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ENGINEERING EDUCATION AND
PRACTICE IN THE UNITED STATES
~ . .
~ nglneenng
Technology
ret ~ .
~c.ucatlon
Panel on Technology Education
Subcommittee on Engineering Educational Systems
Committee on the Education and Utilization
of the Engineer
Commission on Engineering and
Technical Systems
National Research Council
NATIONAL ACADEMY PRESS
Washington, D.C. 1985
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NATIONAL ACADEMY PRESS · 2101 ConstitutionAve.,NW · Washington,DC20418
NOTICE: The project that is the subject of this report was approved by the Governing
Board of the National Research Council, whose members are drawn from the councils
of the National Academy of Sciences, the National Academy of Engineering, and the
Institute of Medicine. The members of the committee responsible for the report were
chosen for their special competences and with regard for appropriate balance.
This report has been reviewed by a group other than the authors according to proce-
dures approved by a Report Review Committee consisting of members of the National
Academy of Sciences, the National Academy of Engineering, and the Institute of Medi-
cine.
The National Research Council was established by the National Academy of Sci-
ences in 1916 to associate the broad community of science and technology with the
Academy's purposes of furthering knowledge and advising the federal government. The
Council operates in accordance with general policies determined by the Academy
under the authority of its congressional charter of 1863, which establishes the Academy
as a private, nonprofit, self-governing membership corporation. The Council has
become the principal operating agency of both the National Academy of Sciences and
the National Academy of Engineering in the conduct of their services to the govern-
ment, the public, and the scientific and engineering communities. It is administered
jointly by both Academies and the Institute of Medicine. The National Academy of
Engineering and the Institute of Medicine were established in 1964 and 1970, respec-
tively, under the charter of the National Academy of Sciences.
Support for this work has been provided by the National Science Foundation, the
Department of the Air Force, the Department of the Army, the Department of Energy,
the Department of the Navy, and the National Aeronautics and Space Administration.
Additionally, assistance has been provided through grants from the Eastman Kodak
Company, Exxon Corporation, the General Electric Company, the IBM Corporation,
the Lockheed Corporation, the Monsanto Company, and the Sloan Foundation.
Library of Congress Catalog Card Number 85-62838
ISBN 0-309-03632- 1
Printed in the United States of America
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Preface
The Panel on Technology Education was one of four panels estab-
lished lay the Committee on the Education and Utilization of the Engi-
neer to investigate educational aspects of the preparation of engineers
in the United States. Although its membership was limited, the panel
sought to provide as broad a base of experience and expertise as possi-
ble. Panel members were drawn from the fields of civil, electrical, and
mechanical engineering. Their backgrounds included experience with
large and small institutions, both state-supported and independent,
and with programs that ranged from two-year curriculum through grad-
uate study. In addition, panel members represented a number of geo-
graphic areas, such as the Northeast, the Middle Atlantic states, and
the Southwest.
At the beginning of its study, the panel identified a list of topics that it
considered to be of primary concern in engineering technology educa-
tion. This report documents the panel's findings relating to these topics
and its recommendations for further action. The study is also intended
to provide supporting material for the main report, ~ to which readers
are therefore referred for information in other areas of specific interest.
For further information on educational issues, see also the companion
volumes of the other three education panels. J
*Engineering Education and Practice in the United States: Foundations of Our
Techno-Economic Fu ture (Washington, D . C .: National Academy Press, 198 5 ~ .
. . .
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1V
PREFACE
In conclusion, I wish to express my appreciation to the many partici-
pants in this study on technology education the panel members and
the staffs of both the National Research Council and the Wentworth
Institute of Technology for their invaluable efforts in collecting and
condensing the available material.
Edward T. Kirkpatrick
Chairman
>
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Panel on Technology Education
EDWARD T. KIRKPATRICK, Chairman; President, Wentworth Institute
of Technology
JOHN D. ANTHEM, General Manager, Certification Programs, National
Society of Professional Engineers
STEPHEN R. CHESHIER, President, Southern Technical Institute,
Marietta, Georgia
RICHARD A. KENYON, Dean, College of Engineering, Rochester
Institute of Technology
LAWRENCE l. WOLF, Dean, College of Technology, University of
Houston
DONALD TRITSCHLER, Consultant, Shrewsl~ury, Massachusetts
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Committee on the Education and
Utilization of the Engineer
~ERRIERA. HADDAD, Chairman jIBM, Ret.)
GEORGE S. ANSELL, Dean of Engineering, Rensselaer Polytechnic
Institute {now President, Colorado School of MinesJ
JORDAN l. BARUCH, President, Jordan T. Baruch Associates
ERICH BLOCH, Vice-President, IBM Corporation [now Director,
National Science Foundation)
DENNIS CHAMOT, Associate Director, Department for Professional
Employees, AFL/CID
EDMUND T. CRANCH, President, Worcester Polytechnic Institute
DANIEL C. DRUCKER, Dean of Engineering, University of Illinois at
Urbana (now Graduate Research Professor of Engineering Sciences,
University of Florida at Gainesville J
FRED W. GARRY, Vice-President, Corporate Engineering and
Manufacturing, General Electric Company
JOHN W. GEILS, Director of ~ES/ASEE Faculty Shortage Project
AT&T, Ret. ~
AARON I. GELLMAN, President, Gellman Research Associates, Inc.
HELEN GOULDNER, Dean, College of Arts and Sciences, Professor of
Sociology, University of Delaware
JOHN D. KEMPER, Professor, Department of Mechanical Engineering,
University of California at Davis
EDWARD T. KIRKPATRICK, President, Wentworth Institute of
Technology
V1
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COMMITTEE MEMBERS
ERNEST S. KUH, Professor of Electrical Engineering and Computer
Science, University of California at Berkeley
. .
V11
W. EDWARD LEAR, Executive Director, American Society for
Engineering Education
LAWRENCE M. MEAD, OR., Senior Management Consultant iSenior
Vice-President, Ret. J. Grumman Aerospace Corporation
M. EUGENE MERCHANT, Principal Scientist, Manufacturing Research,
Cincinnati Milacron, Inc. Now Director, Advanced Manufacturing
Research, Metcut Research Associates, Inc. ~
RICHARD l. REDPATH, Vice-President, Ralston Purina Company
FRANCIS E. REESE, Senior Vice-President, Monsanto [now retired)
ROBERT M. SAUNDERS, Professor, School of Engineering, University
of California at Irvine Chairman, Board of Governors, AAES, 1983)
CHARLES E. SCHAFFNER, Executive Vice-President, Syska &c
Hennessy
JUDITH A. SCHWAN, Assistant Director, Research Labs, Eastman
Kodak Company
HAROLD T. SHAPIRO, President, The University of Michigan
MORRIS A. STEINBERG, Vice-President, Science, Lockheed
Corporation
DONALD G. WEINERT, Executive Director, National Society of
Professional Engineers
SHEILA E. WIDNALL, Professor of Aeronautics and Astronautics,
Massachusetts Institute of Technology
Staff
WILLIAM H. MICHAEL, TR., Executive Director
VERNON H. MILES, Staff Officer
AMY TANIK, Administrative Assistant
COURTLAND S. LEWIS, Consultant
Government Liaison
LEWIS G. MAYFIELD, Head, Office of Interdisciplinary Research,
National Science Foundation
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Contents
Executive Summary
1. The History of Technical Institutes
Accreditation, 5
. .
Associations, 5
Development of the Junior College, 6
Continued Data Collection, 6
2. Engineering Technology and Industrial Technology
Definitions, 7
Secondary School Preparation, 10
Recommendations, 10
3. Engineering Technology and Engineering
Similarities, 11
Differences, 12
Transfer Opportunities, 14
Recommendations, 15
4. Engineering Technology Education . . . . .. ..
Graduate Study, 16
Associate and Bachelor's Degree Programs, 18
Student Chapters, 19
Recommendations, 20
ix
4
.. 11
... 16
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x
5. Cooperative Education and Engineering Technology
Federal Assistance, 22
Future Federal Funding, 23
Co-op Programs in Engineering Technology Education, 24
Concerns for the Future, 25
Recommendations, 27
6. Accreditation, Certification, and Licensing .
Accreditation and Recognition of Quality, 28
Licensing and Certification, 28
Recommendations, 29
7.
Manpower Considerations
Enrollment, 30
Degrees, 31
Institutions and Programs, 31
Recommendation, 34
8. The Impact of High Technology
Educational Technology and High-Tech Equipment, 35
Lack of Software, 36
High-Tech Lab Equipment Problems, 36
Recommendations, 38
9. Allocating Resources for Engineering Technology
Education .............
Planning, 40
Bases for Resource Allocation, 40
Low-Technology Areas, 41
High-Technology Areas, 42
Conclusions, 44
Recommendations, 45
Notes
CONTENTS
.... 22
.. 28
. 30
. 35
. 39
. 46
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ENG - EERING EDUCATION AND
PRACTICE IN THE UNITED STATES
=010g)T
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