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Suggested Citation:"Index." Institute of Medicine. 1997. Emerging Technologies for Nutrition Research: Potential for Assessing Military Performance Capability. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/5827.
×

INDEX

This index is organized in sections according to the part of the book covered.

I
COMMITTEE SUMMARY AND RECOMMENDATIONS

A

Adenosine triphosphate (ATP), 16

Anthropometric measurements, 2, 7, 8, 9, 12, 19, 52, 53, 54, 66, 67

fat mass, 6, 12, 13

See also BMI;

CAT;

Dualenergy x-ray absorptiometry;

MRI

Antibodies, 2, 25, 27, 30-32, 61-63, 66-67, 68

cloning of, 31-32

production of, 25-26, 32

See also CDR;

Immune function;

Polymerase chain reaction;

Vaccines and vaccination

Army Regulations, 7, 12

B

BC. See Body composition assessment

BIA. See Bioelectric impedance analysis (BIA)

BIS. See Bioimpedance spectroscopy (BIS)

BMD. See Body mineral density (BMD)

BMI. See Body mass index (BMI)

Bioelectric impedance analysis (BIA), 9, 12, 13, 52, 53, 54, 66, 67

Bioimpedance spectroscopy (BIS), 9, 52

Suggested Citation:"Index." Institute of Medicine. 1997. Emerging Technologies for Nutrition Research: Potential for Assessing Military Performance Capability. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/5827.
×

Biological warfare, 62

Vibrio cholerae, 29

See also Poisons and poisoning

Board on Military Supplies, vii

Body composition assessment, ix, 2, 4, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 15, 16, 17, 20, 51, 52-54, 66, 67.

See also Anthropometric measurements;

BIA;

BIS;

CAT;

DLW;

Dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry;

FFM;

Hydrodensitometry;

MRI;

NIR spectroscopy;

PET;

Ultrasound

Body mass index (BMI), 7, 67

weight-for-height screen, 7, 12

body fat, 8, 66

Body measurements. See Anthropometric measurements

Bone mineral density (BMD), 8.

See also Body composition assessment;

Osteoporosis

C

CAT. See Computerized axial tomography (CAT)

CDR. See Complementarity determining region (CDR)

CMNR. See Committee on Military Nutrition Research (CMNR)

Cardiovascular (CV) diseases

risk of, 11, 13

Cell-mediated immune functions, 26-28, 61

cytokines, 24, 26-28, 32, 61-62

receptors, 26-27, 32

Cellular approach to nutrition, ix, 2, 4, 21, 51, 58-60, 66, 67-68

isolated cells, 23, 24, 25, 26, 32-33, 58-60

Cholesterol, 21

Committee on Military Nutrition Research (CMNR), vii-xi, 1-2, 4, 5-6, 24, 38, 51, 52, 59, 62, 66, 67, 68

Complementarity determining region (CDR), 31-32

Computerized axial tomography (CAT), 2, 10, 13, 14, 52, 53, 66, 67

CAT spiral imaging, 11

Computers

assessments using, 36-38, 64, 65, 67

data collection and analysis, viii, 34

interface technology, 37-38

miniaturization of, 36-37, 64, 65, 67, 68

Conclusions and recommendations, 52-68

ambulatory techniques for measurement of energy expenditure, 56-58, 66

body composition assessment, 52-54, 66, 67

functional and behavioral measures of nutritional status, 63-65, 67, 68

immune function assessment, 61-63, 66-67, 68

molecular and cellular approaches to nutrition, 58-60, 66, 67-68

tracer techniques for study of metabolism, 54-56, 66

Cost/benefit analysis, 1, 5, 53, 55, 57, 59, 61-62, 64-65

D

DEXA. See Dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry

DLW. See Doubly labeled water technique (DLW)

DXA. See Dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry

Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA), 21, 22, 23, 28, 31

Suggested Citation:"Index." Institute of Medicine. 1997. Emerging Technologies for Nutrition Research: Potential for Assessing Military Performance Capability. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/5827.
×

Department of Defense (DoD), viii, 68

appropriations, 1, 4, 5, 53, 55, 57, 59-60, 62, 65, 66, 67-68

See also SBIR

Diseases and disorders. See CV diseases;

Enteric diseases;

Infectious diseases;

Respiratory diseases

Doubly labeled water technique (DLW), 13, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 54, 55, 56, 57, 58, 66.

See also Energy expenditure

Dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry, 2, 8, 9, 12, 13, 14, 52, 53, 54, 66, 67

E

Energy expenditure, ix, 2, 4, 13, 14, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 51, 55, 56, 57, 58, 66.

See also DLW;

FCM;

Metabolism;

NIR spectroscopy

Enteric diseases, 29, 30

Enterotoxins, 30-31

cholera toxin (CT), 30-31

heat-labile enterotoxin (LT), 30-31

Ethnicity, 8, 52, 67

F

FCM. See Foot contact monitor (FCM)

Fat-free mass (FFM), 8, 11, 12, 53.

See also Body composition assessment

Food and food industry, vii, viii, 20.

See also Military feeding systems and rations

Foot contact monitor (FCM), 18, 19, 20, 21, 66

G

Gender, 7, 8, 11, 13, 67

Gene expression, 21, 22, 23, 24, 30, 58-59, 66, 67-68.

See also DNA;

RNA

H

Health and nutritional status, 3, 4, 6, 11, 12, 17, 24, 33-36, 51, 54, 66

behavioral and functional measures of, ix, 2, 4, 33, 51

chronic disease risk, 7

environmental effects on, vii, viii, 12, 17, 54

food deprivation and, 35

functional and behavioral measures of, ix, 2, 4, 33, 51

hydration status, 7, 8, 9, 10, 12, 52, 66, 67

muscular strength, 7, 11

musculoskeletal injury risk, 7

physical fitness, 7, 11, 19

physical trauma risk, 33

See also CV diseases;

Energy expenditure;

Enteric diseases;

Infectious diseases;

Metabolism;

Performance, cognitive;

Performance, physical;

Poisons and poisoning;

Respiratory diseases

Hormones, 24, 26, 27, 28, 29

Hydrodensitometry, 7, 8, 9, 12, 13

I

IDS. See Iowa Driving Simulator (IDS)

Imaging techniques. See Body composition assessment;

CAT;

MRI

Immune function, ix, 2, 4, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29-33, 51, 61-63, 66, 68

monoclonal antibody and flow cytometry technology, 26

Suggested Citation:"Index." Institute of Medicine. 1997. Emerging Technologies for Nutrition Research: Potential for Assessing Military Performance Capability. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/5827.
×

See also Antibodies;

Cell-mediated immune functions;

Hormones;

Immunotherapy;

Lymphocyte function;

Phagocytic cell assays;

Vaccines and vaccination

Immunization. See Vaccines and vaccination

Immunotherapy, 31, 33

Infectious diseases, 26, 27, 29, 62, 66-67, 68.

See also Biological warfare;

Respiratory diseases and disorders;

Vaccines and vaccination

Instruments and measuring devices, 8, 36-38

gas chromatography-mass spectrometer, 15

isotope ratio mass spectrometer, 15, 19

mass spectrometers, 15, 55

Motionlogger Actigraph, 36

psychomotor vigilance task, 37

simulators, 33, 65

Vigilance Monitor, 36

See also FCM;

IDS

In vitro assessment, 20, 23, 24, 25, 26, 28, 32, 58, 59

In vivo assessment, 20, 23, 24, 25, 31, 58, 59

Iowa Driving Simulator (IDS), 37-38

Isotopes, stable, 2, 13-20, 54-56, 57, 66, 67

L

Locomotion, 18, 19, 21.

See also FCM

Lymphocyte function, 28-29

M

MFA. See Muscle function analysis (MFA)

MND. See Military Nutrition Division (MND)

Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), 2, 10, 11, 13, 14, 16, 17, 52, 53, 54, 55, 56, 66, 67.

See also Body composition assessment;

NMR

Metabolism, ix, 2, 4, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 51, 54-57, 66

metabolites, 20-22, 54, 55, 56, 57

See also Energy expenditure;

Isotopes, stable;

NMR;

PET;

Tracer techniques

Microencapsulation technology, 32, 33

Military feeding systems and rations, viii, 6, 17, 19, 35

Military Nutrition and Biochemical Division. See Military Nutrition Division (MND)

Military Nutrition Division (MND), vii, 1, 4, 5, 12, 17, 51, 52, 55, 66, 67, 68.

See also USARIEM

Military personnel, viii, 3, 6

garrisoned, viii, 17

operational (in field operations), viii, ix, 5, 6, 12, 17, 19, 24, 35

See also Military feeding systems and rations;

U.S. Army Rangers;

U.S. Special Forces;

Women in military

Molecular approach to nutrition, ix, 2, 4, 21, 51, 58-60, 66, 67-68

Muscle contraction, involuntary, 33-34

Muscle function analysis (MFA), 34, 63-65

N

NIR. See Near-infrared (NIR) spectroscopy

NMR. See Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR)

Suggested Citation:"Index." Institute of Medicine. 1997. Emerging Technologies for Nutrition Research: Potential for Assessing Military Performance Capability. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/5827.
×

National Institutes of Health Technology Assessment Conference on Bioelectrical Impedance Analysis in Body Composition Measurement, 10

Near-infrared (NIR) spectroscopy, 9, 18, 20, 21, 56, 57, 58.

See also Energy expenditure

Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), 16-17.

See also Metabolism;

MRI

Nutrition. See Cellular approach to nutrition;

Energy expenditure;

Health and nutritional status;

Immune function;

Metabolism;

MFA;

Military feeding systems and rations;

Molecular approach to nutrition;

Muscle contraction, involuntary;

Performance, cognitive;

Performance,

physical

O

Osteoporosis, 8.

See also BMD

P

PET. See Positron emission tomography (PET)

Performance, cognitive, vii, viii, ix, 2, 3, 5, 6, 33, 35-38, 51, 63-65, 67, 68

assessment technology, 35-38

vigilance, 37-38

See also Health and nutritional status

Performance, physical, vii, viii, ix, 2, 5, 6, 7, 11, 12, 13, 35, 51, 53, 63-65.

See also Health and nutritional status

Phagocytic cell assays, 29

Plants and vegetation, 31, 61, 66, 68

transgenic plants, 31, 61, 66, 68

See also Potato;

Tobacco and tobacco use

Poisons and poisoning, 23, 29.

See also Biological warfare

Polymerase chain reaction, 31-33

Positron emission tomography (PET), 15, 16, 17, 55, 56.

See also Metabolism

Potato

for oral vaccination delivery, 30

R

RNA. See Ribonucleic acid (RNA)

Race. See Ethnicity

Radioactivity

exposure to, 10, 11, 23, 52-53

Recommendations. See Conclusions and recommendations

Research technologies, viii-ix

ambulatory methods, ix, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 12, 13, 14, 16, 17, 18, 19, 21, 28, 33, 35-37, 53, 54, 56-58, 60, 63, 65, 66, 67

noninvasive, 3, 18, 20, 21, 34, 55, 56, 58

See also Body composition assessment;

In vitro assessment;

In vivo assessment;

Tracer techniques

Respiratory diseases and disorders, 25, 27

Ribonucleic acid (RNA), 21

mRNA, 21, 23

S

Small Business Innovative Research (SBIR), 1, 5, 53, 55, 57, 59

Stable isotopes. See Isotopes, stable

T

Tobacco and tobacco use for oral vaccination delivery, 30

Toxins. See Poisons and poisoning

Trace minerals, 21, 22

zinc, 22, 23

Suggested Citation:"Index." Institute of Medicine. 1997. Emerging Technologies for Nutrition Research: Potential for Assessing Military Performance Capability. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/5827.
×

Tracer techniques, ix, 2, 4, 13, 14, 15, 51, 54-56, 66.

See also Isotopes, stable;

Metabolism;

NMR: PET

U

Ultrasound, 9

USAMRMC. See U.S. Army Medical Research and Materiel Command (USAMRMC)

USARIEM. See U.S. Army Research Institute of Environmental Medicine (USARIEM)

U.S. Army Medical Research and Materiel Command (USAMRMC), vii, 68

U.S. Army Medical Research Institute for Infectious Diseases, 68

U.S. Army Rangers

research involving, 4, 62, 63, 67

U.S. Army Research Institute of Environmental Medicine (USARIEM), vii, ix, 36, 51-52, 66, 68.

See also MND

U.S. Special Forces

research involving, 24

V

Vaccines and vaccination, 2, 25, 29-33, 59, 61-63, 66-67, 68

delivery systems, 30-31, 33, 61-63, 68

recombinant bacterial antigen for oral vaccination, 30, 33

See also Antibodies;

Immune function;

Infectious diseases

W

Women, 11, 13

Women in military, 4, 17

II
THE CURRENT ARMY PROGRAM AND ITS FUTURE NEEDS

A

Army Regulations, 75

B

Body composition assessment, 75

C

Caffeine, 73

Carbohydrates, 73

F

Food additives, 73-74

antioxidant mixtures, 74

choline, 73-74

creatine, 73

ergogenic additives, 73

glutamine, 74

tryptophan, 73

tyrosine, 73-74

See also Caffeine;

Carbohydrates;

Military feeding systems and rations

Food and food industry. See Caffeine;

Carbohydrates;

Food additives;

Millitary feeding systems and rations

Food Nutrition Research and Engineering Board, 72

H

Health and nutritional status, 69, 72-73, 75

combat stress, 73-74

food deprivation and, 72-74

iron supplementation, 74-75

sleep deprivation and, 72-74

I

Immune function, 73-74

Immunosuppression

dietary treatments to counteract, 73-74

Suggested Citation:"Index." Institute of Medicine. 1997. Emerging Technologies for Nutrition Research: Potential for Assessing Military Performance Capability. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/5827.
×

M

MND. See Military Nutrition Division (MND)

MRDAs. See Military Recommended Dietary Allowances (MRDAs)

Military feeding systems and rations, 69, 72, 73, 75, 76

dietary intake (of fat, cholesterol, salt), 75

dietary intervention, 73-74

garrison feeding, 72, 75

hydration (oral) drinks, 75

Long Life Ration Packet, 74

Meal, Ready-to-Eat, 74

multi-serving tray packs, 74

New Generation Survival Ration, 74

operational rations and field feeding systems, 72, 73, 74, 75, 76

Ration, Cold Weather, 74

Ration, Lightweight, 74

See also Food additives;

Military nutritional standards;

Military personnel;

MRDAs

Military Nutrition and Biochemical Division. See MND

Military Nutrition Division (MND), 72.

See also USARIEM

Military Nutrition Research Program, 71-76

Military nutritional standards, 74-75.

See also MRDAs

Military Operational Medicine Directorate, 72

Military personnel, 69-76

garrisoned, 72

operational (in field operations), 69, 72, 73, 75-76

See also Military feeding systems and rations;

U.S. Army Rangers;

U.S. Special Forces;

Women in military

Military Recommended Dietary Allowances (MRDAs), 74-75

N

Natick Research, Development and Engineering Center Survivability Directorate, 72

Nutrition

diet, 72

dietary intervention, 73-74

See also Nutritional strategies;

Performance, cognitive;

Performance-enhancing ration components;

Performance, physical

Nutritional strategies, 72-74.

See also Performance-enhancing ration components

O

Office of the Secretary of Defense for Science and Technology. See Food Nutrition Research and Engineering Board

P

Performance, cognitive, 69, 71-72, 73

Performance-enhancing ration components, 73.

See also Caffeine;

Carbohydrates

Performance, physical, 69, 71-72, 73

R

Rations. See Military feeding systems and rations

S

Stress, 72, 73, 74

U

USAMRMC. See U.S. Army Medical Research and Materiel Command (USAMRMC)

USARIEM. See U.S. Army Research Institute of Environmental Medicine (USARIEM)

Suggested Citation:"Index." Institute of Medicine. 1997. Emerging Technologies for Nutrition Research: Potential for Assessing Military Performance Capability. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/5827.
×

U.S. Army Medical Research and Materiel Command (USAMRMC), 72.

See also Military Operational Medicine Directorate

U.S. Army Rangers

research involving, 73, 75

U.S. Army Research Institute of Environmental Medicine (USARIEM), 69, 72.

See also MND

U.S. Army Soldier Systems Command. See Natick Research, Development and Engineering Center

U.S. Special Forces

research involving, 74, 75

W

Women in military, 74-75

dietary intake and nutritional status of, 75

iron status of, 74-75

III
TECHNIQUES OF BODY COMPOSITION ASSESSMENT

A

Abdominal girth, 97-100, 104

Adipose tissue (AT), 79, 85, 86, 87, 128-130, 132-133, 136-143, 144

Adolescents

in military training, 82

Age, 79, 84, 85, 93

Alcohol use and abuse, 98

Anthropometric measurements, 79, 95-96, 97-113

lean mass, 81-82, 105-106

muscle mass distribution, 97-106

See also Body fat topography and physiology;

CAT;

Circumference equations;

Dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry;

MRI;

Muscle mass distribution;

Skinfold equations;

TBW;

Underwater weighing

Army Body Composition Study, 90, 99, 100

Army Medical Nutrition Laboratory, 108

Army Regulations, 83, 85, 87, 99, 107

Army War College, 99

Army Weight Control Program, 83, 85, 86, 96, 98, 105-106

Athletics

Kenyan runners, 112

B

BC. See Body composition assessment

BIA. See Bioelectric impedance analysis (BIA)

BMC. See Bone mineral content (BMC)

BMD. See Bone mineral density (BMD)

BMI. See Body mass index (BMI)

Bioelectric impedance analysis (BIA), 80, 93, 95-96, 107, 109, 110, 111, 113, 169-186

biological parameters, 182-183

blood chemistry and, 181

body composition and, 174-176

body composition change analysis, 176

body water and, 172-174

clinical uses and limitations, 185-186

electrical parameters, 182-183

ethnicity and, 181-182

Suggested Citation:"Index." Institute of Medicine. 1997. Emerging Technologies for Nutrition Research: Potential for Assessing Military Performance Capability. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/5827.
×

history of, 170-172

multifrequency bioelectrical impedance, 177-181

multifrequency bioelectrical impedance spectral analysis, 179-181

performance of, 184

safety of, 183-184

segmental bioelectrical impedance, 176-177

standardization of, 184

validity, 185

See also National Institutes of Health Technology Assessment Conference on Bioelectrical Impedance Analysis in Body Composition Measurement;

TBW

Biometric Survey of Army Officers, 85

Body composition assessment, 79-114, 124-126, 127-144, 148-150, 151 -163, 166-167, 169-187, 190-192, 193-197

Army body composition standards, 82-87

body fat, 79-80, 85-86, 97-106, 142-143, 152, 154-155, 159-161, 162

bone mineral, 79-80, 152, 154-155

maturational changes in, 85

muscle mass distribution, 97-106

nonbone lean tissue, 79-80, 152, 154-155

organ level, 79

regional body composition, 162

skeletal muscle mass, 128, 129

tissue (soft) composition in bone regions, 159

tissue-system level, 79

tissue thickness, 158-159

See also Anthropometric measurements;

Army Body Composition Study;

AT;

BIA;

BMC;

BMD;

Body fat topography and physiology;

CAT;

Circumference

equations;

Durnin and Womersley equations;

Dualenergy x-ray absorptiometry;

FFM;

Hydrodensitometry;

Imaging techniques;

Infrared interactance;

MRI;

NIR spectroscopy;

Skinfold equations;

TBBM;

TBW;

Ultrasound

Body fat topography and physiology, 97-106

female body fat, 97, 99-105

male body fat, 97-100, 102, 104, 105

Body mass index (BMI), 79, 85, 86, 93, 105

body fat, 79, 85-86, 97-106

weight-for-height screen, 85

Body measurements. See Anthropometric measurements

Bone mineral content (BMC), 79-80, 90-94, 151, 152, 154-155.

See also FFM;

TBBM

Bone mineral density (BMD), 79-80, 93, 151-154, 155

dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry assessment of, 152-154, 155

See also Body composition assessment

C

CAT. See Computerized axial tomography (CAT)

CT. See Computerized axial tomography (CAT)

Cardiovascular (CV) diseases risk of, 98, 103-104, 105

Suggested Citation:"Index." Institute of Medicine. 1997. Emerging Technologies for Nutrition Research: Potential for Assessing Military Performance Capability. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/5827.
×

Circumference equations, 96-106, 107

U.S. Army, 96-106

U.S. Marine Corps, 97, 98, 101, 102

U.S. Navy, 97, 98, 100, 101, 102, 103, 104

Computerized axial tomography (CAT), 79, 100, 127-136, 138, 141-144, 162

advantages and disadvantages, 141-142

body component reconstruction, 132-134

cadavers and, 135-136

fat measurement use, 142-143

future applications, 143-144

in vivo, 136

phantoms and, 135-136

physical basis of methods, 130-132

reproducibility, 136

spiral imaging, 143

validation studies, 135-137

See also Imaging techniques

D

DEXA. See Dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry

DPA. See Dual-photon absorptiometry

DXA. See Dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry

Diseases and disorders. See CV diseases

Dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry, 79-80, 82, 92-95, 99, 100, 102, 107, 109, 110, 111, 113, 151-163

body composition assessment, 154-161

bone mineral density assessment, 151, 152-154, 155

equipment, 152

error sources, 157-159

hydrodensitometry comparisons, 159-161

regional body composition assessment, 162

reliability and precision, 152, 154-155

underlying principles, 156-157

validity, 152-154, 155-161

See also International DXA Standardization Committee

Dual-photon absorptiometry (DPA), 92, 109, 152

Durnin and Womersley equations, 93, 96

E

ECFV. See Extracellular fluid volume (ECFV)

Echo Planar Imaging (EPI), 143-144

Electric power. See BIA

Ethnicity, 91, 92, 93-94, 96, 100, 104, 181-182

European Fat Distribution Study, 104

Extracellular fluid volume (ECFV), 173-174, 178

F

Fat-free mass (FFM), 90-92, 96, 103, 105-113, 174-176, 180, 183, 185, 186

lean mass assessments, 105-106

See also Body composition assessment;

BMC;

Hydration status

Fort Atkinson, Wisconsin, 152

G

Gender, 79, 83-84, 91, 92-94, 96, 97-106

H

Health and nutritional status, 106-113

energy stores, 81

Suggested Citation:"Index." Institute of Medicine. 1997. Emerging Technologies for Nutrition Research: Potential for Assessing Military Performance Capability. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/5827.
×

exercise habits, 98

muscular strength potential, 81

optimizing strategies, 82

physical fitness, 79, 98

risk of musculoskeletal injury, 81

See also Alcohol use and abuse;

CV diseases;

Hydration status;

Malnutrition;

Metabolism;

Obesity;

Performance, physical;

Tobacco and tobacco use

Heymsfield four-compartment model, 92-93.

See also Underwater weighing

Hologic, 152, 154

Hormones, 104-105, 112

androgenicity, 104-105

Hydration status, 80, 81, 90-92, 95, 96, 106-113, 157-158.

See also FFM

Hydrodensitometry, 79, 92, 156, 159-161

dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry comparisons, 159-161

I

Imaging techniques, 95-96, 127-144, 148-150

phantoms, 128

See also CAT;

MRI

Infrared interactance, 95-97

In vitro assessment, 154, 158

In vivo assessment, 130, 136, 154

International DXA Standardization Committee, 154

K

Kenya

runners, 112

L

Lunar, 152, 154

M

Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), 79, 127-132, 134-135, 137-144

advantages and disadvantages, 141-142

animals and, 137

body component reconstruction, 132, 134-135

cadavers and, 137

computerized axial tomography comparison, 138

fat measurement use, 142-143

future applications, 143-144

phantoms and, 137

physical basis of methods, 130-131, 132

reliability, 138, 140

validation studies, 135, 137-140

See also Imaging techniques

Magnetic resonance spectroscopy. See MRI

Malnutrition, 90-91, 110, 113, 186

fasting, 94

food deprivation, 90-91, 113

Maternity. See Pregnancy

Metabolism, 82, 113

Metropolitan Life Insurance Company, 98

Military personnel

combat readiness, 82

appearance, 79, 83, 98

recruits, 82, 86

training, 108-109

See also Army Weight Control Program;

Military standards;

U.S. Army

Rangers;

U.S. Special Forces;

Women in military

Military standards

body fat equations compared to criterion methods, 87-97

body fat standards, 82-113

selection and fitness standards, 82

See also Military personnel

Suggested Citation:"Index." Institute of Medicine. 1997. Emerging Technologies for Nutrition Research: Potential for Assessing Military Performance Capability. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/5827.
×

Minnesota Starvation Study, 91, 113

N

NMR. See Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR)

National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES), 186

National Institutes of Health

National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, Nutrition Sciences Branch, 182

Office of Medical Applications of Research, 182

Technology Assessment Conference on Bioelectrical Impedance Analysis in Body Composition Measurement, 96, 169, 172, 182-186

Norland, 152, 154

Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), 128.

See also MRI

Nutrition

nutritional compromise, 111-113

See also Health and nutritional status;

Malnutrition;

Metabolism;

Performance, physical

O

Obesity, 82, 158-159

military personnel research, 82, 83, 84, 86

weight loss and maintenance, 109

weight loss and maintenance of military personnel, 83, 96, 107, 109, 111-113

See also Army Weight Control Program;

Health and nutritional status

Osteoporosis. See BMD

P

Performance, physical, 82-83, 105-106.

See also Health and nutritional status

Pregnancy

of women in military, 82

R

Race. See Ethnicity

Radioactivity

exposure to, 128

Research technologies

ambulatory methods, 94, 95, 109

See also In vitro assessment;

In vivo assessment

S

Skinfold equations, 93, 95-97, 107, 109, 111-113

Smoking. See Tobacco and tobacco use

Soft-tissue analysis. See DPA;

Dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry

Stress

factors, 81-82

See also Alcohol use and abuse;

Tobacco and tobacco use

T

TBBM. See Total body bone mineral content (TBBM)

TBW. See Total body water (TBW)

Tobacco and tobacco use, 88, 98

Total body bone mineral content (TBBM), 151

Total body water (TBW), 80, 92, 108, 109, 110, 111, 171, 172-174, 176, 178, 183, 184, 185-186.

See also ECFV

U

Ultrasound, 95-96

Underwater weighing, 81, 87-97, 100, 102, 107, 108, 109, 110-111

criterion measure, 92-94

Suggested Citation:"Index." Institute of Medicine. 1997. Emerging Technologies for Nutrition Research: Potential for Assessing Military Performance Capability. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/5827.
×

errors produced by assumptions, 90-92

four-compartment model, 91, 92-94

residual volume measurement, 88

shortcomings of, 87-90

two-compartment model, 87-91, 110-111

See also Heymsfield four-compartment model

U.S. Army Rangers

research involving, 90-91, 96, 110-113

W

Women in military, 91-92, 93, 97, 98, 99-105, 106, 107-108, 113

pregnancy of, 82

X

X ray, 128.

See also CAT

IV
TRACER TECHNIQUES FOR THE STUDY OF METABOLISM

A

American College of Pathologists, 207

Amino acid metabolism, 231-241, 243

Animals. See Dogs

B

Baltimore Longitudinal Study of Aging, 242

Breath ratio method, 216-222

advantages and disadvantages, 219-221

ambulatory use of, 222

cost/benefit analysis, 221

methodology, 216-218

performance of, 218-219

practicality of, 221-222

research (current) using, 219

See also Metabolic substrate oxidation

C

Calorimetry, indirect. See Breath ratio method

Carbohydrate oxidation, 216-222.

See also Metabolic substrate oxidation; Metabolism

D

Diabetes. See Noninsulindependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM)

Diabetes mellitus. See Noninsulindependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM)

Diabetes, Type II. See Noninsulindependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM)

Dogs

research involving, 241-249

F

Fat oxidation, 216-222.

See also Metabolic substrate oxidation;

Metabolism

Fatty acids kinetics, 216, 222-225, 226.

See also Metabolic substrate oxidation;

Metabolism

Free fatty acids (FFA). See Metabolic substrate oxidation;

Metabolism

G

Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS), 206-207

Gluconeogenesis, 260, 266-268

Suggested Citation:"Index." Institute of Medicine. 1997. Emerging Technologies for Nutrition Research: Potential for Assessing Military Performance Capability. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/5827.
×

Glucose kinetics, 216, 222-225, 226.

See also Metabolic substrate oxidation;

Metabolism

Glucose transport-phosphorylation, 264-265.

See also Muscle glycogen metabolism

Glycogen metabolism. See Liver glycogen metabolism;

Muscle glycogen metabolism;

Metabolism

H

Health and nutritional status. See Metabolism;

NIDDM;

Physical activity

I

In vivo assessment, 231-249

Isotopes, stable, 201-212, 215-227, 231-249.

See also Mass spectrometry;

Metabolic substrate oxidation;

Metabolism;

MIDA;

PET

L

Liver glycogen metabolism, 259-261, 266-268

M

Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). See NMR spectroscopy

Mass isotopomer distribution analysis (MIDA), 209

Mass spectrometry, 206-207, 216-227.

See also GC-MS;

Isotopes, stable

Metabolic substrate oxidation, 215-227

advantages and disadvantages, 219-221, 225-227

ambulatory use, 222

cost/benefit analysis, 221

methodologies, 216-218, 222-225

performance of, 218-219

practicality of, 221-222

research (current) involving, 219

See also Breath ratio method;

Carbohydrate oxidation;

Fat oxidation;

Fatty acids kinetics;

Glucose kinetics;

Metabolism;

TG;

Tracer infusion

Metabolism, 199-212, 215-227, 231-249, 259-270.

See also Amino acid metabolism;

Carbohydrate oxidation;

Fat oxidation;

Fatty acids kinetics;

Gluconeogenesis;

Glucose kinetics;

Glucose

transport-phosphorylation;

Isotopes, stable;

Liver glycogen metabolism;

Metabolic substrate oxidation;

Muscle glycogen metabolism;

NMR;

PET;

Protein metabolism;

Tracer techniques

Muscle glycogen metabolism, 259-265, 268.

See also Glucose transport-phosphorylation

Musculoskeletal system, 241-249

N

Noninsulindependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM), 259-260, 262-265, 267-268

Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy, 259-270

advantages and disadvantages, 268-270

applications, 262-264

basic principles, 260-264

spectrometer, 261-262

Nutrition. See Metabolism

O

Oxidation. See Metabolic substrate oxidation

P

Physical activity

exercise effects, 219-220, 223, 225

Suggested Citation:"Index." Institute of Medicine. 1997. Emerging Technologies for Nutrition Research: Potential for Assessing Military Performance Capability. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/5827.
×

Positron emission tomography (PET), 231-249, 268-269

applications of, 239-249

nuclide production, 238-239

positron decay, 236-238

radiation annihilation, 236-238

radiotracer synthesis, 238-239

skeletal muscle research involving, 241-249

Protein metabolism, 231-249

muscle protein synthesis, 241-249

R

Radioactivity, 236-238

Research technologies. See In vivo assessment

S

Substrate oxidation. See Metabolic substrate oxidation

T

TBBM. See Total body bone mineral content (TBBM)

TG. See Triglyceride (TG)

Tracer infusion

advantages and disadvantages, 225-227

balance technique, 225

biopsy analysis, 225-226

methodology, 222-225

radioactive tracers, 225, 226-227

See also Metabolic substrate oxidation

Tracer techniques, 199-212, 215-227, 231-249, 259-270.

See also Isotopes, stable;

Metabolism;

NMR;

PET

Triglyceride (TG), 216, 223.

See also Glucose kinetics

V
AMBULATORY TECHNIQUES FOR MEASUREMENT OF ENERGY EXPENDITURE

A

Aerobic exercise

energetics and mechanics during, 321-332

running and walking, research on foot contact monitor, 318-334

See also Locomotion;

Physical activity

AeroSport, 298

Ambulatory research techniques

DLW, 279, 281-290

energy expenditure measurement, 279-290, 297-308, 315-334

FCM, 279, 315-334

oxygen uptake measurement, 279, 297-308

Animals

energy expenditure and locomotion, research involving, 321-334

Anthropometric measurements

animals (large vs. small), metabolic cost of force generation, 331

Army Regulations, 315, 319

Army Weight Control Program, 319

B

BC. See Body composition assessment

Basal metabolic rate (BMR)

Oxylog measurement of, 307

Beer's Law, 348

Suggested Citation:"Index." Institute of Medicine. 1997. Emerging Technologies for Nutrition Research: Potential for Assessing Military Performance Capability. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/5827.
×

Blood and blood products. See Metabolites, plasma

Body composition assessment. See Anthropometric measurements;

DLW;

NIR spectroscopy;

TBW;

Water turnover

Body measurements. See Anthropometric measurements

C

Calorimetry, indirect, 281, 282, 287.

See also Energy expenditure

Committee on Military Nutrition Research (CMNR), 319

Computers

oxygen uptake measurement systems, 298-308

COSMED K2, 298-299, 300-304

breath-by-breath (BBB) metabolic measurement system comparison, 302

Oxylog comparisons, 305

specifications, 300-302

validity-reliability of, 302-304

See also Energy expenditure;

Minute ventilation;

Oxygen uptake

D

DB. See Douglas bags (DB)

Doubly labeled water technique (DLW), 279, 281-290

cold weather study of, 285-286

drawbacks of, 290

field-training effects on, 288

isotope (baseline) concerns for, 288

isotope dilution space ratios, importance of, 286-287

military nutrition concerns for, 288-290

multiple-dosing, 288

protocol, 283-287

sampling, two-point vs. multipoint method, 284-286

theory of, 282-287

See also Energy expenditure

Douglas bags (DB), 298, 302-304, 306.

See also Oxygen uptake

E

Effective mechanical advantage (EMA), 331.

See also Locomotion

Energy expenditure

ambulatory measurement of, 279-290, 297-308, 315-334

DLW measurement of, 281-290

foot contact time measurement of locomotion metabolic cost, 315-334

metabolites (plasma) measurement, near-infrared spectroscopy use, 345-354

oxygen uptake measurement, portable equipment use, 297-308

See also Calorimetry, indirect;

COSMED K2;

DLW;

FCM;

Fuel utilization;

I/B;

Locomotion;

Minute ventilation;

NIR spectroscopy;

Oxygen uptake;

Oxylog;

RER;

SensorMedics 2900 Metabolic Analysis System;

TBW;

TEEM 100

F

FCM. See Foot contact monitor (FCM)

Field research. See Ambulatory research techniques

Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO), 307

Food and food industry. See Military feeding systems and rations

Suggested Citation:"Index." Institute of Medicine. 1997. Emerging Technologies for Nutrition Research: Potential for Assessing Military Performance Capability. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/5827.
×

Foot contact monitor (FCM), 280, 315-334

advantages and disadvantages of, 332-334

epidemiology and patient rehabilitation use of, 320-321

macronutrient requirements determination using, 319

physical fitness monitoring using, 319-320

technology applications of, 317-321

technology description of, 316-317

weight management using, 319

See also Energy expenditure;

Locomotion

Fuel utilization

ambulatory measurement of, 279-290, 297-308, 315-334

See also Energy expenditure

G

Gas isotope ratio mass spectrometer, 281, 284, 290

H

Health and nutritional status

physical fitness, 318-320

See also Energy expenditure;

Fuel utilization;

Hydration status;

Metabolism;

Obesity;

Physical activity

Hydration status, 283.

See also Health and nutritional status;

TBW;

Water turnover

I

Instruments and measuring devices. See COSMED K2;

DB;

FCM;

Gas isotope

ratio mass spectrometer;

KM respirometer;

NIR spectroscopy;

Oxylog;

SensorMedics 2900 Metabolic Analysis System;

TEEM 100

Intake balance method (I/B), 281.

See also Energy expenditure

In vitro assessment, 280, 329, 351-352

In vivo assessment, 280, 352-354

Isotopes, stable

DLW use of, 279, 281-290

K

Kofranyi-Michaelis (KM) respirometer, 298.

See also Oxygen uptake

L

Locomotion, 280, 315-334

animals (large vs. small), metabolic cost of generating force, 331

body weight support and metabolic cost, relationship during, 325-326

energetics and mechanics of, 321-334

foot contact time changes, insights from, 328-331

force generation link to energetic fundamentals during, 326-327

metabolic rates during, 321-332

muscular efficiency during, 323-325

terrestrial locomotion fundamentals, 321-323

See also Aerobic exercise;

EMA;

FCM;

Physical activity

M

Metabolism. See BMR;

Energy expenditure;

Fuel utilization;

Isotopes,

stable;

Metabolites, plasma;

RMR

Metabolites, plasma

monitoring of, 280

near-infrared spectroscopy use for measurement, 345-354

Suggested Citation:"Index." Institute of Medicine. 1997. Emerging Technologies for Nutrition Research: Potential for Assessing Military Performance Capability. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/5827.
×

Military feeding systems and rations

macronutrient requirements of personnel in operations, 319

See also Army Weight Control Program;

Military personnel

Military personnel

operational (in field operations), 319

physical fitness of, 319-320

See also Army Weight Control Program;

Military feeding systems and

rations;

U.S. Army Rangers

Minute ventilation, 279, 298-308

specifications of systems, 299-302, 304-305

validity-reliability of, 300, 302-304, 305-306

See also COSMED K2;

Energy expenditure;

Oxylog;

RER;

SensorMedics

2900 Metabolic Analysis System;

TEEM 100

N

Near-infrared (NIR) spectroscopy, 280,

applications of, 351-354

background summary, 346

chemometric methods, 346-351

in vivo analysis using, 351-352

in vivo analysis using, 352-354

metabolites (plasma) measurement using, 345-354

multivariate regression, 350-351

noninvasive measurement use, 345-354

univariate least squares, 348-350

See also Energy expenditure

Nutrition. See Energy expenditure;

Health and nutritional status;

Military feeding systems and rations

O

Obesity

weight management, foot contact monitor use, 319

Oxygen uptake, 279, 297-308

locomotion and, 321-322

specifications of measurement systems, 299-302, 304-305

validity-reliability of measurement systems, 300, 302-304, 305-306

See also COSMED K2;

DB;

Energy expenditure;

KM respirometer;

Oxylog;

RER;

SensorMedics 2900 Metabolic Analysis System;

TEEM 100

Oxylog, 298, 304-308

basal metabolic rate measurement, 307

Hartmann and Braun Metabolator, comparison with, 307

resting metabolic rate measurement, 307

specifications, 304-305

validity-reliability of, 305-306

ventilated tent and hood, comparison with, 307

whole-body indirect calorimeter, comparison with, 307

See also Energy expenditure;

Minute ventilation;

Oxygen uptake

P

Physical activity

epidemiology and, 320-321

exercise and fitness, 319-320

foot contact monitor and, 318-320

patient rehabilitation and, 320-321

weight management and, 319

See also Aerobic exercise;

Locomotion

Suggested Citation:"Index." Institute of Medicine. 1997. Emerging Technologies for Nutrition Research: Potential for Assessing Military Performance Capability. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/5827.
×

R

RER. See Respiratory exchange ratio (RER)

RMR. See Resting metabolic rate (RMR)

Regression analysis

DLW, 284-287

NIR spectroscopy, 347-351

Research technologies, noninvasive, 345-354.

See also Ambulatory research techniques;

Body composition assessment;

In vitro assessment;

In vivo assessment

Respiratory exchange ratio (RER), 299-300, 301, 304, 306.

See also Energy expenditure;

Minute ventilation;

Oxygen uptake

Resting metabolic rate (RMR)

Oxylog measurement of, 307

S

SensorMedics 2900 Metabolic Analysis System

TEEM 100 comparison, 300

See also Energy expenditure;

Minute ventilation;

Oxygen uptake

Stable isotopes. See Istopes, stable

T

Total body water (TBW), 279, 282, 283, 284, 286-287.

See also Body composition assessment;

Energy expenditure;

Hydration status

Total Energy Expenditure Measurement system (TEEM 100), 298-300

Oxylog comparisons, 305

SensorMedics 2900 system comparison, 300

specifications, 299-300

validity-reliability of, 300

See also Energy expenditure;

Minute ventilation;

Oxygen uptake

U

USARIEM. See U.S. Army Research Institute of Environmental Medicine (USARIEM)

United Nations University (UNU), 307

U.S. Army Rangers

research involving, 288-289

U.S. Army Research Institue of Environmental Medicine (USARIEM), 285, 306

V

Vacumed, 298

W

Water turnover, 283, 285, 286, 288.

See also Body composition assessment;

Energy expenditure;

Hydration status

World Health Organization (WHO), 306-307

VI
MOLECULAR AND CELLULAR APPROACHES TO NUTRITION

A

Adenosine triphosphate (ATP), 406, 410, 411

Antibodies. See Polymerase chain reaction

C

Caco-2 cells, 406, 409, 410.

See also Cell function

Suggested Citation:"Index." Institute of Medicine. 1997. Emerging Technologies for Nutrition Research: Potential for Assessing Military Performance Capability. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/5827.
×

Carbohydrates

hepatic gene expression regulation using, 380-382

Cell biochemistry

organ physiology derivation from, 401-402

See also Cellular approach to nutrition

Cell function

energy metabolism of cells, measurement of, 404

hypoxia cellular response, measurements of, 406

hypoxia stress effects on cells, 404

hypoxia (tissue) cell models, 405-406

identification of correct cell and model, 405

practical issues, 405-407

proton flux measurement use, 406-407

total cell mass function, physiologic reserve measurement of, 402

See also Caco-2 cells;

Cellular approach to nutrition;

Cellular dysfunction;

Glycolytic cells;

Hep-G2 cells;

Oxidative cells;

WIF-B cells

Cellular approach to nutrition, 361, 362, 389-398, 401-412.

See also Cell biochemistry;

Cell function;

Cellular dysfunction;

Isolated cells

Cellular dysfunction

acute cell dysfunction, cellular parameters, 403-404

hypoxia stress effects on cells, 404

physiologic stress, assessment during, 401-412

stress multiple responses of cells, 403

See also Cellular approach to nutrition;

Cellular function;

Splanchnic dysfunction

Cholesterol

gene expression regulation using, 378-380

See also LDL receptor

D

Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA), 364-368, 376-379, 381-382

Dinitrophenol (DNP), 409, 410, 411

E

Energy expenditure

cell energy metabolism, 404, 406-407

See also Metabolism; Proton flux

F

Farnesol receptors, 383

Flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD), 396.

See also Vitamins

Flavin mononucleotide (FMN), 396.

See also Vitamins

Food and food industry. See Military feeding systems and rations

G

Gene expression, 361-362

carbohydrate regulation of hepatic gene expression, 380-382

cholesterol regulation of, 378-380

dietary metal supplementation for gene regulation, 368-369

gene regulation, metalresponsive, 366-367

metabolic regulation of, 375-383

military uses for metals in gene regulation, 368-369

Suggested Citation:"Index." Institute of Medicine. 1997. Emerging Technologies for Nutrition Research: Potential for Assessing Military Performance Capability. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/5827.
×

mRNA differential display, 367-368

nutrition effects on, 375-383

trace metals role in, 361, 362, 363-369

See also DNA;

Farnesol receptors;

Gene transcription;

LDL receptor;

Molecular approach to nutrition;

PCR;

PPARs;

RNA;

Steroid receptors

Gene transcription

carbohydrate regulation of hepatic gene expression, 380-382

cholesterol regulation of gene expression, 378-380

metabolites as direct effectors of transcription factors, 382-383

metal-responsive gene regulation, 366-367

technologies for studying, 377-378

transcription and its regulation, 376-377

See also Gene expression;

MRE

Glucosides

pyridoxine-5'-ß-D-glucoside, 391-394

riboflavin-5'-a-D-glucoside, 394-398

See also Vitamins

Glycolysis

hypoxia, upregulation during, 409-410

Glycolytic cells

hypoxia, activity during, 409-410

H

Health and nutritional status. See Cell function;

Cellular approach

to nutrition;

Cellular dysfunction;

Energy expenditure;

Metabolism;

Military feeding systems and rations;

Organ physiology;

Physiologic

reserve;

Physiology

Hep-G2 cells, 408, 409.

See also Cell function

Hypoxia

cellular effects of, 404

cellular response, measurement of, 406

glycolytic cells activity during, 409-410

ischemic-hypoxic stress, splanchnic dysfunction during, 407-411

metabolic rate changes during, 409

oxidative cell activity during, 410-411

tissue hypoxia, cell models of, 405-406

See also Stress

I

Institute of Medicine, 408

In vivo assessment, 366

Iron

gene expression role of, 361, 364

See also Trace metals

Isolated cells

vitamin transport and disposition, study of, 389-398

See also Cellular approach to nutrition

L

Lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), 408, 409

Lipoprotein receptor (LDL receptor), 378-379

M

MRE. See Metal response element (MRE)

Suggested Citation:"Index." Institute of Medicine. 1997. Emerging Technologies for Nutrition Research: Potential for Assessing Military Performance Capability. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/5827.
×

Metabolism

hypoxia, rate changes during, 409

oxidative cells, effects on during hypoxia, 410-411

See also Energy expenditure;

Metabolites

Metabolites

as direct effectors of transcription factors, 382-383

Metal response element (MRE), 366-367, 368.

See also Gene transcription

Military feeding systems and rations

gene regulation by metal dietary supplementation, 368-369

metals supplementation for gene regulation, 368-369

Military personnel. See Military feeding systems and rations

Molecular approach to nutrition, 361-362

metabolic regulation of gene expression, 375-383

metals role in gene expression, 363-369

See also Gene expression

N

Nutrition. See Cellular approach to nutrition;

Energy expenditure;

Metabolism;

Military feeding systems and rations;

Molecular approach

to nutrition;

Vitamins

Nutritional Needs in Hot Environments, 404

O

Organ physiology, 401-402.

See also Physiology

Oxidative cells

metabolic rate, effects on during hypoxia, 410-411

P

PCR. See Polymerase chain reaction (PCR)

PLP. See Pyridoxal 5'-phosphate (PLP)

Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs), 382-383

Physiologic reserve

cell mass function, measure of, 402

deterioration of, 402

Physiology

cellular assessment, transition from physiologic, 401-403

cellular dysfunction assessment during physiologic stress, 401-411

See also Organ physiology;

Physiologic reserve

Polymerase chain reaction (PCR), 367.

See also Gene expression

Proton flux

cell energy metabolism changes, measurement of rapid responses, 406-407

Pyridoxal 5'-phosphate (PLP), 393.

See also Vitamins

R

RNA. See Ribonucleic acid (RNA)

Research technologies. See In vivo assessment

Riboflavin. See Glucosides

Ribonucleic acid (RNA), 376-377

mRNA and iron, 364

mRNA differential display, 367-368

See also Gene expression

S

Splanchnic dysfunction, 407-411

cell culture lines, variations in, 408-409

glycolytic cells activity during hypoxia, 409-410

Suggested Citation:"Index." Institute of Medicine. 1997. Emerging Technologies for Nutrition Research: Potential for Assessing Military Performance Capability. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/5827.
×

hypoxia, metabolic rate changes during, 409

oxidative cells activity during hypoxia, 410-411

See also Cellular dysfunction

Steroid receptors, 382-383.

See also Farnesol receptors;

PPARs

Stress

cellular multiple responses to stress, 403

See also Hypoxia

T

TCA. See Tricarboxylic acid (TCA)

Trace metals

gene expression role of, 361, 362, 363-369

gene regulation, metal-responsive, 366-367

gene regulation, metals use in, 368-369

See also Iron;

Zinc

Tricarboxylic acid (TCA), 406, 407

V

Vitamins

transport and disposition study, use of isolated-cell techniques, 389-398.

See also FAD;

FMN;

Glucosides;

PLP

W

WIF-B cells, 408, 409.

See also Cell function

Z

Zinc

DNA binding and zinc fingers, 365-366

gene expression role of, 361, 363-369

zinc fingers and DNA binding, 365-366

See also Trace metals

VII
ASSESSMENT OF IMMUNE FUNCTION

A

Antibodies, 433-438, 453-467

passive immunity need for, 481-484

See also CDR;

Immune function;

PCR;

Vaccines and Vaccination

Antigens

E. coli, 419

endotoxin, 419, 422

immune response to, studies of, 436-438

Athletics

runners, research involving, 423-424

C

CDR. See Complementarity determining region (CDR)

Cell-mediated immune functions

CD8 homing and cross-regulation, 461

CD8+ intraepithelial lymphocytes, functions, 461

CD8 T-cell heterogeneity, 460

compartmentalization of, 459-462

cytokines (circulating) assay, 440-441

evaluation of, 438-444

lymphocyte function in vitro assays, 441-444

lymphocyte populations and subpopulations, 438-440

mucosal T-cells, 460

peripheral T-cells, 460

Suggested Citation:"Index." Institute of Medicine. 1997. Emerging Technologies for Nutrition Research: Potential for Assessing Military Performance Capability. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/5827.
×

receptors (soluble) assay, 440-441

T-cell phenotypes assessment, 462

See also Compartmentalization of immune function;

Cytokines;

ELISA;

Immune function;

Lymphocyte function;

Receptors

Committee on Military Nutrition Research (CMNR), 476

Compartmentalization of immune function, 453-467

B-cell compartmentalization, conditions influencing, 466-467

cell-mediated immunity, 459-462

humoral immunity, 456

lymphocyte traffic and, 462-464

mucosal immunity and secretory IgA, 458-459

peripheral immunity and IgG, 456-458

T-cell compartmentalization, conditions influencing, 464-466

See also Cell-mediated immune functions;

Humoral immune responses;

Immune function;

Langerhans cells;

Lymphocyte function;

Mucosal immune

function;

Peripheral immune function;

Peyer's patch;

Vaccines and

vaccination

Complementarity determining region (CDR), 482-484.

See also Antibodies

Cytokines

circulating cytokines assay, 440-441

inflammation and sepsis detection, use of plasma cytokines, 419-420

plasma cytokines measurement factors, 421-423

urinary cytokines field measurement, 423-425

See also Cell-mediated immune functions;

Immune function;

LEM

D

Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA), 441-442, 452, 481-482

E

ELISA. See Enzyme-linked immunoabsorption (ELISA)

Enterotoxins

immunization delivery technologies, 476-480

cholera toxin (CT), 476-480

E. coli heat-labile enterotoxin (LT), 478-480

See also Vaccines and vaccination

Enzyme-linked immunoabsorption (ELISA), 440, 442.

See also Cell-mediated immune functions

F

FDA. See Food and Drug Administration (FDA)

Fish and fish products

oil (fish) dietary supplementation effects, 434-435, 438

Food and Drug Administration (FDA), 475, 479

Food and food industry. See Fish and fish products

Suggested Citation:"Index." Institute of Medicine. 1997. Emerging Technologies for Nutrition Research: Potential for Assessing Military Performance Capability. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/5827.
×

G

Gene expression. See DNA

Germany

runners, research involving, 423-424

H

Health and nutritional status. See Inflammation;

Sepsis;

Vaccines

and vaccination

Humoral immune responses, 433-438

antibody levels measurement, 433-437

compartmentalization of, 456

immunoglobulin (serum) measurement, 433-437

in vitro responses, study of, 438

See also Antibodies;

Immune function;

Immunoglobulin, serum

I

Immune function, 415-416, 417-425, 431-445, 451-484

abnormal immune function assessment, 415-416, 417-425, 431-445

humoral immune responses, evaluation, 433-438

monoclonal antibody and flow cytometry technology, 438

mucosal immune function, vaccine development, 415-416, 451-484

passive immunity antibody, 481-484

See also Antibodies;

Antigens;

Cell-mediated immune functions;

Compartmentalization of immune function;

Cytokines;

Humoral immune responses;

Immunoglobulin, serum;

Inflammation;

LEM;

Lymphocyte function;

Mucosal immune function;

Peripheral immune function;

Phagocytic cell assays;

Receptors;

Sepsis;

Vaccines and vaccination

Immunization. See Vaccines and vaccination

Immunoglobulin, serum, 433-438.

See also Humoral immune responses;

Immune function

Infectious diseases. See Antigens;

Enterotoxins;

Vaccines and vaccination

Inflammation

cytokine (plasma and urinary) use to detect presence of, 417-425

See also Immune function;

Sepsis;

SIRS

In vitro assessment

humoral immune response study, 438

lymphocyte function assays, 441-444

L

Langerhans cells, 472, 473.

See also Cell-mediated immune functions;

Compartmentalization of

immune function

Leukocyte endogenous mediator (LEM), 418.

See also Cytokines;

Immune function

Lymphocyte function

compartmentalization of, 462-464

cytokines (circulating) assay, 440-441

functional assays of, 443-444

in vitro assays of, 441-444

mitogenic assays of, 441-443

populations and subpopulations, 438-440

receptors (soluble) assay, 440-441

Suggested Citation:"Index." Institute of Medicine. 1997. Emerging Technologies for Nutrition Research: Potential for Assessing Military Performance Capability. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/5827.
×

See also Cell-mediated immune functions;

Immune function

M

MAPW. See Multicohort Analysis Project Workshop (MAPW)

Meals, Ready-to-Eat (MREs) vaccination (oral) delivery using, 452

Microencapsulation technology

adjuvant effects of biodegradable microspheres, 475

immunization delivery technologies, 475-476

vaccines (microencapsulated) and cross-regulation, 476

Military feeding systems and rations. See MREs;

Military personnel

Military personnel

immunization issues, 451-484

Mucosal immune function, 468-474

compartmentalization of, 458-459

cross-regulation vs. tolerance, 470-471

oral tolerance and, 470-474

secretory IgA and, 458-459

suppression vs. tolerance, 471

T-helper subclasses, 471-473

vaccines development for, 451-484

See also Immune function

Multicohort Analysis Project Workshop (MAPW), 439

N

National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey III, 436

Naval Medical Research Institute, 478

New England Journal of Medicine cytokine research, 419

Nutrition. See Immune function

P

PCR. See Polymerase chain reaction (PCR)

PMN. See Polymorphonuclear (PMN) leukocytes

Peripheral immune function, 468-474

compartmentalization of, 456-458

IgG and, 456-458

See also Immune function

Peyer's patch, 462, 463, 464, 466, 472, 473, 476, 479.

See also Cell-mediated immune functions;

Compartmentalization of

immune function

Phagocytic cell assays, 444-445.

See also Immune function;

PMN leukocytes

Plants and vegetation. See Transgenic plants

Polymerase chain reaction (PCR), 482.

See also Antibodies

Polymorphonuclear (PMN) leukocytes, 444-445.

See also Phagocytic cell assays

R

Receptors

cytokines (plasma) measurement factors, 421-423

soluble receptors assay, 440-441

See also Cell-mediated immune functions;

Immune function

Research technologies

field measurement of urinary cytokines, 423-425

See also In vitro assessment

S

SIRS. See Systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS)

Suggested Citation:"Index." Institute of Medicine. 1997. Emerging Technologies for Nutrition Research: Potential for Assessing Military Performance Capability. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/5827.
×

Sepsis

cytokine (plasma and urinary) use for detection, 419-425

See also Immune function;

Inflammation

Space flight

astronauts weight loss, research involving, 424

Systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS), 420, 423.

See also Inflammation

T

Toxins. See Enterotoxins

Transgenic plants

B-cells use for complementarity-determining region isolation and expression in, 482

recombinant human antibodies production in, 483-484

vaccine production use, 480-481

U

U.S. Army Medical Research Institute for Infectious Diseases, 470, 477, 482

V

Vaccines and vaccination, 436-437, 451-484

compartmentalization of immune responses, 453-467

conventional modes, issues, 468-474

cross-regulation, incompatibility with complete protective immunity , 474

cross-regulation, solutions to, 474-480

enterotoxin-derived carriers, 476-480

microencapsulation of, 452, 475-476

mucosal immune function, vaccine development, 451-484

oral tolerance and mucosal immunity, 470-474

passive immunity antibody, 481-484

T-helper subclasses, 471-474

tolerance v. cross-regulation, 470-471

tolerance v. suppression, 471

transgenic plants, production use, 480-481

See also Antibodies;

Enterotoxins;

Immune function

VIII
FUNCTIONAL AND BEHAVIORAL MEASURES OF NUTRITIONAL STATUS

A

AASHTO. See American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO)

AIDS. See HIV/AIDS

Abbott Laboratories

Ross Products Division, 507, 511

Aberdeen Proving Ground, Maryland, 557, 558, 559

Age

muscle function analysis study, age group differences, 512

Ambulatory Monitoring, Inc., 537

Ambulatory research techniques, 533-544

American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO), 557

Suggested Citation:"Index." Institute of Medicine. 1997. Emerging Technologies for Nutrition Research: Potential for Assessing Military Performance Capability. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/5827.
×

American Psychological Association, 525

Apple®, 524

Arid zones

desert environment, field study on military rations, 537-539

Artificial intelligence

associates, use for cognitive performance assessment, 524

See also Computers

C

Center for Computer-Aided Design, 552, 558, 559.

See also University of Iowa

Committee on Military Nutrition Research (CMNR), 520, 521

Computers

artificial intelligence (associates), use for cognitive performance assessment, 524

interface technology, use for cognitive performance assessment, 523-524

miniaturization, use for cognitive performance assessment, 523

muscle function analysis device, description of, 508-509

See also Artificial intelligence;

Interface technology;

IDS;

Miniaturization;

Motionlogger Actigraph;

Vigilance Monitor;

Virtual reality

D

DIS. See Distributed Interactive Simulation (DIS)

Daimler-Benz simulator, 558

Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA), 557, 558, 560

Department of Defense (DoD), 558

Department of Transportation (DoT), 558

Dialysis, renal

muscle function analysis study, summary, 513

Diseases and disorders. See Health and nutritional status;

HIV/AIDS

Distributed Interactive Simulation (DIS), 558, 559

E

Energy expenditure

activity monitoring technology, 537

See also Health and nutritional status

F

Food and food industry. See Military feeding systems and rations

Fort Walton Beach, Florida, 537

G

Gender

muscle function analysis study, gender differences, 512

Germany

Daimler-Benz simulator, 558

H

HCSM. See Hierarchical Concurrent State Machine (HCSM) formalism

HMMWV. See High-mobility multipurpose wheeled vehicle (HMMWV)

Health and nutritional status

behavioral measures of, 505-506, 519-525, 533-544

food deprivation effects on cognitive performance, 505, 521

functional measures of, 505-506, 507-514, 551-562

muscle function analysis as indicator of, 507-514

Suggested Citation:"Index." Institute of Medicine. 1997. Emerging Technologies for Nutrition Research: Potential for Assessing Military Performance Capability. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/5827.
×

underconsumption of rations, effects on cognitive performance, 522

See also Energy expenditure;

HIV/AIDS;

Motion sickness;

Performance,

cognitive;

Performance, physical;

Physical activity

Hierarchical Concurrent State Machine (HCSM) formalism, 555.

See also IDS

High-mobility multipurpose wheeled vehicle (HMMWV), 557, 558, 559

HIV/AIDS

muscle function analysis study, summary, 512-513

I

IDS. See Iowa Driving Simulator (IDS)

Instruments and measuring devices

muscle function analysis device, 508-511

physical activity monitoring devices, 536-540

See also IDS;

Motionlogger Actigraph;

Vigilance Monitor

Interface technology

performance (cognitive) assessment technologies, 523-524

See also Computers

Iowa Driving Simulator (IDS), 551-562

audio, 554

experimenting using, 556-562

motion feedback, 554

motion sickness and, 560-561

research community and, 560

research issues and limitations, 556

scenario control, 555

tactile and instrument feedback, 554-555

technical overview, 552-556

validation, 561-562

visual feedback, 553

See also HCSM formalism;

Virtual reality

M

MFA. See Muscle function analysis (MFA)

MIDI. See Musical Instrument Digital Interface (MIDI)

Meals, Read-to-Eat (MREs), 536.

See also Military feeding systems and rations

Microsoft®, 524

Military feeding systems and rations

cognitive performance applications of military nutrition research, 519-525

cognitive performance effects of performance-optimizing ration components , 505

cognitive performance effects of underconsumption of rations, 505, 522

food deprivation, cognitive performance effects, 505, 521

nueroscience (nutritional) research, 522

See also MREs;

Military personnel;

Unified Group Ration

Military personnel

operational, cognitive performance assessment, 520-525, 533-544

See also Military feeding systems and rations

Miniaturization

performance (cognitive) assessment technologies, 523

Suggested Citation:"Index." Institute of Medicine. 1997. Emerging Technologies for Nutrition Research: Potential for Assessing Military Performance Capability. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/5827.
×

See also Computers

Motionlogger Actigraph, 505-506, 537.

See also Physical activity

Motion sickness simulation studies, 560-561

Motor vehicle operation

simulation use for human performance measurement, 551-562

See also IDS

Muscle function analysis (MFA), 505

clinical trials summary, 511-514

device description, 508-509

dialysis (renal) patients study, 513

HIV/AIDS patients study, 512-513

nutritional status assessment, use for, 507-514

nutritionally compromised patients study, 513-514

test procedure, 510-511

trauma patients study, 513

See also Performance, physical

Musical Instrument Digital Interface (MIDI), 558

N

Natick Research, Development and Engineering Center, 536

National Advanced Driving Simulator (NADS), 554, 558, 560

National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, 558, 560

Nutrition. See Energy expenditure;

Health and nutritional status;

MFA;

Military feeding systems and rations

O

Office of Technology Assessment, 540

P

Performance, cognitive, 505, 506

ambulatory monitoring technology, 536-544

artificial intelligence, 524

assessment technologies for future, 522-525

field research, difficulties associated with, 533-536

food deprivation effects on, 521

interface, 523-524

miniaturization, 523

nutrition (military) research applications of, 519-525

nutritional impacts on field performance, research issues, 533-536

nutritional neuroscience implications for, 522

rations underconsumption effects on, 522

simulation use for human performance measurement, 551-562

vigilance monitoring, field technology, 540-544

See also Health and nutritional status;

IDS;

Performance, physical;

Physical activity;

Psychomotor vigilance task;

Vigilance Monitor

Performance, physical, 505, 506.

See also Health and nutritional status;

MFA;

Performance, cognitive;

Physical activity

Physical activity

monitoring devices for field use, 536-540

See also Health and nutritional status;

Motionlogger Actigraph;

Performance,

cognitive;

Performance, physical

Precision Control Devices, 537

Suggested Citation:"Index." Institute of Medicine. 1997. Emerging Technologies for Nutrition Research: Potential for Assessing Military Performance Capability. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/5827.
×

Psychomotor vigilance task, 505-506

testing devices, 533-544

See also Motionlogger Actigraph;

Performance, cognitive;

Vigilance Monitor

R

Rations. See Military feeding systems and rations

Renal dialysis. See Dialysis, renal

Research technologies. See Ambulatory research techniques

S

Simulation. See IDS;

Virtual reality

U

Unified Group Ration, 537-539.

See also Military feeding systems and rations

University of Iowa, 552, 559.

See also Center for Computer-Aided Design;

IDS

U.S. Army Combat Developments Experimentation Center (USACDEC), 520

U.S. Army Research Institute of Environmental Medicine (USARIEM), 520, 533, 536, 537, 540, 541, 542, 543.

See also Vigilance Monitor

U.S. Marine Corps

nutritional manipulation effects on, field study, 537-539

V

Vermont

performance (cognitive) assessment, military rations field study, 536

Vigilance Monitor, 505-506, 540-544

See also Performance, cognitive;

Psychomotor vigilance task

Virtual reality

human performance assessment using, 551-562

See also Computers;

IDS

W

World Wide Web, 524

Suggested Citation:"Index." Institute of Medicine. 1997. Emerging Technologies for Nutrition Research: Potential for Assessing Military Performance Capability. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/5827.
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Emerging Technologies for Nutrition Research: Potential for Assessing Military Performance Capability Get This Book
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The latest of a series of publications based on workshops sponsored by the Committee on Military Nutrition Research, this book's focus on emerging technologies for nutrition research arose from a concern among scientists at the U.S. Army Research Institute of Environmental Medicine that traditional nutrition research, using standard techniques, centered more on complex issues of the maintenance or enhancement of performance, and might not be sufficiently substantive either to measure changes in performance or to predict the effects on performance of stresses soldiers commonly experience in operational environments. The committee's task was to identify and evaluate new technologies to determine whether they could help resolve important issues in military nutrition research. The book contains the committee's summary and recommendations as well as individually authored chapters based on presentations at a 1995 workshop. Other chapters cover techniques of body composition assessment, tracer techniques for the study of metabolism, ambulatory techniques for the determination of energy expenditure, molecular and cellular approaches to nutrition, the assessment of immune function, and functional and behavioral measures of nutritional status.

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