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EDMUND WARE SINNOTT February 5, 1888-January 6, 1 968 BY W. GORDON WHALEY EDMUND WARE SINNOTT was born in Cambridge, Massa- chusetts on February 5, 1 88S, one of two sons of Charles Peter and Jessie EIvira (Smith) Sinnott. Although he spent the first ten years of his life in Milwaukee, Wisconsin, as far as anyone can determine this interval had little effect on his overpowering dedication to New England. That dedication, however, did not limit his keen interest in worldwide affairs as they related to the advancement of science. The period during which Edmuncl Sinnott rose to emi- nence in science was one in which reductionism had become the dominant mode. Many scientists came to disagree strongly with Sinnott's attempts to meld science with human- ism an attempt he considered essential to the development of what he called the "whole man." He felt only whole men could make proper use of rational science. His choice of scientific fields was not surprising in view of his background. His mother was a clescenclent of the Rever- end Henry Smith, the first minister in Wethersfield, Connecticut. Both his parents were teachers, no doubt lend- ing encouragement to a career in academic life. He attencled a grammar school that was run as a moclel school supervised by the Bridgewater State Normal School, at which his father spent his life as a geography and geology teacher. When he 351
352 B IOGRAPH ICAL MEMOI RS graduated in 1900 he went to Bridgewater High School, where he worked hard in advanced classical courses. He en- tered Harvard in the fall of 1904, having first expressed an interest in becoming a writer. Although he devoted himself largely to other pursuits, it certainly can be said that he wrote with style and distinction. He shortly chose zoology as his area of concentration because he had a particular interest in birds. (Many years later he would complete a unique book in col- laboration with an ornithologist who had once been a col- league.) During his sophomore year at Harvard, he was of- fered an assistantship in botany and studied under Professor E. C. Jeffrey, who was engaged in an attempt to reclassify plants on the basis of comparative anatomy. Professor Jeffrey influenced a large number of individuals who became bota- nists and contributed to many diverse fields. Sinnott's first publications were, appropriately, in the field of comparative anatomy, but no single field in the biological sciences held his exclusive attention. While a Harvard undergraduate, he spent his summers on Cape Cod, where he built up a large collection of plants and became particularly interested in, and published studies on, the flora of Cape Cod ponds. About the same time he came upon some fossil wood in eastern Massa- chusetts and while still a student published a paper on the subject. He was stimulated by the Harvard atmosphere and com- pleted his bachelor's degree in 190S, his master's degree in 1910, and his Ph.D. in 1913. By the time he wrote his disser- tation, he had turned to the study of reproduction in ever- greens. His moves from one biological field to another sub- stantially broadened his knowledge, and this wide base served him well throughout his life. He held various assistantships, the Austin teaching fellowship, and finally a Sheldon travel- ing fellowship, which allowed him to spend a year abroad, mainly in Australasia, although he managed to stretch it into a trip around the world. He spent this period in association
EDMUND WARE SINNOTT 353 with his roommate, Arthur I. Fames, who was later to be- come one of the country's foremost plant morphologists and anatomists. After completing his Ph.D., Sinnott spent two years as an instructor in the Harvard Forestry School ancT the Bussey Institution. One must suppose that the latter association was particularly significant because some of the earliest studies in plant genetics in the United States developed there. These briefly held positions were followed in 1915 by an appoint- ment to the Connecticut Agricultural College in Storrs as professor of botany and genetics. Here the die was cast, for a strong interest in the developing science of genetics was present. L. C. Dunn had become a staff member of the Agri- cultural Experiment Station at Storrs and was aIreacly pursu- ing essentially parallel lines of genetic studies with poultry, mice, and rats. Dunn's colleague at the Experiment Station, Walter Landauer, had been experimenting with poultry genetics, while D. H. Jones was conducting a series of experi- ments that greatly influenced the emergence of genetic stud- ies in maize at the Experiment Station in New Haven. In fact, scientists in the whole lower New England area were concen- trating on genetics. The extensiveness of these studies related to T. H. Morgan's studies at Columbia. The result was the interpretation of genetics on a broad biological base. Sinnott understood this biological base thoroughly and chose to contribute to it with a study of the genetics of the Cucurbitaceae. His initial interest was in pumpkins and squashes, but as he became increasingly intriguccl by the rela- tion of Mendelian genetics and the development of form, he turner! to unusual forms among the gourds. The relationship of Mendelian factors to the development of particular forms was, and still is, largely an intractable problem. Sinnott tested many different approaches to relationships between genetic background and size and form, but, not surprisingly, he failed to fincI one that satisfied him. Nonetheless, adhering
354 BIOGRAPHICAL MEMOIRS closely to the ideas extending from Menclel's work prevalent at the time, he related a great many characteristics of cucur- bits to specific genes. For a while his life was occupied with page after page of Punnett squares. Then he complicated things with studies of linkage (and "crossing over"), which had been central subjects for T. H. Morgan and L. C. Dunn. Dunn tract written his dissertation on linkage. Finally, though Sinnott continent his own work to fundamental genetic stud- ies, he came to a full realization of the interrelationships between genetic and cytological studies as they were so perti- nently clevelopecl by E. B. Wilson, both in his lectures and ultimately in his book, The Cell ire Development and Heredity. Wilson's book was revised through a number of editions ant! has recently been reprinted as one of the classics in biological science. Almost a handbook, it has survived more than three- quarters of a century. Sinnott follower] the same pattern. He developer! lectures for a course in genetics, ant] then with L. C. Dunn he turner! the lecture material and other investigations into a book, Principles of Genetics, originally published in 1925. As Theo- closius Dobzhansky, a collaborator on later editions with Sin- nott anti Dunn, has written in his memoir of Dunn: The second edition was published in 1932, the third in 1939, and the fourth and the fifth in 1950 and 1958 in collaboration with Th. Dobzhan- sky (although Sinnott's name was retained as the senior author). During the last years of his life, Dunn was sketching parts of what was meant to become the sixth edition. Translations of Principles of Genetics appeared in several languages (and so did a pirated edition in English printed in Taiwan). Most interesting is the fate of the Russian translation in the 1930s, more copies of which were published than the English original. It was widely used for several years, until Trofim Denisovich Lysenko and the Soviet government outlawed it, whereupon it came to be passed from hand to hand like a subversive tract.l "'Leslie Clarence Dunn," in Biographical Memoirs, vol. 49 (Washington, D.C. National Academy of Sciences, 1978), p. 82.
EDMUND WARE SINNOTT 355 This book, too, became a handbook with worIc~wide distri- bution. It is still useful in interpretations of early classical genetics and mollified illustrations from it are still user! in such modern texts as Tames Watson's Molecular Biology of the Gene, which Watson introduced with a chapter on "The Men- delian View of the World." Sinnott early became the editor of a long series of botan- ical and biological works published by McGraw-Hill. His own major works were a part of this series, as were those of several of his early colleagues, including Arthur Eames. This edi- torial position provider! a means through which he couIcI maintain his earlier interests while expanding his knowlecige in related fields. Perhaps Sinnott's most direct scientific contributions were his investigations of the development of form. Many of these pertain to animal studies, but botanically trained, he pre- ferred to work with plants. He was not the original developer of morphogenesis but he was certainly one of the major con- tributors to it. He was a pioneer in his attempt to tie morpho- genesis to specific genetic bases. In this he established the foundations of approaches being undertaken in the late twentieth century. In allucling to his direct contributions in the combined fielcls of genetics and morphogenesis, one must not overlook the importance of his less direct contributions in many areas within the field! of botany. Both his publications of investiga- tions and his Botany: Principles and Problems stimulates! and influencer! large numbers of colleagues and students who were to go on to further studies in these areas. Sinnott belonged among biologists who were as interested in ideas as they were in cletails of proof not a popular category at that time. Perhaps this is one of the reasons it is difficult to pinpoint his own specific contributions within the great range of scientific affairs to which he acictressecT him-
356 BIOGRAPHICAL MEMOIRS self. He finally setting on an interpretation of the control of development of form as the result of what he termed "mor- phological fielcts." The term was one that few people ac- cepted and even fewer understood. Sinnott's conclusion that development relates to morphological fields was, in effect, his way of saying that he had gone as far as possible at the time because knowledge and techniques still left much unknown. When Sinnott went to the Connecticut Agricultural Col- lege, he succeeded Albert F. Blakeslee, who, though a bota- nist, had initiated some of the poultry genetics studies at Storrs. Blakeslee hac] moved to the Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory. These two men had known each other earlier at Harvard, and by the time of the move, Blakeslee hacT become intensely interested in studying the genetic background of differences in the genus Datura. This interest became the central focus of his investigations at the Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, which, to this clay, has maintained a dominant interest in genetic studies. During summers, in associa- tion with Blakeslee at Cold Spring Harbor, Sinnott pursued further basic genetic studies on plants in which he was less particularly interested than had been the case in his study of the cucurbits. Once again he hac] gotten into a situation that , broaclened his background. Later he purchased an eighteenth century saltbox house and several surrounding acres in Woodbury, Connecticut, restorer] the house, and returnee! part of the land to an arable condition. This became a family summer home, but it must also have been the gourd center of America, for he had set out to study in cletai] the genetic background of size, form, and color in a plant group characterized by great diversity. Numerous scientists and their students were frequent visitors to his private Woodbury experiment station. He entertained them graciously but never without a lecture on the basic genetics of plants, illustratecI by materials he collectecl on a quick run to the field.
EDMUND WARE SINNOTT 357 After thirteen years at the Connecticut Agricultural Col- lege, Sinnott moved to Barnarc! College of Columbia Univer- sity. T. H. Morgan had left Columbia, and one must suppose that someone saw the wisdom of replacing him with the fast- rising team of L. C. Dunn and E. W. Sinnott- one working primarily with animals and the other with plants. They had already published the first edition of Principles of Genetics while at Storrs. It is difficult to establish priority among Sinnott's many contributions, but if the Principles of Genetics does not occupy the foremost position, it certainly comes close to it. Sinnott's Botany: Principles and Problems, which went through five edi- tions, the last in cooperation with Katherine Wilson, was widely used but ctid not have the broacT influence of the Principles of Genetics. His encyclopedic Plant Morphogenesis, which was not published until 1960, brought together a phe- nomenal range of studies on the development of form. It presaged interpretations that have come to the fore since its publication, and it laid a solid founciation for them. In a sense Sinnott's tremendous influence in this field of investigation came to an end when it began to seem possible to work out molecular and macromolecular bases for genetic control. He understood clearly that this was the direction of the future, however, and he turned his own interests to broader matters. Sinnott was electecl to the National Academy of Sciences In 1936. In 1939 he was appointed to the Columbia Univer- sity faculty, and in 1940 he moved from Columbia to Yale to undertake a reorganization of the botanical work as Sterling Professor of Botany and chairman of the Department. This assignment called forth all his talents as a botanist, but it also brought his emergence as a spokesman for science. In this role he reached his peak when he became chairman of the Division of the Sciences and director of the Sheff~el(1 Scien- tif~c School in 1945, then, in 1950, clean of the Graduate School. .
358 BIOGRAPHICAL MEMOIRS All along, the issue of stark unbridled science hacI both- ered Sinnott, and he callecl for a spiritual outlook that he felt tract to accompany science because, as he is often quoted as saying, "science alone may make monsters of men." In his later years he expressed his strong religious and philosophi- cal views. His rationale was that the expression of these views strengthened science by indicating relationships among sci- ence, humanism, philosophy, and religion. Two Roads to Truth, in which he clevelops parallel rationales for science anti religion, and Cell and Psyche, in which biological science and humanism are linkecl, had wicle circulation. Though he came to concentrate on this sort of writing, he never forsook his interest in the problem of organic form. In The Problem of Organic Form, publishect in 1963, he referred to Sir D'Arcy Wentworth Thompson, who pub- lished On Growth and Form in 1917, as the patron saint of morphogenesis. If Sir D'Arcy was the patron saint, Edmund Sinnott, another declicatecI scientist, was fully ordainecI and occupied a position somewhat similar to that of Jonathan Edwards in the Great Awakening. Katherine Wilson pointed out in her memorial article on Sinnott in the Plant Science Bulletin that: Dr. Sinnott's views and conclusions (on this subject) are most aptly summarized in his own words: 'Back of all the phenomena of genetics, biochemistry, and physiology stands the important fact that a living thing is an organism, that there is an interrelationship among its parts which is manifest in development, and that if this system is disturbed it tends, by a process of self-regulation, to restore itself. The most evident expression of this organization is the form of the organism and its structures. Morpho- genesis, the study of the origin of form, thus assumes a central position in the biological sciences.'2 On the national scene, Sinnott occupied a number of sig- nificant positions. He made a notable contribution as presi- ~PIant Science Bulletin, 14 ( 1968): 6-7.
EDMUND WARE SINNOTT 359 dent of the American Association for the Advancement of Science during its centennial year, and he called for the ac- ceptance of science by urging that the brotherhood of man be developecI through the brotherhood of science. Two aspects of Sinnott's career can be summed up by statements accompanying awards to him. At its fiftieth anniversary celebration, the Botanical Society of America initiated annual awards for distinguishes] contributions to botany. Professor Sinnott was among the first recipients, and the award to him bore the following citation: "Ecimund Ware Sinnott, morphologist, anatomist, geneticist, and botanical statesman, for his numerous varied and sustained contribu- tions to plant anatomy, histology, evolution, and botanical theory." A later award honoring his contributions to Yale reads: "A loyal son of Harvard, by his stature as a clistin- guished scientist, administrator, historian, and great human- ist he brought honor to this university and warm friendship to a legion of admiring colleagues both here and throughout the world." He was noted for a view of science that knew no national boundaries and one that knew no division among scientists. He sustained this view with deep knowledge, intensity, articu- ~areness, and arrao~tyall linker] to a remarkably stern self- discipline. The extent of his influence in laying solid founda- tions for succeeding generations is reflected in the posts he hell] and the honors he received. Lest it be thought that science and its relationship to philosophy isolated him from other things, it shouIct be noted that he was a painter and a sculptor of ability, producing among his works a few deemecl by experts to be of museum quality. Not surprisingly, he generally took objects of his beloved New England as his subjects. Edmund Sinnott died on January 6, 1968. He was sur- vived by his wife, the former Mabel H. Shaw of Bridgewater, ]_ ~ 1 en ~ A.
360 BIOGRAPHICAL MEMOIRS Massachusetts, and their three children, Edmund Jr., Mildred, and Clara. Not too long before his final illness, he returned to Storrs, Connecticut to attend a meeting. An historian of science, he had himself long ago become part of the history of science. Nonetheless, he actively attenclecI ses- sions and commented on presentations from his deep wis- clom. In informal conversations he relatecI clevelopments in science, sometimes very specifically to sociological considera- tions such as the relation of heredity to poverty and disease. By this time the interpretation of the human condition had become for him a very complex weaving. Among the many threads were his concerns with the ever-changing scientific investigations; others had to do with spiritual matters. This thinking was expressed by Sinnott at the early, informal meetings of the Society for Growth and Development, of which he was a member of the organizing committee. The organization later clevelopecl into the Society for Develop- mental Biology. He saw as other threads the influence of religion and social interactions. He was just as proud of one of his last works a book on meetinghouse anc! church in early New England- because he saw this as part of the tapestry. In a rather tongue-in-cheek article a national magazine once chided Sinnott for taking the crookedness out of crooked squashes and putting it into straight ones thus giv- ing both new characteristics by his genetic manipulations. One hopes in the present day that genetic manipulations and the wisdom and understanding Sinnott brought to science will combine and prevail.
EDMUND WARE SINNOTT HONORS AND DISTINCTIONS ACADEM I C DEGREES 1908 1910 1913 HONORARY DEGREES 1940 1948 1950 1957 1959 1961 AWARD B.A., Harvard University M.A., Harvard University Ph.D., Harvard University M.A., Yale University D.Sc., Northeastern University D.Sc., Lehigh University D.Sc., University of the South LL.D., University of New Hampshire D.Sc., University of Hartford 1966 William C. DeVane Medal APPOINTMENTS 361 1908-1910 Austin Teaching Fellow and Assistant in Botany, Harvard 1911-1912 Austin Teaching Fellow and Assistant in Botany, Harvard 1913-1915 Instructor, Harvard Forestry School and The Bussey Institution 1915-1928 Professor of Botany and Genetics, Connecticut Agri- cultural College 1928-1938 Professor of Botany, Barnard College, Columbia 1938-1939 Professor of Botany, Columbia 1940-1956 Sterling Professor of Botany, Yale 1940-1950 Director, Osborn Botanical Laboratory and Marsh Botanical Gardens 1940-1949 Chairman, Department of Botany, Yale 1945-1955 Director of the Division of Sciences, Yale 1945-1956 Director, Sheffield Scientific School, Trustee and President of the Board, Yale 1949- 1950 Department of Plant Science, Yale 1949-1950 Lyman Beecher Lecturer, Yale
362 BIOGRAPHICAL MEMOIRS 1950-1956 Dean of the Graduate School, Yale 195~1968 Sterling Professor of Botany Emeritus, Yale 1957-1958 Lecturer in Zoology, Yale EDITORSHIPS Editor-in-Chief, American f ournal of Botany Chief Consulting Editor, McGraw-Hill Publications in Botanical Sciences LEARNED SOCIETY MEMBERSHIPS National Academy of Sciences, 1936 American Philosophical Society American Academy of Arts and Sciences American Association for the Advancement of Science, Fellow (Vice President, 1935; President, 1948) Botanical Society of America (Treasurer, 1 9 1 7- 1 92 1; President, 1937) New England Botanical Club Torrey Botanical Club (President, 1931-1934) American Society of Naturalists (Treasurer, 192~1928; President, 1945) Society for the Study of Development and Growth Sigma Xi Phi Beta Kappa New York Botanical Gardens, Board of Managers (1933-1940)
EDMUND WARE SINNOTT B IBLIOGRAPHY 1909 363 On mesarch structure in Lycopodium. Bot. Gaz., 48: 138-45. Paracedroxylon, a new type of Araucarian wood. Rhodora, 11: 165-173. 1910 Foliar gaps in the Osmundaceae. Ann. Bot., 24:107-18. 1911 The evolution of the Filicinean leaf-trace. Ann. Bot., 25:167-91. Some features of the anatomy of the foliar bundle. Bot. Gaz., 51 :258-72. 1912 Pond flora of Cape Cod. Rhodora, 14:25-34. 1913 The morphology of the reproductive structures in the Podocarpi- neae. Ann. Bot., 27:39-82. The fixation of character in organisms. Am. Nat., 47:705-29. 1914 Some Jurassic Osmundaceae from New Zealand. Ann. Bot., 28: 471-79. Investigations on the phylogeny of the angiosperms. I. The anatomy of the node as an aid in the classification of angio- sperms. Am. I. Bot., 1:303-22. With I. W. Bailey. Investigations on the phylogeny of the angio- sperms. II. Anatomical evidence of reduction in certain of the Amentiferae. Bot. Gaz., 58:36-60. Investigations on the phylogeny of the angiosperms. III. Nodal anatomy and the morphology of stipules. Am. J. Bot., 1:441-53. Investigations on the phylogeny of the angiosperms. IV. The origin and dispersal of herbaceous angiosperms. Ann. Bot., 28:547- 600.
364 BIOGRAPHICAL MEMOIRS 1915 With Irving W. Bailey. Investigations on the phylogeny of the angiosperms. V. Foliar evidence as to the ancestry and early climatic environment of the angiosperms. Am. I. Bot., 2:1-22. With Irving W. Bailey. The evolution of herbaceous plants and its bearing on certain problems of geology and climatology. I. Geol., 23:289-306. With I. W. Bailey. A botanical index of cretaceous and tertiary climates. Science, n.s. 41:831-34. 1916 With Irving H. Bailey. The climatic distribution of certain types of angiosperm leaves. Am. i. Bot., 3:24-39. With H. H. Bartlett. Coniferous woods of the Potomac formation. Am. I Sci., 41: 276-93. Endemism as a criterion of antiquity among plants. Mem. N.Y. Bot. Gard., 6:161-66. Comparative rapidity of evolution in various plant types. Am. Nat., 50:466-78. Evolution of herbs. Science, n.s. 44:291-98. A botanical criterion of the antiquity of the angiosperms. J. Geol., 24:777-82. 1917 The "age and area" hypothesis and the problem of endemism. Ann. Bot., 31 :209-16. The "age and area" hypothesis of Willis. Science, n.s. 46:457-59. 1918 Conservatism and variability in the seedling of Dicotyledons. Am. }. Bot., 5:120-30. Evidence from insular flora as to the method of evolution. Am. Nat., 52:269-72. Factors determining character and distribution of food reserve in woody plants. Bot. Gaz., 66:162-75. Isolation and specific change. Mem. Brooklyn Bot. Gard., 1: 444-47.
EDMUND WARE SINNOTT 1921 365 With i. Arthur Harris. The vascular anatomy of normal and variant seedlings of Phaseolus vulgar~s. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 7:35-41. With l. Arthur Harris, John Y. Pennypacker, and G. B. Durham. The vascular anatomy of dimerous and trimerous seedlings of Phaseolus vulgaras. Am. {. Bot., 8:63-102. With J. Arthur Harris, John Y. Pennypacker, and G. B. Durham. Correlations between anatomical characters in the seedling of Phaseolus vulgaris. Am. I. Bot., 8:339-65. With I. Arthur Harris, John Y. Pennypacker, and G. B. Durham. The vascular anatomy of hemitrimerous seedlings of Phaseolus vulgaris. Am. l. Bot., 8:375-81. With }. Arthur Harris, John Y. Pennypacker, and G. B. Durham. The interrelationship of the number of the two types of vascular bundles in the transition zone of the axis of Phaseolus vulgaris. Am. I. Bot., 8:425-32. The relation between body size and organ size in plants. Am. Nat., 55:385-403. 1922 With Albert F. Blakeslee. Structural changes associated with factor mutations and with chromosome mutations in Datura. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 8:17-19. With George B. Durham. Inheritance in the summer squash. I. Hered., 13: 177-86. Inheritance of fruit shape in Cucurbita pepo. I. Bot. Gaz.,74:95-103. With I. W. Bailey. The significance of the "foliar ray" in the evolu- tion of herbaceous angiosperms. Ann. Bot., 36:523-33. 1923 Botany. Principles and Problems. New York: McGraw-Hill. With George B. Durham. A quantitative study of anisophylly in dicer. Am. J. Bot., 10:278-87. 1924 Plant classification in elementary botanical tests. Science, 60:291- 92. Age and area and the history of species. Am. }. Bot., 11 :573-78.
366 BIOGRAPHICAL MEMOIRS 1925 With Leslie C. Dunn. Principles of Genetics. New York: McGraw-Hill. xviii + 431 pp. 1927 A factorial analysis of certain shape characters in squash fruits. Am. Nat.,61:333-44. 1929 Botany. Principles and Problems, 2d ed. New York: McGraw-Hill. With George B. Durham. Developmental history of the fruit in lines of Cucurbita pepo differing in fruit shape. Bot. Gaz., 87:411-21. The plant life of Australia and New Zealand. }. N.Y. Bot. Gard., 30:11-18. 1930 The morphogenetic relationships between cell and organ in the petiole of Acer. Bull. Torrey Bot. Club, 57:1-20. Some problems in plant development. Torreya, 30:91-96. With Dorothy Hammond. Factorial balance in the determination of fruit shape in Cucurbita. Am. Nat., 64:509-24. 1931 The character and inheritance of developmental differences in fruit shape. Science, n.s. 73:507. The independence of genetic factors governing size and shape in the fruit of Cucurbita pepo. ]. Hered., 22:381-87. 1932 With Leslie C. Dunn. Principles of Genetics, 2d ed. New York: McGraw-Hill. Shape changes during fruit development in Cucurbita and their importance in the study of shape inheritance. Am. Nat., 66: 301-9. 1934 With Samuel Kaiser. Two types of genetic control over the develop- ment of shape. Bull. Torrey Bot. Club, 61: 1-7. With Helen Houghtaling and A. F. Blakeslee. The comparative anatomy of extrachromosomal types in Datura stramonium. Carnegie Inst. Washington Publ. #451. 50 pp.
EDMUND WARE SINNOTT 1935 367 Botany. Principles and Problems, 3d ed. New York: McGraw-Hill. The place of botany in a liberal education. Iowa State Coll. I Sci., 9:243-48. Evidence for the existence of genes controlling shape. Genetics, 20:12-21. With L. C. Dunn. The effect of genes on the development of size and form. Biol. Rev., 10:123-51. The genetic control of developmental relationships and its bearing on the theory of gene action. Science, n.s. 81:420. 1936 Morphogenetics may provide the key to life. Independent Columbia Univ., 3: 1, 4. A developmental analysis of inherited shape differences in Cucur- bit fruits. Am. Nat., 70:24~54. The relation of organ size to tissue development in the stem. Am. I. Bot., 23:418-21. With Vivian V. Trombetta. The cytonuclear ratio in plant cells. Am. i. Bot., 23:602-6. 1937 A developmental analysis of inherited differences. Teach. Biol., 6:49-50. Morphology as a dynamic science. Science, n.s. 85:61-65. The relation of gene to character in quantitative inheritance. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 23:224-27. The genetic control of developmental relationships. Am. Nat., 71:113-19. 1938 Structural problems at the meristem. Bot. Gaz., 99:803-13. 1939 With Leslie C. Dunn. Principles of Genetics, 3d ed. New York: McGraw-Hill. Cell division and differentiation in living plant meristems. Collect. Net, 14:101, 107, 108. The cell and the problem of organization. Science, n.s. 89:41-46. Growth and differentiation in living plant meristems. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 25:55-58.
368 BIOGRAPHICAL MEMOIRS A developmental analysis of the relation between cell size and fruit size in Cucurbits. Am. i. Bot., 26: 179-89. With Robert Bloch. Cell polarity and the differentiation of root hairs. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 25:248-52. The relation of cell to organ in plant development. Collect. Net, 14:189, 191-93. With Robert Bloch. Changes in intercellular relationships during the growth and differentiation of living plant tissues. Am. I Bot., 26:625-34. The cell-organ relationship in plant organization. Growth, 1st Suppl.:77-86. 1940 The frontiers of genetics. Teach. Biol., 9: 121-24, 136. With Robert Bloch. Cytoplasmic behavior during division of vacuo- late plant cells. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 26:223-27. 1941 With Robert Bloch. Division in vacuolate plant cells. Am. J. Bot., 28:225-32. With Robert Bloch. The relative position of cell walls in developing plant tissues. Am. I. Bot., 28: 607- 1 7. Buildings, equipment and textbooks used by teachers of biology in secondary schools: Data from a questionnaire. Am. Biol. Teach., 3:261-66. Vitamins and recent biological research. Yale Rev., 31:38-52. 1942 Comparative rates of division in large and small cells of developing fruits. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 28:36-38. An analysis of the comparative rates of cell division in various parts of developing Cucurbit ovary. Am. I. Bot., 29:317-23. The problem of internal differentiation in plants. Am. Nat., 76:253-68. 1943 With Alicelia Hoskins Franklin. A developmental analysis of the fruit in tetraploid as compared with diploid races of Cucurbits. Am. I. Bot., 30:87-94.
EDMUND WARE SINNOTT 369 Make measurable what cannot yet be measured. Q. Rev. Biol., 18:64-68. With Robert Bloch. Luffa sponges, a new crop for the Americas. J. N.Y. Bot. Gard., 44: 125-32. Cell division as a problem of pattern in plant development. Tor- reya, 43: 2~34. With Robert Bloch. Development of the fibrous net in the fruit of various races of Luffa cylindrica. Bot. Gaz., 105:90-99. All flesh is grass. Yale Rev., 32:681-92. 1944 Genetics and geometry. Mathematicians aid biologists in studies of form. Yale Sci. Mag., 18:~8, 18. With Harold S. Burr. Electrical correlates of form in Cucurbit fruits. Am. }. Bot., 31:249-53. Science and the education of free men. Am. Sci., 32:205-15. Cell polarity and the development of form in Cucurbit fruits. Am. I. Bot., 31:388-91. With Robert Bloch. Visible expression of cytoplasmic patterns in the differentiation of xylem strands. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 30:388-92. 1945 With Paul R. Burkholder. Morphogenesis of fungus colonies in submerged shaken cultures. Am. }. Bot., 32:424-31. Plants and the material basis of civilization. Am. Nat., 79:28-43. With Robert Bloch. The cytoplasmic basis of intercellular patterns in vascular differentiation. Am. }. Bot., 32:151-56. The relation of cell division to growth rate in Cucurbit fruits. Growth, 9:189-94. The relation of growth to size in Cucurbit fruits. Am. J. Bot., 32:439-46. The biological basis of democracy. Yale Rev., 35:61-73. 1946 Botany. Principles and Problems, 4th ed. New York: McGraw-Hill. With Robert Bloch. Comparative differentiation in the air roots of Monstera deliciosa. Am. }. Bot., 33:587-90. Substance or system: the riddle of morphogenesis. Am. Nat., 80:497-505.
370 BIOGRAPHICAL MEMOIRS 1947 Science and the whole man. Vital Speeches, 14: 111-17. Plants hold the basic patents. In: Warren Weaver, The Scientists Speak, pp.207-11. New York: Boni and Gaer. Science needs the humanities. Yale Sci. Mag., 31:9,16,18. 1948 Science and the whole man. Am. Sci., 36:127-38. The American journal of Science, 181~1948. Science, n.s. 108: 227-29. 1949 Growth and morphogenesis. Science, n.s. 109:391-94. Man and energy. Yale Rev., 38:640-53. 1950 With Leslie C. Dunn and Theodosius Dobzhansky. Principles of Genetics, 4th ed. New York: McGraw-Hill. Cell and Psyche: The Biology of Purpose (The John Calvin McNair lectures). Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press. 121 PP Amateur brings fresh viewpoint to science. Science, 57:34. Science and religion: A necessary partnership (Lyman Beecher lectures). Hazen pamphlet #25. New Haven, Connecticut: Ed- ward W. Hazen Foundation. Ten million scientists. Science, 111:123-29. William Crocker the man and the scientist. Contrib. Boyce Thompson Inst., 16: 1-3. How to live in two worlds. Sat. Rev. Lit., 33:7, 8, 38, 39. 1951 The frontiers of science. Yale Alumni Mag., 14:6, 7. 1952 Oasis in the jungle. Sat. Rev. Lit., 35: 19-20. Reaction wood and the regulation of tree form. Am. }. Bot., 39: 69-78. Conserving the intangibles. Yale Conserv. Stud., 1: 1-4. The biology of purpose. Am. I. Orthopsychiatry, 22:457-68.
EDMUND WARE SINNOTT 1953 371 Most universal diversity. Sat. Rev. Lit., 36:37. Bones we leave behind. Sat. Rev. Lit., 36:13. Life is the greatest problem. AIBS Bull., 3:4. Plant morphogenesis. In: Growth and Differentiation in Plants, ed. W. E. Loomis, pp. 19-26. Ames: The Iowa State College Press. Two Roads to Truth: A Basis for Unity under the Great Tradition. New York: The Viking Press. xii + 241 pp. 1954 B iology and teleology. Bios, 25:35-43. 1955 With K. S. Wilson. Botany: Principles and Problems, 5th ed. New York: McGraw-Hill. Cosmos and the brain. Sat. Rev. Lit>, 38 20. Paul B. Sears. Science, 121:227. The Biology of the Spirit. New York: The Viking Press. Stalk diameter as a factor in fruit size. }. Arnold Arbor. Harv. Univ. 36:267-72. 1956 Botany and morphogenesis. Am. }. Bot., 43:52~32. Science and the human spirit. Bull. Atom. Sci., 12:360-64. 1957 Matter, Mind and Man: The Biology of Human Nature. New York: Harper & Bros. 1958 With Leslie C. Dunn and Theodosius Dobzhansky. Principles of Genetics, 5th ed. New York: McGraw-Hill. The genetic basis of organic form. Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci., 71: 1223-33. 1959 Three dimensions in graduate education. Grad. }., 2:5~60.
372 BIOGRAPHICAL MEMOIRS 1960 Plant Morphogenesis. New York: McGraw-Hill. 1961 Life sciences and the general reader. Yale Rev., 51: 16~74. 1962 Man's unique distinction. Grad. }., 5:19~210. 1963 With K. S. Wilson. Botany. Principles and Problems, 6th ed. New York: McGraw-Hill. The Problem of Organic Form. New Haven: Yale University Press. x + 224 pp. 1966 The past as prelude. Plant Sci. Bull., 12:1-2. The Bridge to Life, From Matter to Spirit. New York: Simon and Schuster.
