National Academies Press: OpenBook
Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Research Council. 1997. Intellectual Property Rights and Plant Biotechnology. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/5882.
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Intellectual Property Rights and Plant Biotechnology

Proceedings of a Forum Held at the National Academy of Sciences,

November 5, 1996,

Washington, D.C.

National Research Council

NATIONAL ACADEMY PRESS
Washington, D.C.
1997

Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Research Council. 1997. Intellectual Property Rights and Plant Biotechnology. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/5882.
×

NATIONAL ACADEMY PRESS
2101 Constitution Avenue, NW Washington, DC 20418

NOTICE: The project that is the subject of this report was approved by the Governing Board of the National Research Council, whose members are drawn from the councils of the National Academy of Sciences, the National Academy of Engineering, and the Institute of Medicine. The members of the committee responsible for the report were chosen for their special competences and with regard for appropriate balance.

This report has been reviewed by a group other than the authors according to procedures approved by a Report Review Committee consisting of members of the National Academy of Sciences, the National Academy of Engineering, and the Institute of Medicine.

The National Academy of Sciences is a private, nonprofit, self-perpetuating society of distinguished scholars engaged in scientific and engineering research, dedicated to the furtherance of science and technology and to their use for the general welfare. Upon the authority of the charter granted to it by the Congress in 1863, the Academy has a mandate that requires it to advise the federal government on scientific and technical matters. Dr. Bruce M. Alberts is president of the National Academy of Sciences.

The National Academy of Engineering was established in 1964, under the charter of the National Academy of Sciences, as a parallel organization of outstanding engineers. It is autonomous in its administration and in the selection of its members, sharing with the National Academy of Sciences the responsibility for advising the federal government. The National Academy of Engineering also sponsors engineering programs aimed at meeting national needs, encourages education and research, and recognizes the superior achievements of engineers. Dr. William A. Wulf is acting president of the National Academy of Engineering.

The Institute of Medicine was established in 1970 by the National Academy of Sciences to secure the services of eminent members of appropriate professions in the examination of policy matters pertaining to the health of the public. The Institute acts under the responsibility given to the National Academy of Sciences by its congressional charter to be an adviser to the federal government and, upon its own initiative, to identify issues of medical care, research, and education. Dr. Kenneth I. Shine is president of the Institute of Medicine.

The National Research Council was organized by the National Academy of Sciences in 1916 to associate the broad community of science and technology with the Academy's purposes of furthering knowledge and advising the federal government. Functioning in accordance with general policies determined by the Academy, the Council has become the principal operating agency of both the National Academy of Sciences and the National Academy of Engineering in providing services to the government, the public, and the scientific and engineering communities. The Council is administered jointly by both Academies and the Institute of Medicine. Dr. Bruce M. Alberts and Dr. William A. Wulf are chairman and vice-chairman, respectively, of the National Research Council.

This report was prepared with funds provided by the Office of Energy Research and the Office of Health and Environmental Research of the U.S. Department of Energy under agreement number DE-FG02-94ER61939.

International Standard Book Number 0-309-05828-7

Additional copies are available from: National Academy Press,
2101 Constitution Ave., NW , Box 285 , Washington, DC 20055 800-624-6242 ; 202-334-3313 (in the Washington Metropolitan Area) http://www.nap.edu

Copyright 1997 by the National Academy of Sciences . All rights reserved.

Printed in the United States of America

Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Research Council. 1997. Intellectual Property Rights and Plant Biotechnology. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/5882.
×

STEERING COMMITTEE

MICHAEL T. CLEGG,

Chair,

University of California, Riverside

ELLIOT M. MEYEROWITZ,

California Institute of Technology, Pasadena

RONALD R. SEDEROFF,

North Carolina State University

Science Writer

ROBERT POOL,

Arlington, Virginia

NRC Staff

JANET E. JOY,

Study Director

MARY JANE LETAW,

Staff Officer

JULIEMARIE GOUPIL,

Project Assistant

Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Research Council. 1997. Intellectual Property Rights and Plant Biotechnology. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/5882.
×

BOARD ON AGRICULTURE

DALE E. BAUMAN,

Chair,

Cornell University

JOHN M. ANTLE,

Montana State University

SANDRA S. BATIE,

Michigan State University

MAY R. BERENBAUM,

University of Illinois

LEONARD S. BULL,

North Carolina State University

WILLIAM B. DELAUDER,

Delaware State College

ANTHONY S. EARL,

Quarles & Brady Law Firm, Madison, Wisconsin

ESSEX E. FINNEY, JR.,

U.S. Department of Agriculture, Mitchellville, Maryland

CORNELIA B. FLORA,

Iowa State University

GEORGE R. HALLBERG,

University of Iowa

RICHARD R. HARWOOD,

Michigan State University

T. KENT KIRK,

University of Wisconsin

HARLEY W. MOON,

Iowa State University

WILLIAM L. OGREN,

University of Illinois

GEORGE E. SEIDEL, JR.,

Colorado State University

JOHN W. SUTTIE,

University of Wisconsin

JAMES J. ZUICHES,

Washington State University

NRC Staff

MICHAEL J. PHILLIPS,

Director

SHIRLEY B. THATCHER,

Senior Project Assistant

Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Research Council. 1997. Intellectual Property Rights and Plant Biotechnology. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/5882.
×

BOARD ON BIOLOGY

MICHAEL T. CLEGG,

Chair,

University of California, Riverside

JOHN C. AVISE,

University of Georgia, Athens

DAVID EISENBERG,

University of California, Los Angeles

GERALD D. FISCHBACH,

Harvard Medical School

DAVID J. GALAS,

Darwin Technologies, Seattle, Washington

DAVID V. GOEDDEL,

Tularik, Inc., San Francisco

ARTURO GOMEZ-POMPA,

University of California, Riverside

COREY S. GOODMAN,

University of California, Berkeley

BRUCE R. LEVIN,

Emory University, Atlanta

OLGA F. LINARES,

Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Balboa, Panama

ELLIOT M. MEYEROWITZ,

California Institute of Technology, Pasadena

ROBERT T. PAINE,

University of Washington, Seattle

RONALD R. SEDEROFF,

North Carolina State University

DANIEL S. SIMBERLOFF,

Florida State University

ROBERT R. SOKAL,

State University of New York, Stony Brook

SHIRLEY M. TILGHMAN,

Princeton University

RAYMOND L. WHITE,

University of Utah, Salt Lake City

NRC Staff

ERIC A. FISHER,

Director *

KATHLEEN A. BEIL,

Project Assistant

*

Through December 1996.

Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Research Council. 1997. Intellectual Property Rights and Plant Biotechnology. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/5882.
×

COMMISSION ON LIFE SCIENCES

THOMAS D. POLLARD,

Chair,

The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, California

FREDERICK R. ANDERSON,

Cadwalder, Wickersham and Taft, Washington, D.C.

JOHN C. BAILAR III,

University of Chicago

PAUL BERG,

Stanford University

JOHN E. BURRIS,

Marine Biological Laboratory, Woods Hole, Massachusetts

SHARON L. DUNWOODY,

University of Wisconsin, Madison

URSULA W. GOODENOUGH,

Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri

HENRY W. HEIKKINEN,

University of Northern Colorado, Greeley

HANS J. KENDE,

Michigan State University, Lansing

SUSAN E. LEEMAN,

Boston University School of Medicine

THOMAS E. LOVEJOY,

Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C.

DONALD R. MATTISON,

University of Pittsburgh

JOSEPH E. MURRAY,

Wellesley Hills, Massachusetts

EDWARD E. PENHOET,

Chiron Corporation, Emeryville, California

EMIL A. PFITZER,

Research Institute for Fragrance Materials, Inc., Hackensack, New Jersey

MALCOLM C. PIKE,

Norris/University of Southern California, Comprehensive Cancer Center, Los Angeles

HENRY C. PITOT III,

University of Wisconsin, Madison

JOHNATHAN M. SAMET,

John Hopkins University, Baltimore

CHARLES F. STEVENS,

The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, California

JOHN L. VANDERBERG,

Southwest Foundation for Biomedical Research, San Antonio, Texas

NRC Staff

PAUL GILMAN,

Executive Director

SOLVEIG M. PADILLA,

Administrative Assistant

Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Research Council. 1997. Intellectual Property Rights and Plant Biotechnology. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/5882.
×

Preface

In 1993 the National Research Council's Board on Biology established a series of fora on biotechnology. The purpose of the discussions is to foster open communication among scientists, administrators, policymakers, and others engaged in biotechnology research, development, and commercialization. The neutral setting offered by the National Research Council is intended to promote mutual understanding among government, industry, and academe and to help develop imaginative approaches to problem solving.

For the first forum, held on November 5, 1996, the Board on Biology collaborated with the Board on Agriculture to focus on intellectual property rights issues surrounding plant biotechnology. It was suggested that plant biotechnologies have not developed with the same vigor as might have been expected, given recent progress in molecular biology and by comparison to biomedical biotechnology. It was hoped that a forum could clarify intellectual property issues among research collaborators and potential impacts on advances in plant molecular biology.

Participation at the “Forum on Intellectual Property Rights and Plant Biotechnology” by representatives of the U.S. Department of Energy, U.S. Department of Agriculture, National Science Foundation, National Institutes of Health, and U.S. Patent and Trademark Office (PTO) suggests that intellectual property rights issues are important to many federal agencies. Forum participants agreed that exploration of successful technology transfer models would benefit publicprivate research collaborations. Executives from biotechnology firms raised concerns that universities overestimate the value of intellectual property in the mar-

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Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Research Council. 1997. Intellectual Property Rights and Plant Biotechnology. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/5882.
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ketplace. Scientists emphasized the need for a research exemption to prevent intellectual property rights from negatively impacting the research environment.

Examination of intellectual property rights also has been a focus of other activities of the Board on Biology. In 1993 Harold Varmus, chair of the Board on Biology at that time, headed an effort to discuss sharing of reagents associated with transgenic mice. More recently, the board organized a forum in November 1995 to examine the effects of intellectual property protection on the development, dissemination, and utilization of research tools such as expressed sequence tags and the polymerase chain reaction. It is anticipated that the present forum proceedings will generate further interest in intellectual property rights and other issues of biotechnology.

Michael T. Clegg, Chair

Board on Biology

Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Research Council. 1997. Intellectual Property Rights and Plant Biotechnology. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/5882.
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Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Research Council. 1997. Intellectual Property Rights and Plant Biotechnology. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/5882.
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