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Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Research Council. 1997. International Friction and Cooperation in High-Technology Development and Trade: Papers and Proceedings. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/5902.
×

International Friction and Cooperation in High-Technology Development and Trade

PAPERS AND PROCEEDINGS

Charles W. Wessner, Editor

Based on a Conference held in Washington, D.C. on 30-31 May 1995

Board on Science, Technology, and Economic Policy

National Research Council

NATIONAL ACADEMY PRESS
Washington,D.C.
1997

Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Research Council. 1997. International Friction and Cooperation in High-Technology Development and Trade: Papers and Proceedings. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/5902.
×

NATIONAL ACADEMY PRESS
2101 Constitution Ave., N.W. Washington, DC 20418

The National Academy of Sciences is a private, nonprofit society of distinguished scholars engaged in scientific and engineering research, dedicated to the furtherance of science and technology and to their use for the general welfare. Upon the authority of the charter granted to it by Congress in 1863, the Academy has a mandate that requires it to advise the federal government on science and technical matters. Dr. Bruce Alberts is president of the National Academy of Sciences.

The National Academy of Engineering was established in 1964, under the charter of the National Academy of Sciences, as a parallel organization of outstanding engineers. It is autonomous in its administration and in the selection of its members, sharing with the National Academy of Sciences the responsibility for advising the federal government. The National Academy of Engineering also sponsors engineering programs aimed at meeting national needs, encourages education and research, and recognizes the superior achievements of engineers. Dr. William A. Wulf is president of the National Academy of Engineering.

The Institute of Medicine was established in 1970 by the National Academy of Sciences to secure the services of eminent members of appropriate professions in the examination of policy matters pertaining to the health of the public. The Institute acts under the responsibility given to the National Academy of Sciences by its congressional charter to be an adviser to the federal government and, upon its own initiative, to identify issues of medical care, research, and education. Dr. Kenneth I. Shine is president of the Institute of Medicine.

The National Research Council was organized by the National Academy of Sciences in 1916 to associate the broad community of science and technology with the Academy's purposes of furthering knowledge and advising the federal government. Functioning in accordance with general policies determined by the Academy, the Council has become the principal operating agency of both the National Academy of Sciences and the National Academy of Engineering in providing services to the government, the public, and the scientific and engineering communities. The Council is administered jointly by both Academies and the Institute of Medicine. Dr. Bruce Alberts and Dr. William A. Wulf are chairman and vice chairman, respectively, of the National Research Council.

Limited copies are available from:

Board on Science, Technology, and Economic Policy

National Research Council

2101 Constitution Ave., N.W.

Washington, DC 20418

202-334-2200

Additional copies are available for sale from:
National Academy Press
Box 285 2101 Constitution Ave., N.W. Washington, DC 20055 800-624-6242 202-334-3313 (in the Washington Metropolitan Area)
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Copyright 1997 by the National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved.

Printed in the United States of America

Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Research Council. 1997. International Friction and Cooperation in High-Technology Development and Trade: Papers and Proceedings. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/5902.
×

For the National Research Council, this project was overseen by the Board on Science, Technology, and Economic Policy (STEP), a standing Board of the NRC established by the National Academies of Sciences and Engineering and the Institute of Medicine in 1991. The mandate of the STEP Board is to integrate understanding of scientific, technological, and economic elements in the formulation of national policies to promote the economic well-being of the United States. A distinctive characteristic of STEP's approach is its frequent interactions with public and private sector decisionmakers. STEP bridges the disciplines of business management, engineering, economics, and the social sciences to bring diverse expertise to bear on pressing public policy questions. The members of the STEP Board are listed below:*

A. Michael Spence, Chairman

Dean, Graduate School of Business

Stanford University

James T. Lynn

Advisor

Lazard Freres

John A. Armstrong

Amherst, Massachusetts

Burton J. McMurtry

General Partner

Technology Venture Investors

James F. Gibbons

Dean, School of Engineering

Stanford University

Ruben Mettler

Chairman and CEO (retired)

TRW, Inc.

George N. Hatsopoulos

President and CEO

Thermo Electron Corporation

Mark B. Myers

Senior Vice President

Xerox Corporation

Karen N. Horn

Chairman and CEO

Bank One Cleveland

Donald E. Peterson

Chairman and CEO (retired)

Ford Motor Company

Dale Jorgenson

Frederic Eaton Abbe Professor of Economics

Harvard University

James M. Poterba

Professor of Economics

Massachusetts Institute of Technology

Ralph Landau

Consulting Professor of Economics

Stanford University

George M. Whitesides

Professor of Chemistry

Harvard University

Staff

Stephen A. Merrill

Executive Director

Charles W. Wessner

Program Director

Lena J. Lawrence

Administrative Assistant

George Georgountzos

Program Associate

*  

Membership as of May 1995

Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Research Council. 1997. International Friction and Cooperation in High-Technology Development and Trade: Papers and Proceedings. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/5902.
×

NATIONAL RESEARCH COUNCIL BOARD ON SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY, AND ECONOMIC POLICY

Sponsors

The National Research Council gratefully acknowledges the support of the following sponsors:

The German-American Academic Council

Northern Telecom Limited

MEMC Electronic Materials, Inc.

Trimble Navigation

Samsung Electronics Co., Ltd.

Varian Associates, Inc.

Hitachi, Ltd.

Siemens Corporation

Philips Electronics N.V.

AT&T

General Electric Company

Program Support for the Board on Science, Technology and Economic Policy is provided by a grant from the Alfred P. Sloan Foundation.

Any opinions, findings, conclusions, or recommendations expressed in this publication are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of the project sponsors.

Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Research Council. 1997. International Friction and Cooperation in High-Technology Development and Trade: Papers and Proceedings. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/5902.
×

PROJECT STEERING COMMITTEE

Erhard Kantzenbach, Co-Chairman President

Hamburg Institute for Economic Research Institute für Wirtschaftsforschung Hamburg GERMANY

Richard E. Baldwin Professor of International Economics

Graduate Institute of International Studies Geneva SWITZERLAND

Charles Fine Associate Professor of Management

Sloan School of Management Massachusetts Institute of Technology Cambridge, Massachusetts USA

Frieder Meyer-Krahmer President

Fraunhofer Institute for Systems Analysis and Innovation Research Karlsruhe GERMANY

Sylvia Ostry Chairman

Centre for International Studies University of Toronto Toronto CANADA

George M. Scalise Executive Vice President and Chief Administrative Officer

Apple Computer, Inc. Cupertino, California USA

Alan Wm. Wolff, Co-Chairman Managing Partner

Dewey Ballantine Washington, D.C. USA

Horst Siebert President

Kiel Institute for World Economics Institute für Weltwirtschaft Kiel GERMANY

Luc L.G. Soete Professor

Maastricht Economic Research Institute for Innovation and Technology (MERIT) Maastricht THE NETHERLANDS

William J. Spencer President and CEO

SEMATECH Austin, Texas USA

Hiroyuki Yoshikawa President

University of Tokyo Tokyo JAPAN

Gerhard Zeidler Chairman,

Committee for Research and Development Confederation of German Industry Bonn GERMANY

Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Research Council. 1997. International Friction and Cooperation in High-Technology Development and Trade: Papers and Proceedings. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/5902.
×

THE BOARD ON SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY, AND ECONOMIC POLICY wishes to acknowledge the many fine contributions of the conference speakers and participants from global high-technology corporations, universities and think tanks, and senior policy officials from the United States and other governments. The Board especially wishes to recognize the contributions of the project chairmen, Dr. Erhard Kantzenbach and Ambassador Alan Wm. Wolff, to the success of this complex international endeavor. The Steering Committee deliberations benefitted especially from the experience and expertise of William Spencer of SEMATECH, George Scalise of National Semiconductor, now president of the Semiconductor Industry Association, and Sylvia Ostry of the University of Toronto. The Board also wishes to extend special recognition to Charles Wessner, who was responsible for organizing this exceptionally comprehensive conference, and George Georgountzos, whose assistance was instrumental in assuring its success.

Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Research Council. 1997. International Friction and Cooperation in High-Technology Development and Trade: Papers and Proceedings. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/5902.
×

Contents

PREFACE

 

xiii

I. INTRODUCTION

 

1

II. PROCEEDINGS

 

9

 

 

Welcome
Robert White, President, National Academy of Engineering

 

11

 

 

Introductions by Project Co-Chairs
Alan Wm. Wolff, Dewey Ballantine
Erhard Kantzenbach, HWWA

 

13

 

 

The End of the Endless Frontier
The Honorable Jeff Bingaman, U.S. Senate

 

16

 

 

The Multilateral System and National Economic Strategies
PANEL 1 MODERATOR: Mark Dadd, AT&T

 

25

   

Producer versus Consumer-Oriented Economies
Bruce Scott, Harvard University

 

 

   

The Challenge of the East Asian Economic System
James Fallows, The Atlantic Monthly

 

 

   

Consequences for the International Economic System
Lawrence Chimerine, Economic Strategy Institute

 

 

   

Discussion

 

 

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Regional Cooperation in Core Technologies: The Case of Airbus
PANEL 2 MODERATOR: Karl-Heinz Paqué, IfW

 

46

   

An Assessment of Project Goals, Means, and International Consequences
David Mowery, University of California at Berkeley

 

 

   

The American Reaction
Sally Bath, Department of Commerce

 

 

   

Lessons and Prospects: Industry Views
Raymond Waldmann, The Boeing Company
Jonathan Schofield, Airbus Industries

 

 

   

Discussion

 

 

 

 

Luncheon Address: International Competition for High-Technology Industry and the Multilateral Trading System
The Honorable Jeffrey Lang, Deputy United States Trade Representative

 

62

 

 

National Policies in Support of High-Technology Industry
PANEL 3 MODERATOR: Horst Siebert, IfW

 

71

   

French and German Technology Acquisition, Diffusion, and Development
J. Nicholas Ziegler, Massachusetts Institute of Technology

 

 

   

Japanese Technology Acquisition, Diffusion, and Development
Y. Takeda, Hitachi

 

 

   

Evolution in National Policy Support
Kazuhiko Hombu, MITI

 

 

   

U.S. Technology Acquisition, Diffusion, and Development: Assessment of Current Trends
Chris Hill, George Mason University

 

 

   

Discussion

 

 

   

From Conflict to Cooperation: Trade in Semiconductors
PANEL 4 MODERATOR: Michael Borrus, University of California, Berkeley

 

89

   

Current Trends in the Semiconductor Industry
Claudine Simson, Nortel

 

 

   

Capital Costs, Standards, and the Need for Cooperation
Y. S. Kim, Samsung Electronics

 

 

   

Strategic Partnerships: Challenges and Opportunities
Owen Williams, Motorola

 

 

   

Discussion

 

 

Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Research Council. 1997. International Friction and Cooperation in High-Technology Development and Trade: Papers and Proceedings. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/5902.
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Foreign Direct Investment Restrictions: Consequences for Trade and Technology
PANEL 5 MODERATOR: Sylvia Ostry, University of Toronto

 

107

   

Investment, Trade, and Corporate Strategies
Bruce Duncombe, Department of State

 

 

   

Asymmetries in National Patterns of Foreign Direct Investment: Consequences for Trade and Technology Development
Simon Reich, University of Pittsburgh

 

 

   

Sanctuary Markets and the Development of New Industries
Michael Gadbaw, General Electric

 

 

   

Discussion and Close of First Day's Proceedings

 

 

 

 

Second Day's Welcome
Charles Wessner, National Research Council

 

119

 

 

Introduction
E. William Colglazier, Executive Officer, National Research Council

 

120

 

 

Opening Address
The Honorable Daniel Goldin, Administrator, NASA

 

121

 

 

Dual-Use Technologies and National Security
PANEL 6 MODERATOR: W. Clark McFadden, Dewey Ballantine

 

130

   

A New Model for Defense Acquisition
Paul Kaminski, Department of Defense

 

 

   

Policy and Budgetary Drivers
William Andahazy, U.S. House of Representatives Staff

 

 

   

Dual-Use: Implicit Japanese Policy
Richard Samuels, Massachusetts Institute of Technology

 

 

   

Military, Commercial, and International Realities
Jacques Gansler, TASC, Inc.

 

 

   

Research, Economic Growth, and Competitiveness
PANEL 7 MODERATOR: Ozzie Silverman, Government of Canada

 

153

   

Defense Research and Technological Superiority
Anita K. Jones, Department of Defense

 

 

   

Public Funding of Research: A Strategic Imperative?
Charles Curtis, Department of Energy

 

 

   

Foreign Contributions to the U.S. Research Base
Knut Merten, Siemens Corporate Research

 

 

Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Research Council. 1997. International Friction and Cooperation in High-Technology Development and Trade: Papers and Proceedings. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/5902.
×

 

 

International Cooperation and Market Access in Telecommunications
PANEL 8 MODERATOR: W. Bowman Cutter, National Economic Council

 

168

   

Global Opportunities
Carlos Primo Braga, The World Bank

 

 

   

The Need for Market Access
Don Abelson, Office of the United States Trade Representative

 

 

   

An Industry View
Randolph Lumb, AT&T

 

 

 

 

Participation in National Technology Development Programs
PANEL 9 MODERATOR: Charles Wessner, National Research Council

 

181

   

Opportunities and Challenges in International Collaboration: Civil and Military Perspectives
William Spencer, SEMATECH
Marc Pelaez, U.S. Navy

 

 

   

Criteria for Foreign Participation in National Programs
William Keller, Office of Technology Assessment

 

 

 

 

Public and Private Programs and International Cooperation
PANEL 10 MODERATOR: Anne Solomon, Department of State

 

198

   

The Intelligent Manufacturing Systems Program: Two Perspectives
Robert Cattoi, Rockwell International
U. Uwatoko, Toyo Engineering

 

 

   

European Programs: EUREKA and the European Framework
Reinhard Loosch, EUREKA Secretariat

 

 

   

Discussion

 

 

 

 

Strategic Alliances Among Private Firms
PANEL 11 MODERATOR: Stephen Merrill, National Research Council

 

216

   

The Growth in Strategic Alliances: Rationales and Types
Carol Evans, Georgetown University

 

 

   

Issues for Alliance Partners
Charles White, Motorola

 

 

   

National Technology Programs and Strategic Alliances in a Global Economy: A Challenge for Public Policy?
Alan Tonelson, Economic Strategy Institute

 

 

 

 

Concluding Remarks

 

230

   

National Investments and Global Economic Competition
Lionel Johns, Office of Science and Technology Policy

 

 

Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Research Council. 1997. International Friction and Cooperation in High-Technology Development and Trade: Papers and Proceedings. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/5902.
×

III. PROJECT PAPERS

 

237

 

 

The Concept of National Economic Strategy
Bruce R. Scott, Harvard Business School

 

239

 

 

Japan: The Philosophy of Government Support for Information Technology
John P. Stern, Asian Technology Information Program

 

267

 

 

Asymmetries in National Patterns of Foreign Direct Investment: Consequences for Trade and Technology Development
Simon Reich, University of Pittsburgh

 

278

 

 

Technology Issues in the International Trading System
Sylvia Ostry, University of Toronto

 

304

 

 

Dumping: Still a Problem in International Trade
Thomas R. Howell, Dewey Ballantine

 

325

Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Research Council. 1997. International Friction and Cooperation in High-Technology Development and Trade: Papers and Proceedings. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/5902.
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This page in the original is blank.
Page xiii Cite
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Preface

This volume is part of an innovative, international project on the Sources of International Friction and Cooperation in High-Technology Development, Competition, and Trade, organized under the auspices of three cooperating institutions—the Hamburg Institute for Economic Research, the Kiel Institute for World Economics, and the National Research Council's Board on Science, Technology, and Economic Policy. The three institutions were brought together through a grant by the German-American Academic Council (GAAC).1 As its first policy project, the GAAC chose to sponsor an examination of the development of new technologies and the industries based on them. These technologies and industries are sources of economic growth and high-wage employment; competition for high technology markets makes them also a source of growing international friction that, over time, could undermine both the multilateral trading system and the tradition of shared scientific and technological information.

Because policy questions related to trade, investment, technology developments and cooperative activities have both national and international dimensions, their analysis can only benefit from a variety of perspectives. Moreover, one of the project's goals was to ensure that the project yield practical policy recommendations for national governments. Consequently, every effort was made to bring a variety of perspectives to bear, not only

1  

 Established in March 1993, the purpose of the Council is to support cooperation between Germany and the United States in all fields of science and scholarship by providing a forum for transatlantic dialogue and by collaborating on policy studies on issues confronting decisio nmakers in both countries.

Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Research Council. 1997. International Friction and Cooperation in High-Technology Development and Trade: Papers and Proceedings. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/5902.
×

scholarly analysis and technical expertise, but also business management and government policymaking experience. Accordingly, an innovative structure was adopted to secure the broadest participation with respect to project guidance, finance, conferences, and related activities.

PRIVATE SECTOR PARTICIPATION

The generous GAAC grant covered the costs of participation for the German institutes and provided a foundation for the fundraising effort required of the National Research Council to meet its different budgetary requirements as a private independent institution. The challenge of securing adequate funding was also seen as an opportunity to secure broad private sector participation in the information-gathering phase of the project.

Validating the project's concept and the GAAC's interest, the National Research Council succeeded in assembling a group of private sponsors very diverse in terms of nationality, sector of activity, and corporate size. These corporate contributors and participants included companies based in the United States, the Netherlands, Japan, Canada, Korea, and Germany, with operations across a broad range of high-technology sectors such as consumer electronics, semiconductors, computers, telecommunications, turbines, and materials. The participating companies include Northern Telecom, Siemens, Hitachi, Samsung, Philips, General Electric, MEMC, Trimble Navigation, Varian Associates, and AT&T.

The substantive and financial contributions of the project sponsors were essential to the success of this undertaking. Without their financial support, the NRC could not have carried out a project of this scope and intensity. Equally important, the active participation of senior industry representatives from these sponsors and a wide range of other companies, as well as of academic experts and senior policymakers, helped ensure that the presentations and discussions of the conferences accurately reflected the genuine opportunities for increased cooperation, the realities of global commercial competition for high-technology markets, the national stakes inherent in this competition, and the resulting policy challenges.

THREE CONFERENCES

Each of the cooperating institutions was responsible for an independently organized conference reflecting its particular analytical strengths, policy interests, and traditions. The first conference, The Economics of High-Technology Competition and Cooperation in Global Markets, was held at the Hamburg Institute for Economic Research (HWWA) in Hamburg, Germany, on 2-3 February 1995. This conference was designed to lay the theoretical and empirical foundations of the study, addressing new growth

Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Research Council. 1997. International Friction and Cooperation in High-Technology Development and Trade: Papers and Proceedings. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/5902.
×

theories, strategic trade theory, and issues of industrial organization as well as issues related to different national approaches to technology policy.2 The second conference, The Sources of Friction and Cooperation in High Technology Development and Trade, was hosted by the National Academy of Sciences on 30-31 May 1995 in Washington, D.C. and is the subject of this volume. The third conference, Toward a New Global Framework for High-Technology Competition and Cooperation, took place at the Kiel Institute of World Economics on 30-31 August 1995 in Kiel, Germany. This last conference in the series considered policy prescriptions with special emphasis on multilateral or plurilateral rules and mechanisms for conflict avoidance.3 The respective host institutions are each responsible for the publication of their conference volume.

This volume is the second in this series of three conference volumes. In keeping with the NRC tradition of producing conference proceedings, as well as papers, when merited by the quality of the presentations, this volume includes both the presentations of the large number of distinguished speakers and comments of conference participants as well as commissioned papers prepared to address topics of particular relevance to the issues covered in the course of this conference.

A MULTINATIONAL STEERING COMMITTEE

The final report of this project was produced by the National Research Council in cooperation with the two German institutes under the direction of a multinational Steering Committee. The Steering Committee provided leadership and direction for the project as a whole. It was composed of distinguished academics, leading business executives, trade and technology policy practitioners, and other experts. The Committee included members from Canada, Japan, and other European countries as well as Germany and the United States.4 The diverse national perspectives and training of this distinguished Committee brought a multidisciplinary and global perspective to the complex issues considered by the project. Different perspectives have a value in their own right but by no means assure consensus. The Steering Committee discussions involved a sustained effort to identify the limits of consensus on a broad range of analytically difficult and often contentious issues of great consequence for international cooperation in science, technology, and trade.

2  

 See Georg Koopman and Hans-Eckart Scharrer (eds.), The Economics of High-Technology Competition and Cooperation in Global Markets. HWWA Institute for Economic Research, Hamburg, Germany, 1996.

3  

 See Towards a New Global Framework for High-Technology Competition and Cooperation. Kiel Institute of World Economics, Kiel, Germany, forthcoming.

4  

 The members of the Steering Committee are listed on page iv.

Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Research Council. 1997. International Friction and Cooperation in High-Technology Development and Trade: Papers and Proceedings. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/5902.
×

The Steering Committee met on four occasions under the co-chairmanship of Professor Dr. Erhard Kantzenbach, president of the HWWA and Ambassador Alan Wm. Wolff. Three of the meetings were held in conjunction with the conferences, in which Committee members were principal participants. The final deliberative meeting, which took place at the NRC in Washington in December 1995, took into account the conference papers, presentations, and discussions, and the analysis prepared by the three institutions. In the course of this final meeting, the Steering Committee agreed to a comprehensive and significant set of recommendations on a series of interrelated and highly complex issues. These Findings and Recommendations form the basis for the summary report of the project.

A SUMMARY REPORT

That report, entitled Conflict and Cooperation in National Competition for High-Technology Industry, includes the Findings and Recommendations of the Steering Committee, and revised versions of the two reports considered by the Committee at its final meeting, the first prepared by the NRC staff, the second jointly prepared by the HWWA and IfW staffs.5 The Recommendations and Findings underscore the importance of the subject matter and address specific issues of technology and trade policy, government support of research and development, and policies affecting international cooperation. In the rare instances where no agreement was possible, the Steering Committee acknowledged its inability to achieve consensus on a recommendation. The recommendations also highlight the need for additional information and identify specific areas that would benefit from further analysis.

This volume represents a key element in the Steering Committee deliberations. The presentations, discussions, and papers included in this volume illuminate many of the complex issues addressed by this project. Indeed, the questions addressed in this timely and comprehensive conference remain central elements of the international economic dialogue.

Alan Wm. Wolff

Project Co-Chairman

5  

 National Research Council, Conflict and Cooperation in National Competition for High Technology Industry. National Academy Press, Washington, D.C., 1996.

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