Dietary Reference Intakes for Thiamin, Riboflavin, Niacin, Vitamin B6, Folate, Vitamin B12, Pantothenic Acid, Biotin, and Choline

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Table of Contents
Front Matter R1-R24
Summary 1-16
1 Introduction to Dietary Reference Intakes 17-26
2 The B Vitamins and Choline: Overview and Methods 27-40
3 A Model for the Development of Tolerable Upper Intake Levels 41-57
4 Thiamin 58-86
5 Riboflavin 87-122
6 Niacin 123-149
7 Vitamin B6 150-195
8 Folate 196-305
9 Vitamin B12 306-356
10 Pantothenic Acid 357-373
11 Biotin 374-389
12 Choline 390-422
13 Uses of Dietary Reference Intakes 423-436
14 A Research Agenda 437-442
A Origin and Framework of the Development of Dietary Reference Intakes 443-447
B Acknowledgments 448-450
C Système International d'Unités 451-452
D Search Strategies 453-455
E Methodological Problems Associated with Laboratory Values and Food Composition Data for B Vitamins 456-459
F Dietary Intake Data from the Boston Nutritional Status Survey, 1981–1984 460-465
G Dietary Intake Data from the Continuing Survey of Food Intakes by Individuals (CSFII), 1994–1995 466-477
H Dietary Intake Data from the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES III), 1988–1994 478-501
I Daily Intakes of B Vitamins by Canadian Men and Women, 1990, 1993 502-506
J Options for Dealing with Uncertainties in Developing Tolerable Upper Intake Levels 507-511
K Blood Concentrations of Folate and Vitamin B12 from the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES III), 1988–1994 512-519
L Methylenetetrahydrofolate Reductase 520-522
M Evidence from Animal Studies on the Etiology of Neural Tube Defects 523-526
N Estimation of the Period Covered by Vitamin B12 Stores 527-530
O Biographical Sketches 531-536
P Glossary and Abbreviations 537-540
Index 541-567

TABLE 9-6 Other Studies of Subjects with Pernicious Anemia Considered in Setting the Estimated Average Requirement for Vitamin B₁₂ for Adults

Reference	Number of Subjects	Age Range (y)
Suggested IM^a requirement > 2.0 µg
Hansen and Weinfeld, 1962	14
Suggested IM requirement of 1.0–2.0 µg
Bastrup-Madsen et al., 1983	112	33–78
Lindenbaum et al., 1990	44	NA^c
Other Studies
Best et al., 1956	6	NA
Will et al., 1959	40	NA
Sullivan and Herbert, 1965	8	46–86
^a IM = intramuscular. ^b 1,000 µg × 0.15 retention/90 d. ^c NA = not available. ^d 1,000 µg × 0.15 retention/182 d.

Table of Contents

Front Matter R1-R24

Summary 1-16

1 Introduction to Dietary Reference Intakes 17-26

2 The B Vitamins and Choline: Overview and Methods 27-40

3 A Model for the Development of Tolerable Upper Intake Levels 41-57

4 Thiamin 58-86

5 Riboflavin 87-122

6 Niacin 123-149

7 Vitamin B6 150-195

8 Folate 196-305

9 Vitamin B12 306-356

10 Pantothenic Acid 357-373

11 Biotin 374-389

12 Choline 390-422

13 Uses of Dietary Reference Intakes 423-436

14 A Research Agenda 437-442

A Origin and Framework of the Development of Dietary Reference Intakes 443-447

B Acknowledgments 448-450

C Système International d'Unités 451-452

D Search Strategies 453-455

E Methodological Problems Associated with Laboratory Values and Food Composition Data for B Vitamins 456-459

F Dietary Intake Data from the Boston Nutritional Status Survey, 1981–1984 460-465

G Dietary Intake Data from the Continuing Survey of Food Intakes by Individuals (CSFII), 1994–1995 466-477

H Dietary Intake Data from the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES III), 1988–1994 478-501

I Daily Intakes of B Vitamins by Canadian Men and Women, 1990, 1993 502-506

J Options for Dealing with Uncertainties in Developing Tolerable Upper Intake Levels 507-511

K Blood Concentrations of Folate and Vitamin B12 from the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES III), 1988–1994 512-519

L Methylenetetrahydrofolate Reductase 520-522

M Evidence from Animal Studies on the Etiology of Neural Tube Defects 523-526

N Estimation of the Period Covered by Vitamin B12 Stores 527-530

O Biographical Sketches 531-536

P Glossary and Abbreviations 537-540

Index 541-567