Index
A
ABLEDATA, 214
long-term support services, 182-183
managed care and, 185
primary care, 180-182
recommended research, 190
Access to environment, 149
assistive technology for, 150-151
definition, 3
engineered environments research, 10
goals of enabling process, 3-5
universal design for, 151-152
Accredited programs
occupational therapy, 239
physical therapy, 238
rehabilitation counseling, 237
rehabilitation medicine, 235
rehabilitation nursing, 236
Activities of daily living
causes of limitations in, 47
functional limitations assessment, 103-104
locomotor assessment, 103
long-term support services, 182
prevalence of disabling conditions, 42
Activity limitation
categories of, 81-82
definition, 42
prevalence, 42-43
Administration on Developmental Disabilities, 374
ADRR. See Agency on Disability and Rehabilitation Research
Advisory panels, 375-376
Age-related change, 104-105
Agency for Health Care Policy and Research, 357-358
Agency on Disability and Rehabilitation Research (ADRR)
administrative structure, 283-286
coordination and linkage activities, 287-288
information management division, 290-291
organization, 287
recommendations for, 1-2, 21, 282-283, 296
research administration, 286
research divisions, 288-289
technology transfer role, 193-194, 199-200
training and career development division, 289-290
Agnosia, 141
American Academy of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, 333
American Congress of Rehabilitation Medicine, 333
American Physical Therapy Association, 333
American Speech-Language-Hearing Association, 333-334
Americans with Disabilities Act, 159-160, 167, 208
Animal companions, 86
Animal research, 10, 81, 83, 94, 98
Aphasia, 141
Apraxia, 141
Architectural and Transportation Barriers Compliance Board, 245, 353-354
Architectural design, 207-208
for hearing impairment, 135-136
universal design, 151-152
Arthritic disorders, 115
Assessment and measurement, 63
burden-of-care measures, 103-104
cognitive functioning, 144
conceptual trends, 102
functional limitations, 101, 102-105, 108, 146
for hearing impairment, 133-134
hearing impairment as obstacle to, 136
individual differences in degree of disability, 79-80
of lifting limitations, 118, 119
of neuromuscular function, 93
outcomes research, 174-179
of speech limitation, 138, 140
terminology and taxonomy, 145, 378-381
tools for, 85
whole person, 102-103, 105, 144, 146
Assistive technology, 150-151, 182, 213-214, 257
ADRR research, 289
education and certification, 237
Association of Academic Physiatrists, 333
Association of Rehabilitation Nurses, 334-335
Ataxia, 103
Atrophy, 96
B
Barden-LaFollette Act, 34
Bending and lifting impairments, 117-119
Biological markers, 83
Biological sciences, 82, 83-84
Biomechanics, 92
Bladder control
contextual disability, 124-125
disorders of, 122-123
functional limitations, 123-124
help-seeking behaviors, 123-124
quality of life issues, 124
research goals, 11
research needs, 126-127
secondary conditions related to, 125-126
Bowel control, 127-128
research goals, 11
Built environment, 150-152
Burden of care, 103-104
Bureau of Labor Statistics, 377
Bureau of the Census, 377
C
Cartilage injury/repair, 91
Causes
of cognitive impairment, 140-141
conceptual models, 63-64, 78-79
of disability among children, 48-51
of dysphagia, 120-121
of functional limitation, 11
of limitations in activities of daily living, 47
of paralysis, 94-95
primary attributions, 46
of sexual dysfunction, 128
of speech limitations, 138
of visual impairment, 129-130, 131
of work limitations, 46-47, 55
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
Disabilities Prevention Program, 266, 291-292, 358-360
education and training activities, 232-233
National Center for Injury Prevention and Control, 360-362
rehabilitation research, 14, 266-268
structure and function, 232, 266
Centers for Organization, Delivery, and Financing of Health and Health-Related Services to People with Disabilities, 190
Cerebellar disorders, 110-111
Certification and credentialing
assistive technology, 237
audiology and speech therapy, 239
occupational therapy, 239
orthotic and prosthetic professions, 239-240
rehabilitation counseling, 237
rehabilitation engineers, 236
rehabilitation medicine, 235
rehabilitation nursing, 236-237
Children
activity limitations, 47-49
patterns of disability, 48-51
Clinical practice guidelines, 208-209, 216
Cochrane Collaboration, 202
Cognitive functioning
causes of limitation, 140-141
coping patterns, 163-164
as mediator of disability experience, 161-162
memory, 142
research needs, 142-144
technical aids for problems of, 142
types of impairment, 141-142
See also Psychological factors
Compensation programs, 159
Conceptual models, 3
basis for rehabilitation science and engineering, 75-78
development process, 62-63
historical evolution, 63-64, 78-79, 147
person-environment interactions in, 79-80, 147, 148
unidirectionality, 67
See also Modified IOM model
Consumer Assistive Technology Transfer Network, 213-214
Consumer perspective, 171-172, 182-183, 207-208
participatory action research, 210
private rehabilitation organizations, 342-346
research goals, 220
in technology transfer, 215
Control beliefs, 162
Coping, 163-164
Cost-benefit/cost-effectiveness analysis, 174-179, 190, 203-204
Cost of disability and rehabilitation, 1, 2, 18, 40, 57-58, 61, 273 -274
advantages of early intervention, 55-56
benefits of functional improvement, 144-145
brain/spinal cord injury, 56-57
cost-effectiveness research, 174-176, 178-179
cost-of-illness methodology for estimating, 57-60
federal health care spending, 41
federal research spending, 14-15, 18, 274-276
financing long-term support services, 183-184
goals of managed care, 184
health care reform efforts, 172
recommendations for research funding, 20-21
subacute care, 176
urinary incontinence, 123
Cultural factors, 73
definition, 154
as determinants of disability, 147-148
in disabling process, 155-157
help-seeking behaviors, 155-156
in intrapsychic processes, 157
social institutions, 157
See also Social environment;
Socioeconomic factors
Current Population Survey, 54-55, 59, 61
D
Department of Agriculture, 193-194, 195-196
Department of Defense, 272
Department of Education, 20-21, 283, 373, 375
See also National Institute for Disability and Rehabilitation Research
Department of Energy, 374
Department of Health and Human Services, 21, 245, 272, 281, 283-286, 357-365, 374, 375
Department of Housing and Urban Development, 245, 365-367
Department of Justice, 376
Department of Transportation, 245, 367-369
Department of Veterans Affairs, 14, 41, 370-372
education and training activities, 234
research activities, 233-234, 261-266, 371-372
technology transfer activities, 193, 195, 198, 212
Disability
definition for children, 47-48
scope of research, 11-12
Disabling process
conceptual overview, 3, 6-8, 65-67, 147
See also Modified IOM model
cultural factors, 155-157
economic system as factor in, 158-159
family factors, 165
mathematical modeling, 74-75
political system as factor in, 159-160
psychological factors in, 160-165
risk factors, 67
Down's syndrome, 48
Dysarthria, 137-138
Dyslexia, 130-131
Dysphagia, 120-121
E
Early intervention, 55-56
Eating
hand/arm impairments, 116
impairments and functional limitations, 120-121
research needs, 122
research trends, 121-122
Economic factors. See Socioeconomic factors
Education and training, 38
accrediting and credentialing systems, 234-240
ADRR responsibilities, 289-290
assistive technology, 237
audiology and speech therapists, 240
clinical research, 203-204, 206-207
design of academic programs, 241-242
in governmental institutions, 226-234
implications of new conceptual model, 80
knowledge sources, 224
mechanisms, 225-226
occupational therapy, 239
orthotic and prosthetic professions, 239
persons with disabilities, 231-232, 290
physical therapy, 238
primary care providers, 181
recommendations for, 190, 242-243
rehabilitation counseling, 237
rehabilitation engineers, 235-236
rehabilitation medicine, 235
rehabilitation nursing, 236-237
for research, 227, 228-231, 242-243, 253
Educational attainment, 55
physical environment, 148-149
Enabling process
conceptual models, 3, 6-8, 65-67, 220
See also Modified IOM model
economic system as factor in, 158-159
family factors, 165
political system as factor in, 159-160
team approach, 26-27
Engineered environments
ADRR research, 289
benefits of, 85
effectiveness, 152
research goals, 10
types of, 152
Engineering/physical sciences, 84-85
education of rehabilitation engineers, 236
Environmental factors, 1
built environment, 150-152
in cognitive functioning, 143-144
differences across settings, 79-80, 157
in enabling-disabling process, 6-8, 11-12, 65-69, 71-73, 79-80, 148 , 167, 169
hand/arm therapies, 115-116
improving functional capacity, 144-145
intrapersonal, 73
in managing incontinence, 124-125, 127
mathematical modeling, 74-75
in measuring degree of disability, 79-80
in models of disability, 63-64
natural environment, 149-150
physical supports for human performance, 148-149
range of, 148
research trends, 165-166
treatment conceptualization, 27
See also Access to environment;
Cultural factors;
Social environment
Epidemiology
activity limitation, 42
among children, 47-51
brain/spinal cord injury, 56, 57
data sources, 41, 52-53, 54, 59, 377
demographic distribution, 42, 55
demographic trends, 12
disability with primary cause, 46
family patterns, 51-52
geographic distribution, 42
influences on research, 171-172
prevalence of disabling conditions, 2, 40, 42-43, 54, 60-61
recommendations for data collection, 61
severity of disabling conditions, 2, 40, 54
types of disabling conditions, 2, 43-46
urinary incontinence, 123
work limitations, 46-47, 54-55, 58
Equal Employment Opportunity Commission, 376
Exercise, 86
neuromuscular retraining, 110-111
strength training, 100, 108-109
F
Families, 51-52
in enabling-disabling process, 165
quantity and quality of care, 183-184
Federal research
adequacy of, 272-276
agencies and programs, 244-247, 295-298, 352
See also specific agency or program
coordination of, 276-278
data sources, 377
effectiveness of, 38
evaluation of, methodology for, 327-330
opportunities to, 279-281
oversight, 246
spending, 14-15, 18, 244-245, 274-276
Focus group, 337-342
Food and Drug Administration, 191
Functional Capacity Index, 108
Functional limitations, 51
aging-related changes, 102, 104-105
assessment, 101, 102-105, 108, 146
bending and lifting, 117-119
bladder control, 122-127
bowel control, 127-128
causes of, 11
classification and terminology, 145
clinical taxonomy, 380
cognitive, 140-142
cross-cutting research issues, 102
cultural determinants, 155-157
dimensions of physical capacity, 108
in eating, 120-122
focus of rehabilitation, 101-102
hand/arm manipulation, 113-117
hearing, 132-136
mathematical modeling, 74-75
measurement, 100
recommendations for research, 145-146
research needs, 144-145
restoration goals, 3-5
scope of research, 10-11
secondary condition effects, 102, 104-105
sexual, 128-129
speech, 137-140
strength training, 100, 108-109
visual, 129-132
G
functional limitation, 101, 103
research needs, 111-113
strength training effects, 109, 110
Gender differences, 42
General Services Administration, 375-376
Genetics research, 9-10, 83-84
gene therapy, 204
skeletal muscle disease, 95
Geographic factors, 148-149, 159
H
Hand/arm manipulation
arthritic disorders, 115
functional importance, 113
research needs, 116-117
surgical interventions, 113-115
therapeutic interventions, 115
Health services research, 12-13, 86
chronic disease risk, 181
cost-effectiveness, 174-179
delivery system, 171
in existing disciplines, 218-220
influences on, 171-172
limitations of, 170-171
long-term needs of persons with disability, 179-184, 205-206
managed care issues, 184-187
primary care delivery, 180-182
recommendations, 189-190
risk adjustment, 187
transdisciplinary collaboration for, 188-189
Hearing impairment
among children, 48
certification of therapists for, 240
environmental design for, 135-136
functional limitations, 132-136
interventions, 134-135
prevalence, 43
research needs, 136
research trends, 11
Help-seeking behaviors
cultural factors, 155-156
economic factors, 158
urinary incontinence, 123-124
I
Impairment
aging-related changes, 104-105
balance, 109-111
benefits of research, 97-98
categories of activity limitations, 81-82
clinical taxonomy, 378-379
cognitive, 140-144
cultural determinants, 156
eating, 120-122
elimination function, 122-128
functional limitation and, 100-102, 105
hand/arm, 113-117
hearing, 132-136
lifting capacity, 117-119
locomotor, 108-113
mathematical modeling, 74-75
preclinical studies, 81
prevalence, 42-43
research domains, 9-10, 81, 82-87
sexual functioning, 128-129
speech, 136-140
strength, 108-109
vision, 129-132
Incontinence. See Bladder control;
Bowel control
Independent living movement, 171-172
Instrumental activities of daily living
causes of limitations in, 47
functional limitations assessment, 103-104
prevalence of disabling conditions, 42
Insurance, 144-145
clinical research and, 205, 216
Interagency Committee on Disability
Research (ICDR), 21, 41, 253, 256, 259-262, 277, 282
L
Learning disability/mental retardation
among children, 48
as main cause of impairment, 46
prevalence, 43
work limitations related to, 47
Lifestyle/behavioral factors, 6-8
Ligament injury/repair, 90-91
Locomotor function, 104, 108-113
Long-term care
access issues, 182-183
delivery issues, 183-184
in managed care systems, 186
primary care issues, 180-182
research needs, 12-13, 173, 182-183, 205-206
significance of, 179-180
Longitudinal research, 178, 190
M
Managed care
clinical research reimbursement, 205, 216
delivery systems, 184
effectiveness, 184-186
goal, 184
medical decision-making, 207
recommended research, 190
rehabilitative care trends in, 175-176
research needs, 13, 173, 184-187
risk adjustment/risk management, 187
Mathematical modeling, 74-75
of neuromuscular function, 93
Medicaid, 205
Medical decision-making
clinical research basis, 202-203
consumer rights, 171-172
cost-effectiveness analysis, 174-175
in managed care, 207
practice guidelines for, 208-209
Medical management/treatment
access to, in model of enabling process, 71
consumer participation, 171-172
cost of disabilities, 57-58, 174, 273-274
federal disability-related spending, 41
long-term support services, 182-183
primary care, 180-182
subacute care, 175-176
transfer of research findings, 38
trends, 175
See also Health services research;
Therapeutic process/technique
Medicare, 205
Medlantic Research Institute, 334
Memory impairment, 142
Mental retardation. See Learning disability/Mental retardation
Mobility and ambulation, 111
Modified environments. See Engineered environments
Modified IOM model
distinguishing features, 64, 67-69
enabling-disabling process in, 6-8, 65-71
historical evolution, 63-64
implications for policy, 80
implications for research, 79-80
implications for training, 80
macrosystems/ mesosystems/ microsystems, 73, 159
mathematical modeling for, 74-75
person-environment interactions in, 72-73, 148
psychological factors in, 73
rationale, 67
recommendations for, 80
representation of disability in, 69-70, 73-74
representation of environment in, 69, 71-72
representation of individual in, 69, 70-71
risk factors, 71
transitional factors, 71
Molecular biology, 9-10, 82, 83-84
Mortality, as public health measure, 2, 24
Muscle repair, 10
historical technical development, 29
Musculoskeletal/tissue disorders, 43, 46, 47
among children, 48
atrophy, 96
clinical taxonomy, 378-379
current understanding and interventions, 87, 89-97
genetically associated, 83-84
healing processes, 90-91
neuromuscular system, 91-93
paralysis, 94-96
soft tissue injury, 90-91
synovial joints, 89-90
tissue grafts, 90-91
Myasthenia gravis, 94
N
National Aeronautics and Space Administration, 374
National Cancer Institute, 196, 199
National Center for Health Statistics, 377
education and training activities, 228-231
opportunities for improving, 291
organization and operations, 227-228
research activities, 228, 253-256, 362-363
structure and function, 251, 252-253
National Disability Statistics and Policy Forum, 60
National Health Interview Survey, 78
disability supplement data, 52-53
findings, 42-52
National Institute for Disability and Rehabilitation Research (NIDRR) , 34
budget, 15, 151, 244, 256-259, 355
education and training activities, 226-227
origins and development, 36
recommendations for, 1-2, 16-18, 20-21, 282-283, 295-296
research activities, 14, 226, 256-261, 277-278, 355-356
strategies for improving, 279-280, 281-282
structure and function, 41, 151, 226, 256, 354-355
technology transfer activities, 195, 199, 212-214
National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders, 374
National Institutes of Health clinical research funding, 205
disability-related research, 41, 246, 247-252, 276-277
recommendations for, 99, 145, 169
structure and function, 247
technology transfer activities, 199, 211-212
See also National Center for Medical Rehabilitation Research
National Rehabilitation Information Center, 214, 356
National Science Foundation
education and training activities, 231-232
rehabilitation research, 14, 268-272, 372-373
structure and operations, 231, 268
Neurological disorders, 46, 47
among children, 48
bladder control, 122-123
clinical taxonomy, 379
hearing impairments related to, 133
neuromuscular injury and repair, 91-93
paralysis, 94-96
See also Spinal cord/brain injuries
Neuroscience research, 10, 83, 87-89, 143
O
Occupational therapy
accreditation and certification, 239
historical development, 29, 34, 36
mission, 239
vocational rehabilitation, 36
Office of Disability, Aging, and Long-Term Care Policy, 245, 272, 363-365
Optimism, 164
Orthopedic disorders
among children, 48
as main cause of impairment, 46
prevalence, 43
work limitations related to, 46-47
Orthopedic medicine
historical development of rehabilitation science, 32
research needs, 113
Orthotics
certification for, 240
research needs, 113
role of, 239
Outcomes research, 203-204
attitude as outcome mediator, 164
on clinical investigations, 206-207
cost-benefit/cost-effectiveness analysis, 178-179
current inadequacy, 176-179
exercise intervention, 108-111
longitudinal studies, 178
need for, 174-176
quality of life measures, 176-177
use of comparison groups, 177
P
Pacemakers, 92
Pain, 101
functional limitation assessment, 108
Paralysis
causes, 94-95
effects, 94
therapies, 95-96
work limitations related to, 47
Paralyzed Veterans of America, 335-336
Participatory action research, 210
Pathology
among children, 48-51
benefits of research, 97-98
categories of activity limitations, 81-82
central nervous system dysfunction, 87
chronic conditions causing disability, 51
cultural factors in, 154-156
disease markers, 83
economic factors in course of, 158
federal research efforts, 249
mathematical modeling, 74-75
preclinical studies, 81
prevalence of disabling conditions, 43-46
research domains, 9-10, 81, 82-87
sexual dysfunction, 128
speech limitations, 138
Peer review process, 259
Personality factors, 164
technology transfer, 192
Physical therapy
accredited programs, 238
historical development, 29, 30
practitioner supply, 238-239
professional activities, 30, 238
research for rehabilitation science, 86, 219
tissue healing processes, 90
consumer influence, 172
public health research for, 219-220
Polio, 30-31
President's Committee on Employment of Persons with Disabilities, 376
President's Committee on Mental Retardation, 376
Prevention, 67
home and recreational injuries, 360
primary care issues, 180-182
research for, 267-268
Professional associations, 30, 34, 331-337
Professional development/standing, 37-38
academic programs for, 241-242
accrediting and credentialing systems, 234-240
ADRR activities, 289-290
implications of health care reform, 172
need for new discipline of rehabilitation science and engineering, 221-226, 294
opportunities for, 13-14
recommendations for, 18-19, 294
technology transfer mechanisms, 201-203
Project ACTION, 369-370
Prosthetics, 10
certification for, 240
engineering advancements, 111
hand/arm, 116-117
historical development, 28, 29, 30-31, 32-34
neuromuscular system, 92
research areas, 85
role of, 239-240
utilization, 183
Psychological factors
in back pain-related work limitation, 119
control beliefs, 162
coping patterns, 163-164
as environmental mediators of disability experience, 148, 160-161, 164-165
in models of enabling-disabling process, 73
personality disposition, 164
research needs, 165
self-efficacy beliefs, 161-162
social cognitive processes, 161
social-cultural influences on, 157
training of rehabilitation counselors, 237
See also Cognitive functioning
Q
Quality of life
as measure of public health, 2, 24
as outcomes measure, 176-177
urinary incontinence and, 124
This page in the original is blank. |
R
Race/ethnicity
prevalence of disabling conditions, 42, 51-52
prevalence of work disability, 55
Randomized controlled trials, 177, 201
Rehabilitation Act of 1973, 36
Rehabilitation counseling, 237
Rehabilitation engineering, 34, 236, 249, 253, 258, 269
ADRR research, 289
Rehabilitation medicine, 235
historical development, 28-36
See also Medical management/treatment
Rehabilitation Nurses Foundation, 334-335
Rehabilitation process. See Enabling process
Rehabilitation science and engineering
accrediting and credentialing systems, 234-240
conceptual matrix for, 75-78
contributions of, 14
definition and scope, 5, 13-14, 25, 75-78, 223-225
design of academic programs for, 241-242
historical development, 27-36
integration of research disciplines, 219-221
need for new discipline of, 221-223, 225-226, 294
need for review of systems, 2-3, 36-38
paradigms of, 224-225
purpose, 224
scientific disciplines in, 9-10, 82, 218-219, 242
uniqueness of research project, 86-87
See also Education and training;
Professional development/standing
Rehabilitation team, 26-27, 28-29
Reproductive biology, 129
Research activities, 1
Research system
clinical research, 203-207
conceptual matrix for rehabilitation science, 75-78
current organization and administration, 13-18, 38, 41, 272-278
education and training, 227, 228-231, 242-243
funding, 296-298
historical development in U.S., 32-36
opportunities for improvement, 16
policy decisions, 160
public access to, 215, 216, 290-291
recommendations for, 19-21, 61, 98-99, 145-146, 167-169, 43, 296-298
team approach, 27
technology transfer process, 13
uniqueness of rehabilitation science and engineering, 86-87
See also Federal research;
Technology transfer Research topics
balance impairment, 109-111
biological sciences, 9-10, 82, 83-84
bladder control, 126-127
cognitive functioning, 142-144
disability, 11-12
domains of rehabilitation science and engineering, 8-9
eating limitations, 121-122
enabling factors, 79
engineering/physical sciences, 84-85
environmental factors, 165-169
functional limitation, 9-10, 102-105, 144-146
hand/arm therapies, 116-117
hearing impairment, 136
human musculoskeletal systems, 87-97
lifting limitations, 118-119
locomotion, 111-113
measurement of disability, 79-80
pathology and impairment, 9-10, 81, 82-87, 97-98
public health, 219-220
randomized controlled trials, 177, 201
sexual functioning, 129
skeletal muscle, 93-97
speech rehabilitation, 140
strength training mechanisms and outcomes, 108-109
translational, 203-204
visual impairment, 131-132
See also Health services research
Respiratory disorders, 46
among children, 48
Risk adjustment/risk management, 187
Risk factors, 67
enabling factors and, 71
in modified IMO model, 71
Robotics, 92-93
S
Sandia National Laboratories, 334
Secondary conditions, 205-206
in bladder impairment, 125-126
functional limitations assessment, 102, 104-105
prevention, 180
risk for persons with disability, 180
Self-efficacy beliefs, 161-162
Sensory stimulation
as enabling factor, 149
See also Hearing impairment;
Visual impairment
Severity of disabling conditions
educational attainment and, 55
environmental determinants, 73, 147-148
hearing impairment, 133-134
obstacles to measurement, 79-80
Sexual functioning, 128-129
Smith-Fess Act, 34
Social/behavioral sciences, 82, 85-86
Social environment
animal companionship, 86
cognitive impairment and, 143
components of, 154
economic system, 158-159
family functioning, 165
institutions of, 157
participatory action research, 210
physical environment and, 148
political system, 159-160
societal limitations model, 64, 67
See also Cultural factors
Social Security Administration, 245, 272
Socioeconomic factors, 54, 55, 158-159
among families with disabled members, 52
as determinant of disability, 73
Speech impairments
assessment, 138
functional limitations, 137
research needs, 140
therapeutic interventions, 138-140
Spinal cord/brain injuries
benefits of early intervention, 55-56
cognitive impairment, 140-142
current understanding and interventions, 87-89
economic costs, 56-57
Strength training, 100, 108-109
Stuttering, 139
Subacute care, 175-176
Surgical interventions
attitude as outcome mediator, 164
hand/arm, 113-115
Survey of Income and Program Participation, 54, 61
T
Technology-Related Assistance for Individuals with Disabilities Act , 150-151
Technology transfer, 38
ADRR activities, 290-291
benefits, 200
clinical practice guidelines in, 208-209
clinical practice mechanisms, 201-203
clinical research for, 203-208, 216
difficulty of, 191
federal mechanisms, 210-214
federal role, 198-200
funding, 201
implementation, 13
incentives, 207-208
legal environment, 195
market considerations, 198
obstacles to, 13
organizational structures for, 194-196
participatory action research, 210
promoters of, 196-198
sources of technology, 194
unique needs of rehabilitation science, 192-193
Therapeutic process/technique
bladder control interventions, 126-127
for cognitive impairment, 142-144
for disuse atrophy, 96
drooling interventions, 122
eating limitation interventions, 121-122
economic benefits of early intervention, 55-56
exercise intervention outcomes, 108-111
hand/arm interventions, 113-117
for hearing impairment, 134-135
historical development, 27-34
research for rehabilitation science, 82, 86
skeletal muscle paralysis, 95-96
for soft tissue injury, 90
for speech limitations, 138-140
for spinal cord/brain injuries, 87-89
for synovial joint rehabilitation, 90-91
team approach, 26-27
See also Medical management/treatment
Transitional factors, 71
cultural, 155-157
U
United States Information Agency, 377
Universal design, 151-152
ADRR research, 289
V
Veterinary science, 86
Visual impairment
among children, 48
causes of, 129-130
certification of therapists for, 240
functional limitations, 129-131
as main cause of impairment, 46
prevalence, 43
research needs, 131-132
research trends, 11
technical aids for, 131
work limitations related to, 47
Vocational rehabilitation, 36.
See also Occupational therapy
W
Wheeled locomotion, 113
toilet access, 125
universal design for, 150
Work limitations
back pain, 119
bending and lifting impairments, 117-118
bladder control, 124-125
community factors, 158
environmental determinants of disability, 73
models of disability, 63-64
rehabilitation outcomes research, 178
research needs, 60
rights of job applicants and workers, 159-160