National Academies Press: OpenBook
Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Research Council. 1997. Technology for the United States Navy and Marine Corps, 2000-2035: Becoming a 21st-Century Force: Volume 2: Technology. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/5863.
×

Technology for the United States Navy and Marine Corps, 2000–2035

Becoming a 21st-Century Force

VOLUME 2 Technology

Panel on Technology

Committee on Technology for Future Naval Forces

Naval Studies Board

Commission on Physical Sciences, Mathematics, and Applications

National Research Council

NATIONAL ACADEMY PRESS
Washington, D.C.
1997

Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Research Council. 1997. Technology for the United States Navy and Marine Corps, 2000-2035: Becoming a 21st-Century Force: Volume 2: Technology. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/5863.
×

NOTICE: The project that is the subject of this report was approved by the Governing Board of the National Research Council, whose members are drawn from the councils of the National Academy of Sciences, the National Academy of Engineering, and the Institute of Medicine. The members of the committee responsible for the report were chosen for their special competences and with regard for appropriate balance.

This report has been reviewed by a group other than the authors according to procedures approved by a Report Review Committee consisting of members of the National Academy of Sciences, the National Academy of Engineering, and the Institute of Medicine.

The National Academy of Sciences is a private, nonprofit, self-perpetuating society of distinguished scholars engaged in scientific and engineering research, dedicated to the furtherance of science and technology and to their use for the general welfare. Upon the authority of the charter granted to it by the Congress in 1863, the Academy has a mandate that requires it to advise the federal government on scientific and technical matters. Dr. Bruce Alberts is president of the National Academy of Sciences.

The National Academy of Engineering was established in 1964, under the charter of the National Academy of Sciences, as a parallel organization of outstanding engineers. It is autonomous in its administration and in the selection of its members, sharing with the National Academy of Sciences the responsibility for advising the federal government. The National Academy of Engineering also sponsors engineering programs aimed at meeting national needs, encourages education and research, and recognizes the superior achievements of engineers. Dr. William A. Wulf is president of the National Academy of Engineering.

The Institute of Medicine was established in 1970 by the National Academy of Sciences to secure the services of eminent members of appropriate professions in the examination of policy matters pertaining to the health of the public. The Institute acts under the responsibility given to the National Academy of Sciences by its congressional charter to be an adviser to the federal government and, upon its own initiative, to identify issues of medical care, research, and education. Dr. Kenneth I. Shine is president of the Institute of Medicine.

The National Research Council was organized by the National Academy of Sciences in 1916 to associate the broad community of science and technology with the Academy's purposes of furthering knowledge and advising the federal government. Functioning in accordance with general policies determined by the Academy, the Council has become the principal operating agency of both the National Academy of Sciences and the National Academy of Engineering in providing services to the government, the public, and the scientific and engineering communities. The Council is administered jointly by both Academies and the Institute of Medicine. Dr. Bruce Alberts and Dr. William A. Wulf are chairman and vice chairman, respectively, of the National Research Council.

This work was performed under Department of the Navy Contract N00014-96-D-0169/0001 issued by the Office of Naval Research under contract authority NR 201-124. However, the content does not necessarily reflect the position or the policy of the Department of the Navy or the government, and no official endorsement should be inferred.

The United States Government has at least a royalty-free, nonexclusive, and irrevocable license throughout the world for government purposes to publish, translate, reproduce, deliver, perform, and dispose of all or any of this work, and to authorize others so to do.

Copyright 1997 by the National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved.

Copies available from:

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Printed in the United States of America

Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Research Council. 1997. Technology for the United States Navy and Marine Corps, 2000-2035: Becoming a 21st-Century Force: Volume 2: Technology. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/5863.
×

PANEL ON TECHNOLOGY

JOSEPH B. REAGAN,

Saratoga, California,

Chair

HERBERT RABIN,

University of Maryland,

Vice Chair

SUSAN D. ALLEN,

Florida State University

RONALD CLARK,

Lockheed Martin Corporation

ANTHONY J. DeMARIA,

DeMaria ElectroOptics Systems, Inc.

DANIEL N. HELD,

Northrop Grumman Corporation

RAY L. LEADABRAND,

Leadabrand and Associates, Inc.

DAVID W. McCALL,

Far Hills, New Jersey

WILLIAM J. PHILLIPS,

Northstar Associates, Inc.

DENNIS L. POLLA,

University of Minnesota

MARA G. PRENTISS,

Jefferson Laboratory, Harvard University

JOHN W. ROUSE, JR.,

Southern Research Institute

ALBERT I. SCHINDLER,

Rockville, Maryland

STEVEN J. TEMPLE,

Raytheon Company

EDWARD W. THOMPSON,

Hughes Research Laboratory

ROBERT M. WESTERVELT,

Harvard University

Invited Participants

ARISTOS CHRISTOU,

University of Maryland

FRANK A. HORRIGAN,

Raytheon Electronic Systems

JOHN W.R. POPE, JR.,

Tri-Tech Microproducts

TIMOTHY D. ROARK,

TRW

HOWARD STEVENS,

Vector Research (as of January 1, 1997)

Navy Liaison Representatives

PAUL G. BLATCH,

Office of the Chief of Naval Operations, N911E

FRED WOLPERT,

Office of the Chief of Naval Operations, N911E1

Consultants

LEE M. HUNT

SIDNEY G. REED, JR.

JAMES G. WILSON

Staff

RONALD D. TAYLOR, Director,

Naval Studies Board

PETER W. ROONEY, Program Officer

SUSAN G. CAMPBELL, Administrative Assistant

MARY G. GORDON, Information Officer

CHRISTOPHER A. HANNA, Project Assistant

Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Research Council. 1997. Technology for the United States Navy and Marine Corps, 2000-2035: Becoming a 21st-Century Force: Volume 2: Technology. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/5863.
×

COMMITTEE ON TECHNOLOGY FOR FUTURE NAVAL FORCES

DAVID R. HEEBNER,

Science Applications International Corporation

(retired), Study Director

ALBERT J. BACIOCCO, JR.,

The Baciocco Group, Inc.

ALAN BERMAN,

Applied Research Laboratory, Pennsylvania State University

NORMAN E. BETAQUE,

Logistics Management Institute

GERALD A. CANN,

Raytheon Company

GEORGE F. CARRIER,

Harvard University

SEYMOUR J. DEITCHMAN,

Institute for Defense Analyses

(retired)

ALEXANDER FLAX,

Potomac, Maryland

WILLIAM J. MORAN,

Redwood City, California

ROBERT J. MURRAY,

Center for Naval Analyses

ROBERT B. OAKLEY,

National Defense University

JOSEPH B. REAGAN,

Saratoga, California

VINCENT VITTO,

Lincoln Laboratory, Massachusetts Institute of Technology

Navy Liaison Representatives

RADM JOHN W. CRAINE, JR.,

USN, Office of the Chief of Naval Operations, N81 (as of July 4, 1996)

VADM THOMAS B. FARGO,

USN, Office of the Chief of Naval Operations, N81 (through July 3, 1996)

RADM RICHARD A. RIDDELL,

USN, Office of the Chief of Naval Operations, N91

CDR DOUGLASS BIESEL,

USN, Office of the Chief of Naval Operations, N812C1

PAUL G. BLATCH,

Office of the Chief of Naval Operations, N911E

Marine Corps Liaison Representative

LtGen PAUL K. VAN RIPER,

USMC, Marine Corps Combat Development Command

Consultants

LEE M. HUNT

SIDNEY G. REED, JR.

JAMES G. WILSON

Staff

RONALD D. TAYLOR, Director,

Naval Studies Board

PETER W. ROONEY, Program Officer

SUSAN G. CAMPBELL, Administrative Assistant

MARY G. GORDON, Information Officer

CHRISTOPHER A. HANNA, Project Assistant

Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Research Council. 1997. Technology for the United States Navy and Marine Corps, 2000-2035: Becoming a 21st-Century Force: Volume 2: Technology. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/5863.
×

NAVAL STUDIES BOARD

DAVID R. HEEBNER,

Science Applications International Corporation

(retired), Chair

GEORGE M. WHITESIDES.

Harvard University,

Vice Chair

ALBERT J. BACIOCCO, JR.,

The Baciocco Group, Inc.

ALAN BERMAN,

Applied Research Laboratory, Pennsylvania State University

NORMAN E. BETAQUE,

Logistics Management Institute

NORVAL L. BROOME,

Mitre Corporation

GERALD A. CANN,

Raytheon Company

SEYMOUR J. DEITCHMAN,

Institute for Defense Analyses

(retired), Special Advisor

ANTHONY J. DeMARIA,

DeMaria ElectroOptics Systems, Inc.

JOHN F. EGAN,

Lockheed Martin Corporation

ROBERT HUMMEL,

Courant Institute of Mathematical Sciences, New York University

DAVID W. McCALL,

Far Hills, New Jersey

ROBERT J. MURRAY,

Center for Naval Analyses

ROBERT B. OAKLEY,

National Defense University

WILLIAM J. PHILLIPS,

Northstar Associates, Inc.

MARA G. PRENTISS,

Jefferson Laboratory, Harvard University

HERBERT RABIN,

University of Maryland

JULIE JCH RYAN,

Booz, Allen and Hamilton

HARRISON SHULL,

Monterey, California

KEITH A. SMITH,

Vienna, Virginia

ROBERT C. SPINDEL,

Applied Physics Laboratory, University of Washington

DAVID L. STANFORD,

Science Applications International Corporation

H. GREGORY TORNATORE,

Applied Physics Laboratory, Johns Hopkins University

J. PACE Van DEVENDER,

Prosperity Institute

VINCENT VITTO,

Lincoln Laboratory, Massachusetts Institute of Technology

BRUCE WALD,

Arlington Education Consultants

Navy Liaison Representatives

RADM JOHN W. CRAINE, JR.,

USN, Office of the Chief of Naval Operations, N81 (as of July 4, 1996)

VADM THOMAS B. FARGO,

USN, Office of the Chief of Naval Operations, N81 (through July 3, 1996)

RADM RICHARD A. RIDDELL,

USN, Office of the Chief of Naval Operations, N91

RONALD N. KOSTOFF,

Office of Naval Research

Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Research Council. 1997. Technology for the United States Navy and Marine Corps, 2000-2035: Becoming a 21st-Century Force: Volume 2: Technology. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/5863.
×

Marine Corps Liaison Representative

LtGen PAUL K. VAN RIPER,

USMC, Marine Corps Combat Development Command

RONALD D. TAYLOR, Director

PETER W. ROONEY, Program Officer

SUSAN G. CAMPBELL, Administrative Assistant

MARY G. GORDON, Information Officer

CHRISTOPHER A. HANNA, Project Assistant

Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Research Council. 1997. Technology for the United States Navy and Marine Corps, 2000-2035: Becoming a 21st-Century Force: Volume 2: Technology. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/5863.
×

COMMISSION ON PHYSICAL SCIENCES, MATHEMATICS, AND APPLICATIONS

ROBERT J. HERMANN,

United Technologies Corporation,

Co-Chair

W. CARL LINEBERGER,

University of Colorado,

Co-Chair

PETER M. BANKS,

Environmental Research Institute of Michigan

LAWRENCE D. BROWN,

University of Pennsylvania

RONALD G. DOUGLAS,

Texas A&M University

JOHN E. ESTES,

University of California at Santa Barbara

L. LOUIS HEGEDUS,

Elf Atochem North America, Inc.

JOHN E. HOPCROFT,

Cornell University

RHONDA J. HUGHES,

Bryn Mawr College

SHIRLEY A. JACKSON,

U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission

KENNETH H. KELLER,

University of Minnesota

KENNETH I. KELLERMANN,

National Radio Astronomy Observatory

MARGARET G. KIVELSON,

University of California at Los Angeles

DANIEL KLEPPNER,

Massachusetts Institute of Technology

JOHN KREICK,

Sanders, a Lockheed Martin Company

MARSHA I. LESTER,

University of Pennsylvania

THOMAS A. PRINCE,

California Institute of Technology

NICHOLAS P. SAMIOS,

Brookhaven National Laboratory

L.E. SCRIVEN,

University of Minnesota

SHMUEL WINOGRAD,

IBM T.J. Watson Research Center

CHARLES A. ZRAKET,

Mitre Corporation

(retired)

NORMAN METZGER, Executive Director

Page viii Cite
Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Research Council. 1997. Technology for the United States Navy and Marine Corps, 2000-2035: Becoming a 21st-Century Force: Volume 2: Technology. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/5863.
×
This page in the original is blank.
Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Research Council. 1997. Technology for the United States Navy and Marine Corps, 2000-2035: Becoming a 21st-Century Force: Volume 2: Technology. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/5863.
×

Preface

This report is part of the nine-volume series entitled Technology for the United States Navy and Marine Corps, 2000–2035: Becoming a 21st-Century Force. The series is the product of an 18-month study requested by the Chief of Naval Operations (CNO). To carry out this study, eight technical panels were organized under the Committee on Technology for Future Naval Forces to examine all of the specific technical areas called out in the terms of reference.

On November 28, 1995, the Chief of Naval Operations requested that the National Research Council initiate (through its Naval Studies Board) a thorough examination of the impact of advancing technology on the form and capability of the naval forces to the year 2035. The terms of reference of the study specifically asked for an identification of "present and emerging technologies that relate to the full breadth of Navy and Marine Corps mission capabilities," with specific attention to "(1) information warfare, electronic warfare, and the use of surveillance assets; (2) mine warfare and submarine warfare; (3) Navy and Marine Corps weaponry in the context of effectiveness on target; [and] (4) issues in caring for and maximizing effectiveness of Navy and Marine Corps human resources." Ten specific technical areas were identified to which attention should be broadly directed. The CNO's letter of request with the full terms of reference is given in Appendix A of this report.

The Panel on Technology was constituted to address item 1 of the terms of reference:

Recognizing the need to obtain maximum leverage from Navy and Marine Corps capital assets within existing and planned budgets, the review should place

Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Research Council. 1997. Technology for the United States Navy and Marine Corps, 2000-2035: Becoming a 21st-Century Force: Volume 2: Technology. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/5863.
×

emphasis on surveying present and emerging technical opportunities to advance Navy and Marine Corps capabilities within these constraints. The review should include key military and civilian technologies that can affect Navy and Marine Corps future operations. This technical assessment should evaluate which science and technology research must be maintained in naval research laboratories as core requirements versus what research commercial industry can be relied upon to develop.

Panel membership included broad expertise in managing large-scale technology development programs, as well as specific expertise in condensed matter physics; electronics and electrical engineering; photonics, optics, and electrooptics; materials science, including micro- and nanofabrication; chemistry and chemical engineering; computer and information science; and space science and engineering. The panel held 12 meetings over the course of a year during which it received input from scientists, engineers, and decisionmakers from government, industry, and academia.

Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Research Council. 1997. Technology for the United States Navy and Marine Corps, 2000-2035: Becoming a 21st-Century Force: Volume 2: Technology. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/5863.
×

Acknowledgments

The Panel on Technology would like to acknowledge the critical help of the following experts who made important contributions to this report: M. AlSheikhly, S. Ankem, R. Briber, W. Chappas, I. Lloyd, J. Quinn, R. Ramesh, G. Rubloff, and M. Wattage, all from the University of Maryland; R.C. Cammarata, from Johns Hopkins University; L.-Q. Chen, from Pennsylvania State University; C.K. Cowan, P.G. Mulgaonkar, and V. Shastri, from SRI International; R. Crowe, from the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA); M.J. Daily and K. Reiser, from Hughes Research Laboratory; D.E. Dietrich, from Mississippi State University; J. Dorr, from Duke and Associates; R.C. Herndon, G. Jones, T.N. Krishnamurti, and J.J. O'Brien, from Florida State University; M.E. Fine and S. Vaynman, from Northwestern University; O.T. Inal, from the New Mexico Institute of Mining and Metallurgy; D.V. Burke, Jr., M. O'Brien, M. Prestero, P. Rosenstrach, and G.T. Schmidt, from the Charles Stark Draper Laboratory; R. Spindel, from the Applied Physics Laboratory at the University of Washington; and C. Tschan, from the U.S. Air Force's 50th Weather Squadron.

In addition to acknowledging the valuable help of the outside experts noted above, the panel's chair would like to acknowledge the following panel members and invited participants for their extraordinary efforts during the course of this study: S.D. Allen, from Florida State University; A. Christou, from the University of Maryland; R. Clark, from Lockheed Martin Corporation; F.A. Horrigan, from Raytheon Electronic Systems; W.J. Phillips, from Northstar Associates, Inc.; J.W. Rouse, Jr., from Southern Research Institute; and E.W. Thompson, from Hughes Research Laboratory.

Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Research Council. 1997. Technology for the United States Navy and Marine Corps, 2000-2035: Becoming a 21st-Century Force: Volume 2: Technology. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/5863.
×
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Page xiii Cite
Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Research Council. 1997. Technology for the United States Navy and Marine Corps, 2000-2035: Becoming a 21st-Century Force: Volume 2: Technology. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/5863.
×
Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Research Council. 1997. Technology for the United States Navy and Marine Corps, 2000-2035: Becoming a 21st-Century Force: Volume 2: Technology. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/5863.
×
   

Human-centered Systems Technology,

 

68

   

Intelligent Systems,

 

71

   

Planning and Decision Aids,

 

74

   

Software Engineering,

 

76

   

Communications and Internetworking,

 

82

   

Offensive and Defensive Information Warfare,

 

91

   

Recommendations,

 

102

4

 

SENSORS

 

104

   

Introduction,

 

104

   

Relevance: What Do Sensors Do for the Naval Forces?,

 

110

   

Technology Status and Trends,

 

110

   

Critical Common Technologies,

 

116

   

Individual Sensors,

 

149

   

Future Impact on Naval Operations,

 

174

   

Developments Needed—Military Versus Commercial,

 

177

   

Foreign Technology Status and Trends,

 

178

   

Time Scale for Development and Deployment,

 

180

   

Recommendation

 

180

5

 

AUTOMATION

 

181

   

Introduction,

 

181

   

Unmanned Underwater Vehicles,

 

182

   

Unmanned Aerial Vehicles,

 

184

   

Ship Automation,

 

187

   

GPS/INS Systems for Naval Platforms and Weapons,

 

189

   

Robotics,

 

192

   

Automatic Target Recognition,

 

198

   

Recommendation,

 

203

6

 

TECHNOLOGY FOR HUMAN PERFORMANCE

 

204

   

Introduction,

 

204

   

Technologies That Will Have an Impact,

 

205

   

Applications,

 

212

   

Recommendations,

 

217

7

 

MATERIALS TECHNOLOGIES

 

218

   

Introduction,

 

218

   

Development Drivers,

 

219

   

Technology Trends and Future Materials Developments,

 

219

   

Anticipated Benefits of the Application of Materials Technologies,

 

228

   

Recommendation,

 

229

Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Research Council. 1997. Technology for the United States Navy and Marine Corps, 2000-2035: Becoming a 21st-Century Force: Volume 2: Technology. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/5863.
×
Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Research Council. 1997. Technology for the United States Navy and Marine Corps, 2000-2035: Becoming a 21st-Century Force: Volume 2: Technology. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/5863.
×
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Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Research Council. 1997. Technology for the United States Navy and Marine Corps, 2000-2035: Becoming a 21st-Century Force: Volume 2: Technology. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/5863.
×
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Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Research Council. 1997. Technology for the United States Navy and Marine Corps, 2000-2035: Becoming a 21st-Century Force: Volume 2: Technology. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/5863.
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×
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Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Research Council. 1997. Technology for the United States Navy and Marine Corps, 2000-2035: Becoming a 21st-Century Force: Volume 2: Technology. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/5863.
×
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Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Research Council. 1997. Technology for the United States Navy and Marine Corps, 2000-2035: Becoming a 21st-Century Force: Volume 2: Technology. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/5863.
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Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Research Council. 1997. Technology for the United States Navy and Marine Corps, 2000-2035: Becoming a 21st-Century Force: Volume 2: Technology. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/5863.
×
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The future national security environment will present the naval forces with operational challenges that can best be met through the development of military capabilities that effectively leverage rapidly advancing technologies in many areas. The panel envisions a world where the naval forces will perform missions in the future similar to those they have historically undertaken. These missions will continue to include sea control, deterrence, power projection, sea lift, and so on. The missions will be accomplished through the use of platforms (ships, submarines, aircraft, and spacecraft), weapons (guns, missiles, bombs, torpedoes, and information), manpower, materiel, tactics, and processes (acquisition, logistics,and so on.).

Accordingly, the Panel on Technology attempted to identify those technologies that will be of greatest importance to the future operations of the naval forces and to project trends in their development out to the year 2035. The primary objective of the panel was to determine which are the most critical technologies for the Department of the Navy to pursue to ensure U.S. dominance in future naval operations and to determine the future trends in these technologies and their impact on Navy and Marine Corps superiority. A vision of future naval operations ensued from this effort. These technologies form the base from which products, platforms, weapons, and capabilities are built. By combining multiple technologies with their future attributes, new systems and subsystems can be envisioned.

Technology for the United States Navy and Marine Corps, 2000-2035 Becoming a 21st-Century Force:Volume 2: Technology indentifies those technologies that are unique to the naval forces and whose development the Department of the Navy clearly must fund, as well as commercially dominated technologies that the panel believes the Navy and Marine Corps must learn to adapt as quickly as possible to naval applications. Since the development of many of the critical technologies is becoming global in nature, some consideration is given to foreign capabilities and trends as a way to assess potential adversaries' capabilities. Finally, the panel assessed the current state of the science and technology (S&T) establishment and processes within the Department of the Navy and makes recommendations that would improve the efficiency and effectiveness of this vital area. The panel's findings and recommendations are presented in this report.

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