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INDEX
This index is organized in sections according to the part of the book covered.
I
COMMITTEE SUMMARY AND RECOMMENDATIONS
A
Adenosine triphosphate (ATP), 16
Anthropometric measurements, 2, 7, 8, 9, 12, 19, 52, 53, 54, 66, 67
fat mass, 6, 12, 13
See also BMI;
CAT;
Dualenergy x-ray absorptiometry;
MRI
Antibodies, 2, 25, 27, 30-32, 61-63, 66-67, 68
cloning of, 31-32
production of, 25-26, 32
See also CDR;
Immune function;
Polymerase chain reaction;
Vaccines and vaccination
Army Regulations, 7, 12
B
BC. See Body composition assessment
BIA. See Bioelectric impedance analysis (BIA)
BIS. See Bioimpedance spectroscopy (BIS)
BMD. See Body mineral density (BMD)
BMI. See Body mass index (BMI)
Bioelectric impedance analysis (BIA), 9, 12, 13, 52, 53, 54, 66, 67
Bioimpedance spectroscopy (BIS), 9, 52
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Biological warfare, 62
Vibrio cholerae, 29
See also Poisons and poisoning
Board on Military Supplies, vii
Body composition assessment, ix, 2, 4, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 15, 16, 17, 20, 51, 52-54, 66, 67.
See also Anthropometric measurements;
BIA;
BIS;
CAT;
DLW;
Dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry;
FFM;
Hydrodensitometry;
MRI;
NIR spectroscopy;
PET;
Ultrasound
Body mass index (BMI), 7, 67
weight-for-height screen, 7, 12
body fat, 8, 66
Body measurements. See Anthropometric measurements
Bone mineral density (BMD), 8.
See also Body composition assessment;
Osteoporosis
C
CAT. See Computerized axial tomography (CAT)
CDR. See Complementarity determining region (CDR)
CMNR. See Committee on Military Nutrition Research (CMNR)
Cardiovascular (CV) diseases
risk of, 11, 13
Cell-mediated immune functions, 26-28, 61
cytokines, 24, 26-28, 32, 61-62
receptors, 26-27, 32
Cellular approach to nutrition, ix, 2, 4, 21, 51, 58-60, 66, 67-68
isolated cells, 23, 24, 25, 26, 32-33, 58-60
Cholesterol, 21
Committee on Military Nutrition Research (CMNR), vii-xi, 1-2, 4, 5-6, 24, 38, 51, 52, 59, 62, 66, 67, 68
Complementarity determining region (CDR), 31-32
Computerized axial tomography (CAT), 2, 10, 13, 14, 52, 53, 66, 67
CAT spiral imaging, 11
Computers
assessments using, 36-38, 64, 65, 67
data collection and analysis, viii, 34
interface technology, 37-38
miniaturization of, 36-37, 64, 65, 67, 68
Conclusions and recommendations, 52-68
ambulatory techniques for measurement of energy expenditure, 56-58, 66
body composition assessment, 52-54, 66, 67
functional and behavioral measures of nutritional status, 63-65, 67, 68
immune function assessment, 61-63, 66-67, 68
molecular and cellular approaches to nutrition, 58-60, 66, 67-68
tracer techniques for study of metabolism, 54-56, 66
Cost/benefit analysis, 1, 5, 53, 55, 57, 59, 61-62, 64-65
D
DEXA. See Dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry
DLW. See Doubly labeled water technique (DLW)
DXA. See Dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry
Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA), 21, 22, 23, 28, 31
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Department of Defense (DoD), viii, 68
appropriations, 1, 4, 5, 53, 55, 57, 59-60, 62, 65, 66, 67-68
See also SBIR
Diseases and disorders. See CV diseases;
Enteric diseases;
Infectious diseases;
Respiratory diseases
Doubly labeled water technique (DLW), 13, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 54, 55, 56, 57, 58, 66.
See also Energy expenditure
Dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry, 2, 8, 9, 12, 13, 14, 52, 53, 54, 66, 67
E
Energy expenditure, ix, 2, 4, 13, 14, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 51, 55, 56, 57, 58, 66.
See also DLW;
FCM;
Metabolism;
NIR spectroscopy
Enteric diseases, 29, 30
Enterotoxins, 30-31
cholera toxin (CT), 30-31
heat-labile enterotoxin (LT), 30-31
Ethnicity, 8, 52, 67
F
FCM. See Foot contact monitor (FCM)
Fat-free mass (FFM), 8, 11, 12, 53.
See also Body composition assessment
Food and food industry, vii, viii, 20.
See also Military feeding systems and rations
Foot contact monitor (FCM), 18, 19, 20, 21, 66
G
Gender, 7, 8, 11, 13, 67
Gene expression, 21, 22, 23, 24, 30, 58-59, 66, 67-68.
See also DNA;
RNA
H
Health and nutritional status, 3, 4, 6, 11, 12, 17, 24, 33-36, 51, 54, 66
behavioral and functional measures of, ix, 2, 4, 33, 51
chronic disease risk, 7
environmental effects on, vii, viii, 12, 17, 54
food deprivation and, 35
functional and behavioral measures of, ix, 2, 4, 33, 51
hydration status, 7, 8, 9, 10, 12, 52, 66, 67
muscular strength, 7, 11
musculoskeletal injury risk, 7
physical fitness, 7, 11, 19
physical trauma risk, 33
See also CV diseases;
Energy expenditure;
Enteric diseases;
Infectious diseases;
Metabolism;
Performance, cognitive;
Performance, physical;
Poisons and poisoning;
Respiratory diseases
Hormones, 24, 26, 27, 28, 29
Hydrodensitometry, 7, 8, 9, 12, 13
I
IDS. See Iowa Driving Simulator (IDS)
Imaging techniques. See Body composition assessment;
CAT;
MRI
Immune function, ix, 2, 4, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29-33, 51, 61-63, 66, 68
monoclonal antibody and flow cytometry technology, 26
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See also Antibodies;
Cell-mediated immune functions;
Hormones;
Immunotherapy;
Lymphocyte function;
Phagocytic cell assays;
Vaccines and vaccination
Immunization. See Vaccines and vaccination
Immunotherapy, 31, 33
Infectious diseases, 26, 27, 29, 62, 66-67, 68.
See also Biological warfare;
Respiratory diseases and disorders;
Vaccines and vaccination
Instruments and measuring devices, 8, 36-38
gas chromatography-mass spectrometer, 15
isotope ratio mass spectrometer, 15, 19
mass spectrometers, 15, 55
Motionlogger Actigraph, 36
psychomotor vigilance task, 37
simulators, 33, 65
Vigilance Monitor, 36
See also FCM;
IDS
In vitro assessment, 20, 23, 24, 25, 26, 28, 32, 58, 59
In vivo assessment, 20, 23, 24, 25, 31, 58, 59
Iowa Driving Simulator (IDS), 37-38
Isotopes, stable, 2, 13-20, 54-56, 57, 66, 67
L
Locomotion, 18, 19, 21.
See also FCM
Lymphocyte function, 28-29
M
MFA. See Muscle function analysis (MFA)
MND. See Military Nutrition Division (MND)
Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), 2, 10, 11, 13, 14, 16, 17, 52, 53, 54, 55, 56, 66, 67.
See also Body composition assessment;
NMR
Metabolism, ix, 2, 4, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 51, 54-57, 66
metabolites, 20-22, 54, 55, 56, 57
See also Energy expenditure;
Isotopes, stable;
NMR;
PET;
Tracer techniques
Microencapsulation technology, 32, 33
Military feeding systems and rations, viii, 6, 17, 19, 35
Military Nutrition and Biochemical Division. See Military Nutrition Division (MND)
Military Nutrition Division (MND), vii, 1, 4, 5, 12, 17, 51, 52, 55, 66, 67, 68.
See also USARIEM
Military personnel, viii, 3, 6
garrisoned, viii, 17
operational (in field operations), viii, ix, 5, 6, 12, 17, 19, 24, 35
See also Military feeding systems and rations;
U.S. Army Rangers;
U.S. Special Forces;
Women in military
Molecular approach to nutrition, ix, 2, 4, 21, 51, 58-60, 66, 67-68
Muscle contraction, involuntary, 33-34
Muscle function analysis (MFA), 34, 63-65
N
NIR. See Near-infrared (NIR) spectroscopy
NMR. See Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR)
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National Institutes of Health Technology Assessment Conference on Bioelectrical Impedance Analysis in Body Composition Measurement, 10
Near-infrared (NIR) spectroscopy, 9, 18, 20, 21, 56, 57, 58.
See also Energy expenditure
Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), 16-17.
See also Metabolism;
MRI
Nutrition. See Cellular approach to nutrition;
Energy expenditure;
Health and nutritional status;
Immune function;
Metabolism;
MFA;
Military feeding systems and rations;
Molecular approach to nutrition;
Muscle contraction, involuntary;
Performance, cognitive;
Performance,
physical
O
Osteoporosis, 8.
See also BMD
P
PET. See Positron emission tomography (PET)
Performance, cognitive, vii, viii, ix, 2, 3, 5, 6, 33, 35-38, 51, 63-65, 67, 68
assessment technology, 35-38
vigilance, 37-38
See also Health and nutritional status
Performance, physical, vii, viii, ix, 2, 5, 6, 7, 11, 12, 13, 35, 51, 53, 63-65.
See also Health and nutritional status
Phagocytic cell assays, 29
Plants and vegetation, 31, 61, 66, 68
transgenic plants, 31, 61, 66, 68
See also Potato;
Tobacco and tobacco use
Poisons and poisoning, 23, 29.
See also Biological warfare
Polymerase chain reaction, 31-33
Positron emission tomography (PET), 15, 16, 17, 55, 56.
See also Metabolism
Potato
for oral vaccination delivery, 30
R
RNA. See Ribonucleic acid (RNA)
Race. See Ethnicity
Radioactivity
exposure to, 10, 11, 23, 52-53
Recommendations. See Conclusions and recommendations
Research technologies, viii-ix
ambulatory methods, ix, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 12, 13, 14, 16, 17, 18, 19, 21, 28, 33, 35-37, 53, 54, 56-58, 60, 63, 65, 66, 67
noninvasive, 3, 18, 20, 21, 34, 55, 56, 58
See also Body composition assessment;
In vitro assessment;
In vivo assessment;
Tracer techniques
Respiratory diseases and disorders, 25, 27
Ribonucleic acid (RNA), 21
mRNA, 21, 23
S
Small Business Innovative Research (SBIR), 1, 5, 53, 55, 57, 59
Stable isotopes. See Isotopes, stable
T
Tobacco and tobacco use for oral vaccination delivery, 30
Toxins. See Poisons and poisoning
Trace minerals, 21, 22
zinc, 22, 23
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Tracer techniques, ix, 2, 4, 13, 14, 15, 51, 54-56, 66.
See also Isotopes, stable;
Metabolism;
NMR: PET
U
Ultrasound, 9
USAMRMC. See U.S. Army Medical Research and Materiel Command (USAMRMC)
USARIEM. See U.S. Army Research Institute of Environmental Medicine (USARIEM)
U.S. Army Medical Research and Materiel Command (USAMRMC), vii, 68
U.S. Army Medical Research Institute for Infectious Diseases, 68
U.S. Army Rangers
research involving, 4, 62, 63, 67
U.S. Army Research Institute of Environmental Medicine (USARIEM), vii, ix, 36, 51-52, 66, 68.
See also MND
U.S. Special Forces
research involving, 24
V
Vaccines and vaccination, 2, 25, 29-33, 59, 61-63, 66-67, 68
delivery systems, 30-31, 33, 61-63, 68
recombinant bacterial antigen for oral vaccination, 30, 33
See also Antibodies;
Immune function;
Infectious diseases
W
Women, 11, 13
Women in military, 4, 17
II
THE CURRENT ARMY PROGRAM AND ITS FUTURE NEEDS
A
Army Regulations, 75
B
Body composition assessment, 75
C
Caffeine, 73
Carbohydrates, 73
F
Food additives, 73-74
antioxidant mixtures, 74
choline, 73-74
creatine, 73
ergogenic additives, 73
glutamine, 74
tryptophan, 73
tyrosine, 73-74
See also Caffeine;
Carbohydrates;
Military feeding systems and rations
Food and food industry. See Caffeine;
Carbohydrates;
Food additives;
Millitary feeding systems and rations
Food Nutrition Research and Engineering Board, 72
H
Health and nutritional status, 69, 72-73, 75
combat stress, 73-74
food deprivation and, 72-74
iron supplementation, 74-75
sleep deprivation and, 72-74
I
Immune function, 73-74
Immunosuppression
dietary treatments to counteract, 73-74
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M
MND. See Military Nutrition Division (MND)
MRDAs. See Military Recommended Dietary Allowances (MRDAs)
Military feeding systems and rations, 69, 72, 73, 75, 76
dietary intake (of fat, cholesterol, salt), 75
dietary intervention, 73-74
garrison feeding, 72, 75
hydration (oral) drinks, 75
Long Life Ration Packet, 74
Meal, Ready-to-Eat, 74
multi-serving tray packs, 74
New Generation Survival Ration, 74
operational rations and field feeding systems, 72, 73, 74, 75, 76
Ration, Cold Weather, 74
Ration, Lightweight, 74
See also Food additives;
Military nutritional standards;
Military personnel;
MRDAs
Military Nutrition and Biochemical Division. See MND
Military Nutrition Division (MND), 72.
See also USARIEM
Military Nutrition Research Program, 71-76
Military nutritional standards, 74-75.
See also MRDAs
Military Operational Medicine Directorate, 72
Military personnel, 69-76
garrisoned, 72
operational (in field operations), 69, 72, 73, 75-76
See also Military feeding systems and rations;
U.S. Army Rangers;
U.S. Special Forces;
Women in military
Military Recommended Dietary Allowances (MRDAs), 74-75
N
Natick Research, Development and Engineering Center Survivability Directorate, 72
Nutrition
diet, 72
dietary intervention, 73-74
See also Nutritional strategies;
Performance, cognitive;
Performance-enhancing ration components;
Performance, physical
Nutritional strategies, 72-74.
See also Performance-enhancing ration components
O
Office of the Secretary of Defense for Science and Technology. See Food Nutrition Research and Engineering Board
P
Performance, cognitive, 69, 71-72, 73
Performance-enhancing ration components, 73.
See also Caffeine;
Carbohydrates
Performance, physical, 69, 71-72, 73
R
Rations. See Military feeding systems and rations
S
Stress, 72, 73, 74
U
USAMRMC. See U.S. Army Medical Research and Materiel Command (USAMRMC)
USARIEM. See U.S. Army Research Institute of Environmental Medicine (USARIEM)
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U.S. Army Medical Research and Materiel Command (USAMRMC), 72.
See also Military Operational Medicine Directorate
U.S. Army Rangers
research involving, 73, 75
U.S. Army Research Institute of Environmental Medicine (USARIEM), 69, 72.
See also MND
U.S. Army Soldier Systems Command. See Natick Research, Development and Engineering Center
U.S. Special Forces
research involving, 74, 75
W
Women in military, 74-75
dietary intake and nutritional status of, 75
iron status of, 74-75
III
TECHNIQUES OF BODY COMPOSITION ASSESSMENT
A
Abdominal girth, 97-100, 104
Adipose tissue (AT), 79, 85, 86, 87, 128-130, 132-133, 136-143, 144
Adolescents
in military training, 82
Age, 79, 84, 85, 93
Alcohol use and abuse, 98
Anthropometric measurements, 79, 95-96, 97-113
lean mass, 81-82, 105-106
muscle mass distribution, 97-106
See also Body fat topography and physiology;
CAT;
Circumference equations;
Dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry;
MRI;
Muscle mass distribution;
Skinfold equations;
TBW;
Underwater weighing
Army Body Composition Study, 90, 99, 100
Army Medical Nutrition Laboratory, 108
Army Regulations, 83, 85, 87, 99, 107
Army War College, 99
Army Weight Control Program, 83, 85, 86, 96, 98, 105-106
Athletics
Kenyan runners, 112
B
BC. See Body composition assessment
BIA. See Bioelectric impedance analysis (BIA)
BMC. See Bone mineral content (BMC)
BMD. See Bone mineral density (BMD)
BMI. See Body mass index (BMI)
Bioelectric impedance analysis (BIA), 80, 93, 95-96, 107, 109, 110, 111, 113, 169-186
biological parameters, 182-183
blood chemistry and, 181
body composition and, 174-176
body composition change analysis, 176
body water and, 172-174
clinical uses and limitations, 185-186
electrical parameters, 182-183
ethnicity and, 181-182
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history of, 170-172
multifrequency bioelectrical impedance, 177-181
multifrequency bioelectrical impedance spectral analysis, 179-181
performance of, 184
safety of, 183-184
segmental bioelectrical impedance, 176-177
standardization of, 184
validity, 185
See also National Institutes of Health Technology Assessment Conference on Bioelectrical Impedance Analysis in Body Composition Measurement;
TBW
Biometric Survey of Army Officers, 85
Body composition assessment, 79-114, 124-126, 127-144, 148-150, 151 -163, 166-167, 169-187, 190-192, 193-197
Army body composition standards, 82-87
body fat, 79-80, 85-86, 97-106, 142-143, 152, 154-155, 159-161, 162
bone mineral, 79-80, 152, 154-155
maturational changes in, 85
muscle mass distribution, 97-106
nonbone lean tissue, 79-80, 152, 154-155
organ level, 79
regional body composition, 162
skeletal muscle mass, 128, 129
tissue (soft) composition in bone regions, 159
tissue-system level, 79
tissue thickness, 158-159
See also Anthropometric measurements;
Army Body Composition Study;
AT;
BIA;
BMC;
BMD;
Body fat topography and physiology;
CAT;
Circumference
equations;
Durnin and Womersley equations;
Dualenergy x-ray absorptiometry;
FFM;
Hydrodensitometry;
Imaging techniques;
Infrared interactance;
MRI;
NIR spectroscopy;
Skinfold equations;
TBBM;
TBW;
Ultrasound
Body fat topography and physiology, 97-106
female body fat, 97, 99-105
male body fat, 97-100, 102, 104, 105
Body mass index (BMI), 79, 85, 86, 93, 105
body fat, 79, 85-86, 97-106
weight-for-height screen, 85
Body measurements. See Anthropometric measurements
Bone mineral content (BMC), 79-80, 90-94, 151, 152, 154-155.
See also FFM;
TBBM
Bone mineral density (BMD), 79-80, 93, 151-154, 155
dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry assessment of, 152-154, 155
See also Body composition assessment
C
CAT. See Computerized axial tomography (CAT)
CT. See Computerized axial tomography (CAT)
Cardiovascular (CV) diseases risk of, 98, 103-104, 105
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Circumference equations, 96-106, 107
U.S. Army, 96-106
U.S. Marine Corps, 97, 98, 101, 102
U.S. Navy, 97, 98, 100, 101, 102, 103, 104
Computerized axial tomography (CAT), 79, 100, 127-136, 138, 141-144, 162
advantages and disadvantages, 141-142
body component reconstruction, 132-134
cadavers and, 135-136
fat measurement use, 142-143
future applications, 143-144
in vivo, 136
phantoms and, 135-136
physical basis of methods, 130-132
reproducibility, 136
spiral imaging, 143
validation studies, 135-137
See also Imaging techniques
D
DEXA. See Dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry
DPA. See Dual-photon absorptiometry
DXA. See Dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry
Diseases and disorders. See CV diseases
Dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry, 79-80, 82, 92-95, 99, 100, 102, 107, 109, 110, 111, 113, 151-163
body composition assessment, 154-161
bone mineral density assessment, 151, 152-154, 155
equipment, 152
error sources, 157-159
hydrodensitometry comparisons, 159-161
regional body composition assessment, 162
reliability and precision, 152, 154-155
underlying principles, 156-157
validity, 152-154, 155-161
See also International DXA Standardization Committee
Dual-photon absorptiometry (DPA), 92, 109, 152
Durnin and Womersley equations, 93, 96
E
ECFV. See Extracellular fluid volume (ECFV)
Echo Planar Imaging (EPI), 143-144
Electric power. See BIA
Ethnicity, 91, 92, 93-94, 96, 100, 104, 181-182
European Fat Distribution Study, 104
Extracellular fluid volume (ECFV), 173-174, 178
F
Fat-free mass (FFM), 90-92, 96, 103, 105-113, 174-176, 180, 183, 185, 186
lean mass assessments, 105-106
See also Body composition assessment;
BMC;
Hydration status
Fort Atkinson, Wisconsin, 152
G
Gender, 79, 83-84, 91, 92-94, 96, 97-106
H
Health and nutritional status, 106-113
energy stores, 81
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exercise habits, 98
muscular strength potential, 81
optimizing strategies, 82
physical fitness, 79, 98
risk of musculoskeletal injury, 81
See also Alcohol use and abuse;
CV diseases;
Hydration status;
Malnutrition;
Metabolism;
Obesity;
Performance, physical;
Tobacco and tobacco use
Heymsfield four-compartment model, 92-93.
See also Underwater weighing
Hologic, 152, 154
Hormones, 104-105, 112
androgenicity, 104-105
Hydration status, 80, 81, 90-92, 95, 96, 106-113, 157-158.
See also FFM
Hydrodensitometry, 79, 92, 156, 159-161
dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry comparisons, 159-161
I
Imaging techniques, 95-96, 127-144, 148-150
phantoms, 128
See also CAT;
MRI
Infrared interactance, 95-97
In vitro assessment, 154, 158
In vivo assessment, 130, 136, 154
International DXA Standardization Committee, 154
K
Kenya
runners, 112
L
Lunar, 152, 154
M
Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), 79, 127-132, 134-135, 137-144
advantages and disadvantages, 141-142
animals and, 137
body component reconstruction, 132, 134-135
cadavers and, 137
computerized axial tomography comparison, 138
fat measurement use, 142-143
future applications, 143-144
phantoms and, 137
physical basis of methods, 130-131, 132
reliability, 138, 140
validation studies, 135, 137-140
See also Imaging techniques
Magnetic resonance spectroscopy. See MRI
Malnutrition, 90-91, 110, 113, 186
fasting, 94
food deprivation, 90-91, 113
Maternity. See Pregnancy
Metabolism, 82, 113
Metropolitan Life Insurance Company, 98
Military personnel
combat readiness, 82
appearance, 79, 83, 98
recruits, 82, 86
training, 108-109
See also Army Weight Control Program;
Military standards;
U.S. Army
Rangers;
U.S. Special Forces;
Women in military
Military standards
body fat equations compared to criterion methods, 87-97
body fat standards, 82-113
selection and fitness standards, 82
See also Military personnel
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mRNA differential display, 367-368
nutrition effects on, 375-383
trace metals role in, 361, 362, 363-369
See also DNA;
Farnesol receptors;
Gene transcription;
LDL receptor;
Molecular approach to nutrition;
PCR;
PPARs;
RNA;
Steroid receptors
Gene transcription
carbohydrate regulation of hepatic gene expression, 380-382
cholesterol regulation of gene expression, 378-380
metabolites as direct effectors of transcription factors, 382-383
metal-responsive gene regulation, 366-367
technologies for studying, 377-378
transcription and its regulation, 376-377
See also Gene expression;
MRE
Glucosides
pyridoxine-5'-ß-D-glucoside, 391-394
riboflavin-5'-a-D-glucoside, 394-398
See also Vitamins
Glycolysis
hypoxia, upregulation during, 409-410
Glycolytic cells
hypoxia, activity during, 409-410
H
Health and nutritional status. See Cell function;
Cellular approach
to nutrition;
Cellular dysfunction;
Energy expenditure;
Metabolism;
Military feeding systems and rations;
Organ physiology;
Physiologic
reserve;
Physiology
Hep-G2 cells, 408, 409.
See also Cell function
Hypoxia
cellular effects of, 404
cellular response, measurement of, 406
glycolytic cells activity during, 409-410
ischemic-hypoxic stress, splanchnic dysfunction during, 407-411
metabolic rate changes during, 409
oxidative cell activity during, 410-411
tissue hypoxia, cell models of, 405-406
See also Stress
I
Institute of Medicine, 408
In vivo assessment, 366
Iron
gene expression role of, 361, 364
See also Trace metals
Isolated cells
vitamin transport and disposition, study of, 389-398
See also Cellular approach to nutrition
L
Lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), 408, 409
Lipoprotein receptor (LDL receptor), 378-379
M
MRE. See Metal response element (MRE)
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Metabolism
hypoxia, rate changes during, 409
oxidative cells, effects on during hypoxia, 410-411
See also Energy expenditure;
Metabolites
Metabolites
as direct effectors of transcription factors, 382-383
Metal response element (MRE), 366-367, 368.
See also Gene transcription
Military feeding systems and rations
gene regulation by metal dietary supplementation, 368-369
metals supplementation for gene regulation, 368-369
Military personnel. See Military feeding systems and rations
Molecular approach to nutrition, 361-362
metabolic regulation of gene expression, 375-383
metals role in gene expression, 363-369
See also Gene expression
N
Nutrition. See Cellular approach to nutrition;
Energy expenditure;
Metabolism;
Military feeding systems and rations;
Molecular approach
to nutrition;
Vitamins
Nutritional Needs in Hot Environments, 404
O
Organ physiology, 401-402.
See also Physiology
Oxidative cells
metabolic rate, effects on during hypoxia, 410-411
P
PCR. See Polymerase chain reaction (PCR)
PLP. See Pyridoxal 5'-phosphate (PLP)
Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs), 382-383
Physiologic reserve
cell mass function, measure of, 402
deterioration of, 402
Physiology
cellular assessment, transition from physiologic, 401-403
cellular dysfunction assessment during physiologic stress, 401-411
See also Organ physiology;
Physiologic reserve
Polymerase chain reaction (PCR), 367.
See also Gene expression
Proton flux
cell energy metabolism changes, measurement of rapid responses, 406-407
Pyridoxal 5'-phosphate (PLP), 393.
See also Vitamins
R
RNA. See Ribonucleic acid (RNA)
Research technologies. See In vivo assessment
Riboflavin. See Glucosides
Ribonucleic acid (RNA), 376-377
mRNA and iron, 364
mRNA differential display, 367-368
See also Gene expression
S
Splanchnic dysfunction, 407-411
cell culture lines, variations in, 408-409
glycolytic cells activity during hypoxia, 409-410
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hypoxia, metabolic rate changes during, 409
oxidative cells activity during hypoxia, 410-411
See also Cellular dysfunction
Steroid receptors, 382-383.
See also Farnesol receptors;
PPARs
Stress
cellular multiple responses to stress, 403
See also Hypoxia
T
TCA. See Tricarboxylic acid (TCA)
Trace metals
gene expression role of, 361, 362, 363-369
gene regulation, metal-responsive, 366-367
gene regulation, metals use in, 368-369
See also Iron;
Zinc
Tricarboxylic acid (TCA), 406, 407
V
Vitamins
transport and disposition study, use of isolated-cell techniques, 389-398.
See also FAD;
FMN;
Glucosides;
PLP
W
WIF-B cells, 408, 409.
See also Cell function
Z
Zinc
DNA binding and zinc fingers, 365-366
gene expression role of, 361, 363-369
zinc fingers and DNA binding, 365-366
See also Trace metals
VII
ASSESSMENT OF IMMUNE FUNCTION
A
Antibodies, 433-438, 453-467
passive immunity need for, 481-484
See also CDR;
Immune function;
PCR;
Vaccines and Vaccination
Antigens
E. coli, 419
endotoxin, 419, 422
immune response to, studies of, 436-438
Athletics
runners, research involving, 423-424
C
CDR. See Complementarity determining region (CDR)
Cell-mediated immune functions
CD8 homing and cross-regulation, 461
CD8+ intraepithelial lymphocytes, functions, 461
CD8 T-cell heterogeneity, 460
compartmentalization of, 459-462
cytokines (circulating) assay, 440-441
evaluation of, 438-444
lymphocyte function in vitro assays, 441-444
lymphocyte populations and subpopulations, 438-440
mucosal T-cells, 460
peripheral T-cells, 460
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receptors (soluble) assay, 440-441
T-cell phenotypes assessment, 462
See also Compartmentalization of immune function;
Cytokines;
ELISA;
Immune function;
Lymphocyte function;
Receptors
Committee on Military Nutrition Research (CMNR), 476
Compartmentalization of immune function, 453-467
B-cell compartmentalization, conditions influencing, 466-467
cell-mediated immunity, 459-462
humoral immunity, 456
lymphocyte traffic and, 462-464
mucosal immunity and secretory IgA, 458-459
peripheral immunity and IgG, 456-458
T-cell compartmentalization, conditions influencing, 464-466
See also Cell-mediated immune functions;
Humoral immune responses;
Immune function;
Langerhans cells;
Lymphocyte function;
Mucosal immune
function;
Peripheral immune function;
Peyer's patch;
Vaccines and
vaccination
Complementarity determining region (CDR), 482-484.
See also Antibodies
Cytokines
circulating cytokines assay, 440-441
inflammation and sepsis detection, use of plasma cytokines, 419-420
plasma cytokines measurement factors, 421-423
urinary cytokines field measurement, 423-425
See also Cell-mediated immune functions;
Immune function;
LEM
D
Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA), 441-442, 452, 481-482
E
ELISA. See Enzyme-linked immunoabsorption (ELISA)
Enterotoxins
immunization delivery technologies, 476-480
cholera toxin (CT), 476-480
E. coli heat-labile enterotoxin (LT), 478-480
See also Vaccines and vaccination
Enzyme-linked immunoabsorption (ELISA), 440, 442.
See also Cell-mediated immune functions
F
FDA. See Food and Drug Administration (FDA)
Fish and fish products
oil (fish) dietary supplementation effects, 434-435, 438
Food and Drug Administration (FDA), 475, 479
Food and food industry. See Fish and fish products
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G
Gene expression. See DNA
Germany
runners, research involving, 423-424
H
Health and nutritional status. See Inflammation;
Sepsis;
Vaccines
and vaccination
Humoral immune responses, 433-438
antibody levels measurement, 433-437
compartmentalization of, 456
immunoglobulin (serum) measurement, 433-437
in vitro responses, study of, 438
See also Antibodies;
Immune function;
Immunoglobulin, serum
I
Immune function, 415-416, 417-425, 431-445, 451-484
abnormal immune function assessment, 415-416, 417-425, 431-445
humoral immune responses, evaluation, 433-438
monoclonal antibody and flow cytometry technology, 438
mucosal immune function, vaccine development, 415-416, 451-484
passive immunity antibody, 481-484
See also Antibodies;
Antigens;
Cell-mediated immune functions;
Compartmentalization of immune function;
Cytokines;
Humoral immune responses;
Immunoglobulin, serum;
Inflammation;
LEM;
Lymphocyte function;
Mucosal immune function;
Peripheral immune function;
Phagocytic cell assays;
Receptors;
Sepsis;
Vaccines and vaccination
Immunization. See Vaccines and vaccination
Immunoglobulin, serum, 433-438.
See also Humoral immune responses;
Immune function
Infectious diseases. See Antigens;
Enterotoxins;
Vaccines and vaccination
Inflammation
cytokine (plasma and urinary) use to detect presence of, 417-425
See also Immune function;
Sepsis;
SIRS
In vitro assessment
humoral immune response study, 438
lymphocyte function assays, 441-444
L
Langerhans cells, 472, 473.
See also Cell-mediated immune functions;
Compartmentalization of
immune function
Leukocyte endogenous mediator (LEM), 418.
See also Cytokines;
Immune function
Lymphocyte function
compartmentalization of, 462-464
cytokines (circulating) assay, 440-441
functional assays of, 443-444
in vitro assays of, 441-444
mitogenic assays of, 441-443
populations and subpopulations, 438-440
receptors (soluble) assay, 440-441
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See also Cell-mediated immune functions;
Immune function
M
MAPW. See Multicohort Analysis Project Workshop (MAPW)
Meals, Ready-to-Eat (MREs) vaccination (oral) delivery using, 452
Microencapsulation technology
adjuvant effects of biodegradable microspheres, 475
immunization delivery technologies, 475-476
vaccines (microencapsulated) and cross-regulation, 476
Military feeding systems and rations. See MREs;
Military personnel
Military personnel
immunization issues, 451-484
Mucosal immune function, 468-474
compartmentalization of, 458-459
cross-regulation vs. tolerance, 470-471
oral tolerance and, 470-474
secretory IgA and, 458-459
suppression vs. tolerance, 471
T-helper subclasses, 471-473
vaccines development for, 451-484
See also Immune function
Multicohort Analysis Project Workshop (MAPW), 439
N
National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey III, 436
Naval Medical Research Institute, 478
New England Journal of Medicine cytokine research, 419
Nutrition. See Immune function
P
PCR. See Polymerase chain reaction (PCR)
PMN. See Polymorphonuclear (PMN) leukocytes
Peripheral immune function, 468-474
compartmentalization of, 456-458
IgG and, 456-458
See also Immune function
Peyer's patch, 462, 463, 464, 466, 472, 473, 476, 479.
See also Cell-mediated immune functions;
Compartmentalization of
immune function
Phagocytic cell assays, 444-445.
See also Immune function;
PMN leukocytes
Plants and vegetation. See Transgenic plants
Polymerase chain reaction (PCR), 482.
See also Antibodies
Polymorphonuclear (PMN) leukocytes, 444-445.
See also Phagocytic cell assays
R
Receptors
cytokines (plasma) measurement factors, 421-423
soluble receptors assay, 440-441
See also Cell-mediated immune functions;
Immune function
Research technologies
field measurement of urinary cytokines, 423-425
See also In vitro assessment
S
SIRS. See Systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS)
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Sepsis
cytokine (plasma and urinary) use for detection, 419-425
See also Immune function;
Inflammation
Space flight
astronauts weight loss, research involving, 424
Systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS), 420, 423.
See also Inflammation
T
Toxins. See Enterotoxins
Transgenic plants
B-cells use for complementarity-determining region isolation and expression in, 482
recombinant human antibodies production in, 483-484
vaccine production use, 480-481
U
U.S. Army Medical Research Institute for Infectious Diseases, 470, 477, 482
V
Vaccines and vaccination, 436-437, 451-484
compartmentalization of immune responses, 453-467
conventional modes, issues, 468-474
cross-regulation, incompatibility with complete protective immunity , 474
cross-regulation, solutions to, 474-480
enterotoxin-derived carriers, 476-480
microencapsulation of, 452, 475-476
mucosal immune function, vaccine development, 451-484
oral tolerance and mucosal immunity, 470-474
passive immunity antibody, 481-484
T-helper subclasses, 471-474
tolerance v. cross-regulation, 470-471
tolerance v. suppression, 471
transgenic plants, production use, 480-481
See also Antibodies;
Enterotoxins;
Immune function
VIII
FUNCTIONAL AND BEHAVIORAL MEASURES OF NUTRITIONAL STATUS
A
AASHTO. See American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO)
AIDS. See HIV/AIDS
Abbott Laboratories
Ross Products Division, 507, 511
Aberdeen Proving Ground, Maryland, 557, 558, 559
Age
muscle function analysis study, age group differences, 512
Ambulatory Monitoring, Inc., 537
Ambulatory research techniques, 533-544
American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO), 557
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American Psychological Association, 525
Apple®, 524
Arid zones
desert environment, field study on military rations, 537-539
Artificial intelligence
associates, use for cognitive performance assessment, 524
See also Computers
C
Center for Computer-Aided Design, 552, 558, 559.
See also University of Iowa
Committee on Military Nutrition Research (CMNR), 520, 521
Computers
artificial intelligence (associates), use for cognitive performance assessment, 524
interface technology, use for cognitive performance assessment, 523-524
miniaturization, use for cognitive performance assessment, 523
muscle function analysis device, description of, 508-509
See also Artificial intelligence;
Interface technology;
IDS;
Miniaturization;
Motionlogger Actigraph;
Vigilance Monitor;
Virtual reality
D
DIS. See Distributed Interactive Simulation (DIS)
Daimler-Benz simulator, 558
Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA), 557, 558, 560
Department of Defense (DoD), 558
Department of Transportation (DoT), 558
Dialysis, renal
muscle function analysis study, summary, 513
Diseases and disorders. See Health and nutritional status;
HIV/AIDS
Distributed Interactive Simulation (DIS), 558, 559
E
Energy expenditure
activity monitoring technology, 537
See also Health and nutritional status
F
Food and food industry. See Military feeding systems and rations
Fort Walton Beach, Florida, 537
G
Gender
muscle function analysis study, gender differences, 512
Germany
Daimler-Benz simulator, 558
H
HCSM. See Hierarchical Concurrent State Machine (HCSM) formalism
HMMWV. See High-mobility multipurpose wheeled vehicle (HMMWV)
Health and nutritional status
behavioral measures of, 505-506, 519-525, 533-544
food deprivation effects on cognitive performance, 505, 521
functional measures of, 505-506, 507-514, 551-562
muscle function analysis as indicator of, 507-514
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underconsumption of rations, effects on cognitive performance, 522
See also Energy expenditure;
HIV/AIDS;
Motion sickness;
Performance,
cognitive;
Performance, physical;
Physical activity
Hierarchical Concurrent State Machine (HCSM) formalism, 555.
See also IDS
High-mobility multipurpose wheeled vehicle (HMMWV), 557, 558, 559
HIV/AIDS
muscle function analysis study, summary, 512-513
I
IDS. See Iowa Driving Simulator (IDS)
Instruments and measuring devices
muscle function analysis device, 508-511
physical activity monitoring devices, 536-540
See also IDS;
Motionlogger Actigraph;
Vigilance Monitor
Interface technology
performance (cognitive) assessment technologies, 523-524
See also Computers
Iowa Driving Simulator (IDS), 551-562
audio, 554
experimenting using, 556-562
motion feedback, 554
motion sickness and, 560-561
research community and, 560
research issues and limitations, 556
scenario control, 555
tactile and instrument feedback, 554-555
technical overview, 552-556
validation, 561-562
visual feedback, 553
See also HCSM formalism;
Virtual reality
M
MFA. See Muscle function analysis (MFA)
MIDI. See Musical Instrument Digital Interface (MIDI)
Meals, Read-to-Eat (MREs), 536.
See also Military feeding systems and rations
Microsoft®, 524
Military feeding systems and rations
cognitive performance applications of military nutrition research, 519-525
cognitive performance effects of performance-optimizing ration components , 505
cognitive performance effects of underconsumption of rations, 505, 522
food deprivation, cognitive performance effects, 505, 521
nueroscience (nutritional) research, 522
See also MREs;
Military personnel;
Unified Group Ration
Military personnel
operational, cognitive performance assessment, 520-525, 533-544
See also Military feeding systems and rations
Miniaturization
performance (cognitive) assessment technologies, 523
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See also Computers
Motionlogger Actigraph, 505-506, 537.
See also Physical activity
Motion sickness simulation studies, 560-561
Motor vehicle operation
simulation use for human performance measurement, 551-562
See also IDS
Muscle function analysis (MFA), 505
clinical trials summary, 511-514
device description, 508-509
dialysis (renal) patients study, 513
HIV/AIDS patients study, 512-513
nutritional status assessment, use for, 507-514
nutritionally compromised patients study, 513-514
test procedure, 510-511
trauma patients study, 513
See also Performance, physical
Musical Instrument Digital Interface (MIDI), 558
N
Natick Research, Development and Engineering Center, 536
National Advanced Driving Simulator (NADS), 554, 558, 560
National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, 558, 560
Nutrition. See Energy expenditure;
Health and nutritional status;
MFA;
Military feeding systems and rations
O
Office of Technology Assessment, 540
P
Performance, cognitive, 505, 506
ambulatory monitoring technology, 536-544
artificial intelligence, 524
assessment technologies for future, 522-525
field research, difficulties associated with, 533-536
food deprivation effects on, 521
interface, 523-524
miniaturization, 523
nutrition (military) research applications of, 519-525
nutritional impacts on field performance, research issues, 533-536
nutritional neuroscience implications for, 522
rations underconsumption effects on, 522
simulation use for human performance measurement, 551-562
vigilance monitoring, field technology, 540-544
See also Health and nutritional status;
IDS;
Performance, physical;
Physical activity;
Psychomotor vigilance task;
Vigilance Monitor
Performance, physical, 505, 506.
See also Health and nutritional status;
MFA;
Performance, cognitive;
Physical activity
Physical activity
monitoring devices for field use, 536-540
See also Health and nutritional status;
Motionlogger Actigraph;
Performance,
cognitive;
Performance, physical
Precision Control Devices, 537
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Psychomotor vigilance task, 505-506
testing devices, 533-544
See also Motionlogger Actigraph;
Performance, cognitive;
Vigilance Monitor
R
Rations. See Military feeding systems and rations
Renal dialysis. See Dialysis, renal
Research technologies. See Ambulatory research techniques
S
Simulation. See IDS;
Virtual reality
U
Unified Group Ration, 537-539.
See also Military feeding systems and rations
University of Iowa, 552, 559.
See also Center for Computer-Aided Design;
IDS
U.S. Army Combat Developments Experimentation Center (USACDEC), 520
U.S. Army Research Institute of Environmental Medicine (USARIEM), 520, 533, 536, 537, 540, 541, 542, 543.
See also Vigilance Monitor
U.S. Marine Corps
nutritional manipulation effects on, field study, 537-539
V
Vermont
performance (cognitive) assessment, military rations field study, 536
Vigilance Monitor, 505-506, 540-544
See also Performance, cognitive;
Psychomotor vigilance task
Virtual reality
human performance assessment using, 551-562
See also Computers;
IDS
W
World Wide Web, 524
Representative terms from entire chapter:
immune function
