Form. New Haven: Yale University Press.
x + 224 pp.
1966
The past as prelude. Plant Sci. Bull., 12:1-2.
The Bridge to Life, From Matter to Spirit. New York: Simon and
Schuster.
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Representative terms from entire chapter:
edmund ware
