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Suggested Citation:"Index." National Research Council. 1999. Global Environmental Change: Research Pathways for the Next Decade. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/5992.
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Index

A

Acid deposition, 33, 49, 53, 193, 232, 502

Aerosol Radiative Forcing and Climate Change, 406

Aerosols, 192, 197-199, 205, 206, 209, 223, 227-231, 404, 406-409, 449, 489, 492, 503, 520, 528

decadal to centennial climate change, 153, 164, 170, 172, 175, 180, 396, 398-399

large-scale ecosystems, 28, 44, 68

models, 230-231, 406-407

paleoclimatology, 254, 255

Advanced Spaceborne Thermal Emission and Reflection Radiometer, 28

Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer, 28, 94, 380, 417

Agriculture, 296, 306, 307, 412, 460, 461, 499, 521, 557

fertilizers, 33, 34, 174, 296, 412

large-scale ecosystem modeling, 19, 20, 33, 44

monsoons, 91-94

production/climate models, 299-300, 312, 314

rain, 95-96

wetlands, 173

see also Department of Agriculture

Airborne Visible/Infrared Imaging Spectrometer, 382

Air pollution, 33, 49-51, 73, 170, 192, 205-206, 520

emissions trading, 320

see also Acid deposition;

Aerosols;

Carbon dioxide;

Greenhouse gases;

Ozone layer depletion;

Ozone, tropospheric;

Particulate matter;

Photochemical oxidants;

Trace gases

Albedo, 94-95, 159, 162, 163, 164, 166, 172, 183, 256, 462

UV radiation and, 227

All-India Rainfall Index, 91, 93, 94

Amazon basin, 20, 27, 54, 299, 301, 304, 306, 314, 462

American River, 134-137

Antarctica, 147, 158-161, 182, 159, 160, 162, 182

ozone hole, 6-7, 191, 194-195, 201, 206, 227, 488

paleoclimatology, 241, 242, 246, 248, 270

Anthropogenic factors, see Human factors in global environment

Archiving, 538

decadal to centennial climate change, 154, 155

human factors, 337, 348, 351, 356

paleoclimatology, 269, 275

precipitation data, 120, 389

Suggested Citation:"Index." National Research Council. 1999. Global Environmental Change: Research Pathways for the Next Decade. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/5992.
×

satellite data, general, 30, 121, 390, 427, 436, 437

snow, 390

vegetation, 123, 392

Arctic Boundary Layer Expedition, 53

Arctic systems, 25, 27, 32, 160, 161, 166, 249, 264, 265, 401

ozone layer depletion, other than Antarctica, 197, 201

polar platforms, 14-15, 29, 428, 430

see also Antarctica;

Cryosphere;

Greenland

Atlantic Ocean, 53, 100

North Atlantic Oscillation, 133, 138-139, 141, 142, 150, 151, 157, 161, 165, 168, 257, 302

surface temperature, other, 98, 133, 145, 149, 151, 156, 165, 168

thermohaline circulation, 141, 147, 169, 267

Younger Dryas, 132, 242-243, 252

Atmosphere-ocean interactions, 100, 114, 219, 408, 425-426, 528

carbon dioxide exchange, 20, 21, 36, 173, 181, 384, 478, 479, 480-486, 491, 501-502

decadal to centennial climate change, 127, 136, 137, 141, 143, 148-149, 155, 156-159, 173, 181, 182-183, 396;

see also “paleoclimatology” infra

ecosystems, 20, 21, 36, 51

GOALS, 110, 114, 115, 117, 379, 387, 388

models, 14, 89, 99, 100, 101, 112, 114, 115, 148, 154, 156, 266-267, 268, 383, 387, 399, 453, 454, 456, 457, 473-487, 490-493, 500-502

paleoclimatology, 240, 251, 266

sea level pressure, 136, 137, 141, 143, 388

see also El Niño;

La Niña;

Sea surface temperature

Atmospheric boundary layers, 29, 107, 115-116, 152, 155, 168, 174-175, 183, 200, 201, 221, 400, 519

Atmospheric chemistry, xi, xii, 8, 170-176, 191-236, 277, 353-354, 399-410, 453, 464, 487-495, 498, 502-503, 519-520, 524

case studies, 193

data management, 193-194, 206-207, 220

decadal to centennial climate change, 129, 170-176

large-scale ecosystems, 21, 22, 23, 28, 33, 44, 49-51, 53, 69

models, 191, 194, 201, 204, 207, 208, 209, 213, 214, 218, 219, 220-221, 225, 226, 227, 230, 231-232, 487-495, 502-503, 520

regional factors, 33, 49, 203, 204, 224, 227, 229, 403, 405-406

satellite technology, 207, 220, 223, 227, 407

see also Aerosols;

Air pollution;

Greenhouse gases;

Ozone layer depletion;

Trace gases

Atmospheric circulation, 489

decadal to centennial climate change, 136, 153-156, 152, 153-156

experimental studies, 229-230, 402, 406

paleoclimatology, 251, 271, 276, 277

wind, 99, 113, 121, 136, 159, 182, 259, 388, 390-391, 395, 397, 460, 467

see also Atmospheric transport;

El Niño;

General circulation models;

La Niña;

North Atlantic Oscillation;

North Pacific Oscillation

Atmospheric Model Intercomparison Project, 96-97, 451

Atmospheric moisture, 9, 202, 222-224, 449, 457, 467, 524, 528

decadal to centennial climate change, 127, 128, 164-165, 167-168, 170, 175, 179-180, 183, 395

large-scale ecosystems, 29, 61, 68

seasonal to interannual climate change, 97, 104, 108, 113, 115, 387, 388

see also Aerosols;

Clouds and cloud cover;

Evaporation;

Greenhouse gases;

Humidity;

Precipitation;

Transpiration/evapotranspiration

Atmospheric pressure, 102, 108, 136, 141, 395

see also Sea level pressure

Atmospheric temperature, 5, 15, 378, 379

decadal to centennial climate change, 127, 128, 131, 132, 170, 171, 174, 179, 258, 395

ecosystems, 21, 23, 25-26, 29

ozone layer, 200

paleoclimatology, 131, 132, 241, 243, 244, 248, 250, 251, 254-255, 257, 264-268

Suggested Citation:"Index." National Research Council. 1999. Global Environmental Change: Research Pathways for the Next Decade. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/5992.
×

seasonal to interannual climate change, 102, 107, 384, 388

surface air temperature, 95, 121-122, 141, 166, 388, 391, 455, 460

see also Albedo;

El Niño;

Glaciers and glacial/interglacial cycles;

Greenhouse gases;

La Niña

Atmospheric transport, 7, 8, 23, 37, 164, 174, 175, 194, 203, 205, 208, 218, 219, 221, 225, 226, 265, 266, 399, 448, 454, 489-493, 502

see also Atmospheric circulation

Attitudes, 327-328, 340, 442, 521

B

Biodiversity, 21, 23, 31-32, 42, 45-46, 54-56, 68, 70, 302, 307, 380, 382-383, 521

Biogeochemistry, 8, 380, 449, 450, 453, 456, 457-466 (passim), 471, 480-483, 499, 518

human dimension, general, 294-296, 304

land use/cover, 294-296, 304

large-scale ecosystem models, 20, 23, 25, 30, 31, 37-41, 42, 43, 53, 68, 71, 72

see also Atmospheric chemistry;

Carbon cycle;

Hydrological cycles;

Nitrogen and nitrogen cycle

Biogeography, 26, 38, 39, 41, 71

Biological Aspects of the Hydrological Cycle Core Project, 23

Biomass, 388, 405, 457-458, 460

burning, 20, 30, 44, 53, 69, 164, 173, 175, 224, 225, 229, 340, 381, 403, 404, 407, 408, 491, 496

carbon storage, 170

miscalculations, 305

phytoplankton, 51

trace gases, 272

Boreal Ecosystem-Atmosphere Study, 26, 28

Boundary layers, see Atmospheric boundary layers;

Sea surface temperature;

Terrestrial-atmosphere interactions;

Terrestrial-ocean interactions

Brazil, 95-96, 145

Amazon basin, 20, 27, 54, 299, 301, 304, 306, 314

C

Carbon cycle, xii, 3, 5, 15, 380, 381, 457-462, 464, 491, 498, 518, 522, 528

case studies, 34-41

decadal to centennial climate change, 162-164, 170, 171-173, 396

funding of research, 12

integrated assessments, 324

land use, 5, 34, 162-163, 496

large-scale ecosystems, 20, 21, 24-43 (passim), 46, 47, 51, 56, 59, 65, 66-67, 68, 71

ocean processes, 20, 21, 36, 173, 181, 384, 478, 479, 480-486, 491, 501-502

seasonal to interannual climate change, 26, 158-159, 458

see also Greenhouse gases

Carbon dioxide, other

decadal to centennial climate changes, 133, 171-173, 180-181

large-scale ecosystems, 23, 31, 32, 43, 44, 48, 49-51, 57-60, 69, 70, 72, 73, 385

paleoclimatology, 241, 254, 256, 257, 260, 264

time series data, 446-447

see also Carbon cycle;

Fossil fuel emissions;

Greenhouse gases

Case studies, 471

atmospheric chemistry, 193, 211

carbon cycle, 34-41

decadal to centennial climate change, 130-140

human dimension, 294, 298-302, 306, 319, 342, 344, 348, 350, 353

observation systems, general, 377, 414, 421-424

paleoclimatology, 240-268, 274

seasonal to interannual variation, 89-98

Ceará's Foundation for Meteorology and Hydrological Resources, see Fundação Cearense de Meteorologia e Recursos Hídricos

Center for the Study of Institutions, Population, and Environmental Change, 306

Chlorofluorocarbons, 170, 201, 202, 401, 412, 449, 485-486, 487, 501, 552

see also Ozone layer depletion

Climate change, general, 20, 44, 378, 425

biodiversity, 31, 46, 302

carbon and carbon cycle, 34, 43, 44;

see also Greenhouse gases

Suggested Citation:"Index." National Research Council. 1999. Global Environmental Change: Research Pathways for the Next Decade. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/5992.
×

downscaling scope of predictions, 88, 98, 106-107, 112, 117-118, 519

human impacts, 293, 294, 301-302, 312-326, 342-344, 345, 522, 523;

see also Greenhouse gases;

Ozone layer depletion;

Ozone, tropospheric

integrated assessments, 227, 323-326, 355, 518-519

land surface factors, 43, 49, 51, 67, 162-164, 379, 384, 391-392, 395;

see also mainheads beginning “Land” and “Terrestrial”

large-scale ecosystems, 19-31 (passim), 34, 38-39, 42-49 (passim), 51, 52, 57, 59-60, 70, 71

multiple stresses and, 33, 44, 45, 46, 68, 380, 461, 533

oceanic processes, 20

regional, 45, 301, 312-313, 314

time series measurements, 48, 57-60

vegetation and soils, 21, 38-42, 57, 59

see also Decadal to centennial climate change;

El Niño;

Greenhouse gases;

La Niña;

Models and modeling;

Paleoclimatology;

Sea level change;

Seasonal to interannual climate change;

Solar radiation;

specific atmospheric/climatologic categories (e.g., “Clouds and cloud cover”)

Climate Mapping, Analysis, and Prediction Group, 239, 241

Cloud and the Earth's Radiant Energy System, 477

Clouds and cloud cover, 28, 29, 69, 406, 407, 476-478, 492, 500-501, 502-503

case studies, 422-423

decadal to centennial climate change, 127, 128, 162, 167-168, 171, 177, 179-180, 183, 395, 396

models, 449

satellite interference, 28

seasonal to interannual climate change, 113, 387, 388

Club of Rome, 448

Coastal ecosystems, 45, 265, 380, 466-467, 500

human impacts, 307-308, 313

nutrient transport, 23, 32, 45, 466

regional factors, 467, 500

Coastal Zone Color Scanner, 380

Common-pool natural resources, 305, 308, 317, 319-320

Community Climate Model, 491-493

Comprehensive Ocean-Atmosphere Data Set, 99, 109-110, 113, 387

Computer applications, 9, 31, 532, 538

algorithms for satellite data, 27, 28, 51, 64, 68, 121, 390, 391, 427, 436

decadal to centennial climate change, 129

see also Internet;

Models and modeling

Confidentiality of data, 295, 351, 356-357, 412, 415-416

Cooperative Holocene Mapping Project, 240, 250

Cost factors, 322, 352, 560

atmospheric chemistry, research platforms, 207

disasters, 298-299, 301-302

energy, 309

EOS data management, 443, 546

mitigation strategies, 299, 302-303, 320, 325, 346, 521

natural resource valuation, 321

regulations, 320

sea level changes, 298-299

space-based observations, 13, 31, 528

technology, environmentally benign, 342

see also Funding

Coupled Model Intercomparison Project, 451

Cryosphere, 152, 159-162, 182-183, 398, 410

ice cores, 11, 130-133, 241, 242-248, 251, 254, 255, 260-262, 265, 269, 270, 273, 274, 275, 314, 410

see also Arctic systems;

Antarctica;

Glaciers and glacial/interglacial cycles

D

Data management, 1, 2, 9-10, 11-12, 428, 435-444, 555, 558-559

atmospheric chemistry, 193-194, 206-207, 220

decadal to centennial climate change, 154, 155

ENSO, 14

EOS, 435-444, 537-546

funding, 356, 437, 440, 443

human factors research, 295, 298, 335-337

confidentiality issues, 295, 351, 356-357, 412, 415-416

institutional factors, 438-442, 537-543

international comparability, 413-414, 555

Suggested Citation:"Index." National Research Council. 1999. Global Environmental Change: Research Pathways for the Next Decade. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/5992.
×

models, 438-444

ozone layer depletion, 222

research infrastructure, 1-6, 10-11, 13, 14, 66-67, 298, 335-336, 529-531

satellite data, 30, 121, 390, 427, 435-444

archiving, 30, 121, 390, 427, 436, 437

seasonal to interannual climate change, 105, 109-110

socioeconomic and health data links, 295, 355-357

standards, 437, 438-439, 442-443, 538, 543

streamflow, 389

see also Archiving;

Computer applications;

Models and modeling;

Telecommunications networks

Decadal to centennial climate change, 3, 8, 111, 127-189, 254, 255, 271, 273, 275-276, 519

aerosols, 153, 164, 170, 172, 175, 180, 396, 398-399

archiving, 154, 155

atmosphere-ocean interactions, 127, 136, 137, 141, 143, 148-149, 155, 156-159, 173, 181, 182-183, 396

atmospheric chemistry, 129, 170-176

atmospheric circulation, 136, 153-156, 152, 153-156

atmospheric moisture, 127, 128, 164-165, 167-168, 170, 175, 179-180, 183, 395

atmospheric temperature, 127, 128, 131, 132, 170, 171, 174, 179, 258, 395

carbon cycle, 162-164, 170, 171-173, 396

carbon dioxide other, 133, 171-173, 180-181

case studies, 130-140

clouds, 127, 128, 162, 167-168, 171, 177, 179-180, 183, 395, 396

data management, 154, 155

deep ocean processes, 157, 161, 166, 167, 168, 171, 173, 177

drought, 167, 168, 169-170

El Niño, 100, 101, 140-141, 145-146, 147, 148-149, 155, 161-162, 259, 393

energy balances and exchanges, 164, 182-183, 398

evaporation, 157, 164-165, 166, 167, 169, 183, 399

transpiration/evapotranspiration, 164, 166, 169

floods, 130, 134-137, 166

forests, 163-164

general circulation models, 163, 166

greenhouse gases, 137-140, 151-152, 163, 165, 170, 172-174, 179-180, 183, 395, 397

human factors, 127, 128, 130, 133, 151-152, 153, 163, 177, 178, 179, 295-296, 310-311, 354, 393, 519

hydrological cycles, 163, 164-170, 183, 399

land surface, 162-164, 183, 398-399

land use, 163, 164

methane, 132, 162-163, 164, 170, 171, 173-174, 175, 181, 396

modeling, 129, 148-152 (passim), 154, 155-156, 159, 163, 166, 169, 170, 177-178, 180, 183, 184, 393, 396, 398, 446, 449

natural variation, 128, 131-137, 140-141, 149, 178, 269-270, 392-393, 411, 519, 520

North Atlantic Oscillation, 133, 138-139, 141, 142, 150, 151

observational systems, 392-399, 525-526

long-term, 128-129, 149-150, 178, 393519

satellite technology, 127, 168, 179, 182, 273, 525-526

ocean color, 139, 159, 182, 397

Pacific-North American teleconnection, 138, 141, 143-147, 151

Pacific Ocean, 135-136, 138, 145, 147, 157, 158;

see also “El Niño” supra

population dynamics, 130

precipitation, 145, 157, 166, 167-168, 183

regional factors, 132, 140, 141, 147, 155, 158, 165, 166, 168, 180-181

runoff, 135, 157, 164, 166, 169

salinity, 148, 149, 156, 157, 158, 161, 162, 166-169 (passim), 179, 181, 182, 183, 397, 398, 399

sea level change, 153, 159, 161, 162, 166, 182, 397

sea surface temperature, 133, 141, 144-148 (passim), 151, 155-159 (passim), 162, 165, 168, 181, 182, 183, 397

snow, 132, 135, 145, 147, 161, 162, 163, 183

soils, 163, 164, 169, 183

solar radiation, 94-95, 127, 128, 159, 162, 164, 166, 170-176, 179, 180, 394

system components general, 128, 178, 393

Suggested Citation:"Index." National Research Council. 1999. Global Environmental Change: Research Pathways for the Next Decade. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/5992.
×

thermohaline circulation, 140, 141, 147, 149, 158, 160-162, 167, 169, 182, 183

tropical zones, 148, 161, 183

uncertainty, 127, 128, 129, 150, 175

vegetation, 152, 162-164, 166, 169, 170, 183, 398-399

transpiration/evapotranspiration, 164, 166, 169

volcanic eruptions, 127-128, 172

see also Glaciers and glacial/interglacial cycles;

Greenhouse gases;

Paleoclimatology

Decision making, 4, 21, 295, 315, 318, 335, 351-353

atmospheric chemistry, 193, 224

carbon cycle science, 34

data management, 438-439

decadal to centennial climate change, 130135

integrated assessments, 227, 323-326, 355

modeling, 454

ozone layer depletion, 196-197

risk management, 315, 322-323

see also Uncertainty

Deep ocean, 109, 307, 308, 418, 480-486 (passim), 501

decadal to centennial climate change, 157, 161, 166, 167, 168, 171, 173, 177

paleoclimatology, 243-244, 265, 266-267

Defense Meteorological Satellite Program, 430

Dendrochronology, see Tree rings

Department of Agriculture, 335, 413

Department of Defense, xii, 13, 430

NPOESS, 15, 391, 430, 525

see also Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory;

Defense Meteorological Satellite Program;

Office of Biological and Environmental Research;

Office of Naval Research

Department of Energy, 2, 12, 472

Department of Health and Human Services, 413

Department of the Interior, 335

see also Geological Survey

Developing countries, 356, 413, 561

carbon emission offsets, 320

consumption patterns, 312, 327, 329, 338, 340, 341

crop modeling, 312

energy use, 340

industrial production, 330

streamflow, 388

technology use, 341

violent conflict due to environmental degradation, 316

vulnerability, 299, 301

Disasters, 298-299, 301-302, 315, 317, 345-346, 449

see also Drought;

Floods

Dissolved inorganic carbon, 478, 480-485 (passim)

Dissolved organic carbon, 52, 480, 484

DIVERSITAS, see IUBS-SCOPE-UNESCO Programme on Biodiversity

Drought, 301

decadal to centennial climate change, 167, 168, 169-170

human factors, 313

large-scale ecosystems, 32, 55, 59, 60

paleoclimatology, 167, 254, 257

seasonal to interannual climate change, 88, 89, 95, 98, 101, 108

E

Earth-based observation, see Ground- and sea-based observation

Earth Observing System (EOS), xii, 4, 6, 13, 20, 28, 391, 430, 435-444, 477, 526, 527-528, 537-547

NOAA, use of, xii, 12, 14-15, 526, 527-528

Earth orbital cycles, 240, 241, 248, 262, 270, 277

Earth System Science Pathfinders, xii, 13, 430

Econometric models, 342, 448

Economic factors, 93, 130, 298, 302, 329-330, 333-334, 336, 454, 520-521

carbon system, 85

consumption patterns, 294, 296, 297, 309-310, 313, 327, 328, 329, 333-334, 338-341

developing countries, 312, 327, 329, 338, 340, 341

data links, 295

drought, 95

greenhouse gases, 303

integrated assessments, 323, 324, 325, 355

market forces, 320, 329-330, 448

models, economic linked to climatic, 299, 311, 325, 334, 344

Suggested Citation:"Index." National Research Council. 1999. Global Environmental Change: Research Pathways for the Next Decade. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/5992.
×

natural resource valuation, 320-322, 335, 351, 352-353

production and productivity, 296, 297, 299

seasonal to interannual climate change, 108-109

taxes and subsidies, 299, 301, 306, 310, 320, 346

see also Cost factors;

Developing countries;

Funding

Ecosystems, 2, 3, 8, 16, 19-85, 380-386, 450, 518

aerosols, 28, 44, 68

agriculture, 19, 20, 33, 44

atmosphere-ocean interactions, 20, 21, 36, 51

atmospheric chemistry, 21, 22, 23, 28, 33, 44, 49-51, 53, 69

atmospheric moisture, 29, 61, 68

atmospheric temperature, 21, 23, 25-26, 29

carbon cycle, 20, 21, 24-43 (passim), 46, 47, 51, 56, 59, 65, 66-67, 68, 71

carbon dioxide, other, 23, 31, 32, 43, 44, 48, 49-51, 57-60, 69, 70, 72, 73, 385

climate change, general, 19-31 (passim), 34, 38-39, 42-49 (passim), 51, 52, 57, 59-60, 70, 71

coupled modes, 20, 52, 70, 71, 72, 264, 453

drought, 32, 55, 59, 60

energy balances and exchanges, 41, 43, 69, 71, 72

evaporation, 21, 27, 88

experimental studies, 19-20, 22-28 (passim), 32, 33, 35, 37, 39, 41, 42, 44, 46, 47, 48

forests, 19, 20, 24, 26-27, 30, 31, 38, 41, 73

general circulation models, 38-39

human factors, 9, 19, 28-32, 33-34, 44, 46, 48-49, 53, 73, 294-295, 354

interdisciplinary research, 19, 24, 28, 34-35, 37, 46-47, 53, 62, 64-67, 71

land use/cover, 20, 26-28, 42, 43, 44, 49, 51-52, 53, 68, 69, 294-295, 306

modeling, 37-42, 263-264, 334, 448, 450-451

net ecosystem exchange, 15, 60

net primary productivity, 37-38, 39, 51, 56, 69, 381, 461-462

nitrogen cycle, 20, 25, 26, 33-34, 37, 39, 43, 44, 49, 59, 62, 68, 71, 457

observation systems, 20, 23-26 (passim), 47-52 (passim), 56-61, 64, 68-69, 71, 380-381

in situ, 20, 50, 59, 388

satellite technology, 19, 20, 26-31, 51, 52, 69

time series, 20, 47-48, 49, 56-61, 64, 68-69, 380-381

ocean color, 33, 47, 51, 68

ozone, tropospheric, 33, 34, 49, 68

methane, 21, 43, 44, 47, 49, 50, 52, 73

modeling, 19-85, 448, 450-451

multiple stresses, 20, 33-34, 42, 44-45, 46, 68, 533

multiscale investigations, 52-54, 61-63

regional factors, 20, 21, 33, 45, 49, 52-54, 56

remote sensing, 19, 20, 27, 46-47, 49, 51, 52-53, 63, 69

satellite observations, 19, 20, 26-31, 51, 52, 69;

see also Earth Observing System

soils, 19, 21, 24, 26, 30, 37, 47, 52, 62

terrestrial-atmosphere interactions, 20, 24-25, 26-28, 29, 43, 49, 51-52, 67, 457-464

toxics, 43, 45, 47, 53

trace gases, 20, 21, 23, 30, 43, 44, 51, 52, 53, 56, 70

USGCRP program, 2, 3, 24, 28, 30, 44, 64, 65, 67-68

vegetation, 19, 20, 21, 26-27, 31, 32-33, 36, 37-42, 49, 51-52, 57, 61-63, 72

see also Acid deposition;

Biodiversity;

Biogeochemistry;

Carbon cycle;

Coastal ecosystems;

Marine ecosystems;

Terrestrial ecosystems

Education and training, 64

ecologists, 64-65

ENSO observations, 14

El Niño, xi, 11, 67, 89-90, 109-111, 112-114, 118-119, 313, 315-316, 476

cryosphere, 160

decadal to centennial climate change, 100, 101, 140-141, 145-146, 147, 148-149, 155index.pageref, 161-162, 259, 393

monsoons, 91-94, 95, 101-103, 115, 161-162

observation systems, 14, 112-114, 383, 387, 426

paleoclimatology, 254, 255, 257, 269, 271

Suggested Citation:"Index." National Research Council. 1999. Global Environmental Change: Research Pathways for the Next Decade. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/5992.
×

prediction of, 87-89, 98, 99-100, 111, 112-114, 302, 343, 383, 387, 453, 518

Energy balances and exchanges, 72, 381, 450, 452, 456, 457-458, 460, 466, 469, 471, 496, 502-503, 519

decadal to centennial climate change, 164, 182-183, 398

large-scale ecosystems, 41, 43, 69, 71, 72

paleoclimatology, 263, 266

seasonal to interannual climate change, 8897, 98, 103-107 (passim), 112, 114, 115, 117, 122, 387, 392

see also Atmospheric temperature;

Greenhouse gases;

Sea surface temperature;

Solar radiation;

Surface air temperature

Energy resource consumption and conservation, 65, 88, 114, 130, 216, 294, 296, 297, 299, 308-312, 340, 342, 412, 557, 561

see also Fossil fuel emissions

Environmental Protection Agency, 335, 558-559

EOS Data and Information System, 435, 438-441, 537-541

Equilibrium Vegetation Ecology model, 263, 264

European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasting, 98

European Organization for the Exploitation of Meteorological Satellites , 15, 430

Evaporation, 267, 457, 462, 463, 477, 486, 496, 501

decadal to centennial climate change, 157, 164-165, 166, 167, 169, 183, 399

large-scale ecosystems, 21, 27, 88

seasonal to interannual climate change, 95, 104, 108, 115-116, 388

Evapotranspiration, see Transpiration/evapotranspiration,

see Transpiration/evapotranspiration

Experimental studies

atmospheric chemistry, 229-230, 402, 406

ecosystems, 19-20, 22-28 (passim), 32, 33, 35, 37, 39, 41, 42, 44, 46, 47, 48

institutional factors, 348

F

Federal government, 428

data management, 437-442

Global Change Research Act, text, 551-561

see also Funding;

specific departments and agencies

Fertilizers, agricultural, 33, 34, 174, 296, 412

First ISLSCP Experiment, 26, 28

Fisheries, 19, 49, 55, 89, 141, 302, 307-308, 320, 429

Floods, 470, 472

costs, 301

decadal to centennial climate change, 130, 134-137, 166

human dimension, 301, 313

paleoclimatology, 254, 255

seasonal to interannual climate change, 91, 96-98, 101, 107-108, 134-137

Food supply, 330

Forests, 499, 561

albedo, 163, 164, 256

biological invasion, 31

carbon sinks, 24, 163-164, 299

decadal to centennial climate change, 163-164

human deforestation, 295-296, 297, 299, 301, 304-307 (passim), 461, 462

large-scale ecosystem modeling, 19, 20, 24, 26-27, 30, 31, 38, 41, 73

paleoclimatology, 256, 263

Fossil fuel emissions, 2, 4-5, 22, 24, 28, 33, 35, 36, 137, 171, 173, 296, 297, 308-312, 339, 463-464, 491

Framework Convention on Climate Change, 34

Fundação Cearense de Meteorologia e Recursos Hídricos, 95-96

Funding, 14, 64, 66

data management, 356, 437, 440, 443

Global Change Research Act, 557

human factors research, 317, 318, 335, 336, 413

international efforts, 317, 318, 560

joint agency budgets, 4, 12

NASA, 13, 335

NSF, 14, 335, 354

USGCRP, xi, 1-2, 13, 335, 354, 377, 429, 527

G

General circulation models, 449, 450, 452, 453, 456, 458, 462, 464, 473, 474-487, 489-496, 498, 501, 502

decadal to centennial climate change, 163, 166

Suggested Citation:"Index." National Research Council. 1999. Global Environmental Change: Research Pathways for the Next Decade. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/5992.
×

large-scale ecosystems, 38-39

paleoclimatology, 257, 263, 266, 267

seasonal to interannual climate change, 100, 106-107, 114, 117-118

Geochemical Ocean Sections Study, 484, 485

Geographic information systems, 415

Geological Survey, 119

Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory, 485

Glaciers and glacial/interglacial cycles, 62, 141, 145, 159, 162, 166, 169, 237-238, 239-250, 262, 263, 269, 270-272, 277, 464

deglaciation, 129, 132, 251, 254

ice cores, 11, 130-133, 241, 242-248, 251, 254, 255, 260-262, 265, 269, 270, 273, 274, 275, 314, 410

Little Ice Age, 132-133, 177, 252, 254-255, 314

Global Atmospheric Research Program, 239

Global Change Data and Information System, 436

Global Change in Terrestrial Ecosystems Core Project, 23-24, 54-55

Global Change in the Geosphere-Biosphere, 4

Global Change Research Act of 1990, 551-561

Global Change System for Analysis, Research, and Training, 355

Global Changes in the Antarctic, 268

Global Climate Observing System, 378, 379, 394, 429

Global Energy and Water Cycle Experiment, 87, 167, 169, 457, 522

Global Energy Water-Cycle Experiment Continental-Scale International Project, 96, 106, 117, 118, 471

Global mean temperature, 15, 138, 421, 455

see also Greenhouse gases

Global Ocean-Atmosphere-Land Surface program, 110, 114, 115, 117, 379, 387, 388

Global Ocean Observing System, 378, 394, 429

Global Sea Level Observing System, 397

Global Telecommunication System, 90

Global Terrestrial Observing System, 379, 394

Greenhouse gases, x-xi, 43, 137-140, 192, 201-203, 209, 215-223, 239, 402, 519, 522, 561

biomass burning, 20, 30, 44, 53, 69, 164, 173, 175, 224, 225, 229, 340, 381, 403, 404, 407, 408, 491, 496

crop production models, 312, 314, 334

decadal to centennial climate change, 137-140, 151-152, 163, 165, 170, 172-174, 179-180, 183, 395, 397

fossil fuel emissions, 2, 4-5, 22, 24, 28, 33, 35, 36, 137, 171, 173, 296, 297, 308-312, 339, 463-464, 491

historical perspectives, 4-5, 137

human dimension, 296, 302, 303;

see also Fossil fuel emissions

modeling, 5, 24, 219, 220-221, 256, 267, 299, 311, 312-313, 454, 455, 458, 463-464, 476, 477-483, 487, 489

paleoclimatology, 241, 243, 245, 251, 254-257 (passim), 260, 264-265, 270, 271, 275, 277

see also Carbon cycle;

Carbon dioxide;

Methane

Greenland, 130, 131-133, 162, 182, 242-248, 251, 252, 255, 269, 270, 274

Ground- and sea-based observation, 4, 9, 13, 15, 159, 276, 395, 411-412, 492, 527

El Niño, 99, 110

large-scale ecosystems, 20, 50, 59, 388

National Weather Service, 390, 391, 422

precipitation, 389

streamflow, 388-389

TAO, 90, 99, 110, 113, 114, 148, 387

TOGA, 10, 66, 67, 87, 90, 101, 109-110, 115, 425

TRMM, 183, 430

H

Hazard management systems, 294, 315, 316, 317, 334, 346

Health , see Human health

High-Speed Civil Transport, 196, 197

Holocene, 132, 133, 238, 240, 250-255, 262, 268-270, 464

Household behavior, 306, 328-329, 331, 332, 333, 336

Human factors in global environment, 1-11(passim), 15, 239, 293-375, 411-416, 520-521, 523, 552

attitudes, 327-328, 340, 442, 521

biological invasion, 31

case studies, 294, 298-302

coastal ecosystems, 307-308, 313

data management, 295, 298, 335-337

Suggested Citation:"Index." National Research Council. 1999. Global Environmental Change: Research Pathways for the Next Decade. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/5992.
×

confidentiality, 295, 351, 356, 357, 412, 415-416

decadal to centennial climate change, 127, 128, 130, 133, 151-152, 153, 163, 177, 178, 179, 295-296, 310-311, 354, 393, 519

disasters, 298-299, 301-302, 315

funding of research, 317, 318, 335, 336, 413

hazard management systems, 294, 315, 316, 317, 334, 346

household behavior, 306, 328-329, 331, 332, 333, 336

individual behavior, 328-329, 333, 336, 352, 497, 521

international cooperation, general, 317-318, 320, 329-330, 336, 348, 355

International Human Dimensions Programme, 30, 306, 316-317, 335-336, 350, 355, 411

land cover, 294-297, 304-307, 348-351;

see also Land use

large-scale ecosystem modeling, 9, 19, 28-32, 33-34, 44, 46, 48-49, 53, 73, 294-295, 354

mitigation strategies, 299, 302-303, 320, 325, 346, 521

models, 299, 304, 305, 313, 314, 329, 332, 333, 336, 340, 344, 355, 446, 448, 453-455, 495-497, 499, 503

observation systems, 295, 303, 305, 346-347, 355, 357, 411-416

confidentiality, 295, 351, 356, 357, 412, 415-416

paleoclimatology, 133, 250, 270, 271, 273, 275, 276, 277, 410, 520

regional factors, 294, 297, 315-316, 342-344, 496

research infrastructure, 298, 335-336

seasonal to interannual climate change, 89, 111, 313, 315-316, 342-344, 354

study of, defined, 295, 298

vulnerability, 95, 170, 293, 294, 297, 298, 299, 301-302, 312-316 (passim), 329, 330, 331, 334, 340-345 (passim), 354, 357, 496

see also Agriculture;

Air pollution;

Decision making;

Economic factors;

Energy resource consumption and conservation;

Greenhouse gases;

Institutional factors;

Land use;

Population dynamics;

Property rights;

Social factors;

Technological change

Human health, 10, 31, 205, 228, 229, 297, 356, 415, 558

climatic change, impacts of, 301-302, 313, 314

confidentiality of data, 356, 415-416

data links, 295, 355-357

fertility and mortality, 38, 330-331, 414

see also Ultraviolet radiation

Humidity, 116, 121, 390-391, 460

Hydroclimatic Data Network, 119, 389

Hydrological and Atmospheric Pilot Experiment, 28

Hydrological cycles, xii, 16, 23, 32, 45, 164-170, 381, 450, 452, 457-472 (passim), 492, 494-495, 502-503, 519, 522, 523

decadal to centennial climate change, 163, 164-170, 183, 399

paleoclimatology, 251, 271

seasonal to interannual, 88, 90-98, 104, 107-109, 112, 115-119, 384, 387-392, 519

snow-monsoon interaction, 94-95

soil moisture, 52, 88, 96-98, 101, 104, 116-117, 122-123, 164, 169, 183, 388, 391-392, 457, 460, 462-463, 467, 470, 498

see also Atmospheric moisture;

Drought;

Evaporation;

Floods;

Marine ecosystems;

Ocean processes;

Precipitation;

River systems;

Runoff;

Terrestrial-ocean interactions;

Transpiration/evapotranspiration

I

Ice, 105, 162, 164, 169, 183, 250, 263, 378

cryosphere, 152, 159-162, 182-183, 398, 410

sea ice, 102, 147, 157, 158, 161

see also Glaciers and glacial/interglacial cycles

Ice cores, 11, 130-133, 241, 242-248, 251, 254, 255, 260-262, 265, 269, 270, 273, 274, 275, 314, 410

Individual behavior, 328-329, 333, 336, 352, 497, 521

Suggested Citation:"Index." National Research Council. 1999. Global Environmental Change: Research Pathways for the Next Decade. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/5992.
×

Information dissemination, see Data management;

Hazard management systems

Infrared radiation and infrared active species, 28, 69, 202, 215-222 (passim), 227, 229, 381, 382, 400-404 (passim), 407, 408, 524

In situ observation, see Ground- and sea-based observation

Institutional factors, 5, 9, 293, 294, 295, 306, 317-320, 334, 346-348, 357, 521

data management, 438-442, 537-543

household behavior, 306, 328-329, 331, 332, 333, 336

international environmental policy, 317-318

land use management, 305, 306, 307, 308

local, 318-320, 347, 348

research, 1-6, 10-11, 13, 14, 66-67, 298, 335-336;

see also Interdisciplinary research

see also Property rights

Interdisciplinary research, general, 3, 110, 305, 354-355, 521, 542-543, 552

decadal to centennial climate change, 150

integrated assessments, 227, 323-326, 355

large-scale ecosystem modeling, 19, 24, 28, 34-35, 37, 46-47, 53, 62, 64-67, 71

remote sensing, 53

seasonal to interannual climate change, 87

Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, 38-39, 73, 137, 150, 166, 266, 268, 298-299, 311, 336, 342, 343, 462, 476, 479, 483, 499

Intermediate Model for Global and Annual Evolution of Species, 491-492

International cooperation, general, 5-6, 7, 16, 347, 435, 526

atmospheric conditions, 50, 191, 193

carbon cycle as basis, 34, 523

DOD, xii

El Niño, 87

fisheries, 308

funding, 317, 318, 560

Global Change Research Act, 555-556, 559-561

global economies, 329-330

human factors research, 317-318, 320, 329-330, 336, 348, 355

see also specific international organizations and programs

International Council of Scientific Unions/International Council for Science, 3, 336

International Geosphere-Biosphere Programme, 3, 22, 23-24, 28, 30, 39, 44, 46, 54-55, 62, 66, 70, 268, 307, 350, 382, 411, 522

International Global Atmospheric Chemistry program, 23

International Human Dimensions Programme, 30, 306, 316-317, 335-336, 350, 355, 411

International Research Institute for Climate Prediction, 342, 355

International Satellite Land Surface Climatology Project, 26

International Social Science Council, 336

International Union of Biological Sciences, 46 (footnote)

Internet, 10, 90 (footnote), 436, 437, 540

IUBS-SCOPE-UNESCO Programme on Biodiversity, 46, 55, 521

J

Joint Global Ocean Flux Study, 23, 480, 486, 487, 501

K

Kyoto conference, ix, x

L

Land-Atmosphere-Ice Interaction Study, 27

LANDSAT, 28

La Niña, 91, 115

Large-Scale Biosphere-Atmosphere Experiment, 27, 54, 117, 471

Land cover, 164, 294-295, 381, 386, 411, 497, 518

defined, 304

human impacts, 294-297, 304-307, 348-351

large-scale ecosystems, 20, 26-28, 42, 43, 44, 49, 51-52, 53, 68, 69, 294-295, 306

regional factors, 96-98, 294-295, 304, 350

see also Agriculture;

Forests;

Vegetation

Land surface, 410, 518

cryosphere, 152, 159-162, 182-183, 398, 410

Suggested Citation:"Index." National Research Council. 1999. Global Environmental Change: Research Pathways for the Next Decade. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/5992.
×

decadal to centennial climate change, 162-164, 183, 398-399

global observation systems, 379

large-scale ecosystem models, 20, 26-28, 42, 43, 44, 49, 51-52, 53, 68, 69, 294-295, 306

models, 338, 449

satellite observations, 26, 27-28, 29, 69, 305-306, 381, 390, 391

seasonal to interannual climate change, 384, 388, 519

skin temperature, 121, 391

topographic factors, 38, 106, 117, 404, 464, 469, 471, 472

see also Cryosphere;

Drought;

Floods;

Ice;

River systems;

Runoff;

Snow;

Soils;

Terrestrial-atmosphere interactions;

Terrestrial-ocean interactions;

Vegetation

Land use, xi, 294-295, 304-307, 348-351, 381, 464, 496, 528

carbon cycle, 5, 34, 162-163, 496

decadal to centennial climate change, 163, 164

defined, 304

institutional factors, 305, 306, 307, 308

large-scale ecosystem modeling, 28, 30-31, 34, 43-44, 45, 46, 49, 68, 69

regional factors, 96-98, 294-295, 304, 350

satellite observations, 30-31, 69, 305-306, 350, 351, 381

see also Agriculture

Legislation, 551-561

LIDAR, 69, 229

Little Ice Age, 132-133, 177, 252, 254-255, 257, 269, 270, 314

Local factors, 414

carbon storage, 172

institutional factors 318-320, 347, 348

land surface factors and climate, 96

property rights, 294, 297, 306, 319, 320, 345, 347, 348, 354, 443

seasonal to interannual climate change, downscaling, 88, 96-98, 106-107, 112, 117-118, 344, 519

vulnerability, 344

see also Land use

Long-Term Ecological Research Program, 23, 67

Long-term observations, 47-48, 56-61, 61-63, 67, 336, 426-430

decadal to centennial climate change, 128-129, 149-150, 178, 393, 519

human factors, 336

ozone layer depletion, 210-211

see also Time series observations

M

Mackenzie River basin, 313

Marine boundary layer, see Terrestrial-ocean interactions

Marine ecosystems, 23, 24-25, 33, 43, 55, 71, 381

carbon cycle, 21, 478

fisheries, 19, 49, 55, 89, 141, 302, 307-308, 320, 429

human impacts, 307-308

models, 448

phytoplankton, 33, 51, 55, 68, 173, 265, 386

see also Coastal ecosystems

Medieval Warm Period, 132-133, 254, 255, 269

Methane, 192, 199, 201, 202, 203, 211, 217, 243, 244, 251, 296, 303, 400, 402, 403, 412, 449, 452, 464, 487, 491, 522

decadal to centennial climate change, 132, 162-163, 164, 170, 171, 173-174, 175, 181, 396

large-scale ecosystems, 21, 43, 44, 47, 49, 50, 52, 73

paleoclimatology, 241, 243, 245, 251, 254, 270

see also Greenhouse gases

Migration, humans, 38, 95, 294, 297, 301, 305, 315, 316, 317, 330, 331, 332, 334, 338, 349-351

Mission to Planet Earth, 6, 67, 435

Mississippi River, 20, 96-98

Missouri-Illinois-Nebraska-Kansas study, 313

Meteorological Operational Satellite, 15

Models and modeling, 9-10, 424, 445-516, 520, 531-533

aerosols, 230-231, 406-407

atmosphere, 96, 204, 221, 230, 448, 450-452, 462

terrestrial-atmosphere, 97, 105, 106, 116, 448, 456, 457-465, 469, 498-500

Suggested Citation:"Index." National Research Council. 1999. Global Environmental Change: Research Pathways for the Next Decade. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/5992.
×

atmosphere-ocean, 14, 89, 99, 100, 101, 112, 114, 115, 148, 154, 156, 266-267, 268, 383, 387, 399, 453, 454, 456, 457, 473-487, 490-493, 500-502

atmospheric chemistry, 191, 194, 201, 204, 207, 208, 209, 213, 214, 218, 219, 220-221, 225, 226, 227, 230, 231-232, 487-495, 502-503, 520

coupled models, various, 14, 20, 52, 70, 71, 72, 89, 96, 97, 99, 100, 101, 102, 112, 113, 114, 115, 129, 148-152(passim),154, 156, 170, 264, 267, 268, 314, 439, 446, 453, 456

data management, 438-444

decadal to centennial climate change, 129, 148-152 (passim), 154, 155-156, 159, 163, 166, 169, 170, 177-178, 180, 183, 184, 393, 396, 398, 446, 449

econometric, 342, 448

economic linked to climatic, 299, 311, 325, 334, 344

energy use, 340, 342

greenhouse gas effects, 5, 24, 219, 220-221, 256, 267, 299, 311, 312-313, 454, 455, 458, 463-464, 476, 477-483, 487, 489

households, 329, 332

human factors, 299, 304, 305, 313, 314, 329, 332, 333, 336, 340, 344, 355, 446, 448, 453-455, 495-497, 499, 503

integrated assessments, 227, 323-326, 355

inverse modeling, 24, 65

land surface factors, 20, 26-28, 42, 43, 51-52, 68, 96-98, 104-105, 114, 304, 305

large-scale ecosystems, 37-42, 263-264, 334, 448, 450-451

mitigation, 311

nesting, 106, 114, 304, 408, 459-460

ozone layer depletion, 6, 191-192, 488

paleoclimatology, 238, 263-264, 266-267, 268, 276

seasonal to interannual climate change, 88, 96-97, 99, 100, 104-107, 109, 114, 115, 117-118, 344, 383, 387

soil moisture factors, 52, 88, 96-97, 122-123, 457, 460, 462-463, 467, 470, 498

technological change, environmental impacts, 332, 342

terrestrial-atmosphere, 97, 105, 106, 116, 448, 456, 457-465, 469, 498-500

terrestrial-ocean, 24-26, 465-473, 500

USGCRP, xii, 2, 24

vegetation, 263-264, 268, 448, 452, 454, 457-464, 469, 498-499

large-scale ecosystems, 19, 20, 21, 26-27, 31, 32-33, 36, 37-42, 49, 51-52, 57, 61-63, 72

see also Ecosystems;

General circulation models

Moderate-Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer, 28, 477

Monsoons, 88, 90-95, 98, 100-103, 112, 115, 147, 251, 253, 254, 387, 518

Montreal Protocol, 7, 11, 12, 191

Multi-Angle Imaging Spectroradiometer, 28

N

National Aeronautics and Space Administration, 3, 67, 183, 306, 336, 382, 411, 428, 530

Earth System Science Pathfinders, xii, 13

EOS, xii, 4, 6, 13, 20, 28, 391, 430, 435-444, 477, 526, 527-528, 537-547

ESSC, 4

funding, 13, 335

Mission to Planet Earth, 6, 67, 435

ozone layer depletion, 7, 191, 194, 195-198

National Center for Atmospheric Research, 491-493

National Center for Environmental Decision-Making Research, 323

National Center for Environmental Prediction, 120, 467

National Climate Program, 2, 558

National Climatic Data Center, 120, 390, 391

National Environmental Satellite, Data, and Information Service, 120-121

National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, 306, 335

National Institutes of Health, 335, 413

National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, 4, 94, 120-121, 335, 380, 424, 430, 527-528, 530

AVHRR, 28, 94, 380

carbon cycle, 12

EOS, use of, xii, 12, 14-15, 526, 527-528

Suggested Citation:"Index." National Research Council. 1999. Global Environmental Change: Research Pathways for the Next Decade. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/5992.
×

NPOESS, 15, 428, 430, 525, 526

National Operational Hydrologic Remote Sensing Center, 120-121

National Polar-Orbiting Operational Environmental Satellite System , 15, 428, 430, 525, 526

National Science Foundation, 4, 27, 67, 298, 306, 323, 355, 530

funding, 14, 335, 354

LTER program, 23, 67

National Weather Service, 390, 391, 422

Net ecosystem exchange, 15, 60

Net primary productivity, 37-38, 39, 51, 56, 69, 381, 461-462

Nitrogen and nitrogen cycle, 6, 380, 385, 460, 461, 464, 488-489, 491, 496, 518

decadal to centennial trends, 133, 164, 170, 171, 174, 181, 396

fertilizers, agricultural, 33, 34, 174, 296, 412

large-scale ecosystems, 20, 25, 26, 33-34, 37, 39, 43, 44, 49, 59, 62, 68, 71, 457

ozone layer depletion, 197-199, 211-213

photochemical oxidants, 203, 204, 225-226

Nitrous oxide, 43, 44, 51, 52, 73, 164, 192, 201, 202, 203, 213-218 (passim), 310, 400, 449, 464

North Atlantic Oscillation, 133, 138-139, 141, 142, 150, 151, 157, 161, 165, 168, 257, 302

North Pacific Index, 143, 145

North Pacific Oscillation, 145, 147, 157

Nutrients and nutrient cycling,20, 23, 32, 33, 43, 44, 52, 163, 192, 205, 209, 231-232, 385, 457-458, 462, 465, 481-482

coastal ecosystems, 23, 32, 45, 466

see also specific nutrients

O

Observation systems, general, 3, 9, 11, 14-15, 22-25, 377-433, 523, 524-528

aerosols, 209, 223, 228, 229-231, 406-409

atmospheric processes, 207-223 (passim), 230-233, 233, 179-181, 399-410, 493;

see also “ozone layer depletion” and “photochemical oxidants” infra

case studies, general, 377, 414, 421-424

decadal centennial climate change, 128-130,133, 137-138, 149-150, 154, 155, 159, 162, 167, 168, 172, 174, 175-176, 177-183, 392-399, 525-526;

see also “paleoclimatology” infra

El Niño, 14, 109-114, 383, 387, 426

funding, 12, 317, 318, 335, 336, 413

human factors, 295, 303, 305, 346-347, 355, 357, 411-416

land surface, 26, 27-28, 29, 69, 105, 118, 119-123, 305-306, 379, 381, 390, 391

large-scale ecosystems, 20, 23-26 (passim), 47-52 (passim), 56-61, 64, 68-69, 71, 380-381

ocean processes, 20, 88, 94, 98, 99, 159, 173, 378, 380, 388, 394, 397, 410, 429

GOALS, 110, 114, 115, 117, 379, 387, 388

ozone layer depletion, 6-7, 191-192, 193, 195, 197, 399-402

paleoclimatology, 238, 254, 263, 264, 267, 269, 273, 275, 276, 410-411;

see also Ice cores;

Tree rings

photochemical oxidants, 204-205, 224-227, 403-406

photometry, 27

seasonal to interannual climate change, 88, 94, 98, 99, 105, 118, 119-123, 383-392

spectroscopy, 28, 240, 241, 382, 407, 477

see also Confidentiality of data;

Data management;

Ground- and sea-based observation;

Long-term observations;

Remote sensing;

Satellite technology;

Time series observations;

specific observational systems (e.g., Earth Observing System)

Ocean Carbon Model Intercomparison Project, 479

Ocean circulation, 11, 43, 113, 148, 149, 156-159, 171, 384, 386, 388, 449, 450, 452, 474-475, 479-480

thermohaline, 140, 141, 147, 149, 158, 160-161, 167, 169, 182, 183, 240, 244, 248, 250, 254, 255, 266-267, 268, 271, 272, 398, 399, 452, 453, 454, 479

Ocean color, 13, 380, 386, 482, 487, 501

Suggested Citation:"Index." National Research Council. 1999. Global Environmental Change: Research Pathways for the Next Decade. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/5992.
×

decadal to centennial climate change, 139, 159, 182, 397

large-scale ecosystem studies, 33, 47, 51, 68

see also Phytoplankton

Ocean processes, general, 28, 66, 68, 177

carbon storage, 20, 21, 36, 173, 181, 384, 478, 479, 480-486, 491, 501-502

global observation systems, 378, 380, 388, 394, 397, 410, 429

GOALS, 110, 114, 115, 117, 379, 387, 388

sea ice, 102, 147, 157, 158, 161, 162, 166, 169, 182-183, 244, 250, 257, 388

topographic factors, 11, 430, 480, 487, 501

see also Atmosphere-ocean interactions;

Deep ocean processes;

Marine ecosystems;

Salinity;

Sea level change;

Sea surface temperature;

Terrestrial-ocean interactions

Ocean Topography Experiment, 11, 430, 480, 487, 501

Office of Management and Budget, xii, 4, 12

Office of Science and Technology Policy, xii

Ozone layer depletion, xi, 2, 44, 67, 192, 193, 194-201, 205, 206-207, 209, 210-215, 217, 221-222, 316, 399-402, 487-488, 502, 519, 552, 561

Antarctic ozone hole, 6-7, 191, 194-195, 201, 206, 227, 488

decadal to centennial trends, 171, 174-175, 176, 177

historical perspectives, 6-7, 15, 194, 197, 206

jet aircraft, role in, 6, 175, 195, 196, 199

modeling, 6, 191-192, 488

Montreal Protocol, 7, 11, 12, 191

NASA programs, 7, 191, 194, 195-198

social factors, 310

Ozone, tropospheric, 192, 193, 197, 201-202, 203, 205, 217, 221-222, 400, 403, 404-405, 487-489, 519, 520

decadal to centennial trends, 171, 174, 177

large-scale ecosystems, 33, 34, 49, 68

P

Pacific-North American teleconnection, 136, 138, 141, 143-145, 148, 151, 157, 165, 168

Pacific Ocean, 33, 113, 135-136, 145, 158

North Pacific Index,138, 143, 145

North Pacific Oscillation, 145, 147, 157

see also El Niño;

La Niña

Paleoclimate Model Intercomparison Project, 451

Paleoclimatology, 8, 127, 128, 129, 131-133, 149, 163, 176, 178, 237-291, 393, 410-411, 519, 520, 556

aerosols, 254, 255

Antarctica, 241, 242, 246, 248, 270

atmosphere-ocean interactions, 240, 251, 266

atmospheric circulation, 251, 271, 276, 277

atmospheric temperature, 131, 132, 241, 243, 244, 248, 250, 251, 254-255, 257, 264-268

carbon dioxide, 241, 254, 256, 257, 260, 264

case studies, 240-268, 274

data management, 269, 275

deep ocean, 243-244, 265, 266-267

drought, 167, 254, 257

El Niño, 254, 255, 257, 269, 271

energy balances and exchanges, 263, 266

floods, 254, 255

general circulation models, 257, 263, 266, 267

greenhouse gases, 241, 243, 245, 251, 254-257 (passim), 260, 264-265, 270, 271, 275, 277

Holocene, 132, 133, 238, 240, 250-255, 268-270

human factors, 133, 250, 270, 271, 273, 275, 276, 277, 410, 520

hydrological cycles, 251, 271

methane, 241, 243, 245, 251, 254, 270

models, 238, 263-264, 266-267, 268, 276

observation systems, 238, 254, 263, 264, 267, 269, 273, 275, 276, 410-411

time series, 238, 240-264, 276, 411;

see also Ice cores;

Tree rings

regional, 255, 270-271, 411

salinity, 243

sea surface temperature, 133, 250

solar radiation, 240, 254, 256, 257, 271

thermohaline circulation, 240, 244, 248, 250, 254, 255, 266-267, 268, 271, 272

tropical zones, 248, 251, 256, 266

vegetation, 250, 256-264, 265

Suggested Citation:"Index." National Research Council. 1999. Global Environmental Change: Research Pathways for the Next Decade. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/5992.
×

volcanic eruptions, 239, 240, 248, 251, 254, 257, 269, 271, 272, 277, 278

see also Glaciers and glacial/interglacial cycles;

Ice cores;

Tree rings

Particulate matter, 33, 44, 227, 254, 271, 404

Photochemical oxidants, 44, 174, 192, 193, 203-205, 208, 209, 216, 222-223, 224-227, 399, 403-406, 409, 489, 502, 520

regional factors, 203, 204, 224, 227, 403, 405-406

Photometry, 27

Photosynthesis, 25, 32, 35-36, 62-63, 386, 458, 459, 460, 461

Phytoplankton, 33, 51, 55, 68, 173, 265, 386

see also Ocean color A Plan for a Research Program on Aerosol Radiative Forcing and Climate Change, 228

Polar Circulation Index, 249-250, 252

Polar platforms, 14-15, 29, 428, 430

Polar regions,

see Arctic systems

Pollen, 250

Population dynamics, 293, 294-297 (passim), 303, 306, 307, 330-332, 333, 349-351, 521

consumption vs population growth, 338

decadal to centennial climate change, 130

fertility and mortality, 38, 330-331, 414

greenhouse gases, 216, 311

migration, 38, 95, 294, 297, 301, 305, 315, 316, 317, 330, 331, 332, 334, 338, 349-351

rainfall and, 95

see also Urban areas

Precipitation, 379, 380, 463

archiving, 120, 389

decadal to centennial climate change, 145, 157, 166, 167-168, 183

greenhouse gases, 5

large-scale ecosystem models,21

seasonal to interannual trends, 60, 88, 96, 107, 108, 113, 116, 118-119, 120, 121, 387, 389

see also Acid deposition;

Drought, Monsoons;

Rain;

Snow

Program for Climate Variability and Predictability, 114, 115, 268

Global Ocean-Atmosphere-Land Surface program, 110, 114

Project for Intercomparison of Land Surface Parameterization Schemes

Property rights, 294, 297, 306, 319, 320, 345, 347, 348, 354

common-pool resources, 305, 308, 317, 319-320

EOS data, 443

R

Radar, 69, 120, 389

Radiometry, 27, 28

Rain, 95-96, 113, 118, 144, 145, 165, 166-167, 168, 183, 259

see also Drought;

Monsoons

Real time measurements, El Niño, 88, 89, 90

Regional factors, 472-473, 533

atmospheric chemistry, 33, 49, 203, 204, 224, 227, 229, 403, 405-406

climate change consequences, general, 45, 301, 312-313, 314

coastal systems, 467, 500

decadal to centennial climate change, 132, 140, 141, 147, 155, 158, 165, 166, 168, 180-181

ecosystems, 20, 21, 33, 45, 49, 52-54, 56

human dimension, 294, 297, 315-316, 342-344, 496

land cover/use factors, 96-98, 294-295, 304, 350

North Atlantic Oscillation, 133, 138-139, 141, 142, 150, 151, 157, 161, 165, 168, 257, 302

ocean carbon studies, 20

paleoclimatology, 255, 270-271, 411

photochemical oxidants, 203, 204, 224, 227, 403, 405-406

rainfall data, regional series, 166, 168

research infrastructure, 336, 427

seasonal to interannual climate change, 96-98, 106-107, 114, 302, 315-316

see also Arctic systems;

Local factors;

Tropical zones

Remote sensing, 168, 276, 451, 499-500

aerosols, 229

algorithms, 27, 28, 51, 64, 68, 121, 390, 391, 427, 436

land use, 350

large-scale ecosystems, 19, 20, 27, 46-47, 49, 51, 52-53, 63, 69

LIDAR, 69, 229

Suggested Citation:"Index." National Research Council. 1999. Global Environmental Change: Research Pathways for the Next Decade. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/5992.
×

radar, 69, 120, 389

seasonal to interannual climate change, 105, 113, 120

see also Satellite technology

Risk management, 315, 322-326

River systems, 134-137, 465-471, 472, 500

Amazon basin, 20, 27, 54, 299, 301, 304, 306, 314

Mackenzie River basin, 313

Mississippi River, 20, 96-98

Missouri-Illinois-Nebraska-Kansas study, 313

modeling, 453

Runoff, 301, 463, 465, 466, 467, 469, 471, 472, 494, 500, 522

decadal to centennial climate change, 135, 157, 164, 166, 169

seasonal to interannual climate change, 104, 105, 107, 108, 116-119 (passim), 388, 389

S

Salinity, 524, 528

decadal to centennial climate change, 148, 149, 156, 157, 158, 161, 162, 166-169 (passim), 179, 181, 182, 183, 397, 398, 399

paleoclimatology, 243

seasonal to interannual climate change, 113, 116, 383, 388

see also Thermohaline circulation

Satellite technology, 9-10, 467, 492, 526-528

algorithms, 27, 28, 51, 64, 68, 121-122, 390, 391, 427, 436

atmospheric chemistry, 207, 220, 223, 227, 407

clouds, 477

data management issues, 30, 121, 390, 427, 435-444

archiving, 30, 121, 390, 427, 436, 437

decadal to centennial climate change, 127, 168, 179, 182, 273, 525-526

land-surface observations, 26, 27-28, 29, 69, 305-306, 381, 390, 391

land use, 30-31, 69, 305-306, 350, 351, 381

large-scale ecosystems, 19, 20, 26-31, 51, 52, 69

seasonal to interannual climate change, 110, 113, 121-122

snow, 94, 120-121

social factors, 305, 306, 411-412

vegetation, 51, 221

see also Earth Observing System;

National Aeronautics and Space Administration;

Ocean color

Scales and Global Change, 62

Scientific Committee on Antarctic Research, 268

Scientific Committee on Problems of the Environment, 23

Sea ice, 102, 147, 157, 158, 161, 162, 166, 169, 182-183, 244, 250, 257, 388

Sea level change, 11, 256, 271, 298-299

decadal to centennial climate change, 153, 159, 161, 162, 166, 182, 397

seasonal to interannual climate change, 99, 113, 387, 388

Sea level pressure, 136, 137, 141, 143, 388

Seasonal to interannual climate change, 8, 47-52, 59-60, 68, 87-126, 275, 518-519

atmospheric moisture, 97, 104, 108, 113, 115, 387, 388

carbon cycling, 26, 158-159, 458

case studies, 89-98

clouds, 113, 387, 388

data management, 105, 109-110

drought, 88, 89, 95, 98, 101, 108

economic factors, 108-109

energy balances and exchanges, 88, 97, 98, 103-107 (passim), 112, 114, 115, 117, 122, 387, 392

evaporation, 95, 104, 108, 115-116, 388

transpiration/evapotranspiration, 104-105, 108, 116, 118, 119, 121, 388, 390, 391

floods, 91, 96-98, 101, 107-108, 134-137

general circulation models, 100, 106-107, 114, 117-118

human factors, 89, 111, 313, 315-316, 342-344, 354

hydrological cycles, 88, 90-98, 104, 107-109, 112, 115-119, 384, 387-392, 519

land surface, 384, 388-390, 519

local downscaling, 88, 96-98, 106-107, 112, 117-118, 344, 519

models, 88, 96-97, 99, 100, 104-107, 109, 114, 115, 117-118, 344, 383, 387

observation systems, 88, 94, 98, 99, 105, 118, 119-123, 383-392

remote sensing, general, 105, 113, 120

Suggested Citation:"Index." National Research Council. 1999. Global Environmental Change: Research Pathways for the Next Decade. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/5992.
×

satellite remote sensing, 110, 113, 121-122

precipitation, 60, 88, 96, 107, 108, 113, 116, 118-119, 120, 121, 387, 389

regional, 96-98, 106-107, 114, 302, 315-316

runoff, 104, 105, 107, 108, 116-119 (passim), 388, 389

salinity, 113, 116, 383, 388

sea level change, 99, 113, 387, 388

sea level pressure, 136, 137, 141, 143, 388

sea surface temperature, 98, 101-103, 110, 114

snow, 88, 94-95, 101, 105, 108, 118, 120-121, 388, 390

soils, 88, 96-98, 104, 116-117, 122-123, 388, 391-392

solar radiation, 91, 94-95, 101, 105, 113, 116, 384, 387, 389-390

terrestrial-atmosphere interactions, 88, 89, 96-98, 100, 103-105, 106-107, 112, 114, 117-119

trace gases, 105

tropical zones, 101, 102, 115;

see also El Niño;

La Niña;

Monsoons

vegetation, 104-105, 116, 123, 381, 386, 388, 392

transpiration/evapotranspiration, 104-105, 108, 116, 118, 119, 121, 388, 390, 391

see also Drought

Sea surface temperature, 43, 110, 114, 302, 379, 417, 474

Atlantic, other than NAO, 98, 133, 145, 149, 151, 156, 165, 168

cryosphere, 159-162

decadal to centennial climate change, 133, 141, 144-148 (passim), 151, 155-159 (passim), 162, 165, 168, 181, 182, 183, 397

monsoons, 95, 101-103

paleoclimatology, 133, 250

sea ice, 102, 147, 157, 158

seasonal to interannual climate change, 98, 101-103, 110, 114

see also El Niño;

La Niña;

North Atlantic Oscillation;

Thermohaline circulation

Simulated Topographical Network, 467, 468

Snow

decadal to centennial climate change, 132, 135, 145, 147, 161, 162, 163, 183

seasonal to interannual climate change, 88, 94-95, 101, 105, 108, 118, 120-121, 388, 390

Social and Economic Data and Applications Center, 336

Social factors, 10, 130, 293, 294, 297, 298, 302, 303, 304, 326-337, 412-416, 454, 520

attitudes, 327-328

carbon system, 85

climate change, 296, 297, 309-310, 312-313, 314, 342-344, 520

consumption patterns, 294, 296, 297, 309-310, 313, 327, 328, 329, 333-334, 338-341, 347

developing countries, 312, 327, 329, 338, 340, 341

data links, 295

drought, 95, 133

El Niño, 14

energy resources consumption, 296, 297, 309-310, 328, 336, 338-339, 340, 342

household behavior, 306, 328-329, 331, 332, 333, 336

individual behavior, 328-329, 333, 336, 352, 497, 521

integrated assessments, 323, 324, 355

land use management, 305, 306, 307, 308

satellite observations, 305, 306, 411-412

surprises, 294, 315, 345-346, 352;

see also Disasters

see also Institutional factors

Soils, 381, 457-458, 469

decadal to centennial climate change, 163, 164, 169, 183

large-scale ecosystems, 19, 21, 24, 26, 30, 32, 37, 47, 52, 62

moisture, 52, 88, 96-98, 101, 104, 116-117, 122-123, 164, 169, 183, 388, 391-392, 457, 460, 462-463, 467, 470, 498

models, 52, 88, 96-97, 122-123, 457, 460, 462-463, 467, 470, 498

seasonal to interannual climate change, 88, 96-98, 104, 116-117, 122-123, 388, 391-392

Solar radiation, 449, 460, 461, 477, 502-503

Suggested Citation:"Index." National Research Council. 1999. Global Environmental Change: Research Pathways for the Next Decade. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/5992.
×

albedo, 94-95, 159, 162, 163, 164, 166, 172, 183, 256, 462

case studies, 421-422

decadal to centennial climate change, 94-95, 127, 128, 159, 162, 164, 166, 170-176, 179, 180, 394

Earth orbital cycles, 240, 241, 248, 262, 270, 277

paleoclimatology, 240, 254, 256, 257, 271

photosynthesis, 25, 32, 35-36, 62-63, 386, 458, 459, 460, 461

seasonal to interannual climate change, 91, 94-95, 101, 105, 113, 116, 384, 387, 389-390

tropospheric ozone, 193

UV, 171

see also Greenhouse gases;

Ozone layer depletion;

Photochemical oxidants

Southern Oscillation Index, 259

Spectral Mapping Project, 240, 241

Spectroscopy, 28, 240, 241, 382, 407, 477

Standards, data, 437, 438-439, 442-443, 538, 543

START,

see Global Change System for Analysis, Research, and Training

Stratospheric Aerosol and Gas Experiment, 222

Streamflow, 118-119, 134-135, 145, 379, 388-389

Sulfates, 44, 49, 52, 133, 214, 215, 254, 257, 261, 404, 407, 408, 409, 488, 489

Surface air temperature, 95, 121-122, 141, 166, 388, 391, 455, 460

Surface radiation, 21, 94-95, 120, 227, 159, 162, 163, 164, 166, 172, 183, 256, 462

see also Albedo

T

Taxes and subsidies, 299, 301, 306, 310, 320, 346

Technological change, environment impacts, 10, 16, 194, 293, 294, 298, 307-312 (passim), 315, 317, 325, 332, 333, 341-342, 521, 561

Telecommunications networks, 435, 436

Internet, 10, 90 (footnote), 436, 437, 540

Television and Infrared Observation Satellite, 430

Temperature factors,

see Atmospheric temperature;

Greenhouse gases;

Sea surface temperature;

Surface air temperature

Terrestrial-atmosphere interactions, 520

climate change, 43, 49, 51, 67

albedo, 94-95, 159, 162, 163, 164, 166, 172, 183, 256, 462

decadal to centennial change, 155, 162-164, 167-168, 180, 183, 395-396, 398-399

observation systems, 379, 387

seasonal to interannual change, 88, 89, 96-98, 100, 103-105, 106-107, 112, 114, 117-119

ecosystem modeling, 20, 24-25, 26-28, 29, 43, 49, 51-52, 67, 457-464

GOALS, 110, 114, 115, 117, 379, 387, 388

models, 97, 105, 106, 116, 448, 456, 457-465, 469, 498-500

observation systems, 379, 380, 387

see also Evaporation;

Land cover;

Land surface;

Land use;

Vegetation

Terrestrial-ocean interactions, 51-52, 68, 100, 114, 162, 182, 270, 452-453, 465-473, 500

GOALS, 110, 114, 115, 117, 379, 387, 388

greenhouse effect, COWL, 137, 139, 147, 151-152, 160, 170-171

models, 24-26, 465-473, 500

see also Coastal ecosystems;

River systems

Terrestrial ecosystems, 20, 23, 24-25, 35, 45, 53, 55, 62, 66, 450-451, 470

types of models, 70-71

see also Biodiversity;

Soils;

Vegetation;

terms beginning “Land”

Thermohaline circulation, 398, 399, 452, 453, 454, 479

Atlantic Ocean, 141, 147, 169, 267

decadal to centennial climate change, 140, 141, 147, 149, 158, 160-162, 167, 169, 182, 183

paleoclimatology, 240, 244, 248, 250, 254, 255, 266-267, 268, 271, 272

Time series observations, 144, 380, 446-447

large-scale ecosystems, 20, 47-48, 49, 56-61, 64, 68-69, 380-381

oceanic, 20, 159, 181, 397

paleoclimatology, 238, 240-264, 276, 411;

see also Ice cores;

Tree rings

see also Long-term observations

TOPEX,

see Ocean Topography Experiment

Suggested Citation:"Index." National Research Council. 1999. Global Environmental Change: Research Pathways for the Next Decade. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/5992.
×

Topographic factors, ocean, 11, 430, 480, 487, 501

Topographic factors, land surface, 38, 106, 117, 404, 464, 469, 471, 472

Total ozone mapping spectrometer, 222

Toxics

acid deposition, 33, 49, 53, 193, 232, 502

atmospheric, 53, 192, 205-206, 209, 231-232

large-scale ecosystems, 43, 45, 47, 53

marine ecosystems, 43

multiple ecosystem stress, 45

Trace gases, 181, 239, 269, 271, 396, 400-405, 407, 408, 452, 458, 460, 463-464, 470, 491, 493, 498

biodiversity, 56

land use, 30

large-scale ecosystems, 20, 21, 23, 30, 43, 44, 51, 52, 53, 56, 70

seasonal to interannual climate change, 105

see also specific trace species

Training,

see Education and training

Transpiration/evapotranspiration, 39, 61-62, 215, 221, 452, 457, 458, 460, 461, 465, 467, 470, 471, 472, 474, 494, 522

decadal to centennial climate change, 164, 166, 169

seasonal to interannual climate change, 104-105, 108, 116, 118, 119, 121, 388, 390, 391

Transport processes and models, general, 65, 69, 107, 381, 458, 464, 465, 472

atmospheric, 7, 8, 23, 37, 164, 174, 175, 194, 203, 205, 208, 218, 219, 221, 225, 226, 265, 266, 399, 448, 454, 489-493, 502

greenhouse gases, 24, 25

moisture, 98, 117

oceanic, general, 62, 156, 157-158, 162, 166, 168-169, 182, 266, 267, 287, 298, 490-493

sediments, 465, 467

see also Biogeochemical cycles

Tree rings, 167, 169, 170, 250, 254, 257, 275, 276, 410

Tropical Atmospheric-Ocean array, 90, 99, 110, 113, 114, 148, 387

Tropical Oceans and Global Atmosphere program, 10, 66, 67, 87, 90, 101, 109-110, 115, 425

Tropical Rainfall Monitoring Mission, 183, 430

Tropical zones, 27, 402

aerosols, 172, 223

atmospheric moisture, 102

carbon cycles, 34, 36, 402

decadal to centennial climate changes, 148, 161, 183

ozone layer, 199, 201, 213-214, 215, 222

paleoclimatology, 248, 251, 256, 266

sea level change, 113

seasonal to interannual climate change, 101, 102, 115

sea surface temperature, 100, 103, 145, 149, 155, 159, 165, 168, 183

see also El Niño;

La Niña;

Monsoons

U

Ultraviolet radiation, 171, 176, 192, 193, 205, 209, 210-215, 217-231, 316, 399-402, 519

see also Ozone layer depletion

Uncertainty, x-xi, 1, 8, 219, 295, 302, 323, 324, 352, 353, 445, 449, 476, 499, 557

carbon cycle, 34

decadal to centennial climate change, 127, 128, 129, 150, 175

socioeconomic vs biophysical, 293, 333, 454

technological change, environment impacts, 10, 16, 194, 293, 294, 298, 307-312 (passim), 315, 317, 325, 332, 341-342

United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization , 55, 389

United Nations Environment Programme, 191

Urban areas, 33, 44, 49, 135, 193, 203, 224, 227, 301, 313, 330, 331, 340, 350

sea level changes, 298

U.S. Agency for International Development, 413, 414

U.S. Global Change Research Program, ix-xiii(passim)

atmospheric chemistry component, 191, 337

decadal to centennial climate change, 129

ecosystems, 2, 3, 24, 28, 30, 44, 64, 65, 67-68

EOS data management model, 442

funding, xi, 1-2, 13, 335, 354, 377, 429, 527

historical overview, 1-6, 298

Suggested Citation:"Index." National Research Council. 1999. Global Environmental Change: Research Pathways for the Next Decade. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/5992.
×

human dimension research, 298, 337-338, 342, 350, 353-356, 357, 413

mission of, 10-11, 377

modeling efforts, general, 446, 456, 497, 499-500, 531-533

observation systems, 377-430

program review, 10-16

recommendations for, 517-546

research infrastructure, 335-336, 442

seasonal to interannual climate change, 87, 117

U.S. government,

see Federal government;

terms beginning “Department”, “National” and “Office”

V

Vegetation, 123, 528

archiving, 123, 392

canopy measures, 26, 39, 51, 61, 62-63

decadal to centennial climate change, 152, 162-164, 166, 169, 170, 183, 398-399

Holocene, 250

large-scale ecosystem modeling, 19, 20, 21, 26-27, 31, 32-33, 36, 37-42, 49, 51-52, 57, 61-63, 72

modeling, other, 263-264, 268, 448, 452, 454, 457-464, 469, 498-499

paleoclimatology, 250, 256-264, 265

photosynthesis, 25, 32, 35-36, 62-63, 386, 458, 459, 460, 461

pollen, 250

precipitation, 88

satellite observations, 51, 221;

see also “canopy measures” supra

seasonal to interannual climate change, 104-105, 116, 123, 381, 386, 388, 392

successional dynamics, 25, 41, 57, 232, 305, 448, 452, 458, 460, 463, 499

tree rings, 167, 169, 170, 250, 254, 257, 275, 276, 410

see also Drought;

Forests;

Transpiration/evapotranspiration

Vegetation and Ecosystem Modeling and Analysis Project, 38-42

Volatile organic compounds, 164, 204, 403, 405

Volcanic eruptions, 206, 210, 211, 213, 222, 228, 314, 492

decadal to centennial climate change, 127-128, 172

paleoclimatology, 239, 240, 248, 251, 254, 257, 269, 271, 272, 277, 278

Vulnerability, human, 95, 170, 293, 294, 297, 298, 299, 301-302, 312-316 (passim), 329, 330, 331, 334, 340-345 (passim), 354, 357, 496

W

Water cycles,

see Hydrological cycles

Water vapor,

see Atmospheric moisture

Wetlands, 32, 178, 466, 469

Wind, 99, 113, 121, 136, 159, 182, 259, 166, 388, 390-391, 395, 397, 460, 467

World Climate Conferences, 2, 5

World Climate Research Programme, 2, 3, 117, 263, 268, 394, 425

World Fertility Survey, 331, 414

World Meteorological Organization, 5, 6, 191, 389

World Ocean Circulation Experiment, 457, 480, 484, 486, 487, 501

World Wide Web,

see Internet

Y

Younger Dryas, 132, 242-243, 252

Suggested Citation:"Index." National Research Council. 1999. Global Environmental Change: Research Pathways for the Next Decade. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/5992.
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How can we understand and rise to the environmental challenges of global change? One clear answer is to understand the science of global change, not solely in terms of the processes that control changes in climate and the composition of the atmosphere, but in how ecosystems and human society interact with these changes. In the last two decades of the twentieth century, a number of such research efforts—supported by computer and satellite technology—have been launched. Yet many opportunities for integration remain unexploited, and many fundamental questions remain about the earth's capacity to support a growing human population.

This volume encourages a renewed commitment to understanding global change and sets a direction for research in the decade ahead. Through case studies the book explores what can be learned from the lessons of the past 20 years and what are the outstanding scientific questions. Highlights include:

  • Research imperatives and strategies for investigators in the areas of atmospheric chemistry, climate, ecosystem studies, and human dimensions of global change.
  • The context of climate change, including lessons to be gleaned from paleoclimatology.
  • Human responses to—and forcing of—projected global change.

This book offers a comprehensive overview of global change research to date and provides a framework for answering urgent questions.

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