Adults, 19 through 50 years

AIs, 21

derivation of DRIs for, 21, 32

EARs, 8–9

extrapolation of data to other age groups, 31–33, 66

supplement use, 272

Adults, 51 through 70 years

AIs, 21

ULs, 48–49

Adults, >70 years

cognitive function, 160, 268

EARs, 8–9

pernicious anemia in, 317, 332–333

supplement use, 18, 79, 81, 113, 182, 273, 346, 462–465

ULs, 48

Adverse effects, 2, 5–6

biotin, 384–385

choline, 390, 408–410, 411

defined, 41

evidence of, 50–51

folate, 273–277

interindividual variability in sensitivity, 48–49

niacin, 123, 138, 140–142

nutrient-nutrient interactions, 41, 49, 51, 273–274

pantothenic acid, 370

research recommendations, 15, 441–442

riboflavin, 87, 115–116

source of nutrient and, 47–48

thiamin, 58, 81–82

vitamin B₆, 150, 182–183, 186

vitamin B₁₂, 346

African Americans. See Blacks

Aging. See also Life-stage groups;

individual life stages

and energy metabolism, 75, 110

and metabolism of nutrients, 213–214, 228–229, 233

and nutrient requirements, 318–320

and nutrient toxicity, 48

and plasma homocysteine, 159, 203, 518–519

Alanine aminotransferase, 157, 390, 394, 395, 403

Albumin, 89, 152, 198

Alcohol consumption and alcoholism and folate, 204, 211, 240, 263, 266, 268, 276, 525

and niacin, 126, 144

and thiamin, 58, 60

and vitamin B₆, 164

and vitamin B₁₂, 347

Allergic sensitivity, 81–82

Alopecia, 377, 378

American Academy of Pediatrics, 30, 31

Amino acid metabolism, 58, 88, 150, 151, 161, 196, 197, 358.

See also individual amino acids

Aminopterin, 246

Anaphylaxis, 81

Anemia, 90, 153, 200, 201, 233, 234, 267, 329, 334.

See also Pernicious anemia

Anencephaly, 241, 243

Aneurin. See Thiamin

Animal studies

choline, 396, 397, 398, 399, 413–414

considerations in use of data from, 53

extrapolation of data from, 28, 43–44, 46, 52, 55, 56, 153

neural tube defects, 244, 245, 523–525

relevance of, 50, 51, 211

vitamin B₁₂ deficiency, 274, 310, 346

Antibiotics, 94, 313, 320

Anticonvulsants, 212, 240, 246, 276, 380, 525

Anti-inflammatory drugs (nonsteroidal), 212

Apotyrosine decarboxylase assay, 156

Ariboflavinosis, 90, 111

Arnold Chiari malformation, 241

Asians, pernicious anemia, 317

Aspartate aminotransferase, 157

Aspirin, 212

Asthma, 187, 212

Atherosclerosis, 260

Athletes, 64, 97, 400

Atrophic gastritis, 200, 312, 317, 318, 320, 331, 337, 340, 341, 342, 527

Avidin, 375–376, 379, 380