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Dietary Reference Intakes for Thiamin, Riboflavin, Niacin, Vitamin B6, Folate, Vitamin B12, Pantothenic Acid, Biotin, and Choline (1998)
Institute of Medicine (IOM)

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. "5 Riboflavin." Dietary Reference Intakes for Thiamin, Riboflavin, Niacin, Vitamin B6, Folate, Vitamin B12, Pantothenic Acid, Biotin, and Choline. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press, 1998.

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DRI Dietary Reference Intakes: For Thiamin, Riboflavin, Niacin, Vitamin B6, Folate, Vitamin B12, Pantothenic Acid, Biotin, and Choline

g Intake measured as mg/1000 kcal; energy intake not provided.

h Abnormal EGRAC = > 1.2.

i During exercise period.

j Abnormal EGRAC = > 1.25.

k Abnormal EGRAC = ≥ 1.3.

l Abnormal EGRAC = > 1.4.

m Abnormal urinary excretion = values before which there is a sharp increase (breakpoint for increase in slope of urinary excretion).

n Normal = no classical signs of riboflavin deficiency.

o Normal = no signs of ariboflavinosis (assessment based on eye exams, work performance, and psychomotor tests).

p Abnormal = nonspecific symptoms (cheilosis, angular stomatitis, scrotal skin changes).

q Abnormal = severe skin lesions.

r Abnormal total erythrocyte riboflavin = < 400 nmol/L (15 µg/100 mL); authors’ conclusion.

s Normal total erythrocyte riboflavin = ≥ 530 nmol/L (20 µg/100 mL); authors’ conclusion.

t Abnormal = severe symptoms of ariboflavinosis.

latter occurred in only one study on elderly Guatemalans (Boisvert et al., 1993). The value selected for the EAR for riboflavin was the intake that was sufficient to maintain or restore adequate status in half the individuals in the groups studied.

Ancillary: Kinetic, Catabolic, and Clinical Reflections of Riboflavin Status

Whole-body dynamics based on pharmacokinetic analysis were used to set limits for rates and amounts of riboflavin absorption and excretion and appeared to reflect the flux of major metabolites (Zempleni et al., 1996). Such analysis assumes that the upper limits for utilization and storage have been reached if there is a rapid increase in the excretion of vitamin in the urine. The suppression or regression of clinical signs, largely dermatological, provide guide-posts for lowest limits.

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102
Front Matter (R1-R24)
Summary (1-16)
1 Introduction to Dietary Reference Intakes (17-26)
2 The B Vitamins and Choline: Overview and Methods (27-40)
3 A Model for the Development of Tolerable Upper Intake Levels (41-57)
4 Thiamin (58-86)
5 Riboflavin (87-122)
6 Niacin (123-149)
7 Vitamin B6 (150-195)
8 Folate (196-305)
9 Vitamin B12 (306-356)
10 Pantothenic Acid (357-373)
11 Biotin (374-389)
12 Choline (390-422)
13 Uses of Dietary Reference Intakes (423-436)
14 A Research Agenda (437-442)
A Origin and Framework of the Development of Dietary Reference Intakes (443-447)
B Acknowledgments (448-450)
C Système International d'Unités (451-452)
D Search Strategies (453-455)
E Methodological Problems Associated with Laboratory Values and Food Composition Data for B Vitamins (456-459)
F Dietary Intake Data from the Boston Nutritional Status Survey, 1981–1984 (460-465)
G Dietary Intake Data from the Continuing Survey of Food Intakes by Individuals (CSFII), 1994–1995 (466-477)
H Dietary Intake Data from the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES III), 1988–1994 (478-501)
I Daily Intakes of B Vitamins by Canadian Men and Women, 1990, 1993 (502-506)
J Options for Dealing with Uncertainties in Developing Tolerable Upper Intake Levels (507-511)
K Blood Concentrations of Folate and Vitamin B12 from the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES III), 1988–1994 (512-519)
L Methylenetetrahydrofolate Reductase (520-522)
M Evidence from Animal Studies on the Etiology of Neural Tube Defects (523-526)
N Estimation of the Period Covered by Vitamin B12 Stores (527-530)
O Biographical Sketches (531-536)
P Glossary and Abbreviations (537-540)
Index (541-567)