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Appendix
BIBLIOGRAPHIC SOURCES OF INFORMATION
Studies related to immigration are carried out by a wide assortment of
researchers and analysts, including those in government, universities,
and the private sector. Because the sources of information on U.S.
immigration are so diverse, it is often difficult even for experienced
investigators to locate studies about refugees, undocumented workers,
resident aliens, naturalized citizens, temporary entrants, or other
groups of interest. A thorough compilation and review of the literature
on U.S. immigration would be a valuable contribution to the work of
researchers and policy makers. Such a comprehensive effort was outside
the scope of the panel's mandate; however, the following brief guide to
sources of data, along with selected references to recent studies, was
compiled to provide assistance in locating information about
international migration involving the United States.
This appendix includes a description of an annotated bibliography
published by the Immigration and Naturalization Service in 1979; an
overview of a guide to sources of information on immigration and refugee
policy issued in 1982 by the Congressional Research Service of the
Library of Congress; and selected abstracts of immigration literature
drawn from the National Technical Information Service (NTIS) data base
along with other references provided by the Congressional Research
Service. The INS bibliography includes references to many of the studies
and reports that helped to shape U.S. immigration policy during the
1970s. The guide to sources of information prepared by the Library of
Congress describes printed indexes, on-line data bases, and other tools
for conducting research in the area of immigration to the United States.
The selected references drawn from the NTIS data base are provided to
illustrate the utility of the on-line data bases and to provide a limited
update of immigration literature for the period following the publication
of the INS bibliography.
The panel expresses its appreciation to Rosalyn Leiderman, information
services librarian, and James Olsen, librarian, at the National Academy
of Sciences-National Academy of Engineering Library, for their assistance
and guidance in preparing the information presented in this appendix.
304
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305
THE INS BIBLIOGRAPHY
In 1979 the Office of Planning, Evaluation and Budgeting of the INS
published an annotated bibliography, Immigration Literature: Abstracts
of Demographic, Economic, and Policy Studies (available from the U.S.
Government Printing Office). The bibliography, prepared by Jeannette H.
North and Susan J. Grodsky, was published in response to widespread and
growing interest in immigration issues. Its scope is described in the
introductory material: "The documents in [the] bibliography are
generally concerned with immigration to the United States from 1965 to
[1979~. The subject matter falls primarily within the following
categories: (1) demographic studies of recent immigration, including
methodological studies, descriptive statistical reports, and essays on
migration theory, (2) economic studies pertaining to recent immigration,
including works on both the economic impacts and the economic experiences
of aliens in the United States, (3) "Brain Drain" studies, including the
descriptive and analytic studies of the migration of foreign students and
professionals, and (4) immigration policy studies, including sections on
political refugees, undocumented aliens, and the enforcement and
administration of the 1965 Immigration and Nationality Act. . . . The
bibliography contains a variety of types of literature including books,
pamphlets, reports, periodical articles, and government publications.
The latter category encompasses Federal, State, and local government
publications; Congressional Hearings and Committee prints as well as
executive Branch reports are included."
THE LIBRARY OF CONGRESS GUIDE TO SOURCES OF INFORMATION
In 1982 the Congressional Research Service of the Library of Congress
published a guide to information on immigration to the United States,
U.S. Immigration and Refugee Policy: A Guide to Sources of Information.
The guide, prepared by Marsha K. Cerny, provides information to assist
researchers in locating bibliographic information on four major topics:
immigration law and policy, alien labor, illegal aliens, and refugees.
It also provides appropriate search terms for locating information in
printed indexes and on-line data bases. The guide lists nearly 150
citations, including books, journal articles, legal resources,
legislative information, executive department publications, statistical
sources, and bibliographies. The last two categories, statistical
sources and bibliographies, shown on pages 30 and 31 of the guide, are
reproduced below because of their relevance to this report and to
illustrate the utility of the guide.
Statistical Sources
Printed Indexes
The AMERICAN STATISTICS INDEX (ASI) aims to be a master guide
and index to all the statistical publications of the U.S.
Government, including periodicals, annual, biennial, semiannual,
and special publications. The Index is divided into two
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sections: an abstract
of the content and the
volume. ASI is publi
Access is provided by
Subject terms tc
immigration materials
volume which contains full descriptions
format of each publication and an index
shed monthly and cumulated annually.
subject, name, issuing source, and title.
be used in this index to locate
include:
IMMIGRATION: Immigration
Immigration and Naturalization Service
Aliens
Citizenship
Mexicans in the U.S.
ALIEN LABOR: Alien workers
ILLEGAL ALIENS: Aliens
REFUGEES: Refugees
Selected statistical publications from non-Federal sources
are indexed in the STATISTICAL REFERENCE INDEX. It presents
data on business, industry, finance, economic and social
conditions, government and politics, the environment, and
population. The Index includes the publications of trade,
professional and other nonprofit associations and institutes,
business organizations, commercial publishers, university and
independent research centers, and state governments. Access is
provided by subject, name, categories, issuing source, and
title. Indexes are published monthly and annually.
The subject teems that can be searched in the Index to find
material on immigration are listed here:
IMMIGRATION:
ALIEN LABOR:
ILLEGAL ALIENS:
REFUGEES:
Immigration
Aliens
Citizenship
Alien workers
Aliens
Aliens
Refugees
Cuban refugee program
Indo-Chinese refugee programs
The PUBLIC AN FAIRS INFORMATION SERVICE BULLETIN (PAIS)
subdivides many of its subject categories with a statistical
section. For a longer description of this source and a list of
the subject teems that can be searched, see page 4 of this guide.
Online Data Bases
The CRS BIBLIOGRAPHIC DATA BASE (CITN or BIBL) also contains
Federal and private statistical material. Immigration
statistical material can be located by combining the search
teems listed in the journal article section of this guide (page
6) with the subdivisions "Statistics" or "Graphs and charts".
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307
The online file for the PUBLIC AFFAIRS INFORMATION SERVICE
BULLETIN (PAIS), available through Lockheed, can also be
searched for statistical material. The subject teems listed in
the journal article section of the guide (page 4) can be
combined with the term "Statistics" to locate immigration
material.
Other Source
The STATISTICAL ABSTRACT OF THE UNITED STATES is an annual
publication of the Census Bureau. It contains a standard
summary of statistics on the social, political, and economic
makeup of the country. Immigration material is in the section
entitled Immigration and Naturalization. . . .
Bibliographies
Fox, James W., and Mary Anne Fox. Illegal immigration: a
bibliography, 1968-1978. Monticello, Ill., Vance
Bibliographies, 1978. 32 p. (Public administration
series: bibliography P-94) Z7165.U5F67
Sharma, Prakash C. Refugee migration: a selected international
research bibliography. Monticello, I11., Council of
Planning Librarians, 1975. 15 p. (Council of Planning
Librarians. Exchange bibliography 801) Z5942.C68 no. 801
A selected research bibliography on Mexican immigration
to the United States. Monticello, Ill., Council of
Planning Librarians, 1974. 18 p. (Council of Planning
librarians. Exchange bibliography 672) Z5942.C68 no. 672
U.S. Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service.
Illegal aliens: selected references, 1978-1981, by Marsha
Cerny. [Washington] 1981. 4 p. (Bibliography in brief
L0063)
SELECTED ABSTRACTS OF IMMIGRATION LITERATURE, 1978-1983
Most of the abstracts below were selected from a search of the NTIS data
base in June 1983 and reproduced here. The NTIS data base includes over
900,000 citations, most with abstracts, to technical reports resulting
from U.S. and other government-sponsored research. The unpublished U.S.
reports are prepared by federal, state, and local agencies and their
contractors and grantees. Major areas covered include the biological,
social, and physical sciences, mathematics, engineering, and business
information (Chadra Associates, 1984, Directory of Online Data Bases
5( 3) Spring) .
The NTIS data base was searched by Rosalyn Leiderman of the National
Academy of Sciences-National Academy of Engineering Library in mid-1983,
and a list of annotated references was generated. The abstracts that
appear below were selected from the original list to partially update the
1979 INS bibliography and to provide a brief list of abstracts of
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publications that illuminate many of the issues described in this
report. The abstracts are loosely arranged into the following
categories: bibliographies, employment and labor market impact, federal
statistics, illegal aliens, assimilation/adaptation, and miscellaneous
references.
A final section lists additional abstracts for the 1979-1982 period.
These references, prepared by Marsha Cerny of the Congressional Research
Service, Library of Congress, are divided into two categories: general
sources and illegal aliens.
Selected References from the NTIS Data Base
Bibliographies
Department of Housing and Urban Development. Hispanic
Americans in the United States: A Selective Bibliography,
1975-1980. Washington, D.C. 1981.
This is the second edition of a bibliography devoted to
literature on the Hispanic minority in the United States. It
reflects the growth of both the Hispanic population and the
awareness of its importance since 1974. The bibliography
consists of a selected list of studies, newspaper and periodical
articles, and government publications which are arranged
topically, beginning with general background on Chicanos, Puerto
Ricans, and Cubans; followed by immigration, migration and
settlement patterns, ethnicity and assimilation, and housing.
Additional topics are the family, women, the elderly, education,
employment, health, crime and law enforcement, political
participation, civil rights, and race relations. Bibliographies
are listed separately. Altogether 429 bibliographic entries are
contained in this compilation. Most citations date from the
late 1970s; a few are dated 1980. An author index is provided.
A Review and Analysis of the Literature on Asian/Pacific
.
and Hispanic Aging and Mental Health Programs, and on
Indochinese Refugee Mental Health Programs. CON SAD Research
Corp., Vienna, VA. February 1981.
This literature review and analysis summarizes recent
research, examines the issues on evaluation raised (and not
raised) in the literature, and assesses the adequacy of
available data for evaluation and for evaluability assessment.
The task involved a broad search of the mental health and aging
literature on Hispanic and Asian/Pacific Americans.
Foreign Medical Graduates. 1975-July, 1982 (Citations from
the NTIS Data Base). National Technical Information Service,
Springfield, VA. July 1982.
A compilation of research reports is presented on the
following issues regarding the immigration of foreign trained
medical personnel to the United States: (1) Immigration
policies; (2) demographic and professional characteristics;
(3) performance on examinations, licensing tests, and specialty
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309
certification; (4) clinical performance; and (5) information on
location and professional activities. The impact of foreign
medical graduates on health manpower planning is discussed.
(This updated bibliography contains 96 citations, 7 of which are
new entries to the previous edition.)
Employment and Labor Market Impact
Bailey, Thomas, and Marcia Freedman. Immigrant and
Native-Born Workers in the Restaurant Industry. Columbia
-
University, New York. Conservation of Human Resources Project.
January 1982.
Each of four industry sectors, defined according to labor
process, depends mainly on one particular category of worker:
full-service restaurants on attached workers, intermediate
restaurants on the quasi-attached, and fast-food on the
unattached. . . . A large alien labor force supports the
proliferation of full-service restaurants. Hiring networks are
well developed; paternalistic management puts a premium on
insider acceptance. As the stay of unskilled immigrants
lengthens, they accumulate knowledge and capital, thus
constituting a pool from which skilled workers and entrepreneurs
are produced. The informality and uncertainty of the training
process reduces the attractiveness of the industry for
native-born workers seeking attachment. The most likely
adjustment to immigration restriction would be a shift to
fast-food production rather than a significant increase in wages
or career-type jobs.
Borjas, George J. Economic Status of Male Hispanic
ants and Natives in the U.S.: A Human Capital Approach.
California University, Santa Barbara. Community and
Organization Research Institute. 1981.
This research presents a theoretical and empirical analysis
of the economic status of Hispanic natives and immigrants in the
United States labor market. The empirical findings include
results on the heterogeneity of the Hispanic population, the
earnings growth of Hispanic immigrants, the labor supply
behavior of Hispanic men, and the impact of Hispanics in the
labor market. The empirical analysis is based on the Survey of
Income and Education.
Chiswick, Barry R. Effects of Immigration on Earnings and
Employment in the United States. Phase 1. Illinois University
at Chicago Circle. Survey Research Lab. November 1981.
Part I is an analysis of the employment (weeks worked),
unemployment and earnings among adult foreign-born men, and in
comparison with the native-born. The analyses of employment and
unemployment are done for the 1970 Census of Population and the
1976 Survey of Income and Education (SIE). Part II analyzes the
impact of immigrants on the earnings and employment of
native-born men using the 1970 census. The earnings of the
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310
native-born are higher the greater the proportion of immigrants
in their labor market, and the higher the skill level of these
e e
Immigrants.
Chiswick, Barry R. An Analysis of the Economic Progress
and Impact of Immigrants. Illinois University at Chicago
Circle, Survey Research Lab.
The theoretical analysis of earnings and occupational
mobility is based on the international transferability of skills
and the favorable self-selection of immigrants. Detailed
analyses are performed by race/ethnic group and sex (1970
Census). Immigrants initially have lower earnings than the
native born but their earnings rise rapidly with the duration of
residence, reach equality after 11 to 25 years and then they
have higher earnings. The children of immigrants earn 5 to 10
percent more than those with native-born parents. Using
aggregate production function analysis, it is shown that an
increase in supply of either low-skilled or high-skilled
immigrants decreases the wage of that type of labor, and
increases the return to both capital and the other type of
labor. The immigration tends to increase the aggregate income
of the native population, unless the immigrants are substantial
net beneficiaries of income transfers. A bibliography is
included.
Conroy, Michael E., Mario Coria Salas, Felipe
Vila-Gonzalez. Socioeconomic Incentives for Migration from
Mexico to the United States: Magnitude, Recent Changes, and
Policy Implications. Texas Universitv at Austin. Dent. of
Economics. July 1980.
The purpose of the report is to present new evidence of the
magnitude of recent estimated real wage differentials for
low-skill laborers across regions within Mexico and through the
Southwestern United States; to show the trend in those wage
differentials across recent years, with specific attention to
the effect of recent devaluations of the Mexican peso; to
broaden the analysis of socioeconomic incentives to a series of
measures beyond real wages alone; and to suggest policy
implications with respect to migration which emerge from this
analysis of changing incentives in the context of broader
interrelationships between the two countries. (Prepared in
cooperation with Instituto Politecnico Nacional, Mexico City,
MX.)
Emerson, Robert D. Seasonal Agricultural Labor Markets in
the United States. Florida University, Gainesville. Department
of Food and Resource Economics. March 1981.
The report is a series of papers devoted to seasonal
agricultural labor markets. The titles of the papers are as
follows: Introduction to the Seasonal Farm Labor Problem; Some
Analytical Approaches for Human Resource Issues of Seasonal Farm
Labor; Seasonality of Farm Labor Use Patterns in the United
States; Migration in Farm Labor Markets; The Off-Farm Work of
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Hired Farmworkers; Nonimmigrant Aliens in American Agriculture;
Labor Supply Uncertainty and Technology Adoption; An
Intertemporal Approach to Seasonal Agricultural Labor Markets;
Unstructured Labor Markets and Alternative Labor Market Forms;
Occupational Structure and the Industrialization of Agriculture;
The California Agricultural Labor Relations Act and National
Agricultural Labor Relations Legislation; Impact of Labor Laws
and Regulations on Agricultural Labor Markets; Farmworker
Service and Employment Programs; Seasonal Farm Labor and U.S.
Farm Policy; and a Summary. The orientation of the document is
toward the consideration of policy alternatives, data needs, and
research needs.
Clover, Robert W. Attempting to Rationalize Agricultural
Labor Markets: A Review of Experiences with Citrus Harvesting
in the Lower Rio Grande Valley. Texas University at Austin.
Center for the Study of Human Resources. July 1981.
This report provides an overview of efforts to improve the
labor market for farm workers in the citrus industry of the
Lower Rio Grande Valley of Texas under the Citrus Labor Market
Demonstration Project from 1974 to 1977. A primary aim of the
effort was to increase productivity and incentives for workers
to remain in citrus harvest work on a more stable basis.
Meeting this objective would enable the industry to utilize
legal U.S. workers rather than relying on undocumented foreign
workers. Researchers worked with five packinghouses who agreed
to cooperate with the project in varying degrees. Efforts were
conducted in four areas: (1) improvements in fruit handling
methods, (2) development of company crews hired directly by the
packinghouse, (3) development of a variable piece rate system
that adjusted to the amount of effort put to picking and (4)
finding alternative employment during the off-season. For a
variety of reasons discussed in this report, none of the
attempts could be declared successful.
Johnson, Kyle, and James Orr. Labor Shortages and
Immigration: A Survey and Taxonomy. Bureau of International
~ ~ .
Labor Affairs, Washington, D.C. Office of Foreign Economic
Research. February 1981.
The paper contributes to the debate on immigration by
analyzing recent discussions of the effects of immigration on
economic growth, income distribution and productivity and the
relationship of these effects to projected labor shortages.
paper also provides a discussion of the principal economic
effects of immigration and briefly discusses the experience of
Europe and Japan in meeting labor shortages.
McLaughlin, Steven D. English Language Proficiency,
Occupational Characteristics and the Employment Outcomes of
Mexican-American Men. Battelle Human Affairs Research Centers,
Seattle, WA. June 17, 1982.
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Several models of the employment outcomes process are
estimated in order to determine the effects of human capital,
immigrant status, English language proficiency and a set of
occupational characteristics on the employment and earnings of
Mexican-American males. A comparison is also made between
native-born, English proficient Mexican-Americans and a sample
of white, native-born English proficient non-Hispanics. The
results indicate that the employment outcomes of
Mexican-Americans is largely determined by human capital and
occupational characteristics.
North, David S. Seven Years Later: The Experiences of the
. .
1970 Cohort of Immigrants in the U.S. Labor Market. Linton and
-
Co., Inc., Washington, D.C. June 15, 1978.
Each year about 400,000 legal immigrants enter the U.S.,
and each year about 222,000 immigrants (net) enter the labor
market. The demographic profile of the legal immigrants is
close to that of the population at large, and is thus different
from that of illegal immigrants (who tend to be young, single
males). In the U.S., immigrants earn more money and work fewer
hours per week than they did in their homeland, and, in the case
of women, quickly earn as much as their peers; the men appeared
to be on their way to earnings equity with their peers. There
are substantial occupational group movements, many of which
initially at least are downwards. The study is based on
published and unpublished government statistics and on a survey
of the 1970 cohort of immigrants.
Pollack, Susan L., Robert Coltrane, and William R. Jackson,
Jr. Farm Labor Wage Issues. Economic Research Service,
Washington, D.C. Economic Development Div. June 1982.
Proposed immigration reforms would make the hiring of
undocumented workers illegal. It would also establish a worker
program to permit agricultural employers to bring legal foreign
workers into the United States to replace illegal workers, but
only when domestic workers are unavailable for farmwork. The
proposed worker program would be a revision of the current H-2
temporary foreign worker program operated by the Departments of
Labor and Justice. The procedures adopted for establishing wage
rates and non-wage benefits of temporary foreign agricultural
workers could significantly affect farm labor expenditures and
the willingness of U.S. farmers to participate in the program.
This analysis of 1980 H-2 adverse effect wage rates provides new
information which policy-makers may use when they consider
changes in current H-2 wage determination procedures.
Roberts, Kenneth David, and Gustavo Trevino Elizondo.
Agrarian Structure and Labor Migration in Rural Mexico: The
Case of Circular Migration of Undocumented Workers to the U.S.
Department of State, Washington, D.C. Office of External
Research. July 1980.
The purpose of this study is to determine the specific
agricultural conditions in Mexico which cause off-farm wage
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313
labor to take the form of undocumented migration to the U.S.
The report reviews economic and anthropological migration
literature and develops a migration model which is applied to 4
rural areas of Mexico. The principal conclusion to emerge from
this research is that regional agricultural development will not
necessarily stem the flow of migratory wage labor to the U.S.
The Bajio, which contributed most heavily to the U.S. migration
stream, was the most developed of the 4 zones studied, and
within this zone there were no significant differences between
migrant and non-migrant households with respect to most economic
indicators. Migrant households were found to be significantly
larger through the incorportion of more adult members into the
extended family. Higher farm incomes in that zone permit more
individuals to claim a share of farm production, while lower
farm labor requirements and higher cash outlays dictate that the
majority of labor by these members will be in off-farm
occupations. This household structure encourages U.S. migration
by partially off-setting through occupational diversification
the higher level of risk associated with this activity.
Sullivan, Teresa A., and Silvia Pedraza-Bailey.
Differential Success Amone Cuban-American and Mexican-American
Immigrants: The Role of Policy and Community. National Opinion
_
Research Center, New York. June 1979.
The report analyzes the Cuban-Mexican differential in labor
market success as a function of the differentials between
economic and political immigrants. Cubans had higher initial
social class and received a comprehensive program of government
services; Mexicans were economic immigrants and received few
services. The report uses multiple regression models with 1970
Census Public Use Sample data to show Cuban advantage in
earnings and occupational prestige even when personal
characteristics are statistically controlled. There is a
detailed description of U.S. policy toward Cuban refugees.
General Accounting Office, General Government Div.
Information on the Enforcement of Laws Regarding Employment of
Aliens in Selected Countries. Washington, D.C. August 31, 1982.
This study provides information on legal and illegal alien
workers in 19 countries and Hong Kong. Specifically, GAO
compiled information on the countries' laws and policies
concerning guest workers, national identification documents,
employer responsibilities, illegal alien workers, and law
enforcement. The information was obtained by questionnaire.
Because of the subcommittee's specific interest, followup visits
were made to four countries--Canada, France, Switzerland, and
the Federal Republic of Genmany--to obtain more detailed
responses. The discussion of each country's situation contains
characterizations of its laws, legal requirements, and
sanctions. In most cases, GAO did not independently examine the
countries' laws, regulations, and case law, but rather based its
characterizations on information furnished by the countries in
response to the questionnaire or in interviews.
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314
Waldinger, Roger. Immigration and Industrial Change: A
Case Study of Immigrants in the New York City Garment Industry.
Harvard-MIT Joint Center for Urban Studies, Cambridge, MA. May
1982.
This report is a case study of immigrants in New York
women's garment industry. The major purpose of this report is
to examine the relationship between immigration and industrial
change. The principal focus is on the transformation of New
York from an industry center to a spot market and on the effect
of this change on the incorporation of new immigrants and on the
functioning of key labor market institutions. The study is
based on a variety of data sources, the most important of which
are interviews with the owners of apparel firms that directly
produce in New York City. The literature on the labor market
impact of immigrants is discussed in the introduction. A
bibliography is included.
Federal Statistics
North, David S., and Jennifer R. Wagner. Government
Records: What They Tell Us About the Role of Illegal Immigrants
in the Labor Market and in Income Transfer Programs. New
TransCentury Foundation, Washington, D.C. April 1981.
It has become obvious that illegal immigrants are making
substantial impacts on U.S. society, its population, its
economy, and particularly on its labor market; and, while it is
clear that the impacts are occurring, no consensus has been
reached about the nature of those impacts nor what to do about
them. It is important to try to secure incremental data from
whatever sources are available on the numbers, roles, and
activities of illegal migrants.
North, David S. Analyzing the Apprehension Statistics of
the Immigration and Naturalization Service. New TransCentury
Foundation, Center for Labor and Migration Studies. Washington,
D.C. November 1979.
This report is an exploratory study of the apprehension
statistics of the Immigration and Naturalization Service (INS).
The objective was to review these statistics on illegal
migrants--which are gathered for law enforcement management
purposes--to determine if they contained demographic and labor
market data of utility to policymakers. The study found that
all indices of migration to the U.S., legal and illegal, have
increased markedly during the eight years studied, and that the
indices of illegal migration appear to be rising more sharply
than those of legal migration. Apprehensions of illegal aliens,
for example, increased 213% between 1970 and 1977. Despite
these trends, the amount of resources devoted to enforcement
apparently has not kept pace with the increased flow; the number
of officer hours spent on apprehensions increased only 31%
during the studied period. Further, INS does not allocate its
resources in such a way so as to maximize apprehensions,
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315
particularly as they relate to removing undocumented workers
from jobs which could be filled by legal residents. The study
also examined a number of other migration control systems, such
as issuances of visas and inspections of arriving aliens.
Bureau of the Census. Census of Population and Housing:
1970. Evaluation and Research Program. Accuracy of Data for
Selected Population Characteristics as Measured by
Reinterviews. Washington, D.C. August 1974.
The report presents data on the accuracy of reporting for
selected population characteristics as measured in a large-scale
reinterview program, carried out shortly after the 1970 census
field work was completed. Response error data are presented for
three population characteristics which were collected for the
first time in the 1970 census: Spanish origin or descent,
mother tongue, and vocational training. In addition, response
error data are presented for six population characteristics
which had been collected in previous decennial censuses:
Nativity, citizenship, year of immigration, country of birth of
parents, year moved into present house, and number of children
ever born.
Illegal Aliens
Chiswick, Barry R., and Francis A. Fullam. Feasibility
Study for a Survey of the Employers of Undocumented Aliens.
Illinois Univ. at Chicago Circle, Survey Research Lab. June
1980.
A non-probability sample of Chicago employers was selected
from the Records of Deportable Alien (I-213) to determine
whether employers would participate in a survey on potentially
sensitive hiring practices, e.g., undocumented aliens. The
sample was stratified by the alien's ethnicity (Mexican,
non-Mexican) and industry (manufacturing, restaurant, other
service). The Interviews were face-to-face, preceded by a
telephone appointment. The survey instrument was indirect, with
specific questions regarding hiring youths, older workers,
women, and migrants, including undocumented aliens. There were
31 completed interviews, 2 ineligible firms, and 9
refusals/unavailable, for a 78 percent completion rate among
eligible employers. Employer's procedures generally indicated
they check applicant's legal status which they incorrectly
perceived to be a legal obligation. Questions on practices
suggested they knew they were hiring undocumented aliens.
Maram, Sheldon, and Stewart Long. The Labor Market Impact
of Hispanic Undocumented Workers: An Exploratory Case Study of
the Garment Industry in Los Angeles County. California State
Univ., Fullerton. October 1981.
The study seeks to determine whether Hispanic undocumented
workers are occupying jobs in the garment industry in Los
Angeles County that might otherwise be held by unemployed Black
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and Hispanic U.S. citizens and legal immigrants. The data
gathered suggest that the majority of the garment workers in Los
Angeles are Hispanic undocumented and that the prevailing wage
level for sewing machine operative jobs, the main production job
in the industry, is the minimum wage or below. The data also
indicate that very few unemployed Blacks and Hispanics would be
willing to work as sewing machine operatives at the prevailing
wage level, and that employers prefer to hire Hispanics over
Blacks as sewing machine operators. Thus, data from the supply
as well as the demand sides of the labor market indicate that
there is very little displacement of unemployed Blacks and
Hispanics by Hispanic undocumented workers at prevailing wages.
The authors were unable to obtain sufficient empirical data on
which to reach conclusions about the extent of indirect
displacement--that is, displacement that may be occurring if the
presence of the undocumented depresses wages and thus makes
these jobs unattractive to unemployed Blacks and Hispanics who
otherwise would accept them.
Morris, Milton D., and Albert Mayio. Illegal Immigration
and United States Foreign Policy. Brookings Institution,
Washington, D.C. October 1980.
The study examines how illegal immigration affects U.S.
foreign relations. It reviews the level and sources of illegal
immigration, the conditions that contribute to it, the actions
that might be taken to curtail it, the effects of these actions
on the principal source countries, on the United States, and on
relations between these countries and the U.S.
Van Arsdol, Maurice D., Jr., Joan W. Moore, David M. Heer,
and Susan Paulvir Haynie. Non-Apprehended and Apprehended
Undocumented Residents in the Los Angeles Labor Market: An
Exploratory Study. University of Southern California, Los
Angeles. Population Research Lab. May 1979.
The study presents for the first time detailed information
concerning the economic assimilation, demographic
characteristics, and social adjustment of a large sample of
undocumented Mexican residents of the United States who were not
apprehended by the U.S. Immigration and Naturalization Service
at the time they were interviewed. These persons were then
residing in Los Angeles, California. The purpose of the
research is to analyze previously unavailable data concerning
the social histories and assimilation of such migrants, and to
compare their characteristics with those of apprehended
undocumented migrants.
General Accounting Office, Program Analysis Div. Illegal
Aliens: Estimating Their Impact on the United States. March
14, 1980.
While the number of immigrants legally admitted to the
United States has remained fairly constant, the estimated number
of people entering illegally has been increasing. There are
conflicting points of view as to the illegal alien's role in the
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United States. This report addresses the issues relating to the
impact of illegal aliens and develops a framework for analyzing
these issues.
General Accounting Office, Human Resources Div.
Administrative Changes Needed to Reduce Employment of Illegal
Aliens. January 30, 1981.
The report examines the impact that the Department of
Labor's program for reducing the employment of illegal aliens
has had in six States. The report also describes the problems
associated with a program that lacks penalties for use against
nonagricultural employers who knowingly employ illegal aliens.
General Accounting Office, General Government Div. Number
of Undocumented Aliens Residing in the United States Unknown.
Washington, D.C. April 6, 1981.
While various estimates on the size of the undocumented
alien population residing in the United States have been made,
none are considered reliable. Congress, therefore, in
considering important immigration issues, may wish to weigh the
desirability and feasibility of any proposed actions on both a
best and worst case basis. What may seem right premised on an
undocumented alien population of 1 or 2 million could be
inappropriate if this population was actually 10 million or more.
General Accounting Office, Inst. for Program Evaluation.
Problems and Options in Estimating the Size of the Illegal Alien
_ _
Population. Washington, D.C. September 24, 1982.
Illegal aliens are of concern to the Congress not only
because of their illegal status but also because they may
aggravate employment and community resource problems. As the
Congress considers its response to the presence of illegal
aliens in this country, accurate estimates of the size and
growth of this population would be useful for deciding on policy
options and for evaluating policy effectiveness. However,
presently available estimates are imprecise and insufficiently
reliable. GAO presents for congressional consideration three
alternative ways of acquiring information relevant to
policymaking on illegal aliens. In assessing the merit of these
alternatives, the Congress should weigh the extent of its
concern for reliable narrow-ranged estimates against the
significant expenditure of resources that would be required.
Flores, Grace. Unpaid Medical Costs and Undocumented
, A
Aliens. Office of the Assistant Secretary for Planning and
Evaluation, Office of Special Concerns. Washington, D.C. March
1979.
The report presents the field materials collected under a
contract commissioned by the Division of Spanish Surnamed
Americans to examine the costs of medical services for
undocumented persons. The findings of this study revealed that
hospitals do not have systematic methods for determining the
alienage status of their patients. As a result none of the
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hospitals had exact figures on the amount of money lost due to
the treatment of undocumented persons.
Assimi tat ion/Adaptation
Dunning, Bruce B., and Joshua Greenbaum. Survey of the
Social, Psychological and Economic Adaptation of Vietnamese
Refugees in the U.S., 1975-1979. Bureau of Social Science
Research, Inc. Washington, D.C. April 1982.
This document reports the principal findings of a survey of
555 adult Vietnamese refugees who entered the U.S. from 1975
through 1979 and were living as of Jan. 1980 in the areas of
Orange and Los Angeles counties, California, Galveston/Houston
or New Orleans. Data gathered in December 1980 include
background, demographic and household characteristics, economic
and employment status, social participation, religious
identification, migration patterns, sponsorship and use of
refugee services, and perceptions of problems and of
socioeconomic status.
Hurh, Won Moo, and Kwang Chung Kim. Korean Immigrants in
America: A Structural Analysis of Ethnic Confinement and
-
Adhesive Adaptation. Western Illinois Univ., Mac omb. December
1980.
Korean immigrants' adaptation in terms of their historical
background, demographic characteristics, and various patterns of
adaptation in cultural, social, economic, and psychological
dimensions were studied. In addition to the historical overview
of the Korean immigrants in the United States, their demographic
and socioeconomic backgrounds, geographic adaptation patterns
such as concentration, streaming and scattering ecological
processes, and their general patterns of cultural and social
adaptation are analyzed. Adhesive adaptation of Korean
immigrants reflects multiple realities involved in intergroup
relations, such as acculturation, assimilation, separatism, and
pluralism. It also reveals the most salient aspect of an
American dilemma--the idea of ethnic pluralism versus the
reality of ethnic confinement.
Li, Angelina H. Labor Utilization and the Assimilation of
Asian-Americans. Chicago Univ., IL. June 1980.
The research addresses the topic of underemployment as
measured by the extent of unemployment, involuntary part-time
work, inadequate income, and mismatch between education and
occupation. The first part of the study critiques a number of
conventional measures of economic well-being and compares them
with Hauser's Labor Utilization Framework (LUF) in teems of
operationalization and comprehensiveness The second part of
the study uses 1970 Census data and measures the degree of labor
utilization of Asian-Americans in teems of the LUF. In this
section, Asians are classified by ethnicity and immigration
generation and comparisons are made with White Americans.
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319
Fortes, Alejandro. Latin American Immierant Minorities in
the United States. Duke Univ., Durham, NC. November 1981
-
Immigration and immigrant adaptation among Cubans and
Mexican immigrants to the U.S. was studied. Structural, social,
and cultural adaptation were analyzed, as were the immigrants'
views of the host society and their perceptions of
discrimination against their ethnic group. Occupational and
economic mobility and exposure to outside society appear to
retard, rather than promote, cultural adaptation. Predominant
ethnicity of community of residence and place of employment are
more important predictors of social adaptation than race, class
of origin, or religion.
Shifflett, Crandall A., and Richard J. Harris.
Occupational Mobility and the Process of Assimilation of Mexican
Immigrants to San Antonio, Texas: A Longitudinal Analysis.
Texas Univ. at San Antonio, Div. of Social Sciences. June 1979.
The study examines the career patterns of 132 Mexican
American male heads of household whose names were chosen at
random from the San Antonio City Directory of 1977. Each person
was contacted for a 45 minute interview, and information was
collected on the head, his parents, and his grandparents to get
a three generation perspective. The results were compared with
a National Opinion Research Center sample of Anglo males from
southern S.M.S.A.'s.
Miscellaneous References
Demographic and Socioeconomic Characteristics of
Hispanic Population in the United States: 1950-1980.
Development Associates, Inc. Arlington, VA. January 1982.
The Hispanic population is the second largest and fastest
growing minority in the country. While the total U.S.
population is expected to double between 1950 and 2000, the
Hispanic population, it is estimated, will increase
approximately five times. Between 1950 and 1980, the group
tripled in size, growing from about 4 million to over 14
million. By 1990 it is expected to reach over 19 million; by
the end of the century, it is likely to number close to 24
million. Eighty percent of the Hispanics now live in 9 states
Cal., Tex., NY, Fla., Ill., NJ, New Mex., Ariz., and Cal. The
following groups have been identified with the Hispanic
population: the Mexican Americans; the Puerto Ricans; the
Cubans; and those from Central and South America and from
Spain. In 1950, the Hispanic population was primarily of
Mexican origin, concentrated then, as now, in the Southwestern
U.S. Since the 1950s, there have been growing concentrations
Puerto Ricans in the NY area; Cubans in Florida; and other
Hispanics dispersed over several states. Various factors, such
as fertility, age distribution, immigration and mortality, are
likely to result in differential growth patterns for each of
these groups.
the
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North, David S., and Jennifer R. Wagner. Nonimmigrant
Workers in the U.S.: Current Trends and Future Implications.
- - - .
New TransCentury Foundation. Center for Labor and Migration
Studies. Washington, D.C. May 1980.
The report describes one class of alien workers,
nonimmigrants, who may work in the U.S. legally, but only
temporarily and under other prescribed conditions. The numbers,
occupations, wages, and working conditions of five subclasses of
such workers are analyzed: foreign students, temporary workers
of distinguished merit and ability, other temporary workers,
exchange visitors, and intracompany transferees (multinational
employees). Many of these workers are roughly comparable to the
guestworkers of Europe, while the rural workers are comparable
to the braceros (Mexican Nationals working in agriculture) of
the period 1942-1964. The impacts of these workers on the micro
labor markets they affect is discussed, as are their demographic
impacts.
Reubens, Edwin P. Temporary Admission of Foreign Workers:
Dimensions and Policies. City Univ. of New York. March 1979.
The report examines the policy dimensions of the H-2
Program (Temporary admission of foreign workers) in teems of
legal and administrative provisions; numbers and trends of H-2
workers; functions of H-2 workers; the need for foreign workers;
the capacity to absorb foreign workers; and the available policy
options.
General Accounting Office. Human Resources Div. Greater
Emphasis on Early Employment and Better Monitoring Needed in
As,
Indochinese Refugee Resettlement Program. Washington, D.C.
March 1, 1983.
Although the Refugee Act of 1980 establishes the goal of
quick self-sufficiency for refugees, its achievement has been
impeded by problems in the Indochinese refugee resettlement
program including (1) continued placement of most refugees in a
few areas of the United States; (2) lack of employment
assistance given to refugees soon after their arrival, coupled
with the large number receiving public assistance; (3) limited
monitoring by voluntary agencies to assure that refugees receive
services needed to help them become self-sufficient; and
(4) fragmented Federal management of the resettlement program
and poor program direction and oversight. Much corrective
action has been taken through recent reauthorizing legislation
and administrative action. GAO is making additional
recommendations to the Secretaries of the Departments of Health
and Human Services and State that would (1) place program
emphasis on quick employment for refugees and (2) improve
direction and oversight of the refugee program by key offices
involved in resettlement activities.
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321
General Accounting Office. Human Resources Div. Issues
Concerning Social Security Benefits Paid to Aliens. Washington,
D.C. March 24, 1983.
There has long been congressional concern about aliens who
work only long enough to become eligible for social security
benefits and then return to their native countries to collect
the benefits for themselves and their dependents. In 1981, the
Social Security Administration paid nearly $1 billion to 313,000
beneficiaries living abroad, more than 60 percent of whom were
aliens. Alien retirees abroad generally have worked less time
in covered employment, have paid less taxes to social security,
and have more dependents than the average retiree, frequently
adding such dependents after retirement. GAO's study also
identified an inconsistency between the Social Security Act and
the Immigration and Nationality Act--aliens are allowed to earn
social security credits under the former act while violating the
latter. Accumulation of credits by and the payment of benefits
to aliens who worked illegally in the United States could be
costly to the trust funds.
General Accounting Office. International Div. Indochinese
Refugees: Protection, Care, and Processing Can Be Improved.
_
Washington, D.C. August 19, 1980.
The continuous exodus of refugees from Communist Indochina
in 1979 strained the willingness and the ability of Asian asylum
countries to accept refugees and to assist in providing
protection and temporary care. GAO reported in 1979 that
because of political restraints and the humanitarian plight of
these people, the Department of State should seek more active
participation of international and voluntary agencies in refugee
resettlement. In the past year, conditions at the transit
centers and resettlement camps have improved somewhat. GAO
makes additional recommendations to alleviate the continuing
problems associated with refugee protection, care, and
resettlement.
General Accounting Office. General Government Div.
Information on Immigration in 17 Countries. Washington, D.C
January 12, 1979.
The immigration policies and trends in selected developed
and developing countries were reviewed. The following countries
were selected for review: Argentina, Australia, Canada,
Colombia, Dominican Republic, Federal Republic of Germany,
France, Great Britain, Guatemala, Haiti, Jamaica, Mexico, New
Zealand, Philippines, Sweden, Thailand, and Venezuela. From
each country specific data was requested concerning visitors,
foreign students, guest workers, refugees, permanent resident
aliens, citizenship, and immigration problems. The data
furnished varied by country. The data provided are incorporated
in a summary for each country. Included is information from
countries' representatives familiar with local immigration,
policies and trends, and the local U.S. embassy or consulate.
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Data on immigration to the United States from these countries
are also included.
Selected References Prepared by
Congressional Research Service: 1979-1982
General Sources
Martin, Philip L. Select commission suggests changes in
immigration policy--a review essay. Monthly Labor Review, v.
105, Feb. 1982: 31-37.
Describes the recommendations of the Select Commission on
Immigration and Refugee Policy for reforming the immigration
system. These recommendations include "tougher enforcement,
higher quotas, amnesty for most current illegal aliens," and a
reliable means for checking the legal status of workers.
Reimers, David M. Post-World War II immigration to the
United States: America's latest newcomers. In America as a
multicultural society. Philadelphia, American Academy of
Political and Social Science, 1981. (Annals, v. 454, Mar. 1981)
p. 1-12.
Reviews changes that have occurred in U.S. immigration
policy since the 1940s. Also looks at the shifts in country of
origin of the immigrants--from northern and western European
countries to Third World nations.
Schroeder, Richard C. Refugee policy. [Washington
Congressional Quarterly] 1980. 387-404 p. (Editorial research
reports, 1980, v. 1, no. 20~.
Contents.--Spotlight on the Caribbean.--Global efforts to
aid refugees.--Implications of policy reforms.
Teitelbaum, Michael S. Right versus right: immigration
and refugee policy in the United States. Foreign affairs, v.
59, fall 1980: 21-59.
Concludes that, in the long term, the only humane and
sustainable policy regarding immigration and refugees must be
one that accurately reflects American national interest and
humanitarian values, protects the civil liberties and rights of
citizens and immigrants alike, and recognizes the importance of
trade and foregin assistance policies for developing countries.
Advocates the development of legislation to embody such an
immigration policy.
U.S. Select Commission on Immigration and Refugee Policy.
U.S. immigration policy and national interest; the final report
and recommendations . . . with supplemental views by
commissioners. [Washington] 1981. 453 p.
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323
Partial contents.--Undocumented/illegal aliens.--The
admission of immigrants.--Refugee and mass asylum
issues. --Nonimmigrant aliens .--Administrative issues .--Legal
issues.--Language requirement for naturalization.
Walter, Jacob. Lack of cash and poor coordination plague
U.S. refugee policies. National journal, v. 12, July 26, 1980:
1234-1237.
"If you count Cubans and Haitians, some 364,000 refugees
are flocking to the United States this year, only to be greeted
by a patchwork of government and voluntary agencies that have
little in common except a shortage of money that many feel is
necessary to cope with the problem."
Illegal Aliens
Abrams, Elliott. The myth of
7~.,_~-1 ~ ~- ~A__- ·-.__ A_ ~ ~
the illegal alien crisis.
v"~.~ an bile '~' buss con socioeconomic Studies, v. 4, spring
1979: 27-35.
Examines the illegal alien problem from the viewpoint of
its basis in American economic history.
Burnett, Richard. Illegal aliens come cheap. Progressive,
v. 43, Oct. 1979: 44-46.
Compares U.S. immigration policy with the employment of
Mediterranean "guest workers" in northern Europe and the
"homelands" policy of South Africa. Concludes that all of these
policies ensure a supply of unskilled labor which, because it
lacks a permanent right of residence, remains docile and
relatively cheap.
Cornelius, Wayne A. Mexican migration to the United
States. In Mexico-United States relations. New York, Academy
of Political Science, 1980. (Proceedings, v. 34, no. 1, 1981)
p. 67-77.
Questions the view that illegal Mexican immigration could
be reduced significantly by government action and concentrates
instead on the limits to government intervention on the United
States side of the border.
Keely, Charles B. Illegal migration. Scientific American,
v. 246, Mar. 1982: 41-47.
Focuses on the questions of how many illegal residents
there are in the U.S., how fast the number of illegal aliens is
growing, the effect of illegal immigration on U.S. society, and
how this problem might be solved.
Keely, Charles B. The shadows of invisible people.
American demographics, v. 2, Mar. 1980: 24, 26-29.
Looks at the estimated number of illegal aliens in the
United States. States that what has emerged from this analysis
is a picture of a resident illegal migrant population that is
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324
smaller than has been believed to be the case. "The more recent
analyses, using demographic methods, conclude the number of
illegal migrants around 1973-75 to be in the lower end of the 4
to 12 million range."
Martin, Philip L. Illegal immigration: the guestworker
option, by Philip L. Martin and Ellen B. Sehgal. Public policy,
v. 28, spring 1980: 207-229.
As a solution to the problem of illegal immigration into
the United States, analyzes the effect of converting illegal
aliens to the status of guest workers. Argues that a U.S. guest
worker program is discouraged on conceptual and empirical
grounds. Contends that "the availability of foreign workers
does not solve 'labor shortage' problems; further, it only
postpones debate and decision on the kinds of jobs and job
structure the United States should have."
l
Representative terms from entire chapter:
illegal aliens
