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Index
A
Acid-base status, 50
Acid detergent fiber, 8
composition of feed ingredients, 124
Acidifiers, 98
Activity, 5
Additives, feed
acidifiers in, 98
anthelmintic, 98
antimicrobial, 97-98
antioxidants, 99
carcass modifiers, 99
enzyme, 98
flavor, 99
flow agents, 99
microbial supplements, 98
mineral supplements, 99
odor control agents, 99
oligosaccharide, 98
pellet binders, 99
regulations, 100
safety concerns, 99-100
Aflatoxin, 99
Alfalfa
calcium bioavailability, 49
phosphorus content, 49
Amino acids
antagonisms, 19
bioavailability, 18-19
composition of feed ingredients, 124-125
deficiencies and excesses, 19
dietary requirements, 17, 19-25
essential/nonessential, 16-17
excretory losses of nutrient and, 104
feed analysis, 17
gestation requirements, 38
growing-finishing pigs, requirements of, 35
ileal digestibilities, 18-19, 35-36
isomers, 19
lactation requirements, 38-40
model for predicting requirements, 31-32
nutrient requirement tables, 110
ratios, 17-18
synthesis, 16
weanling pig requirements, 40-41
See also specific acid
Anemia, iron deficiency, 54-55
Anthelmintic additives, 98
Antibiotics, 97, 99-100
water intake and, 93
Antimicrobial additives
growth effects, 97-98
physiological function, 97
safety concerns, 99-100
Antioxidants, 74, 99
Arachidonic acid, 9
Arginine, 16, 17
deficiencies and excesses, 19
Ascorbic acid. See Vitamin C
Avidin, 76
B
B vitamins, 71.
See also specific B vitamin
Barley, pantothenic acid in, 78
Barrows, nutrient requirements of, 110
Bioavailability
amino acids, 18-19
biotin, 75
calcium, 49
choline, 76
copper, 53
iron, 54
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phosphorus, 48-49
vitamin A, 72
vitamin B12, 80-81
vitamin C, 81
Biotin
bioavailability, 75
deficiency, 76
requirements, 76
Birth weights, 7
copper effects, 53
manganese effects, 55
vitamin A requirements, 72
vitamin B12 effects, 81
Boars
amino acid requirements, 25-26
energy requirements, 7-8
maintenance requirement, 6
mineral requirements, 48
water requirements, 93
zinc requirement, 56
See also Breeding boars
Body protein mass, maintenance requirements, 6
Body temperature
energy metabolism, 5
See also Thermoregulation
Body weight, metabolic, 6
Bone growth
calcium-phosphorus deficiency, 49
manganese requirements, 55
mineral requirements, 47, 48, 50
vitamin D requirements, 73
Breeding boars
amino acid requirements, 25-26
chlorine requirements, 50
energy requirements, 7-8
magnesium requirements, 50
mineral requirements, 48
nutrient requirement tables, 110
semen quality, 25-26
sodium requirements, 50
zinc requirement, 57
C
Calcitonin, 73
Calcium, 47
bioavailability, 49
deficiencies/excesses, 49
excretion, 103, 104
phosphorous ratio, 47, 49
requirements, 47-48, 49
vitamin D interaction, 73
Carbohydrates, gross energy, 3
β-Carotene, 2, 72
Carotenoids, 71, 72
Cereal grains
calcium bioavailability, 49
phosphorus content, 48
See also specific grain
Chemical composition
feed intake and, 10
net energy and, 5
predicting digestible energy from, 3-4
Chloride-potassium interaction, 51
Chlorine, 47
deficiencies and excesses, 50
requirements, 49-50
Cholecalciferol, 73
Choline
bioavailability, 76
deficiency, 77
forms of, 76
function, 76-77
requirement, 77
toxicity, 77
Chromium, 47
absorption, 51
metabolic function, 51, 52
picolinate, 51, 52
tolerance, 52
Cobalt, 47, 52
Copper, 47, 99
bioavailability, 53
deficiencies and excesses, 53
excretion, 103-104
growth effects, 52, 53
requirements, 52
Corn
niacin availability, 78
pantothenic acid availability, 78
phosphorus content, 48
riboflavin availability, 79
vitamin B6 availability, 80
Corn-soybean meal diet, 105-109
Crude fiber, 8
Cyanocobalamin. See Vitamin B12
Cysteine, 16-17
methionine and, 16-17
Cystine
requirements, 24
D
Defecation
water loss, 91
See also Excretion
Deficiencies
amino acid, 19
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calcium-phosphorus content, 47-49
energy classification, 3-5
expression of energy content, 3
fiber content, 8
nutrient composition, 124-125
vitamin A stability, 72-73
vitamin E availability, 73-74
vitamin K stability, 75
Fiber
digestibility and, 8-9
measuring feed content, 8
Flavoring agents, 99
Flow agents, 99
Folacin
deficiency, 77-78, 81
function, 77
requirement, 77
Fructose, 8
G
Gestation
amino acid requirements, 25, 38
biotin effects, 76
calcium-phosphorus requirements, 48
chlorine requirements, 50
copper requirements, 52, 53
dietary fat during, 10
energy requirements, 6-7, 36-38
feed intake, 6-7, 11
folacin effects, 77
iodine intake, 54
iron levels, 54
magnesium requirements, 50
maintenance requirements, 37, 38
manganese requirements, 55
nutrient requirement modeling, 44
nutrient requirement tables, 110
riboflavin requirement, 79
selenium effects, 55
sodium requirements, 50
thermoregulation in, 37-38
vitamin A requirements, 72
vitamin B6 requirement, 80
vitamin C effects, 81
vitamin D requirements, 73
vitamin E requirements, 74
water requirements, 93
weight gain, 6, 7, 36-37
zinc requirement, 57
See also Birth weights;
Litter size
Gilts
energy requirements, 7-8
mineral requirements, 48
nutrient requirement tables, 110
zinc requirement, 56
Glucose, 8
chromium and, 51
Glutamine, 17
Glutathione peroxidase, 56
Gross energy (GE), 3
Growing-finishing pigs
amino acid requirements, 17, 24-25, 32-36
biotin effects, 76
calcium-phosphorus requirements, 47-49
chlorine requirements, 50
energy requirements, 33-34
feed intake, 10
magnesium requirements, 50
niacin requirements, 78
nutrient requirement tables, 110
selenium requirement, 55
sodium requirements, 50
thiamin requirements, 79
vitamin A requirements, 72
water requirements, 92-93
Growth
antimicrobial effects, 97-98
biotin effects, 76
boars and gilts, 7
calcium requirements, 47-49
cobalt and, 52, 53
copper effects, 52, 53
energy requirements, 6
energy sources for, 8-10
folacin effects, 77-78
iron requirements, 54
lipid requirements, 9
manganese requirements, 55
nutrient requirement variables, 31
phosphorus requirements, 47-49
potassium requirements, 51
riboflavin requirement, 79
thiamin requirement, 79
vitamin A requirements, 72
water requirements, 92
zinc requirement, 56, 57
H
Heat increment (HI), 4
Heat production, 5
Histidine, 17
requirements, 24
Hypervitaminosis
vitamin A, 72
vitamin D, 73
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I
Ideal protein, 17
Ileal digestibilities, 18-19
amino acid requirements, 35-36
composition of feed ingredients, 124
lysine, 34-35
true/apparent, 18-19, 124
Infectious organisms in water, 93-95
Intake. See Feed intake
Iodine, 47, 53-54
Iron, 47
bioavailability, 54
deficiencies, 54-55
excretion, 103-104
function, 54
hemoglobin levels, 54
niacin availability and, 78
requirements, 54
toxicity, 55
Ivermectin, 98
L
Lactation
amino acid ratios, 17
amino acid requirements, 25, 38, 39-40
antimicrobial effects, 97
biotin effects, 76
calcium-phosphorus requirements, 48
chlorine requirements, 50
choline effects, 77
copper effects, 53
dietary fat during, 10
energy requirements, 6, 7, 38-39
feed intake, 11
folacin effects, 77
iodine intake, 54
iron levels, 54
magnesium requirements, 50
manganese requirements, 55
nutrient requirements, 38, 44, 110
riboflavin requirements, 79
sodium requirements, 50
vitamin B6 requirements, 80
vitamin B12 requirements, 81
vitamin D requirements, 73
vitamin E requirements, 74
water requirements, 93
zinc requirements, 57
Lactose, 8
Leucine, 19
Linoleic acid, 9
requirements, 110
Lipids, 9-10.
See also Fat
Litter size, 6-7
choline effects, 76-77
chromium and, 52
folacin effects, 77
vitamin A requirements, 72
vitamin B12 effects, 81
Lysine
deficiencies and excesses, 19
gestation requirements, 38
growing-finishing pig requirements, 32-35
growth model, 42-44
isomers, 19
lactation requirements, 39-40
requirements, 19-26
weanling pig requirements, 40-41
M
Magnesium, 47
deficiencies and excesses, 50
excretion, 103-104
requirements, 50
Maintenance
amino acid ratios, 17
body protein mass and, 6
energy metabolism, 4-5
in gestation, 6-7, 37
growing-finishing pigs, 32
in lactation, 6, 7, 39
metabolizable energy requirements, 5-6
net energy requirements, 5-6
Manganese, 55
excretion, 103-104
Manure
health concerns in distribution of, 103
nutrient content, 103
odor control agents, 99
total production management, 105
Mastitis-metritis-agalactia complex, 74
Meat and bone as feed, 49
Menadiones, 75
Menaquinones, 75
Metabolic body weight, 6
Metabolizable energy (ME), 4
gestation requirements, 37-38
for maintenance, 5-6
Methionine, 17
choline and, 77
cysteine and, 16-17
isomers, 19
requirements, 24, 25-26
Microbial supplements, 98
Milk composition
fat content, 10
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iron, 54
vitamin E, 74
Milk production
energy requirement, 7
lysine requirement, 39-40
protein requirement, 17, 18
See also Lactation
Minerals
composition of feed ingredients, 125
feed additives, 99
function, 47
predictive modeling, 41-42
requirements, 47, 110
toxicity, 47
See also specific mineral
Model
evaluation of, 42-44
gestating sow, 36-38
growing-finishing, 32-36
lactating sow, 38-41
principles for development, 31
Modeling, mathematical, 1.
See also Appendixes
amino acid requirements, 31-35
energy requirements, 32-34
Muscle growth, 6
N
Net energy (NE), 4-5
composition of feed ingredients, 124
maintenance requirements, 6
Neutral detergent fiber, 8
composition of feed ingredients, 124
Niacin, 78
Nicotinamide, 78
Nicotinate, 51, 52
Nicotinic acid, 78
Nitrates/nitrites, in water, 94
Nitrogen
excretion, 17, 103, 104
metabolizable energy, 4
minimizing excretory losses, 104-105
pollution prevention, 103
urea supplements, 16
Nutrient requirements
barrows, 113-114
boars, 123
gestating sows, 117-118, 121-122
gilts, 113-114
growing pigs, 112-113, 115-116
lactating sows, 119-122
O
Oats, niacin availability, 78
Oils, 9, 125
Oilseed meal, phosphorus content, 48-49
Oligosaccharide additives, 98
Osteochondrosis, 81
Osteomalacia, 49
P
Pantothenic acid, 78-79
Parakeratosis, 57
Paralysis, posterior, 49
Parasite control, 98
Pellet binders, 99
Phenylalanine, 17
and tyrosine, 17-19
Phosphorus, 47
bioavailability, 48-49
calcium ratio, 47, 49
composition of feed ingredients, 124
deficiencies/excesses, 49
excretion, 103, 104
inorganic, 49
in manure, 103
minimizing excretory losses, 104-105
phytate, 49
pollution prevention, 103
requirements, 47-49
sources, 48-49
Phylloquinones, 75
Phytase, 48-49, 98, 104
Phytic acid, 49, 56, 98
Pigs. See Barrows;
Boars;
Breeding boars;
Gilts;
Growing-finishing pigs;
Sows;
Starting pigs;
Suckling pigs;
Weanling pigs
Polysaccharides, nonstarch
energy sources, 8-9
Postweaning pig
scouring, 57
zinc requirement, 57
Potassium, 47
deficiencies and excesses, 51
dietary function, 51
excretion, 103-104
mineral interactions, 51
requirements, 50, 51
Predicting nutrient requirements
amino acids, 31-32
digestible energy, 3-4
minerals, 41-42
vitamins, 41-42
Pregnancy. See Gestation
Proline, 16
Protein
accretion, 17, 18
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body tissue, 18
definition, 16
digestibility, 8-9
energy ratio, 9
excretory losses of nutrient and, 104
gestation requirements, 37, 38
gross energy, 3
in growing-finishing pigs, 32-35
ideal, 17
retention, energy costs of, 6
sources, 17, 49
See also Amino acids
Pyridoxal, 80
Pyridoxal phosphate, 80
Pyridoxamine, 80
Pyridoxine, 80
Pyridoxines. See Vitamin B6
R
Regulations, 100
Reproduction
antimicrobial effects, 97
choline effects, 76-77
pantothenic acid requirements, 79
vitamin B12 requirements, 81
Resistance to antimicrobials, 99-100
Respiration, water loss in, 90
Retinoids, 71-72
Retinol, 71-72
Retinyl palmitate, 72
Riboflavin, 79
Rickets, 49, 73
S
Salt, 50
water intake and, 93, 95
Sarsaponin, 99
Selenium, 47, 55-56
Sexual behavior. See Breeding boars;
Reproduction
Sodium, 47
deficiencies and excesses, 50
excretion, 103-104
potassium interaction, 51
requirements, 49-50
Somatotropin, 48
Sorghum
niacin availability, 78
pantothenic acid availability, 78
Sows
amino acid requirements, 25
See also Gestation;
Lactation
Soybean meal
corn-soybean meal diet, 105-109
iron availability, 54
niacin availability, 78
pantothenic acid availability, 78
riboflavin availability, 79
vitamin B6 availability, 80
Starch, 8
Starting pigs
amino acid requirements, 19-24
nutrient requirement tables, 110
Suckling pigs
creep feed consumption, 10, 91
feed intake, 10
iron requirements, 54
magnesium requirements, 50
selenium requirement, 55
vitamin C requirements, 81
water requirements, 91-92
Sucrose, 8
Sugars, 8
Sulfa drugs, 78
Sulfates, in water, 94
Sulfur, 47, 51
Sulfur amino acids, 16-17, 51
boar requirements, 25
cysteine-methionine, 16-17
Sweating, 91
Swine. See Pigs
T
Temperature effects
energy metabolism, 5
feed intake, 8, 10
moisture loss, 90-91
protein accretion, 34
vitamin E stability, 74
water consumption, 92-93
Thermoregulation
in gestation, 37-38
in lactation, 39
Thiamin, 79-80
Thiaminase, 80
Threonine
gestation requirements, 38
isomers, 19
requirements, 24
Thyroid disorders, 53
Thyroxine, 53
Tocopherols, 73-74
Tocotrienols, 73
Total dissolved solids, 93-95
Toxicity
chromium, 52
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cobalt, 52
copper, 53
iron, 55
magnesium, 50
manganese, 55
minerals, 47
potassium, 51
selenium, 56
sodium, 50
vitamin A, 71, 72
vitamin D, 71, 73
vitamin E, 74
zinc, 57
Trace minerals, 47
See also specific mineral, 47
Tryptophan, 17
isomers, 19
niacin requirements and, 78
requirements, 24
Tyrosine, 17
U
Urea, 16
Urination
energy losses, 4
water loss, 91
See also Excretion
V
Valine
lactation requirements, 40
requirements, 24
Vitamin A
bioavailability, 72
deficiencies, 72
in feeds, 72-73
function, 71
requirements, 72
retinol equivalents, 71-72
toxicity, 72
vitamin E interaction, 74
Vitamin B6, 80
Vitamin B12, 52
bioavailability, 80-81
deficiency, 81
function, 80
requirements, 71, 81
sources, 80
Vitamin C
bioavailability, 81
function, 81
requirements, 82
Vitamin D
in calcium-phosphorus metabolism, 47
deficiency, 73
forms of, 73
function, 73
metabolism, 73
requirements, 73
toxicity, 73
Vitamin E, 55
composition of feed ingredients, 124
deficiency, 74
forms of, 73-74
function, 74
requirements, 74
toxicity, 74
Vitamin K
deficiency, 74-75
forms of, 75
function, 74-75
requirements, 75
stability in feeds, 75
toxicity, 75
Vitamins
composition of feed ingredients, 124
fat-soluble, 71
function, 71
nutrient requirement tables, 110
predictive modeling of requirements, 41-42
toxicity, 71
water-soluble, 71
See also specific vitamin
Volatile fatty acids, 8
W
Water
chlorination, 94-95
functions of, 90
hardness, 94-95
nitrate concentration, 94
pH, 94
physiological function, 90
quality, 93-95
requirements, 91-93
research needs, 90
respiration loss, 90
sulfates in, 94
temperature, 92-93
total dissolved solids, 93-94
turnover, 90-91
Weanling pigs
amino acid requirements, 40-41
calcium-phosphorus requirements, 47-49
energy requirements, 40-41
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feed intake, 10
magnesium requirements, 50
nutrient requirement tables, 110
selenium requirement, 55
survival, sow's fat intake and, 10
water requirements, 91-92
Weight gain
in gestating sow, 6, 7, 36-37
vitamin C effects, 81
Wheat
niacin availability, 78
pantothenic acid availability, 78
phosphorus content, 48
Z
Zeolite, 99
Zinc, 47, 56-57, 99
excretion, 103-104
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