INDEX
This index is organized in sections according to the part of the book covered.
I
COMMITTEE SUMMARY AND RECOMMENDATIONS
A
Adenosine triphosphate (ATP), 16
Anthropometric measurements, 2, 7, 8, 9, 12, 19, 52, 53, 54, 66, 67
See also BMI;
CAT;
Dualenergy x-ray absorptiometry;
MRI
Antibodies, 2, 25, 27, 30-32, 61-63, 66-67, 68
cloning of, 31-32
See also CDR;
Immune function;
Polymerase chain reaction;
Vaccines and vaccination
B
BC. See Body composition assessment
BIA. See Bioelectric impedance analysis (BIA)
BIS. See Bioimpedance spectroscopy (BIS)
BMD. See Body mineral density (BMD)
BMI. See Body mass index (BMI)
Bioelectric impedance analysis (BIA), 9, 12, 13, 52, 53, 54, 66, 67
Biological warfare, 62
Vibrio cholerae, 29
See also Poisons and poisoning
Board on Military Supplies, vii
Body composition assessment, ix, 2, 4, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 15, 16, 17, 20, 51, 52-54, 66, 67.
See also Anthropometric measurements;
BIA;
BIS;
CAT;
DLW;
Dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry;
FFM;
Hydrodensitometry;
MRI;
NIR spectroscopy;
PET;
Ultrasound
weight-for-height screen, 7, 12
Body measurements. See Anthropometric measurements
Bone mineral density (BMD), 8.
See also Body composition assessment;
Osteoporosis
C
CAT. See Computerized axial tomography (CAT)
CDR. See Complementarity determining region (CDR)
CMNR. See Committee on Military Nutrition Research (CMNR)
Cardiovascular (CV) diseases
Cell-mediated immune functions, 26-28, 61
cytokines, 24, 26-28, 32, 61-62
Cellular approach to nutrition, ix, 2, 4, 21, 51, 58-60, 66, 67-68
isolated cells, 23, 24, 25, 26, 32-33, 58-60
Cholesterol, 21
Committee on Military Nutrition Research (CMNR), vii-xi, 1-2, 4, 5-6, 24, 38, 51, 52, 59, 62, 66, 67, 68
Complementarity determining region (CDR), 31-32
Computerized axial tomography (CAT), 2, 10, 13, 14, 52, 53, 66, 67
CAT spiral imaging, 11
Computers
assessments using, 36-38, 64, 65, 67
data collection and analysis, viii, 34
interface technology, 37-38
miniaturization of, 36-37, 64, 65, 67, 68
Conclusions and recommendations, 52-68
ambulatory techniques for measurement of energy expenditure, 56-58, 66
body composition assessment, 52-54, 66, 67
functional and behavioral measures of nutritional status, 63-65, 67, 68
immune function assessment, 61-63, 66-67, 68
molecular and cellular approaches to nutrition, 58-60, 66, 67-68
tracer techniques for study of metabolism, 54-56, 66
Cost/benefit analysis, 1, 5, 53, 55, 57, 59, 61-62, 64-65
D
DEXA. See Dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry
DLW. See Doubly labeled water technique (DLW)
DXA. See Dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry
Department of Defense (DoD), viii, 68
appropriations, 1, 4, 5, 53, 55, 57, 59-60, 62, 65, 66, 67-68
See also SBIR
Diseases and disorders. See CV diseases;
Enteric diseases;
Infectious diseases;
Respiratory diseases
Doubly labeled water technique (DLW), 13, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 54, 55, 56, 57, 58, 66.
See also Energy expenditure
Dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry, 2, 8, 9, 12, 13, 14, 52, 53, 54, 66, 67
E
Energy expenditure, ix, 2, 4, 13, 14, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 51, 55, 56, 57, 58, 66.
See also DLW;
FCM;
Metabolism;
NIR spectroscopy
Enterotoxins, 30-31
cholera toxin (CT), 30-31
heat-labile enterotoxin (LT), 30-31
F
FCM. See Foot contact monitor (FCM)
Fat-free mass (FFM), 8, 11, 12, 53.
See also Body composition assessment
Food and food industry, vii, viii, 20.
See also Military feeding systems and rations
Foot contact monitor (FCM), 18, 19, 20, 21, 66
G
Gene expression, 21, 22, 23, 24, 30, 58-59, 66, 67-68.
See also DNA;
RNA
H
Health and nutritional status, 3, 4, 6, 11, 12, 17, 24, 33-36, 51, 54, 66
behavioral and functional measures of, ix, 2, 4, 33, 51
chronic disease risk, 7
environmental effects on, vii, viii, 12, 17, 54
food deprivation and, 35
functional and behavioral measures of, ix, 2, 4, 33, 51
hydration status, 7, 8, 9, 10, 12, 52, 66, 67
musculoskeletal injury risk, 7
physical trauma risk, 33
See also CV diseases;
Energy expenditure;
Enteric diseases;
Infectious diseases;
Metabolism;
Performance, cognitive;
Performance, physical;
Poisons and poisoning;
Respiratory diseases
Hydrodensitometry, 7, 8, 9, 12, 13
I
IDS. See Iowa Driving Simulator (IDS)
Imaging techniques. See Body composition assessment;
CAT;
MRI
Immune function, ix, 2, 4, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29-33, 51, 61-63, 66, 68
monoclonal antibody and flow cytometry technology, 26
See also Antibodies;
Cell-mediated immune functions;
Hormones;
Immunotherapy;
Lymphocyte function;
Phagocytic cell assays;
Vaccines and vaccination
Immunization. See Vaccines and vaccination
Infectious diseases, 26, 27, 29, 62, 66-67, 68.
See also Biological warfare;
Respiratory diseases and disorders;
Vaccines and vaccination
Instruments and measuring devices, 8, 36-38
gas chromatography-mass spectrometer, 15
isotope ratio mass spectrometer, 15, 19
Motionlogger Actigraph, 36
psychomotor vigilance task, 37
Vigilance Monitor, 36
See also FCM;
IDS
In vitro assessment, 20, 23, 24, 25, 26, 28, 32, 58, 59
In vivo assessment, 20, 23, 24, 25, 31, 58, 59
Iowa Driving Simulator (IDS), 37-38
Isotopes, stable, 2, 13-20, 54-56, 57, 66, 67
L
See also FCM
Lymphocyte function, 28-29
M
MFA. See Muscle function analysis (MFA)
MND. See Military Nutrition Division (MND)
Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), 2, 10, 11, 13, 14, 16, 17, 52, 53, 54, 55, 56, 66, 67.
See also Body composition assessment;
NMR
Metabolism, ix, 2, 4, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 51, 54-57, 66
metabolites, 20-22, 54, 55, 56, 57
See also Energy expenditure;
Isotopes, stable;
NMR;
PET;
Tracer techniques
Microencapsulation technology, 32, 33
Military feeding systems and rations, viii, 6, 17, 19, 35
Military Nutrition and Biochemical Division. See Military Nutrition Division (MND)
Military Nutrition Division (MND), vii, 1, 4, 5, 12, 17, 51, 52, 55, 66, 67, 68.
See also USARIEM
Military personnel, viii, 3, 6
operational (in field operations), viii, ix, 5, 6, 12, 17, 19, 24, 35
See also Military feeding systems and rations;
U.S. Army Rangers;
U.S. Special Forces;
Women in military
Molecular approach to nutrition, ix, 2, 4, 21, 51, 58-60, 66, 67-68
Muscle contraction, involuntary, 33-34
Muscle function analysis (MFA), 34, 63-65
N
NIR. See Near-infrared (NIR) spectroscopy
NMR. See Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR)
National Institutes of Health Technology Assessment Conference on Bioelectrical Impedance Analysis in Body Composition Measurement, 10
Near-infrared (NIR) spectroscopy, 9, 18, 20, 21, 56, 57, 58.
See also Energy expenditure
Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), 16-17.
See also Metabolism;
MRI
Nutrition. See Cellular approach to nutrition;
Energy expenditure;
Health and nutritional status;
Immune function;
Metabolism;
MFA;
Military feeding systems and rations;
Molecular approach to nutrition;
Muscle contraction, involuntary;
Performance, cognitive;
Performance,
physical
O
Osteoporosis, 8.
See also BMD
P
PET. See Positron emission tomography (PET)
Performance, cognitive, vii, viii, ix, 2, 3, 5, 6, 33, 35-38, 51, 63-65, 67, 68
assessment technology, 35-38
vigilance, 37-38
See also Health and nutritional status
Performance, physical, vii, viii, ix, 2, 5, 6, 7, 11, 12, 13, 35, 51, 53, 63-65.
See also Health and nutritional status
Phagocytic cell assays, 29
Plants and vegetation, 31, 61, 66, 68
transgenic plants, 31, 61, 66, 68
See also Potato;
Tobacco and tobacco use
Poisons and poisoning, 23, 29.
See also Biological warfare
Polymerase chain reaction, 31-33
Positron emission tomography (PET), 15, 16, 17, 55, 56.
See also Metabolism
Potato
for oral vaccination delivery, 30
R
RNA. See Ribonucleic acid (RNA)
Race. See Ethnicity
Radioactivity
exposure to, 10, 11, 23, 52-53
Recommendations. See Conclusions and recommendations
Research technologies, viii-ix
ambulatory methods, ix, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 12, 13, 14, 16, 17, 18, 19, 21, 28, 33, 35-37, 53, 54, 56-58, 60, 63, 65, 66, 67
noninvasive, 3, 18, 20, 21, 34, 55, 56, 58
See also Body composition assessment;
In vitro assessment;
In vivo assessment;
Tracer techniques
Respiratory diseases and disorders, 25, 27
Ribonucleic acid (RNA), 21
S
Small Business Innovative Research (SBIR), 1, 5, 53, 55, 57, 59
Stable isotopes. See Isotopes, stable
T
Tobacco and tobacco use for oral vaccination delivery, 30
Toxins. See Poisons and poisoning
Tracer techniques, ix, 2, 4, 13, 14, 15, 51, 54-56, 66.
See also Isotopes, stable;
Metabolism;
NMR: PET
U
Ultrasound, 9
USAMRMC. See U.S. Army Medical Research and Materiel Command (USAMRMC)
USARIEM. See U.S. Army Research Institute of Environmental Medicine (USARIEM)
U.S. Army Medical Research and Materiel Command (USAMRMC), vii, 68
U.S. Army Medical Research Institute for Infectious Diseases, 68
U.S. Army Rangers
research involving, 4, 62, 63, 67
U.S. Army Research Institute of Environmental Medicine (USARIEM), vii, ix, 36, 51-52, 66, 68.
See also MND
U.S. Special Forces
research involving, 24
V
Vaccines and vaccination, 2, 25, 29-33, 59, 61-63, 66-67, 68
delivery systems, 30-31, 33, 61-63, 68
recombinant bacterial antigen for oral vaccination, 30, 33
See also Antibodies;
Immune function;
Infectious diseases
W
II
THE CURRENT ARMY PROGRAM AND ITS FUTURE NEEDS
A
Army Regulations, 75
B
Body composition assessment, 75
C
Caffeine, 73
Carbohydrates, 73
F
Food additives, 73-74
antioxidant mixtures, 74
choline, 73-74
creatine, 73
ergogenic additives, 73
glutamine, 74
tryptophan, 73
tyrosine, 73-74
See also Caffeine;
Carbohydrates;
Military feeding systems and rations
Food and food industry. See Caffeine;
Carbohydrates;
Food additives;
Millitary feeding systems and rations
Food Nutrition Research and Engineering Board, 72
H
Health and nutritional status, 69, 72-73, 75
combat stress, 73-74
food deprivation and, 72-74
iron supplementation, 74-75
sleep deprivation and, 72-74
I
Immune function, 73-74
Immunosuppression
dietary treatments to counteract, 73-74
M
MND. See Military Nutrition Division (MND)
MRDAs. See Military Recommended Dietary Allowances (MRDAs)
Military feeding systems and rations, 69, 72, 73, 75, 76
dietary intake (of fat, cholesterol, salt), 75
dietary intervention, 73-74
hydration (oral) drinks, 75
Long Life Ration Packet, 74
Meal, Ready-to-Eat, 74
multi-serving tray packs, 74
New Generation Survival Ration, 74
operational rations and field feeding systems, 72, 73, 74, 75, 76
Ration, Cold Weather, 74
Ration, Lightweight, 74
See also Food additives;
Military nutritional standards;
Military personnel;
MRDAs
Military Nutrition and Biochemical Division. See MND
Military Nutrition Division (MND), 72.
See also USARIEM
Military Nutrition Research Program, 71-76
Military nutritional standards, 74-75.
See also MRDAs
Military Operational Medicine Directorate, 72
Military personnel, 69-76
garrisoned, 72
operational (in field operations), 69, 72, 73, 75-76
See also Military feeding systems and rations;
U.S. Army Rangers;
U.S. Special Forces;
Women in military
Military Recommended Dietary Allowances (MRDAs), 74-75
N
Natick Research, Development and Engineering Center Survivability Directorate, 72
Nutrition
diet, 72
dietary intervention, 73-74
See also Nutritional strategies;
Performance, cognitive;
Performance-enhancing ration components;
Performance, physical
Nutritional strategies, 72-74.
See also Performance-enhancing ration components
O
Office of the Secretary of Defense for Science and Technology. See Food Nutrition Research and Engineering Board
P
Performance, cognitive, 69, 71-72, 73
Performance-enhancing ration components, 73.
See also Caffeine;
Carbohydrates
Performance, physical, 69, 71-72, 73
R
Rations. See Military feeding systems and rations
S
U
USAMRMC. See U.S. Army Medical Research and Materiel Command (USAMRMC)
USARIEM. See U.S. Army Research Institute of Environmental Medicine (USARIEM)
U.S. Army Medical Research and Materiel Command (USAMRMC), 72.
See also Military Operational Medicine Directorate
U.S. Army Rangers
U.S. Army Research Institute of Environmental Medicine (USARIEM), 69, 72.
See also MND
U.S. Army Soldier Systems Command. See Natick Research, Development and Engineering Center
U.S. Special Forces
W
Women in military, 74-75
dietary intake and nutritional status of, 75
iron status of, 74-75
III
TECHNIQUES OF BODY COMPOSITION ASSESSMENT
A
Adipose tissue (AT), 79, 85, 86, 87, 128-130, 132-133, 136-143, 144
Adolescents
in military training, 82
Alcohol use and abuse, 98
Anthropometric measurements, 79, 95-96, 97-113
muscle mass distribution, 97-106
See also Body fat topography and physiology;
CAT;
Circumference equations;
Dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry;
MRI;
Muscle mass distribution;
Skinfold equations;
TBW;
Underwater weighing
Army Body Composition Study, 90, 99, 100
Army Medical Nutrition Laboratory, 108
Army Regulations, 83, 85, 87, 99, 107
Army War College, 99
Army Weight Control Program, 83, 85, 86, 96, 98, 105-106
Athletics
Kenyan runners, 112
B
BC. See Body composition assessment
BIA. See Bioelectric impedance analysis (BIA)
BMC. See Bone mineral content (BMC)
BMD. See Bone mineral density (BMD)
BMI. See Body mass index (BMI)
Bioelectric impedance analysis (BIA), 80, 93, 95-96, 107, 109, 110, 111, 113, 169-186
biological parameters, 182-183
blood chemistry and, 181
body composition and, 174-176
body composition change analysis, 176
body water and, 172-174
clinical uses and limitations, 185-186
electrical parameters, 182-183
ethnicity and, 181-182
history of, 170-172
multifrequency bioelectrical impedance, 177-181
multifrequency bioelectrical impedance spectral analysis, 179-181
performance of, 184
safety of, 183-184
segmental bioelectrical impedance, 176-177
standardization of, 184
validity, 185
See also National Institutes of Health Technology Assessment Conference on Bioelectrical Impedance Analysis in Body Composition Measurement;
TBW
Biometric Survey of Army Officers, 85
Body composition assessment, 79-114, 124-126, 127-144, 148-150, 151 -163, 166-167, 169-187, 190-192, 193-197
Army body composition standards, 82-87
body fat, 79-80, 85-86, 97-106, 142-143, 152, 154-155, 159-161, 162
bone mineral, 79-80, 152, 154-155
maturational changes in, 85
muscle mass distribution, 97-106
nonbone lean tissue, 79-80, 152, 154-155
organ level, 79
regional body composition, 162
skeletal muscle mass, 128, 129
tissue (soft) composition in bone regions, 159
tissue-system level, 79
tissue thickness, 158-159
See also Anthropometric measurements;
Army Body Composition Study;
AT;
BIA;
BMC;
BMD;
Body fat topography and physiology;
CAT;
Circumference
equations;
Durnin and Womersley equations;
Dualenergy x-ray absorptiometry;
FFM;
Hydrodensitometry;
Imaging techniques;
Infrared interactance;
MRI;
NIR spectroscopy;
Skinfold equations;
TBBM;
TBW;
Ultrasound
Body fat topography and physiology, 97-106
male body fat, 97-100, 102, 104, 105
Body mass index (BMI), 79, 85, 86, 93, 105
weight-for-height screen, 85
Body measurements. See Anthropometric measurements
Bone mineral content (BMC), 79-80, 90-94, 151, 152, 154-155.
See also FFM;
TBBM
Bone mineral density (BMD), 79-80, 93, 151-154, 155
dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry assessment of, 152-154, 155
See also Body composition assessment
C
CAT. See Computerized axial tomography (CAT)
CT. See Computerized axial tomography (CAT)
Circumference equations, 96-106, 107
U.S. Army, 96-106
U.S. Marine Corps, 97, 98, 101, 102
U.S. Navy, 97, 98, 100, 101, 102, 103, 104
Computerized axial tomography (CAT), 79, 100, 127-136, 138, 141-144, 162
advantages and disadvantages, 141-142
body component reconstruction, 132-134
cadavers and, 135-136
fat measurement use, 142-143
future applications, 143-144
in vivo, 136
phantoms and, 135-136
physical basis of methods, 130-132
reproducibility, 136
spiral imaging, 143
validation studies, 135-137
See also Imaging techniques
D
DEXA. See Dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry
DPA. See Dual-photon absorptiometry
DXA. See Dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry
Diseases and disorders. See CV diseases
Dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry, 79-80, 82, 92-95, 99, 100, 102, 107, 109, 110, 111, 113, 151-163
body composition assessment, 154-161
bone mineral density assessment, 151, 152-154, 155
equipment, 152
error sources, 157-159
hydrodensitometry comparisons, 159-161
regional body composition assessment, 162
reliability and precision, 152, 154-155
underlying principles, 156-157
See also International DXA Standardization Committee
Dual-photon absorptiometry (DPA), 92, 109, 152
Durnin and Womersley equations, 93, 96
E
ECFV. See Extracellular fluid volume (ECFV)
Echo Planar Imaging (EPI), 143-144
Electric power. See BIA
Ethnicity, 91, 92, 93-94, 96, 100, 104, 181-182
European Fat Distribution Study, 104
Extracellular fluid volume (ECFV), 173-174, 178
F
Fat-free mass (FFM), 90-92, 96, 103, 105-113, 174-176, 180, 183, 185, 186
lean mass assessments, 105-106
See also Body composition assessment;
BMC;
Hydration status
Fort Atkinson, Wisconsin, 152
G
Gender, 79, 83-84, 91, 92-94, 96, 97-106
H
Health and nutritional status, 106-113
energy stores, 81
exercise habits, 98
muscular strength potential, 81
optimizing strategies, 82
risk of musculoskeletal injury, 81
See also Alcohol use and abuse;
CV diseases;
Hydration status;
Malnutrition;
Metabolism;
Obesity;
Performance, physical;
Tobacco and tobacco use
Heymsfield four-compartment model, 92-93.
See also Underwater weighing
androgenicity, 104-105
Hydration status, 80, 81, 90-92, 95, 96, 106-113, 157-158.
See also FFM
Hydrodensitometry, 79, 92, 156, 159-161
dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry comparisons, 159-161
I
Imaging techniques, 95-96, 127-144, 148-150
phantoms, 128
See also CAT;
MRI
Infrared interactance, 95-97
In vivo assessment, 130, 136, 154
International DXA Standardization Committee, 154
K
Kenya
runners, 112
L
M
Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), 79, 127-132, 134-135, 137-144
advantages and disadvantages, 141-142
animals and, 137
body component reconstruction, 132, 134-135
cadavers and, 137
computerized axial tomography comparison, 138
fat measurement use, 142-143
future applications, 143-144
phantoms and, 137
physical basis of methods, 130-131, 132
validation studies, 135, 137-140
See also Imaging techniques
Magnetic resonance spectroscopy. See MRI
Malnutrition, 90-91, 110, 113, 186
fasting, 94
Maternity. See Pregnancy
Metropolitan Life Insurance Company, 98
Military personnel
combat readiness, 82
training, 108-109
See also Army Weight Control Program;
Military standards;
U.S. Army
Rangers;
U.S. Special Forces;
Women in military
Military standards
body fat equations compared to criterion methods, 87-97
body fat standards, 82-113
selection and fitness standards, 82
See also Military personnel
Minnesota Starvation Study, 91, 113
N
NMR. See Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR)
National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES), 186
National Institutes of Health
National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, Nutrition Sciences Branch, 182
Office of Medical Applications of Research, 182
Technology Assessment Conference on Bioelectrical Impedance Analysis in Body Composition Measurement, 96, 169, 172, 182-186
Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), 128.
See also MRI
Nutrition
nutritional compromise, 111-113
See also Health and nutritional status;
Malnutrition;
Metabolism;
Performance, physical
O
military personnel research, 82, 83, 84, 86
weight loss and maintenance, 109
weight loss and maintenance of military personnel, 83, 96, 107, 109, 111-113
See also Army Weight Control Program;
Health and nutritional status
Osteoporosis. See BMD
P
Performance, physical, 82-83, 105-106.
See also Health and nutritional status
Pregnancy
of women in military, 82
R
Race. See Ethnicity
Radioactivity
exposure to, 128
Research technologies
ambulatory methods, 94, 95, 109
See also In vitro assessment;
In vivo assessment
S
Skinfold equations, 93, 95-97, 107, 109, 111-113
Smoking. See Tobacco and tobacco use
Soft-tissue analysis. See DPA;
Dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry
Stress
factors, 81-82
See also Alcohol use and abuse;
Tobacco and tobacco use
T
TBBM. See Total body bone mineral content (TBBM)
TBW. See Total body water (TBW)
Tobacco and tobacco use, 88, 98
Total body bone mineral content (TBBM), 151
Total body water (TBW), 80, 92, 108, 109, 110, 111, 171, 172-174, 176, 178, 183, 184, 185-186.
See also ECFV
U
Ultrasound, 95-96
Underwater weighing, 81, 87-97, 100, 102, 107, 108, 109, 110-111
criterion measure, 92-94
errors produced by assumptions, 90-92
four-compartment model, 91, 92-94
residual volume measurement, 88
shortcomings of, 87-90
two-compartment model, 87-91, 110-111
See also Heymsfield four-compartment model
U.S. Army Rangers
research involving, 90-91, 96, 110-113
W
Women in military, 91-92, 93, 97, 98, 99-105, 106, 107-108, 113
pregnancy of, 82
X
X ray, 128.
See also CAT
IV
TRACER TECHNIQUES FOR THE STUDY OF METABOLISM
A
American College of Pathologists, 207
Amino acid metabolism, 231-241, 243
Animals. See Dogs
B
Baltimore Longitudinal Study of Aging, 242
Breath ratio method, 216-222
advantages and disadvantages, 219-221
ambulatory use of, 222
cost/benefit analysis, 221
methodology, 216-218
performance of, 218-219
practicality of, 221-222
research (current) using, 219
See also Metabolic substrate oxidation
C
Calorimetry, indirect. See Breath ratio method
Carbohydrate oxidation, 216-222.
See also Metabolic substrate oxidation; Metabolism
D
Diabetes. See Noninsulindependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM)
Diabetes mellitus. See Noninsulindependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM)
Diabetes, Type II. See Noninsulindependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM)
Dogs
research involving, 241-249
F
Fat oxidation, 216-222.
See also Metabolic substrate oxidation;
Metabolism
Fatty acids kinetics, 216, 222-225, 226.
See also Metabolic substrate oxidation;
Metabolism
Free fatty acids (FFA). See Metabolic substrate oxidation;
Metabolism
G
Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS), 206-207
Glucose kinetics, 216, 222-225, 226.
See also Metabolic substrate oxidation;
Metabolism
Glucose transport-phosphorylation, 264-265.
See also Muscle glycogen metabolism
Glycogen metabolism. See Liver glycogen metabolism;
Muscle glycogen metabolism;
Metabolism
H
Health and nutritional status. See Metabolism;
NIDDM;
Physical activity
I
In vivo assessment, 231-249
Isotopes, stable, 201-212, 215-227, 231-249.
See also Mass spectrometry;
Metabolic substrate oxidation;
Metabolism;
MIDA;
PET
L
Liver glycogen metabolism, 259-261, 266-268
M
Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). See NMR spectroscopy
Mass isotopomer distribution analysis (MIDA), 209
Mass spectrometry, 206-207, 216-227.
See also GC-MS;
Isotopes, stable
Metabolic substrate oxidation, 215-227
advantages and disadvantages, 219-221, 225-227
ambulatory use, 222
cost/benefit analysis, 221
methodologies, 216-218, 222-225
performance of, 218-219
practicality of, 221-222
research (current) involving, 219
See also Breath ratio method;
Carbohydrate oxidation;
Fat oxidation;
Fatty acids kinetics;
Glucose kinetics;
Metabolism;
TG;
Tracer infusion
Metabolism, 199-212, 215-227, 231-249, 259-270.
See also Amino acid metabolism;
Carbohydrate oxidation;
Fat oxidation;
Fatty acids kinetics;
Gluconeogenesis;
Glucose kinetics;
Glucose
transport-phosphorylation;
Isotopes, stable;
Liver glycogen metabolism;
Metabolic substrate oxidation;
Muscle glycogen metabolism;
NMR;
PET;
Protein metabolism;
Tracer techniques
Muscle glycogen metabolism, 259-265, 268.
See also Glucose transport-phosphorylation
Musculoskeletal system, 241-249
N
Noninsulindependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM), 259-260, 262-265, 267-268
Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy, 259-270
advantages and disadvantages, 268-270
applications, 262-264
basic principles, 260-264
spectrometer, 261-262
Nutrition. See Metabolism
O
Oxidation. See Metabolic substrate oxidation
P
Physical activity
Positron emission tomography (PET), 231-249, 268-269
applications of, 239-249
nuclide production, 238-239
positron decay, 236-238
radiation annihilation, 236-238
radiotracer synthesis, 238-239
skeletal muscle research involving, 241-249
Protein metabolism, 231-249
muscle protein synthesis, 241-249
R
Radioactivity, 236-238
Research technologies. See In vivo assessment
S
Substrate oxidation. See Metabolic substrate oxidation
T
TBBM. See Total body bone mineral content (TBBM)
TG. See Triglyceride (TG)
Tracer infusion
advantages and disadvantages, 225-227
balance technique, 225
biopsy analysis, 225-226
methodology, 222-225
radioactive tracers, 225, 226-227
See also Metabolic substrate oxidation
Tracer techniques, 199-212, 215-227, 231-249, 259-270.
See also Isotopes, stable;
Metabolism;
NMR;
PET
See also Glucose kinetics
V
AMBULATORY TECHNIQUES FOR MEASUREMENT OF ENERGY EXPENDITURE
A
Aerobic exercise
energetics and mechanics during, 321-332
running and walking, research on foot contact monitor, 318-334
See also Locomotion;
Physical activity
AeroSport, 298
Ambulatory research techniques
energy expenditure measurement, 279-290, 297-308, 315-334
oxygen uptake measurement, 279, 297-308
Animals
energy expenditure and locomotion, research involving, 321-334
Anthropometric measurements
animals (large vs. small), metabolic cost of force generation, 331
Army Weight Control Program, 319
B
BC. See Body composition assessment
Basal metabolic rate (BMR)
Oxylog measurement of, 307
Beer's Law, 348
Blood and blood products. See Metabolites, plasma
Body composition assessment. See Anthropometric measurements;
DLW;
NIR spectroscopy;
TBW;
Water turnover
Body measurements. See Anthropometric measurements
C
Calorimetry, indirect, 281, 282, 287.
See also Energy expenditure
Committee on Military Nutrition Research (CMNR), 319
Computers
oxygen uptake measurement systems, 298-308
breath-by-breath (BBB) metabolic measurement system comparison, 302
Oxylog comparisons, 305
specifications, 300-302
validity-reliability of, 302-304
See also Energy expenditure;
Minute ventilation;
Oxygen uptake
D
DB. See Douglas bags (DB)
Doubly labeled water technique (DLW), 279, 281-290
cold weather study of, 285-286
drawbacks of, 290
field-training effects on, 288
isotope (baseline) concerns for, 288
isotope dilution space ratios, importance of, 286-287
military nutrition concerns for, 288-290
multiple-dosing, 288
protocol, 283-287
sampling, two-point vs. multipoint method, 284-286
theory of, 282-287
See also Energy expenditure
Douglas bags (DB), 298, 302-304, 306.
See also Oxygen uptake
E
Effective mechanical advantage (EMA), 331.
See also Locomotion
Energy expenditure
ambulatory measurement of, 279-290, 297-308, 315-334
DLW measurement of, 281-290
foot contact time measurement of locomotion metabolic cost, 315-334
metabolites (plasma) measurement, near-infrared spectroscopy use, 345-354
oxygen uptake measurement, portable equipment use, 297-308
See also Calorimetry, indirect;
COSMED K2;
DLW;
FCM;
Fuel utilization;
I/B;
Locomotion;
Minute ventilation;
NIR spectroscopy;
Oxygen uptake;
Oxylog;
RER;
SensorMedics 2900 Metabolic Analysis System;
TBW;
TEEM 100
F
FCM. See Foot contact monitor (FCM)
Field research. See Ambulatory research techniques
Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO), 307
Food and food industry. See Military feeding systems and rations
Foot contact monitor (FCM), 280, 315-334
advantages and disadvantages of, 332-334
epidemiology and patient rehabilitation use of, 320-321
macronutrient requirements determination using, 319
physical fitness monitoring using, 319-320
technology applications of, 317-321
technology description of, 316-317
weight management using, 319
See also Energy expenditure;
Locomotion
Fuel utilization
ambulatory measurement of, 279-290, 297-308, 315-334
See also Energy expenditure
G
Gas isotope ratio mass spectrometer, 281, 284, 290
H
Health and nutritional status
physical fitness, 318-320
See also Energy expenditure;
Fuel utilization;
Hydration status;
Metabolism;
Obesity;
Physical activity
Hydration status, 283.
See also Health and nutritional status;
TBW;
Water turnover
I
Instruments and measuring devices. See COSMED K2;
DB;
FCM;
Gas isotope
ratio mass spectrometer;
KM respirometer;
NIR spectroscopy;
Oxylog;
SensorMedics 2900 Metabolic Analysis System;
TEEM 100
Intake balance method (I/B), 281.
See also Energy expenditure
In vitro assessment, 280, 329, 351-352
In vivo assessment, 280, 352-354
Isotopes, stable
K
Kofranyi-Michaelis (KM) respirometer, 298.
See also Oxygen uptake
L
animals (large vs. small), metabolic cost of generating force, 331
body weight support and metabolic cost, relationship during, 325-326
energetics and mechanics of, 321-334
foot contact time changes, insights from, 328-331
force generation link to energetic fundamentals during, 326-327
metabolic rates during, 321-332
muscular efficiency during, 323-325
terrestrial locomotion fundamentals, 321-323
See also Aerobic exercise;
EMA;
FCM;
Physical activity
M
Metabolism. See BMR;
Energy expenditure;
Fuel utilization;
Isotopes,
stable;
Metabolites, plasma;
RMR
Metabolites, plasma
monitoring of, 280
near-infrared spectroscopy use for measurement, 345-354
Military feeding systems and rations
macronutrient requirements of personnel in operations, 319
See also Army Weight Control Program;
Military personnel
Military personnel
operational (in field operations), 319
physical fitness of, 319-320
See also Army Weight Control Program;
Military feeding systems and
rations;
U.S. Army Rangers
Minute ventilation, 279, 298-308
specifications of systems, 299-302, 304-305
validity-reliability of, 300, 302-304, 305-306
See also COSMED K2;
Energy expenditure;
Oxylog;
RER;
SensorMedics
2900 Metabolic Analysis System;
TEEM 100
N
Near-infrared (NIR) spectroscopy, 280,
applications of, 351-354
background summary, 346
chemometric methods, 346-351
in vivo analysis using, 351-352
in vivo analysis using, 352-354
metabolites (plasma) measurement using, 345-354
multivariate regression, 350-351
noninvasive measurement use, 345-354
univariate least squares, 348-350
See also Energy expenditure
Nutrition. See Energy expenditure;
Health and nutritional status;
Military feeding systems and rations
O
Obesity
weight management, foot contact monitor use, 319
locomotion and, 321-322
specifications of measurement systems, 299-302, 304-305
validity-reliability of measurement systems, 300, 302-304, 305-306
See also COSMED K2;
DB;
Energy expenditure;
KM respirometer;
Oxylog;
RER;
SensorMedics 2900 Metabolic Analysis System;
TEEM 100
basal metabolic rate measurement, 307
Hartmann and Braun Metabolator, comparison with, 307
resting metabolic rate measurement, 307
specifications, 304-305
validity-reliability of, 305-306
ventilated tent and hood, comparison with, 307
whole-body indirect calorimeter, comparison with, 307
See also Energy expenditure;
Minute ventilation;
Oxygen uptake
P
Physical activity
epidemiology and, 320-321
exercise and fitness, 319-320
foot contact monitor and, 318-320
patient rehabilitation and, 320-321
weight management and, 319
See also Aerobic exercise;
Locomotion
R
RER. See Respiratory exchange ratio (RER)
RMR. See Resting metabolic rate (RMR)
Regression analysis
DLW, 284-287
NIR spectroscopy, 347-351
Research technologies, noninvasive, 345-354.
See also Ambulatory research techniques;
Body composition assessment;
In vitro assessment;
In vivo assessment
Respiratory exchange ratio (RER), 299-300, 301, 304, 306.
See also Energy expenditure;
Minute ventilation;
Oxygen uptake
Resting metabolic rate (RMR)
Oxylog measurement of, 307
S
SensorMedics 2900 Metabolic Analysis System
TEEM 100 comparison, 300
See also Energy expenditure;
Minute ventilation;
Oxygen uptake
Stable isotopes. See Istopes, stable
T
Total body water (TBW), 279, 282, 283, 284, 286-287.
See also Body composition assessment;
Energy expenditure;
Hydration status
Total Energy Expenditure Measurement system (TEEM 100), 298-300
Oxylog comparisons, 305
SensorMedics 2900 system comparison, 300
specifications, 299-300
validity-reliability of, 300
See also Energy expenditure;
Minute ventilation;
Oxygen uptake
U
USARIEM. See U.S. Army Research Institute of Environmental Medicine (USARIEM)
United Nations University (UNU), 307
U.S. Army Rangers
research involving, 288-289
U.S. Army Research Institue of Environmental Medicine (USARIEM), 285, 306
V
Vacumed, 298
W
Water turnover, 283, 285, 286, 288.
See also Body composition assessment;
Energy expenditure;
Hydration status
World Health Organization (WHO), 306-307
VI
MOLECULAR AND CELLULAR APPROACHES TO NUTRITION
A
Adenosine triphosphate (ATP), 406, 410, 411
Antibodies. See Polymerase chain reaction
C
See also Cell function
Carbohydrates
hepatic gene expression regulation using, 380-382
Cell biochemistry
organ physiology derivation from, 401-402
See also Cellular approach to nutrition
Cell function
energy metabolism of cells, measurement of, 404
hypoxia cellular response, measurements of, 406
hypoxia stress effects on cells, 404
hypoxia (tissue) cell models, 405-406
identification of correct cell and model, 405
practical issues, 405-407
proton flux measurement use, 406-407
total cell mass function, physiologic reserve measurement of, 402
See also Caco-2 cells;
Cellular approach to nutrition;
Cellular dysfunction;
Glycolytic cells;
Hep-G2 cells;
Oxidative cells;
WIF-B cells
Cellular approach to nutrition, 361, 362, 389-398, 401-412.
See also Cell biochemistry;
Cell function;
Cellular dysfunction;
Isolated cells
Cellular dysfunction
acute cell dysfunction, cellular parameters, 403-404
hypoxia stress effects on cells, 404
physiologic stress, assessment during, 401-412
stress multiple responses of cells, 403
See also Cellular approach to nutrition;
Cellular function;
Splanchnic dysfunction
Cholesterol
gene expression regulation using, 378-380
See also LDL receptor
D
Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA), 364-368, 376-379, 381-382
Dinitrophenol (DNP), 409, 410, 411
E
Energy expenditure
cell energy metabolism, 404, 406-407
See also Metabolism; Proton flux
F
Farnesol receptors, 383
Flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD), 396.
See also Vitamins
Flavin mononucleotide (FMN), 396.
See also Vitamins
Food and food industry. See Military feeding systems and rations
G
Gene expression, 361-362
carbohydrate regulation of hepatic gene expression, 380-382
cholesterol regulation of, 378-380
dietary metal supplementation for gene regulation, 368-369
gene regulation, metalresponsive, 366-367
metabolic regulation of, 375-383
military uses for metals in gene regulation, 368-369
mRNA differential display, 367-368
nutrition effects on, 375-383
trace metals role in, 361, 362, 363-369
See also DNA;
Farnesol receptors;
Gene transcription;
LDL receptor;
Molecular approach to nutrition;
PCR;
PPARs;
RNA;
Steroid receptors
Gene transcription
carbohydrate regulation of hepatic gene expression, 380-382
cholesterol regulation of gene expression, 378-380
metabolites as direct effectors of transcription factors, 382-383
metal-responsive gene regulation, 366-367
technologies for studying, 377-378
transcription and its regulation, 376-377
See also Gene expression;
MRE
Glucosides
pyridoxine-5'-ß-D-glucoside, 391-394
riboflavin-5'-a-D-glucoside, 394-398
See also Vitamins
Glycolysis
hypoxia, upregulation during, 409-410
Glycolytic cells
hypoxia, activity during, 409-410
H
Health and nutritional status. See Cell function;
Cellular approach
to nutrition;
Cellular dysfunction;
Energy expenditure;
Metabolism;
Military feeding systems and rations;
Organ physiology;
Physiologic
reserve;
Physiology
See also Cell function
Hypoxia
cellular effects of, 404
cellular response, measurement of, 406
glycolytic cells activity during, 409-410
ischemic-hypoxic stress, splanchnic dysfunction during, 407-411
metabolic rate changes during, 409
oxidative cell activity during, 410-411
tissue hypoxia, cell models of, 405-406
See also Stress
I
Institute of Medicine, 408
In vivo assessment, 366
Iron
gene expression role of, 361, 364
See also Trace metals
Isolated cells
vitamin transport and disposition, study of, 389-398
See also Cellular approach to nutrition
L
Lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), 408, 409
Lipoprotein receptor (LDL receptor), 378-379
M
MRE. See Metal response element (MRE)
Metabolism
hypoxia, rate changes during, 409
oxidative cells, effects on during hypoxia, 410-411
See also Energy expenditure;
Metabolites
Metabolites
as direct effectors of transcription factors, 382-383
Metal response element (MRE), 366-367, 368.
See also Gene transcription
Military feeding systems and rations
gene regulation by metal dietary supplementation, 368-369
metals supplementation for gene regulation, 368-369
Military personnel. See Military feeding systems and rations
Molecular approach to nutrition, 361-362
metabolic regulation of gene expression, 375-383
metals role in gene expression, 363-369
See also Gene expression
N
Nutrition. See Cellular approach to nutrition;
Energy expenditure;
Metabolism;
Military feeding systems and rations;
Molecular approach
to nutrition;
Vitamins
Nutritional Needs in Hot Environments, 404
O
Organ physiology, 401-402.
See also Physiology
Oxidative cells
metabolic rate, effects on during hypoxia, 410-411
P
PCR. See Polymerase chain reaction (PCR)
PLP. See Pyridoxal 5'-phosphate (PLP)
Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs), 382-383
Physiologic reserve
cell mass function, measure of, 402
deterioration of, 402
Physiology
cellular assessment, transition from physiologic, 401-403
cellular dysfunction assessment during physiologic stress, 401-411
See also Organ physiology;
Physiologic reserve
Polymerase chain reaction (PCR), 367.
See also Gene expression
Proton flux
cell energy metabolism changes, measurement of rapid responses, 406-407
Pyridoxal 5'-phosphate (PLP), 393.
See also Vitamins
R
RNA. See Ribonucleic acid (RNA)
Research technologies. See In vivo assessment
Riboflavin. See Glucosides
Ribonucleic acid (RNA), 376-377
mRNA and iron, 364
mRNA differential display, 367-368
See also Gene expression
S
Splanchnic dysfunction, 407-411
cell culture lines, variations in, 408-409
glycolytic cells activity during hypoxia, 409-410
hypoxia, metabolic rate changes during, 409
oxidative cells activity during hypoxia, 410-411
See also Cellular dysfunction
Steroid receptors, 382-383.
See also Farnesol receptors;
PPARs
Stress
cellular multiple responses to stress, 403
See also Hypoxia
T
TCA. See Tricarboxylic acid (TCA)
Trace metals
gene expression role of, 361, 362, 363-369
gene regulation, metal-responsive, 366-367
gene regulation, metals use in, 368-369
See also Iron;
Zinc
Tricarboxylic acid (TCA), 406, 407
V
Vitamins
transport and disposition study, use of isolated-cell techniques, 389-398.
See also FAD;
FMN;
Glucosides;
PLP
W
See also Cell function
Z
Zinc
DNA binding and zinc fingers, 365-366
gene expression role of, 361, 363-369
zinc fingers and DNA binding, 365-366
See also Trace metals
VII
ASSESSMENT OF IMMUNE FUNCTION
A
passive immunity need for, 481-484
See also CDR;
Immune function;
PCR;
Vaccines and Vaccination
Antigens
E. coli, 419
immune response to, studies of, 436-438
Athletics
runners, research involving, 423-424
C
CDR. See Complementarity determining region (CDR)
Cell-mediated immune functions
CD8 homing and cross-regulation, 461
CD8+ intraepithelial lymphocytes, functions, 461
CD8 T-cell heterogeneity, 460
compartmentalization of, 459-462
cytokines (circulating) assay, 440-441
evaluation of, 438-444
lymphocyte function in vitro assays, 441-444
lymphocyte populations and subpopulations, 438-440
mucosal T-cells, 460
peripheral T-cells, 460
receptors (soluble) assay, 440-441
T-cell phenotypes assessment, 462
See also Compartmentalization of immune function;
Cytokines;
ELISA;
Immune function;
Lymphocyte function;
Receptors
Committee on Military Nutrition Research (CMNR), 476
Compartmentalization of immune function, 453-467
B-cell compartmentalization, conditions influencing, 466-467
cell-mediated immunity, 459-462
humoral immunity, 456
lymphocyte traffic and, 462-464
mucosal immunity and secretory IgA, 458-459
peripheral immunity and IgG, 456-458
T-cell compartmentalization, conditions influencing, 464-466
See also Cell-mediated immune functions;
Humoral immune responses;
Immune function;
Langerhans cells;
Lymphocyte function;
Mucosal immune
function;
Peripheral immune function;
Peyer's patch;
Vaccines and
vaccination
Complementarity determining region (CDR), 482-484.
See also Antibodies
Cytokines
circulating cytokines assay, 440-441
inflammation and sepsis detection, use of plasma cytokines, 419-420
plasma cytokines measurement factors, 421-423
urinary cytokines field measurement, 423-425
See also Cell-mediated immune functions;
Immune function;
LEM
D
Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA), 441-442, 452, 481-482
E
ELISA. See Enzyme-linked immunoabsorption (ELISA)
Enterotoxins
immunization delivery technologies, 476-480
cholera toxin (CT), 476-480
E. coli heat-labile enterotoxin (LT), 478-480
See also Vaccines and vaccination
Enzyme-linked immunoabsorption (ELISA), 440, 442.
See also Cell-mediated immune functions
F
FDA. See Food and Drug Administration (FDA)
Fish and fish products
oil (fish) dietary supplementation effects, 434-435, 438
Food and Drug Administration (FDA), 475, 479
Food and food industry. See Fish and fish products
G
Gene expression. See DNA
Germany
runners, research involving, 423-424
H
Health and nutritional status. See Inflammation;
Sepsis;
Vaccines
and vaccination
Humoral immune responses, 433-438
antibody levels measurement, 433-437
compartmentalization of, 456
immunoglobulin (serum) measurement, 433-437
in vitro responses, study of, 438
See also Antibodies;
Immune function;
Immunoglobulin, serum
I
Immune function, 415-416, 417-425, 431-445, 451-484
abnormal immune function assessment, 415-416, 417-425, 431-445
humoral immune responses, evaluation, 433-438
monoclonal antibody and flow cytometry technology, 438
mucosal immune function, vaccine development, 415-416, 451-484
passive immunity antibody, 481-484
See also Antibodies;
Antigens;
Cell-mediated immune functions;
Compartmentalization of immune function;
Cytokines;
Humoral immune responses;
Immunoglobulin, serum;
Inflammation;
LEM;
Lymphocyte function;
Mucosal immune function;
Peripheral immune function;
Phagocytic cell assays;
Receptors;
Sepsis;
Vaccines and vaccination
Immunization. See Vaccines and vaccination
Immunoglobulin, serum, 433-438.
See also Humoral immune responses;
Immune function
Infectious diseases. See Antigens;
Enterotoxins;
Vaccines and vaccination
Inflammation
cytokine (plasma and urinary) use to detect presence of, 417-425
See also Immune function;
Sepsis;
SIRS
In vitro assessment
humoral immune response study, 438
lymphocyte function assays, 441-444
L
See also Cell-mediated immune functions;
Compartmentalization of
immune function
Leukocyte endogenous mediator (LEM), 418.
See also Cytokines;
Immune function
Lymphocyte function
compartmentalization of, 462-464
cytokines (circulating) assay, 440-441
functional assays of, 443-444
in vitro assays of, 441-444
mitogenic assays of, 441-443
populations and subpopulations, 438-440
receptors (soluble) assay, 440-441
See also Cell-mediated immune functions;
Immune function
M
MAPW. See Multicohort Analysis Project Workshop (MAPW)
Meals, Ready-to-Eat (MREs) vaccination (oral) delivery using, 452
Microencapsulation technology
adjuvant effects of biodegradable microspheres, 475
immunization delivery technologies, 475-476
vaccines (microencapsulated) and cross-regulation, 476
Military feeding systems and rations. See MREs;
Military personnel
Military personnel
immunization issues, 451-484
Mucosal immune function, 468-474
compartmentalization of, 458-459
cross-regulation vs. tolerance, 470-471
oral tolerance and, 470-474
secretory IgA and, 458-459
suppression vs. tolerance, 471
T-helper subclasses, 471-473
vaccines development for, 451-484
See also Immune function
Multicohort Analysis Project Workshop (MAPW), 439
N
National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey III, 436
Naval Medical Research Institute, 478
New England Journal of Medicine cytokine research, 419
Nutrition. See Immune function
P
PCR. See Polymerase chain reaction (PCR)
PMN. See Polymorphonuclear (PMN) leukocytes
Peripheral immune function, 468-474
compartmentalization of, 456-458
IgG and, 456-458
See also Immune function
Peyer's patch, 462, 463, 464, 466, 472, 473, 476, 479.
See also Cell-mediated immune functions;
Compartmentalization of
immune function
Phagocytic cell assays, 444-445.
See also Immune function;
PMN leukocytes
Plants and vegetation. See Transgenic plants
Polymerase chain reaction (PCR), 482.
See also Antibodies
Polymorphonuclear (PMN) leukocytes, 444-445.
See also Phagocytic cell assays
R
Receptors
cytokines (plasma) measurement factors, 421-423
soluble receptors assay, 440-441
See also Cell-mediated immune functions;
Immune function
Research technologies
field measurement of urinary cytokines, 423-425
See also In vitro assessment
S
SIRS. See Systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS)
Sepsis
cytokine (plasma and urinary) use for detection, 419-425
See also Immune function;
Inflammation
Space flight
astronauts weight loss, research involving, 424
Systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS), 420, 423.
See also Inflammation
T
Toxins. See Enterotoxins
Transgenic plants
B-cells use for complementarity-determining region isolation and expression in, 482
recombinant human antibodies production in, 483-484
vaccine production use, 480-481
U
U.S. Army Medical Research Institute for Infectious Diseases, 470, 477, 482
V
Vaccines and vaccination, 436-437, 451-484
compartmentalization of immune responses, 453-467
conventional modes, issues, 468-474
cross-regulation, incompatibility with complete protective immunity , 474
cross-regulation, solutions to, 474-480
enterotoxin-derived carriers, 476-480
microencapsulation of, 452, 475-476
mucosal immune function, vaccine development, 451-484
oral tolerance and mucosal immunity, 470-474
passive immunity antibody, 481-484
T-helper subclasses, 471-474
tolerance v. cross-regulation, 470-471
tolerance v. suppression, 471
transgenic plants, production use, 480-481
See also Antibodies;
Enterotoxins;
Immune function
VIII
FUNCTIONAL AND BEHAVIORAL MEASURES OF NUTRITIONAL STATUS
A
AASHTO. See American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO)
AIDS. See HIV/AIDS
Abbott Laboratories
Ross Products Division, 507, 511
Aberdeen Proving Ground, Maryland, 557, 558, 559
Age
muscle function analysis study, age group differences, 512
Ambulatory Monitoring, Inc., 537
Ambulatory research techniques, 533-544
American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO), 557
American Psychological Association, 525
Apple®, 524
Arid zones
desert environment, field study on military rations, 537-539
Artificial intelligence
associates, use for cognitive performance assessment, 524
See also Computers
C
Center for Computer-Aided Design, 552, 558, 559.
See also University of Iowa
Committee on Military Nutrition Research (CMNR), 520, 521
Computers
artificial intelligence (associates), use for cognitive performance assessment, 524
interface technology, use for cognitive performance assessment, 523-524
miniaturization, use for cognitive performance assessment, 523
muscle function analysis device, description of, 508-509
See also Artificial intelligence;
Interface technology;
IDS;
Miniaturization;
Motionlogger Actigraph;
Vigilance Monitor;
Virtual reality
D
DIS. See Distributed Interactive Simulation (DIS)
Daimler-Benz simulator, 558
Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA), 557, 558, 560
Department of Defense (DoD), 558
Department of Transportation (DoT), 558
Dialysis, renal
muscle function analysis study, summary, 513
Diseases and disorders. See Health and nutritional status;
HIV/AIDS
Distributed Interactive Simulation (DIS), 558, 559
E
Energy expenditure
activity monitoring technology, 537
See also Health and nutritional status
F
Food and food industry. See Military feeding systems and rations
Fort Walton Beach, Florida, 537
G
Gender
muscle function analysis study, gender differences, 512
Germany
Daimler-Benz simulator, 558
H
HCSM. See Hierarchical Concurrent State Machine (HCSM) formalism
HMMWV. See High-mobility multipurpose wheeled vehicle (HMMWV)
Health and nutritional status
behavioral measures of, 505-506, 519-525, 533-544
food deprivation effects on cognitive performance, 505, 521
functional measures of, 505-506, 507-514, 551-562
muscle function analysis as indicator of, 507-514
underconsumption of rations, effects on cognitive performance, 522
See also Energy expenditure;
HIV/AIDS;
Motion sickness;
Performance,
cognitive;
Performance, physical;
Physical activity
Hierarchical Concurrent State Machine (HCSM) formalism, 555.
See also IDS
High-mobility multipurpose wheeled vehicle (HMMWV), 557, 558, 559
HIV/AIDS
muscle function analysis study, summary, 512-513
I
IDS. See Iowa Driving Simulator (IDS)
Instruments and measuring devices
muscle function analysis device, 508-511
physical activity monitoring devices, 536-540
See also IDS;
Motionlogger Actigraph;
Vigilance Monitor
Interface technology
performance (cognitive) assessment technologies, 523-524
See also Computers
Iowa Driving Simulator (IDS), 551-562
audio, 554
experimenting using, 556-562
motion feedback, 554
motion sickness and, 560-561
research community and, 560
research issues and limitations, 556
scenario control, 555
tactile and instrument feedback, 554-555
technical overview, 552-556
validation, 561-562
visual feedback, 553
See also HCSM formalism;
Virtual reality
M
MFA. See Muscle function analysis (MFA)
MIDI. See Musical Instrument Digital Interface (MIDI)
Meals, Read-to-Eat (MREs), 536.
See also Military feeding systems and rations
Microsoft®, 524
Military feeding systems and rations
cognitive performance applications of military nutrition research, 519-525
cognitive performance effects of performance-optimizing ration components , 505
cognitive performance effects of underconsumption of rations, 505, 522
food deprivation, cognitive performance effects, 505, 521
nueroscience (nutritional) research, 522
See also MREs;
Military personnel;
Unified Group Ration
Military personnel
operational, cognitive performance assessment, 520-525, 533-544
See also Military feeding systems and rations
Miniaturization
performance (cognitive) assessment technologies, 523
See also Computers
Motionlogger Actigraph, 505-506, 537.
See also Physical activity
Motion sickness simulation studies, 560-561
Motor vehicle operation
simulation use for human performance measurement, 551-562
See also IDS
Muscle function analysis (MFA), 505
clinical trials summary, 511-514
device description, 508-509
dialysis (renal) patients study, 513
HIV/AIDS patients study, 512-513
nutritional status assessment, use for, 507-514
nutritionally compromised patients study, 513-514
test procedure, 510-511
trauma patients study, 513
See also Performance, physical
Musical Instrument Digital Interface (MIDI), 558
N
Natick Research, Development and Engineering Center, 536
National Advanced Driving Simulator (NADS), 554, 558, 560
National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, 558, 560
Nutrition. See Energy expenditure;
Health and nutritional status;
MFA;
Military feeding systems and rations
O
Office of Technology Assessment, 540
P
Performance, cognitive, 505, 506
ambulatory monitoring technology, 536-544
artificial intelligence, 524
assessment technologies for future, 522-525
field research, difficulties associated with, 533-536
food deprivation effects on, 521
interface, 523-524
miniaturization, 523
nutrition (military) research applications of, 519-525
nutritional impacts on field performance, research issues, 533-536
nutritional neuroscience implications for, 522
rations underconsumption effects on, 522
simulation use for human performance measurement, 551-562
vigilance monitoring, field technology, 540-544
See also Health and nutritional status;
IDS;
Performance, physical;
Physical activity;
Psychomotor vigilance task;
Vigilance Monitor
Performance, physical, 505, 506.
See also Health and nutritional status;
MFA;
Performance, cognitive;
Physical activity
Physical activity
monitoring devices for field use, 536-540
See also Health and nutritional status;
Motionlogger Actigraph;
Performance,
cognitive;
Performance, physical
Precision Control Devices, 537
Psychomotor vigilance task, 505-506
testing devices, 533-544
See also Motionlogger Actigraph;
Performance, cognitive;
Vigilance Monitor
R
Rations. See Military feeding systems and rations
Renal dialysis. See Dialysis, renal
Research technologies. See Ambulatory research techniques
S
Simulation. See IDS;
Virtual reality
U
Unified Group Ration, 537-539.
See also Military feeding systems and rations
See also Center for Computer-Aided Design;
IDS
U.S. Army Combat Developments Experimentation Center (USACDEC), 520
U.S. Army Research Institute of Environmental Medicine (USARIEM), 520, 533, 536, 537, 540, 541, 542, 543.
See also Vigilance Monitor
U.S. Marine Corps
nutritional manipulation effects on, field study, 537-539
V
Vermont
performance (cognitive) assessment, military rations field study, 536
Vigilance Monitor, 505-506, 540-544
See also Performance, cognitive;
Psychomotor vigilance task
Virtual reality
human performance assessment using, 551-562
See also Computers;
IDS
W
World Wide Web, 524