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The following HTML text is provided to enhance online readability. Many aspects of typography translate only awkwardly to HTML. Please use the page image as the authoritative form to ensure accuracy. curly tail mouse model (Greene and Copp, 1997). If curly tail is a suitable mouse model of human NTD, markers of inositol status should be evaluated with regard to human NTDs. TERATOLOGY STUDIESMany teratogens produce NTDs in rodents; exencephaly is especially common. Examples include ethanol, retinoic acid, vitamin A, and valproate (Sulik and Sadler, 1993). The NTD phenotype depends on the timing of administration. Early administration (before closure of the anterior neural tube at mouse embryonic day 9) most often results in exencephaly whereas later administration yields posterior defects. Valproate-induced NTDs are strain specific in the mouse (Finnell et al., 1988), highlighting the importance of genetic predisposition in NTD etiology. Although some studies show an alteration in folate levels (Hendel et al., 1984) and a protective effect of coadministered folic acid in valproate-induced NTD (Trotz et al., 1987), the metabolic mechanism of valproate teratogenesis is unclear (Nau, 1994). In humans, carbamazepine is a commonly used antiepileptic drug that has been reported to cause NTDs at a higher-than-normal rate (Rosa, 1991). The absolute risk estimated from 21 cohort studies is approximately 1 percent (Rosa, 1991). REFERENCESCopp AJ, Bernfield M. 1994. Etiology and pathogenesis of human neural tube defects: Insights from mouse models. Curr Opin Pediatr 6:624–631. Essien FB. 1992. Maternal methionine supplementation promotes the remediation of axial defects in Axd mouse neural tube mutants. Teratology 45:205–212. Finnell RH, Bennett GD, Karras SB, Mohl VK. 1988. Common hierachies of susceptibility to the induction of neural tube defects in mouse embryos by valproic acid and its 4-propyl-4-pentenoic acid metabolite. Teratology 38:313–320. Greene ND, Copp AJ. 1997. Inositol prevents folate-resistant neural tube defects in the mouse. Nat Med 3:60–66. Gruneberg H. 1954. Genetical studies on the skeleton of the mouse. 8. Curly tail. J Genet 52:52–67. Heid MK, Bills ND, Hinrichs SH, Clifford AJ. 1992. Folate deficiency alone does not produce neural tube defects in mice. J Nutr 122:888–894. Hendel J, Dam M, Gram L, Winkel P, Jorgensen I. 1984. The effects of carbamazepine and valproate on folate metabolism in man. Acta Neurol Scand 69:226–231. Hurley LS. 1980. Developmental Nutrition. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall. Hurley LS, Shrader RE. 1972. Congenital malformations of the nervous system in zinc-deficient rats. Int Rev Neurobiol Suppl 1:7–51.
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