NOTICE: The project that is the subject of this report was approved by the Governing Board of the National Research Council, whose members are drawn from the councils of the National Academy of Sciences, the National Academy of Engineering, and the Institute of Medicine. The members of the committee responsible for the report were chosen for their special competences and with regard for appropriate balance.
This report has been reviewed by a group other than the authors according to procedures approved by a Report Review Committee consisting of members of the National Academy of Sciences, the National Academy of Engineering, and the Institute of Medicine.
The National Academy of Sciences is a private, nonprofit, self-perpetuating society of distinguished scholars engaged in scientific and engineering research, dedicated to the furtherance of science and technology and to their use for the general welfare. Upon the authority of the charter granted to it by the Congress in 1863, the Academy has a mandate that requires it to advise the federal government on scientific and technical matters. Dr. Bruce Alberts is president of the National Academy of Sciences.
The National Academy of Engineering was established in 1964, under the charter of the National Academy of Sciences, as a parallel organization of outstanding engineers. It is autonomous in its administration and in the selection of its members, sharing with the National Academy of Sciences the responsibility for advising the federal government. The National Academy of Engineering also sponsors engineering programs aimed at meeting national needs, encourages education and research, and recognizes the superior achievements of engineers. Dr. William A. Wulf is president of the National Academy of Engineering.
The Institute of Medicine was established in 1970 by the National Academy of Sciences to secure the services of eminent members of appropriate professions in the examination of policy matters pertaining to the health of the public. The Institute acts under the responsibility given to the National Academy of Sciences by its congressional charter to be an adviser to the federal government and, upon its own initiative, to identify issues of medical care, research, and education. Dr. Kenneth I. Shine is president of the Institute of Medicine.
The National Research Council was organized by the National Academy of Sciences in 1916 to associate the broad community of science and technology with the Academy's purposes of furthering knowledge and advising the federal government. Functioning in accordance with general policies determined by the Academy, the Council has become the principal operating agency of both the National Academy of Sciences and the National Academy of Engineering in providing services to the government, the public, and the scientific and engineering communities. The Council is administered jointly by both Academies and the Institute of Medicine. Dr. Bruce Alberts and Dr. William A. Wulf are chairman and vice chairman, respectively, of the National Research Council.
This work was performed under Department of the Navy Contract N00014-96-D-0169/0001 issued by the Office of Naval Research under contract authority NR 201-124. However, the content does not necessarily reflect the position or the policy of the Department of the Navy or the government, and no official endorsement should be inferred.
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Copyright 1997 by the National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved.
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PANEL ON UNDERSEA WARFARE
ALBERT J. BACIOCCO, JR.,
The Baciocco Group, Inc.,
Chair
RICHARD F. PITTENGER,
Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution,
Vice Chair
JOHN W. ASHER III,
Global Associates, Ltd.
ARTHUR B. BAGGEROER,
Massachusetts Institute of Technology
DAVID B. BURKE, JR.,
Charles Stark Draper Laboratory, Inc.
NICHOLAS P. CHOTIROS,
Applied Research Laboratory, University of Texas at Austin
MYRON P. GRAY,
Applied Physics Laboratory, Johns Hopkins University
THOMAS C. HALSEY,
Exxon Research and Engineering Company
RICHARD F. HOGLUND,
King George, Virginia
ERNEST L. HOLMBOE,
Applied Physics Laboratory, Johns Hopkins University
WILLIAM J. HURLEY,
Institute for Defense Analyses
WESLEY E. JORDAN,
Bolt, Beranek and Newman Co.
CECIL J. KEMPF,
Coronado, California
EDWARD G. LISZKA,
Applied Research Laboratory, Pennsylvania State University
R. KENNETH LOBB,
Applied Research Laboratory, Pennsylvania State University
DANIEL M. NOSENCHUCK,
Princeton University
THOMAS D. RYAN,
Nuclear Energy Institute
KEITH A. SMITH,
Vienna, Virginia
ROBERT C. SPINDEL,
Applied Physics Laboratory, University of Washington
DAVID L. STANFORD,
Science Applications International Corporation
Invited Participants
IRA DYER,
Massachusetts Institute of Technology
WILLIAM A. KUPERMAN,
Scripps Institution of Oceanography
Navy Liaison Representatives
CDR THOMAS COSGROVE,
USN, Office of the Chief of Naval Operations, N858D
CAPT JOHN McGILLVRAY,
USN, Office of the Chief of Naval Operations, N863J
CDR DENNIS MURPHY,
USN, Office of the Chief of Naval Operations, N87C1
LCDR PETE McSHEA,
USN, Office of the Chief of Naval Operations, N88W3
ALLISON STILLER,
Office of the Assistant Secretary of the Navy, RDA
COMMITTEE ON TECHNOLOGY FOR FUTURE NAVAL FORCES
DAVID R. HEEBNER,
Science Applications International Corporation
(retired), Study Director
ALBERT J. BACIOCCO, JR.,
The Baciocco Group, Inc.
ALAN BERMAN,
Applied Research Laboratory, Pennsylvania State University
NORMAN E. BETAQUE,
Logistics Management Institute
GERALD A. CANN,
Raytheon Company
GEORGE F. CARRIER,
Harvard University
SEYMOUR J. DEITCHMAN,
Institute for Defense Analyses
(retired)
ALEXANDER FLAX,
Potomac, Maryland
WILLIAM J. MORAN,
Redwood City, California
ROBERT J. MURRAY,
Center for Naval Analyses
ROBERT B. OAKLEY,
National Defense University
JOSEPH B. REAGAN,
Saratoga, California
VINCENT VITTO,
Lincoln Laboratory, Massachusetts Institute of Technology
Navy Liaison Representatives
RADM JOHN W. CRAINE, JR.,
USN, Office of the Chief of Naval Operations, N81 (as of July 4, 1996)
VADM THOMAS B. FARGO,
USN, Office of the Chief of Naval Operations, N81 (through July 3, 1996)
RADM RICHARD A. RIDDELL,
USN, Office of the Chief of Naval Operations, N91
CDR DOUGLASS BIESEL,
USN, Office of the Chief of Naval Operations, N812C1
PAUL G. BLATCH,
Office of the Chief of Naval Operations, N91 1E
Marine Corps Liaison Representative
LtGen PAUL K. VAN RIPER,
USMC, Marine Corps Combat Development Command
Consultants
LEE M. HUNT
SIDNEY G. REED, JR.
JAMES G. WILSON
Staff
RONALD D. TAYLOR, Director, Naval Studies Board
PETER W. ROONEY, Program Officer
SUSAN G. CAMPBELL, Administrative Assistant
MARY G. GORDON, Information Officer
CHRISTOPHER A. HANNA, Project Assistant
NAVAL STUDIES BOARD
DAVID R. HEEBNER,
Science Applications International Corporation
(retired), Chair
GEORGE M. WHITESIDES,
Harvard University,
Vice Chair
ALBERT J. BACIOCCO, JR.,
The Baciocco Group, Inc.
ALAN BERMAN,
Applied Research Laboratory, Pennsylvania State University
NORMAN E. BETAQUE,
Logistics Management Institute
NORVAL L. BROOME,
Mitre Corporation
GERALD A. CANN,
Raytheon Company
SEYMOUR J. DEITCHMAN,
Institute for Defense Analyses
(retired), Special Advisor
ANTHONY J. DeMARIA,
DeMaria Electro-Optics Systems, Inc.
JOHN F. EGAN,
Lockheed Martin Corporation
ROBERT HUMMEL,
Courant Institute of Mathematical Sciences, New York University
DAVID W. McCALL,
Far Hills, New Jersey
ROBERT J. MURRAY,
Center for Naval Analyses
ROBERT B. OAKLEY,
National Defense University
WILLIAM J. PHILLIPS,
Northstar Associates, Inc.
MARA G. PRENTISS,
Jefferson Laboratory, Harvard University
HERBERT RABIN,
University of Maryland
JULIE JCH RYAN,
Booz, Allen and Hamilton
HARRISON SHULL,
Monterey, California
KEITH A. SMITH,
Vienna, Virginia
ROBERT C. SPINDEL,
Applied Physics Laboratory, University of Washington
DAVID L. STANFORD,
Science Applications International Corporation
H. GREGORY TORNATORE,
Applied Physics Laboratory, Johns Hopkins University
J. PACE VanDEVENDER,
Prosperity Institute
VINCENT VITTO,
Lincoln Laboratory, Massachusetts Institute of Technology
BRUCE WALD,
Arlington Education Consultants
Navy Liaison Representatives
RADM JOHN W. CRAINE, JR.,
USN, Office of the Chief of Naval Operations, N81 (as of July 4, 1996)
VADM THOMAS B. FARGO,
USN, Office of the Chief of Naval Operations, N81 (through July 3, 1996)
RADM RICHARD A. RIDDELL,
USN, Office of the Chief of Naval Operations, N91
RONALD N. KOSTOFF,
Office of Naval Research
COMMISSION ON PHYSICAL SCIENCES, MATHEMATICS, AND APPLICATIONS
ROBERT J. HERMANN,
United Technologies Corporation,
Co-Chair
W. CARL LINEBERGER,
University of Colorado,
Co-Chair
PETER M. BANKS,
Environmental Research Institute of Michigan
LAWRENCE D. BROWN,
University of Pennsylvania
RONALD G. DOUGLAS,
Texas A&M University
JOHN E. ESTES,
University of California at Santa Barbara
L. LOUIS HEGEDUS,
Elf Atochem North America, Inc.
JOHN E. HOPCROFT,
Cornell University
RHONDA J. HUGHES,
Bryn Mawr College
SHIRLEY A. JACKSON,
U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission
KENNETH H. KELLER,
University of Minnesota
KENNETH I. KELLERMANN,
National Radio Astronomy Observatory
MARGARET G. KIVELSON,
University of California at Los Angeles
DANIEL KLEPPNER,
Massachusetts Institute of Technology
JOHN KREICK,
Sanders, a Lockheed Martin Company
MARSHA I. LESTER,
University of Pennsylvania
THOMAS A. PRINCE,
California Institute of Technology
NICHOLAS P. SAMIOS,
Brookhaven National Laboratory
L.E. SCRIVEN,
University of Minnesota
SHMUEL WINOGRAD,
IBM T.J. Watson Research Center
CHARLES A. ZRAKET,
Mitre Corporation
(retired)
NORMAN METZGER, Executive Director
Preface
This report is part of the nine-volume series entitled Technology for the United States Navy and Marine Corps, 2000-2035: Becoming a 21st-Century Force. The series is the product of an 18-month study requested by the chief of Naval Operations (CNO). To carry out this study, eight technical panels were organized under the Committee on Technology for Future Naval Forces to examine all of the specific technical areas called out in the terms of reference.
On November 28, 1995, the Chief of Naval Operations requested that the National Research Council initiate (through its Naval Studies Board) a thorough examination of the impact of advancing technology on the form and capability of the naval forces to the year 2035. The terms of reference of the study specifically asked for an indentification of "present and emerging technologies that relate to the full breadth of Navy and Marine Corps mission capabilities," with specific attention to "(1) information warfare, electronic warfare, and the use of surveillance asstes; (2) mine warfare and submarine warfare; (3) Navy and Marine Corps weaponry in the context of effectiveness on target; [and] (4) issues in caring for and maximizing effectiveness of Navy and Marine Corps human resources." Ten specific technical areas were identified to which attention should be broadly directed. (The CNO's letter of request with the full terms of reference is given in Appendix A of this report.)
The Panel on Undersea Warfare was constituted to address technology issues related to undersea warfare. During the course of its study, the panel paid particular attention to item 3 of the terms of reference:
Mine warfare and submarine warfare are two serious threats to future naval missions that can be anticipated with confidence and should be treated accordingly in the review. This should include both new considerations, such as
increased emphasis on shallow water operations, and current and future problems resident in projected worldwide undersea capability.
Panel membership included expertise in naval undersea warfare systems design, acquisition, and operations. The panel was augmented with the nation's top ocean acousticians as well as representatives from the nonmilitary private sector.
To carry out its task, the panel met 11 times to receive briefings from service and industry representatives. Briefings and discussions were held with all cognizant systems command program executive officers as well as responsible officials from the offices of the Chief of Naval Operations and the Secretary of the Navy. The panel received several briefings on oceanographic and undersea warfare-related science and technology from the Office of Naval Research and the office of the Oceanographer of the Navy. The panel made field trips to visit fleet commands and laboratories, notably Norfolk, where it was briefed at the flag or unit commander level by U.S. Atlantic Command, Commander Surface Forces Atlantic, Commander Submarine Forces Atlantic, Commander Second Fleet, Commander Strike Force U.S. Atlantic Fleet, Naval Doctrine Command, and the Surface Warfare Development Group. Some of the panel members visited Panama City, Florida, and Ingleside, Texas, to be briefed on mine warfare by laboratory and Commander Mine Warfare personnel. Members of the panel also visited West Coast and Hawaii fleet commands, filing reports upon their return. The panel visited Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Pennsylvania State University, and talks were held with Admiral James Hogg, USN (Ret.) about ongoing work in the Strategic Studies Group at the Naval War College. The chair and vice chair received briefings on relevant special access programs. Because the panel's goal was to produce an unclassified report, not all of the technology issues relevant to antisubmarine warfare and mine warfare are discussed at the same level of detail.
The panel made a special effort to understand the current and projected threat to U.S. national interests in the realm of undersea warfare. A subset of the panel received extensive briefings from the Central Intelligence Agency, the Defense Intelligence Agency, and the Office of Naval Intelligence.