National Academies Press: OpenBook

U.S.-European Collaboration in Space Science (1998)

Chapter: Front Matter

Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Research Council. 1998. U.S.-European Collaboration in Space Science. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/5981.
×

U.S.-European Collaboration In Space Science

Committee on International Space Programs

Space Studies Board

Commission on Physical Sciences, Mathematics, and Applications

National Research Council Washington, D.C., United States of America

European Space Science Committee

European Science Foundation Strasbourg, France

NATIONAL ACADEMY PRESS
Washington, D.C.
1998

Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Research Council. 1998. U.S.-European Collaboration in Space Science. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/5981.
×

NOTICE: The project that is the subject of this report was approved by the Governing Board of the National Research Council, whose members are drawn from the councils of the National Academy of Sciences, the National Academy of Engineering, and the Institute of Medicine. The members of the joint committee responsible for the report were chosen for their special competencies and with regard for appropriate balance.

The National Academy of Sciences is a private, nonprofit, self-perpetuating society of distinguished scholars engaged in scientific and engineering research, dedicated to the furtherance of science and technology and to their use for the general welfare. Upon the authority of the charter granted to it by the Congress in 1863, the Academy has a mandate that requires it to advise the federal government on scientific and technical matters. Dr. Bruce Alberts is president of the National Academy of Sciences.

The National Academy of Engineering was established in 1964, under the charter of the National Academy of Sciences, as a parallel organization of outstanding engineers. It is autonomous in its administration and in the selection of its members, sharing with the National Academy of Sciences the responsibility for advising the federal government. The National Academy of Engineering also sponsors engineering programs aimed at meeting national needs, encourages education and research, and recognizes the superior achievements of engineers. Dr. William A. Wulf is president of the National Academy of Engineering.

The Institute of Medicine was established in 1970 by the National Academy of Sciences to secure the services of eminent members of appropriate professions in the examination of policy matters pertaining to the health of the public. The Institute acts under the responsibility given to the National Academy of Sciences by its congressional charter to be an adviser to the federal government and, upon its own initiative, to identify issues of medical care, research, and education. Dr. Kenneth I. Shine is president of the Institute of Medicine.

The National Research Council was organized by the National Academy of Sciences in 1916 to associate the broad community of science and technology with the Academy's purposes of furthering knowledge and advising the federal government. Functioning in accordance with general policies determined by the Academy, the Council has become the principal operating agency of both the National Academy of Sciences and the National Academy of Engineering in providing services to the government, the public, and the scientific and engineering communities. The Council is administered jointly by both Academies and the Institute of Medicine. Dr. Bruce Alberts and Dr. William A. Wulf are chairman and vice chairman, respectively, of the National Research Council.

Support for this project was provided by Contract NASW 96013 between the National Academy of Sciences and the National Aeronautics and Space Administration. Any opinions, findings, conclusions, or recommendations expressed in this publication are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the view of the organizations or agencies that provided support for this project.

The cover was designed by Penny Margolskee. Back cover: Hubbell Space Telescope image courtesy of the Space Telescope Science Institute.

Library of Congress Catalog Card Number 97-80595

International Standard Book Number 0-309-05984-4

In the United States and outside of Europe, copies of this report are available from:

Space Studies Board
National Research Council
2101 Constitution Avenue, NW
Washington, D.C. 20418

National Academy Press
2101 Constitution Ave., NW
Box 285
Washington, D.C. 20055
800-624-6242 202-334-3313 (in the Washington metropolitan area)
http://www.nap.edu

Copyright 1998 is administered by the National Academy of Sciences on behalf of the copublishers, the National Academy Press in the United States and the European Science Foundation in Europe.

All rights reserved.

Printed in the United States of America

Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Research Council. 1998. U.S.-European Collaboration in Space Science. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/5981.
×

NOTICE: The European Space Science Committee (ESSC) is an associated committee of the European Science Foundation (ESF). It aims to promote space science related activities, to facilitate the definition and the organization of space research programs in Europe, and to encourage the coordination of space research in concert with the European Space Agency, the European Commission and European Union, European scientific associations, national space agencies, and scientific organizations of other countries concerned with space-related research.

The European Science Foundation is an association of 62 major national funding agencies devoted to basic scientific research in 21 countries. It acts as a catalyst for the development of science by bringing together leading scientists and funding agencies to debate, plan, and implement pan-European scientific and science policy initiatives.

The ESSC aims to act as one of the pan-European representative bodies on issues concerning space research and related activities. It is a place for reflections and proposals made independently from agencies and governments. ESSC members are chosen pro nomine among experts active in space-related research.

Financial support for the work of the ESSC, ESSC panels, and ESSC work groups was provided in 1997 by the Fonds zur Förderung der Wissenschaftlichen Forschung in Österreich (Austria) the National Fonds voor Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek/Fonds National de la Recherche Scientifique (Belgium), the Schweizerischer National fonds zur Förderung der Wissenschaftlichen Forschung (Switzerland), the Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Gemeinschaft Deutscher Forschungszentren (Germany), the Forskningsradene (Denmark), the European Space Agency, the Centre National d'Études Spatiales (France), the Nederlandse Organisatie voor Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek (the Netherlands), the Naturvetenskapliga forskningsrådet (Sweden), and the Particle Physics and Astronomy Research Council (United Kingdom).

The ESSC comprises three permanent discipline-oriented panels: the European Space Physical Science Panel (ESPSP), the European Earth Observation Panel (EEOP), and the European Microgravity Panel (EMP).

Information on the committee's activities and publications can be found on the ESSC Web site at <http://www.esf.org/essc>.

In Europe, copies of this report are available from:

European Space Science Committee
Dr. J.-C. Worms
c/o ENSPS—Parc d'Innovation
Boulevard Sébastien Brandt
F-67400 ILLKIRCH, France
essc@ensps.u-strasbg.fr

Andrew J.A. Smith
Communications Unit
European Science Foundation
1 quai Lezay-Marnésia
67080 Strasbourg Cedex, France
communications@esf.org

Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Research Council. 1998. U.S.-European Collaboration in Space Science. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/5981.
×

MEMBERS OF THE JOINT COMMITTEE

European Members

FRANÇOIS BECKER,

International Space University (formerly with École Nationale Supérieure de Physique, Université L. Pasteur), Strasbourg, France,

Chair

MICHEL BIGNIER,

La Réunion Spatiale, Paris, France

A. MIKE CRUISE,

University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom

ALVARO GIMÉNEZ,

L.A.E.F.F., Madrid, Spain

ROBERT J. GURNEY,

University of Reading, Reading, United Kingdom

GERHARD HAERENDEL,

Max-Palanck-Institut für extraterrestrische Physik, Garching, Germany

MANFRED H. KELLER,

Deutsche Forschungsanstalt für Luft und Raumfahrt, Köln, Germany

JEAN-CLAUDE LEGROS,

Microgravity Research Center—Free University of Brussels, Brussels, Belgium

DAG LINNARSSON,

Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden

HERBERT W. SCHNOPPER,

Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory, Cambridge, Massachusetts (from May 1, 1997; formerly with Danish Space Research Institute, Copenhagen, Denmark)

FRED W. TAYLOR,

Clarendon Laboratory, Oxford, United Kingdom

Experts and Consultants

HANS BALSIGER,

University of Bern, Switzerland

MARCELLO CORADINI,

European Space Agency

GUY DUCHOSSOIS,

European Space Agency

JOHANNES GEISS,

International Space Science Institute, Bern, Switzerland

VITTORIO MANNO,

International Space Science Institute, Bern, Switzerland

SERGIO VOLONTÉ,

European Space Agency

Staff

JEAN-CLAUDE WORMS, ESSC Executive Secretary

U.S. Members

(Committee on International Space Programs)

BERRIEN MOORE III,

University of New Hampshire,

Chair

ROBERT J. BAYUZICK,

Vanderbilt University

ROBERT E. CLELAND,

University of Washington

BILL GREEN, former member,

U.S. House of Representatives

JONATHAN E. GRINDLAY,

Harvard University

JOAN JOHNSON-FREESE,

Air War College, Maxwell Air Force Base

VICTOR V. KLEMAS,

University of Delaware

DONALD G. MITCHELL,

Johns Hopkins University

JAMES R. MORRISON,

BDM, Inc. (retired)

S. ICHTIAQUE RASOOL,

University of New Hampshire; International Geosphere-Biosphere Program, Paris

JOHN A. SIMPSON,

University of Chicago

DARRELL F. STROBEL,

Johns Hopkins University

LOUIS J. LANZEROTTI,

Lucent Technologies

(ex officio)

Staff

PAMELA L. WHITNEY, Study Director

CARMELA J. CHAMBERLAIN, Senior Program Assistant

Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Research Council. 1998. U.S.-European Collaboration in Space Science. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/5981.
×

EUROPEAN SPACE SCIENCE COMMITTEE

FRANÇOIS BECKER,

International Space University (formerly with École Nationale Supérieure de Physique, Université L. Pasteur), Strasbourg, France,

Chair (through November 1997)

JOHN LEONARD CULHANE,

Mullard Space Science Laboratory, London, United Kingdom,

Chair (December 1997 to present)

European Earth Observation Panel (EEOP)

ROBERT J. GURNEY,

University of Reading, Reading, United Kingdom,

Chair, EEOP

WERNER ALPERS,

Institut für Meereskunde, Universität Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany

FRANÇOIS BECKER,

International Space University (formerly with École Nationale Supérieure de Physique, Université L. Pasteur), Strasbourg, France

ANNY CAZENAVE,

Laboratoire en Géophysique et Océanographie Spatiale (LEGOS), Groupe de Recherche de Géodésie Spatiale, Centre National d'Études Spatiales, Toulouse, France*

MARIE-LISE CHANIN,

Stratospheric Processes and Their Role in Climate (SPARC) Office, Verrières, France*

GÉRARD MÉGIE,

Institut Pierre-Simon Laplace, Paris, France (through December 1997)

HANS SÜNKEL,

Technische Universität Graz, Graz, Austria

European Space Physical Science Panel (ESPSP)

JOHAN A.M. BLEEKER,

Space Research Laboratory, Space Research Organization Netherlands, Utrecht, The Netherlands,

Chair, ESPSP*

MAURIZIO CANDIDI,

Instituto di Fisica dello Spazio Interplanetario, Frascati, Italy (through December 1997)

A. MIKE CRUISE,

Physics and Space Science, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom

ALVARO GIMÉNEZ,

L.A.E.F.F., Madrid, Spain

GERHARD HAERENDEL,

Max-Planck-Institut für extraterrestrische Physik, Garching, Germany

NAZZARENO MANDOLESI,

I.TE.S.R.E., Bologna, Italy

PHILIPPE MASSON,

Université de Paris Sud, Orsay, France

FRED W. TAYLOR,

Clarendon Laboratory, Oxford, United Kingdom (through December 1997)

GILBERT VÉDRENNE,

Centre d'Études Spatiales des Rayonnements, Toulouse, France

JOHN C. ZARNECKI,

University of Kent, Canterbury, United Kingdom*

ANDRZEJ A. ZDZIARSKI,

Copernicus Astronomical Centre, Warsaw, Poland

European Microgravity Panel (EMP)

JEAN-CLAUDE LEGROS,

Microgravity Research Center—Free University of Brussels, Brussels, Belgium,

Chair, EMP

JEAN-JACQUES FAVIER,

Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique, Grenoble, France

GERDA HORNECK,

Institut für Luft und Raumfahrt, DLR, Köln, Germany*

NORBERT KIEHNE,

Deutsche Forschungsanstalt für Luft und Raumfahrt, Köln, Germany (through December 1997)

DAG LINNARSSON,

Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden

JEAN-CLAUDE WORMS,

ESSC Executive Secretary, ENSPS, Strasbourg, France

HANS U. KAROW, ESF Scientific Secretary,

Strasbourg, France

*  

Appointed May 1998.

Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Research Council. 1998. U.S.-European Collaboration in Space Science. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/5981.
×

SPACE STUDIES BOARD

CLAUDE R. CANIZARES,

Massachusetts Institute of Technology,

Chair

MARK R. ABBOTT,

Oregon State University

JAMES P. BAGIAN,*

Environmental Protection Agency

DANIEL N. BAKER,

University of Colorado

LAWRENCE BOGORAD,

Harvard University

DONALD E. BROWNLEE,

University of Washington

JOHN J. DONEGAN,*

John Donegan Associates, Inc.

GERARD W. ELVERUM, JR.,

TRW Space and Technology Group

ANTHONY W. ENGLAND,

University of Michigan

MARILYN L. FOGEL,

Carnegie Institution of Washington

MARTIN E. GLICKSMAN,*

Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute

RONALD GREELEY,

Arizona State University

BILL GREEN, former member,

U.S. House of Representatives

ANDREW H. KNOLL,

Harvard University

JANET G. LUHMANN,*

University of California, Berkeley

ROBERTA BALSTAD MILLER,

CIESIN

BERRIEN MOORE III,

University of New Hampshire

KENNETH H. NEALSON,*

University of Wisconsin

MARY JANE OSBORN,

University of Connecticut Health Center

SIMON OSTRACH,

Case Western Reserve University

MORTON B. PANISH,

AT&T Bell Laboratories

(retired)

CARLÉ M. PIETERS,

Brown University

THOMAS A. PRINCE,

California Institute of Technology

MARCIA J. RIEKE,*

University of Arizona

PEDRO L. RUSTAN, JR.,

U.S. Air Force

(retired)

JOHN A. SIMPSON,

University of Chicago

GEORGE L. SISCOE,

Boston University

EDWARD M. STOLPER,

California Institute of Technology

RAYMOND VISKANTA,

Purdue University

ROBERT E. WILLIAMS,

Space Telescope Science Institute

JOSEPH K. ALEXANDER, Director (as of February 17, 1998)

MARC S. ALLEN, Director (through December 12, 1997)

*  

Former member.

Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Research Council. 1998. U.S.-European Collaboration in Space Science. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/5981.
×

COMMISSION ON PHYSICAL SCIENCES, MATHEMATICS, AND APPLICATIONS

ROBERT J. HERMANN,

United Technologies Corporation,

Co-chair

W. CARL LINEBERGER,

University of Colorado,

Co-chair

PETER M. BANKS,

Environmental Research Institute of Michigan

WILLIAM BROWDER,

Princeton University

LAWRENCE D. BROWN,

University of Pennsylvania

RONALD G. DOUGLAS,

Texas A&M University

JOHN E. ESTES,

University of California at Santa Barbara

MARTHA P. HAYNES,

Cornell University

L. LOUIS HEGEDUS,

Elf Atochem North America, Inc.

JOHN E. HOPCROFT,

Cornell University

CAROL M. JANTZEN,

Westinghouse Savannah River Company

PAUL G. KAMINSKI,

Technovation, Inc.

KENNETH H. KELLER,

University of Minnesota

KENNETH I. KELLERMANN,

National Radio Astronomy Observatory

MARGARET G. KIVELSON,

University of California at Los Angeles

DANIEL KLEPPNER,

Massachusetts Institute of Technology

JOHN KREICK,

Sanders, a Lockheed Martin Company

MARSHA I. LESTER,

University of Pennsylvania

NICHOLAS P. SAMIOS,

Brookhaven National Laboratory

CHANG-LIN TIEN,

University of California at Berkeley

NORMAN METZGER, Executive Director

Page viii Cite
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Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Research Council. 1998. U.S.-European Collaboration in Space Science. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/5981.
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Foreword

Photographs of Earth from space show no political boundaries, reminding us that national distinctions are manmade. But the agencies responsible for those pictures, other missions to Earth orbit, and probes to deep space are inevitably national or multinational. Each has its own set of constituencies, procedures, capabilities, and limitations.

There are great benefits from finding ways those entities and their respective research and industrial communities can act cooperatively, as has been amply demonstrated by many successful examples of international cooperation in the space sciences. Beyond the cultural enrichment that comes when people of different nations work together for a common goal, those benefits include the potentially richer scientific yield from shared expertise and broader political and financial support.

Joint activities between the National Aeronautics and Space Administration in the United States and the European Space Agency or individual European national space agencies have resulted in some of the world's most successful space science missions, and more joint efforts are being planned. But inevitably, some attempts at transatlantic cooperation are more successful than others. Sometimes difficulties arise as they would in any large, complex technical undertaking, whether national or multinational. At other times, however, the additional complications of internationalism itself can cause or exacerbate those difficulties.

We believe that improving the likelihood of successful U.S.-European cooperation is a worthy goal that can enhance the space programs and benefit the peoples of all participating nations. This benefit is clearest in the case of the International Space Station, the largest multinational undertaking of its kind. Its success depends entirely on the cooperation of the United States, Europe, and the other major partners. We think improving international cooperation can also enhance more modest space missions that study Earth, explore the solar system, or probe the cosmos.

This joint report is itself an exercise in international cooperation. The Space Studies Board of the U.S. National Research Council and the European Space Science Committee of the European Science Foundation are charged with advising their respective space enterprises. Our charters, procedures, and operating styles are not identical. Yet we have a long history of fruitful interchange and a shared vision of science as a global activity, and this understanding provided a natural context for this study.

It is our hope that this report will help make future cooperative ventures in space science more successful than ever. Some of the conclusions may be relevant for those planning international ventures in other areas as well. We

Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Research Council. 1998. U.S.-European Collaboration in Space Science. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/5981.
×

plan to continue our joint dialogue and hope to extend our deliberations to include colleagues in other major space-faring nations. We are confident that the spirit of shared human inquiry that has characterized science throughout history will continue and grow stronger on the high frontier of space research.

Claude R. Canizares

Chair, Space Studies Board

FranÇois Becker

Chair, European Space Science Committee (through November 1997)

J. Leonard Culhane

Chair, European Space Science Committee (from December 1997)

Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Research Council. 1998. U.S.-European Collaboration in Space Science. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/5981.
×

Acknowledgment of Reviewers

This report has been reviewed by individuals chosen for their diverse perspectives and technical expertise, in accordance with procedures approved by the National Research Council (NRC) Report Review Committee and agreed to by the European Science Foundation. The purpose of this independent review is to provide candid and critical comments that will assist the authors, NRC, and ESF in making the published report as sound as possible and to ensure that the report meets institutional standards for objectivity, evidence, and responsiveness to the study charge. The contents of the review comments and draft manuscript remain confidential to protect the integrity of the deliberative process. We wish to thank the following individuals for their participation in the review of this report:

J. Iwan Alexander, University of Alabama, Huntsville

James Burch, Southwest Research Institute

Jeff Dozier, University of California, Santa Barbara

Thérèse Encrenaz, Observatoire de Paris, Meudon

Robert A. Frosch, Harvard University

Roy Gibson, Montpellier, France

Jay Goldberg, University of Chicago

Gerda Horneck, Institut für Luft und Raumfahrt, DLR, Köln, Germany*

John Huchra, Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics

William Kaula, University of California, Los Angeles

Kenneth I. Kellerman, Radio Astronomy Observatory

Brian McBreen, University College Dublin

Rodolfo Monti, Università degli Studi di Napoli Federico II

*  

This reviewer, currently a member of the European Space Science Committee (ESSC), had no connection with the committee at the time of the review.

Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Research Council. 1998. U.S.-European Collaboration in Space Science. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/5981.
×

John Naugle, North Falmouth, Massachusetts

Tobias Owen, University of Hawaii

Alain Ratier, European Organisation for the Exploitation of Meteorological Satellites (EUMETSAT)

David J. Southwood, Imperial College of London*

Although the individuals listed above have provided many constructive comments and suggestions, responsibility for the final content of this report rests solely with the authoring joint committee, NRC, and ESF.

This report could not have been written without the contributions of many colleagues who provided the joint committee with essential unpublished information. The members of the joint committee are very grateful to them.

*  

This reviewer, currently working at the European Space Agency, was not affiliated with the agency at the time of the review.

Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Research Council. 1998. U.S.-European Collaboration in Space Science. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/5981.
×
   

Space Physics

 

69

   

International Solar Polar Mission

 

70

   

Active Magnetospheric Particle Tracer Explorer

 

73

   

International Sun-Earth Explorer Mission

 

76

   

Lessons Learned

 

77

   

Earth Sciences

 

80

   

The Case for Cooperation

 

81

   

Case Mission Choice and Rationale

 

82

   

Upper Atmosphere Research Satellite

 

83

   

Ocean Topography Experiment (TOPEX-POSEIDON)

 

84

   

Earth Observing System

 

87

   

Lessons Learned

 

91

   

Microgravity Research and Life Sciences

 

95

   

International Microgravity Laboratory

 

95

   

Lessons Learned

 

98

4

 

Findings and Recommendations

 

101

   

Goals and Rationale for International Cooperation

 

102

   

Planning and Identification of Cooperative Opportunities

 

104

   

Management and Implementation

 

105

   

Personnel

 

106

   

Guidelines and Procedures

 

107

   

Conclusions

 

109

 

 

Appendixes

 

113

   

A Cooperative U.S.-European Space Projects

 

115

   

B Letter from the National Aeronautics and Space Administration to the Enrico Fermi Institute, University of Chicago, August 11, 1972

 

125

   

C Memorandum of Understanding Between the United States National Aeronautics and Space Administration and the European Space Agency for the International Solar Polar Mission, March 29, 1979

 

129

   

D Letter from the Office of Management and Budget to the National Aeronautics and Space Administration, June 22, 1981

 

139

   

E NASA Presentation to NRC Committee for Its Study on ''The International Solar Polar Mission (A Review and Assessment of Options)," June 1981

 

141

   

F Correspondence Between the European Space Agency and the National Aeronautics and Space Administration, October 12, 1994, to April 17, 1996

 

143

   

G Letter from the European Space Agency to the Vice President of the United States, June 13, 1994

 

151

   

H Acronyms and Abbreviations

 

155

Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Research Council. 1998. U.S.-European Collaboration in Space Science. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/5981.
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U.S.-European Collaboration in Space Science reviews the past 30 years of space-based research across the Atlantic. The book, which was prepared jointly with the European Space Science Committee (under the aegis of the European Science Foundation) begins with a broad survey of the historical and political context of U.S.-European cooperation and collaboration in space.

The focus of the book is a set of 13 U.S.-European missions in astrophysics, space physics, planetary sciences, earth sciences, and life and microgravity research that illustrate "lessons learned" on the evolution of the cooperation, mission planning and scheduling, international agreements, cost-sharing, management, and scientific output.

These lessons form the basis of the joint committee's findings and recommendations, which serve to improve the future conduct and enhance the scientific output of U.S.-European cooperation and collaboration in space science.

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