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Maximizing U.S. Interests in Science and Technology Relations with Japan
Maximizing U.S. Interests in Science and Technology Relations with Japan
Committee on Japan Framework Statement and
Report of the Competitiveness Task Force
Committee on Japan
Office of Japan Affairs
Office of International Affairs
National Research Council
National Academy Press
Washington, D.C.
1997
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Maximizing U.S. Interests in Science and Technology Relations with Japan
NOTICE: The project that is the subject of this report was approved by the Governing Board of the National Research Council, whose members are drawn from the councils of the National Academy of Sciences, the National Academy of Engineering, and the Institute of Medicine. The members of the committee responsible for the report were chosen for their special competences and with regard for appropriate balance.
This report has been reviewed by a group other than the authors according to procedures approved by a Report Review Committee consisting of members of the National Academy of Sciences, the National Academy of Engineering, and the Institute of Medicine.
The National Academy of Sciences is a private, nonprofit, self-perpetuating society of distinguished scholars engaged in scientific and engineering research, dedicated to the furtherance of science and technology and to their use for the general welfare. Upon the authority of the charter granted to it by the Congress in 1863, the Academy has a mandate that requires it to advise the federal government on scientific and technical matters. Dr. Bruce M. Alberts is president of the National Academy of Sciences.
The National Academy of Engineering was established in 1964, under the charter of the National Academy of Sciences, as a parallel organization of outstanding engineers. It is autonomous in its administration and in the selection of its members, sharing with the National Academy of Sciences the responsibility for advising the federal government. The National Academy of Engineering also sponsors engineering programs aimed at meeting national needs, encourages education and research, and recognizes the superior achievement of engineers. Dr. Wm. A. Wulf is president of the National Academy of Engineering.
The Institute of Medicine was established in 1970 by the National Academy of Sciences to secure the services of eminent members of appropriate professions in the examination of policy matters pertaining to the health of the public. The Institute acts under the responsibility given to the National Academy of Sciences by its congressional charter to be an adviser to the federal government and, upon its own initiative, to identify issues of medical care, research, and education. Dr. Kenneth I. Shine is president of the Institute of Medicine.
The National Research Council was organized by the National Academy of Sciences in 1916 to associate the broad community of science and technology with the Academy's purposes of furthering knowledge and advising the federal government. Functioning in accordance with general policies determined by the Academy, the Council has become the principal operating agency of both the National Academy of Sciences and the National Academy of Engineering in providing services to the government, the public, and the scientific and engineering communities. The Council is administered jointly by both Academies and the Institute of Medicine. Dr. Bruce M. Alberts and Dr. Wm. A. Wulf are chairman and vice-chairman, respectively, of the National Research Council.
This project was made possible with funding support from the U.S. Department of Commerce, U.S. Department of Energy (award no. DE-FG02-93ER30209), U.S. Department of State, U.S. Department of Defense, and the National Science Foundation.
Any opinions, findings, conclusions, or recommendations expressed in this publication are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the views of the organizations or agencies that provided support for the project.
International Standard Book Number 0-309-05884-8
Additional copies of this report are available from
National Academy Press,
2101 Constitution Avenue, N.W., Lockbox 285, Washington, D.C. 20055; (800) 624-6242 or (202) 334-3313 (in the Washington area); Internet, http://www.nap.edu.
Copyright © 1997 by the National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved.
Printed in the United States of America
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Maximizing U.S. Interests in Science and Technology Relations with Japan
COMMITTEE ON JAPAN
Erich Bloch, Chairman
Council on Competitiveness
Richard J. Samuels, Vice-Chairman
Massachusetts Institute of Technology
Sherwood L. Boehlert
U.S. House of Representatives
Lewis M. Branscomb
Harvard University
G. Steven Burrill
Burrill & Company
Lawrence W. Clarkson
The Boeing Co.
Mildred S. Dresselhaus
Massachusetts Institute of Technology
David A. Duke
Coming Inc. (retired)
Daniel J. Fink
D. J. Fink Associates, Inc.
John O. Haley
University of Washington
Jim F. Martin
Rockwell Science Center
Joseph A. Massey
Dartmouth College
Mike M. Mochizuki
The Brookings Institution
Hugh T. Patrick
Columbia University
John D. Rockefeller IV
U.S. Senate
Robert A. Scalapino
University of California, Berkeley
Susan C. Schwab
University of Maryland
Ex Officio Members:
Harold K. Forsen, Foreign Secretary,
National Academy of Engineering
F. Sherwood Rowland, Foreign Secretary,
National Academy of Sciences
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Maximizing U.S. Interests in Science and Technology Relations with Japan
COMPETITIVENESS TASK FORCE
Jim F. Martin, Chairman
Rockwell Science Center
Alan J. Bennett
Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory
Suzanne Berger
Massachusetts Institute of Technology
David A. Duke
Corning Inc. (retired)
Edward M. Graham
Institute for International Economics
John O. Haley
University of Washington
David W. Martin, Jr.
Eos Biotechnology, Inc.
James C. McGroddy
IBM Corp. (retired)
William F. Powers
Ford Motor Co.
James J. Solberg
Purdue University
Deborah Wince-Smith
Council on Competitiveness
John Zysman
University of California, Berkeley
Ex Officio Member
Richard J. Samuels
Massachusetts Institute of Technology
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Maximizing U.S. Interests in Science and Technology Relations with Japan
OFFICE OF JAPAN AFFAIRS
Since 1985 the National Academy of Sciences and the National Academy of Engineering have engaged in a series of high-level discussions on advanced technology and the international environment with a counterpart group of Japanese scientists, engineers, and industrialists. One outcome of these discussions was a deepened understanding of the importance of promoting a more balanced two-way flow of people and information between the research and development systems in the two countries. Another result was a broader recognition of the need to address the science and technology policy issues increasingly central to a changing U.S.-Japan relationship. In 1987 the National Research Council, the operating arm of both the National Academy of Sciences and the National Academy of Engineering, authorized first-year funding for the Office of Japan Affairs (OJA). This program element of the Office of International Affairs was formally established in the spring of 1988.
The primary objectives of OJA are to provide a resource to the Academy complex and the broader U.S. science and engineering communities for information on Japanese science and technology, to promote better working relationships between the technical communities in the two countries by developing a process of deepened dialogue on issues of mutual concern, and to address policy issues surrounding a changing U.S.-Japan science and technology relationship.
Staff
Thomas Arrison, Staff Officer
Maki Fife, Program Associate
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Maximizing U.S. Interests in Science and Technology Relations with Japan
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Maximizing U.S. Interests in Science and Technology Relations with Japan
Contents
A FRAMEWORK FOR MAXIMIZING U.S. INTERESTS IN SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY RELATIONS WITH JAPAN
1
REPORT OF THE COMPETITIVENESS TASK FORCE EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
9
1
INTRODUCTION
20
Context,
20
Recent Trends,
22
Major Issues and Outline of This Study,
24
2
SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY, AND INNOVATION IN JAPAN
26
Summary Points
26
The Development of Japanese Capabilities in Science, Technology, and Innovation,
26
Pre-World War II Legacy,
27
Science, Technology, and the Postwar Miracle,
29
Recent Changes and Current Challenges,
35
3
SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY, AND INNOVATION IN THE UNITED STATES
45
Summary Points,
45
Developments Prior to World War II,
45
The Endless Frontier,
47
The Competitiveness Crisis and Responses,
48
4
STATISTICAL AND POLICY CONTEXT FOR U.S.-JAPAN SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY RELATIONS
52
Summary Points,
52
Basic Data on Science, Technology, and Innovation,
52
The Policy Context,
67
5
U.S.-JAPAN TECHNOLOGY AND COMPETITIVENESS TRENDS IN KEY INDUSTRIES
76
Summary Points,
76
Automobiles,
76
Advanced Materials,
86
Biotechnology and Health Care,
88
Semiconductor Manufacturing Equipment,
94
Information Industries,
102
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Maximizing U.S. Interests in Science and Technology Relations with Japan
6
KEY LESSONS AND PRIORITIES FOR THE UNITED STATES
113
What Has Changed and What Hasn't?
113
Priorities and Policy Options for the United States
119
7
CONCLUSIONS AND POLICY RECOMMENDATIONS
129
Major Findings
129
Priorities for the United States and Policy Recommendations
131
APPENDIXES
A
Workshops Organized by the Committee on Japan as Input for the Study on Maximizing U.S. Interests
133
B
Committee on Japan Publications
140
