acterization of the degree of scientific confidence that can be placed in the UL.

Risk Management:

The process by which risk assessment results are integrated with other information to make decisions about the need for, method of, and extent of risk reduction. In addition to risk assessment results, risk management considers such issues as the public health significance of the risk, the technical feasibility of achieving various degrees of risk control, and the economic and social costs of this control.

Tolerable Upper Intake Level (UL):

The maximum level of total chronic daily intake of a nutrient or food component that is unlikely to pose risks of adverse effects to the most sensitive members of the healthy population.

Uncertainty Factor (UF):

A number by which the NOAEL (or LOAEL) is divided to obtain the UL. UFs are used in risk assessments to deal with gaps in data (for example, data uncertainties) and knowledge (for example, model uncertainties). The size of the UF varies depending on the confidence in the data and the nature of the adverse effect.

Front Matter (R1-R16)

Summary (1-20)

1 Dietary Reference Intakes (21-37)

2 Calcium and Related Nutrients: Overview and Methods (38-50)

3 A Model for the Development of Tolerable Upper Intake Levels (51-70)

4 Calcium (71-145)

5 Phosphorus (146-189)

6 Magnesium (190-249)

7 Vitamin D (250-287)

8 Fluoride (288-313)

9 Uses of Dietary Reference Intakes (314-324)

References (325-374)

Appendix A Origin and Framework of the Development of Dietary Reference Intakes (375-380)

Appendix B Acknowledgments (381-382)

Appendix C Options for Dealing with Uncertainties (383-386)

Appendix D 1994 CSFII Adjusted Data for Calcium, Phosphorus, and Magnesium (387-393)

Appendix E Model for Estimating Calcium Intake for Desirable Calcium Retention (394-398)

Appendix F Biographical Sketches of Committee, Subcommittee, Panel Members and Staff (399-412)

Index (413-432)