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Suggested Citation:"Index." Institute of Medicine and National Research Council. 1998. Protecting Youth at Work: Health, Safety, and Development of Working Children and Adolescents in the United States. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/6019.
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Index

A

Accidents, see Injuries

Administrative Procedures Act, 168

Adolescents, 3, 21, 110-140

agricultural sector, 13, 143-145, 149, 156, 158, 229

defined, 19

demonstration projects, 189-190, 222

developmental processes, 2, 3, 4-5, 6, 88-89, 91-97, 108, 110, 139-140, 213, 226, 236

disabled, 51, 73-74

educational attainment and work, 3, 96-97, 115-120, 124

post-secondary education, 3, 51, 116-124(passim), 138, 140, 188

hours of work, 11, 39-43, 95-97, 111, 112, 114, 115, 123-134 (passim), 162, 166, 167, 226

sleep needs and, 11, 95-97, 130

illegal employment, 8, 48-49, 52, 180-183, 216-217, 219, 233-234

criminal enterprises, 20, 49, 138

fatalities, 88, 107-108

fines, 181, 182, 183, 232-233

immigrants, 52

poverty and, 137-138

immigrants, 52

injuries, 53-54, 58-71, 73-76, 87-88, 98-99, 102-103

fatal, 4, 77-83, 101, 106

longitudinal studies, 15, 32, 34-39, 113-114, 118, 132, 235, 269-289;

see also specific studies

motivation, 25, 119, 134-135

occupational health training, 4-5, 9-10, 86, 87-88, 101-102, 184-192, 221-223

personal development, see Psychosocial factors

physical and biological development of, 19, 88, 91-97, 110

sleep and, 11, 95-97, 130, 140, 156

poor, 134-138

problem behavior, 4, 11, 114, 131-134, 139-140, 226

runaway or homeless, 48

Suggested Citation:"Index." Institute of Medicine and National Research Council. 1998. Protecting Youth at Work: Health, Safety, and Development of Working Children and Adolescents in the United States. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/6019.
×

school-to-work programs, 10, 30, 119-120, 163, 186-189, 190, 217

school-to-work relationship;

see School-to-work relationship

sleep needs, 11, 95-97, 130, 140, 156

urban/rural differences, 38, 69, 127-128, 131, 137-138

vocational attainment and work, 3, 17, 51, 120, 121-125, 138, 139, 212, 226

workers' compensation, 57, 58, 60-67, 73-74

work force estimates, 2, 3, 17, 31-32, 33-35, 41-45, 47

agriculture, 143-144

sectoral breakdowns, 3, 4, 31-32, 33-35, 41-48 (passim)

Adults

effects of childhood work on, 111-112

employment, 3, 17, 51, 120, 121-125, 138, 139, 212, 226

health, 12, 83

injuries, 4, 88

occupational health training, 88, 185

see also Parents

African Americans, 33, 49, 123, 135, 150

Age factors, 220

agricultural sector, 13, 144-145, 149, 156, 229

minimum working age, 157, 158, 164, 167

disabled, 51

employment of young children, 8

federal law, 5, 12, 14, 21

hazardous work, 13, 71, 169-171, 185, 229

historical perspective, 20-21

hours of work 5, 11, 12, 18, 21, 38-40, 45, 69-71, 105, 115, 157-158, 162, 164-167

injuries, 70-71, 74, 77, 81, 83, 90-91, 99, 101, 104, 108

international perspective, 28

likelihood of employment and, 33

minority groups, 49

sleep needs, 95-96

work site segregation, 125

see also Adolescents;

Minimum working age;

Young children

Agricultural sector, 3, 13-14, 30, 141-161

adolescents, 13, 143-145, 149, 156, 158, 229

age factors, 13, 144-145, 149, 156, 229

minimum working age, 157, 158, 164, 167

attitudes of workers, 146

CPS, 144

economic factors, general, 142, 151

family farms, 2, 13-14, 20, 141-152, 158, 159, 160, 164, 165, 167, 170, 171

defined, 143

Fair Labor Standards Act, 152, 157, 158, 160, 164, 165, 167, 178, 218

fatalities, 3, 4, 152-153

gender factors, 146-147, 150, 152, 153

hazardous work, 13, 14, 145, 149, 151, 157-159, 163-164, 168, 170, 171, 174-175, 228-229, 230-231

hazardous orders, 13, 157, 158-160, 167-168, 170, 171, 229

machinery, 142, 148, 149, 157-159, 160, 170

health hazards surveillance, 83-84

historical perspectives, 142-143, 146-148, 149-150

immigrants, 146, 148, 150

hours of work, 13, 155-156, 158, 160-161, 164, 165, 227-228

illegal employment, 181

injuries, 3, 4, 54-55, 58-63, 66-69, 78-81, 104, 106, 107, 142, 143, 145, 149, 152-153, 160, 190-191

Suggested Citation:"Index." Institute of Medicine and National Research Council. 1998. Protecting Youth at Work: Health, Safety, and Development of Working Children and Adolescents in the United States. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/6019.
×

job skills, 140, 151, 156

migrant workers, 8, 84

National Agricultural Workers Survey, 144, 150-151, 156

NIOSH role, 153, 190, 232

noise, 84

occupational diseases, 143, 145, 153-154, 160-161

Occupational Safety and Health Act, 141, 157, 159, 160, 174, 175

OSHA, 13-14, 141, 157, 159, 230-231, 232

physical labor, 155-156, 236

poverty, 151

regional factors, 148, 149, 150

regulatory issues, 13-14, 141-142, 157-160, 163, 164, 174-175, 181, 227-228, 230-231

legal exceptions to regulation, 5, 13-14, 141-142, 157, 164, 165, 218, 230-231

research methodology, 144-145, 152, 155

safety and health education, 190-191

sanitation, 155, 156, 159

small farms, 13-14, 148, 157, 159, 174, 230;

see also ''family farms" supra

state government role, 141, 163, 174-175

surveillance, 14, 28, 144-145, 152, 155

migrant farm workers, 8, 216, 217, 219

pesticides, 14, 28, 155

toxic chemicals, 84, 154, 159, 170, 174, 176, 231-232;

see also Pesticides

vocational education, 60, 84, 190-191

wages, 151-152, 158, 160

workers' compensation, 234

work force estimates, 3, 32, 43, 46, 47, 150, 151

young children, 144-145, 152, 153-154, 157, 158, 159

Alabama, 172, 194-195

Alaska, 75, 194-195

Alcohol use and abuse, 126

gender factors, 134

hours of work and, 18, 97, 133

American Academy of Pediatrics, 185

American Public Health Association, 185

Americans with Disabilities Act, 50

Amputations, 58-61, 67-68, 90-91

Annual Survey of Occupational Injuries and Illnesses, 56, 57, 98, 100, 215, 216

Apprenticeships, 10, 21, 27, 120, 169, 187,188, 224

Arkansas, 194-195

Asphyxiation, 78, 80, 107

Attitudes

adolescents, 25, 119, 121, 134-135, 136

agricultural workers, 146

demonstration projects, 189

parents, 19, 25-26, 118, 122, 126-127

disabled children, 51

family farmers, 146

pseudo-maturity, 134

responsibility, sense of, 3, 17, 19, 26, 121-122, 128-129, 130, 212

self-esteem, 1, 3, 17, 128-131, 138, 212, 272, 275

supervisors, 127

worker attitudes, 121, 136

see also Life skills;

Motivation for employment

Austria, 27

Automobiles, see Motor vehicles

B

Bureau of Census, 218

see also Current Population Survey

Bureau of Justice Statistics, 219

Suggested Citation:"Index." Institute of Medicine and National Research Council. 1998. Protecting Youth at Work: Health, Safety, and Development of Working Children and Adolescents in the United States. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/6019.
×

Bureau of Labor Statistics, 7, 8, 218, 219

illegal employment, 216-217

injuries, 56, 57, 79, 98, 100, 103-104, 108-109, 215, 216

work force estimates, 2, 17, 31, 33-34, 219

see also Current Population Survey

Burns, 59, 61, 63, 65, 67, 69, 73, 76, 102

C

California, 87, 114, 125, 134, 148, 150, 155, 172, 189-190, 194-195

Canada, 86, 121, 131

Carl D. Perkins Vocational and Applied Technology Education Act, 188, 223

Census of Fatal Occupational Injuries, 79, 103-104, 106, 108-109, 153, 216-217

Chemicals, see Toxic substances

Children, see Adolescents;

Young children

Coal Mine Health and Safety Act of 1969, 24, 183

Cognitive abilities, 4, 6, 53, 94-95, 110, 137, 213

Colorado, 194-195

Connecticut, 58-59, 76, 196-197

Construction sector, 47, 229

fatalities, 4, 78-81, 106

illegal employment, 181

injuries, 4, 58-67, 76

Consumer Product Safety Commission, see National Electronic Injury Surveillance System

Cost and cost-effectiveness

employing certain groups, cost of, 167, 227

injuries, 54-55, 74, 178-179

pesticide use, 175

regulatory compliance, 183

Counting Injuries and Illnesses in the Workplace, 97

CPS, see Current Population Survey

Crime, 20, 49, 138

assaults on workers, 171

child labor law violators, general, 14-15

drug dealing and prostitution, 20, 49, 138

homicides, 4, 78, 82, 104-107 (passim)

see also Delinquency;

Deviance;

Illegal employment

Cross-sectional studies, general, 32, 114, 119, 131-133 (passim)

Current Population Survey

agricultural sector, 144

methodology, 32-34, 35, 36-37, 38, 218, 219

poor persons, 135

D

Data collection, see Surveillance systems and data

Dating, 128

Deaths, see Fatalities

Delaware, 196-197

Delinquency, 132-134

children employed in criminal activities, 20, 48-49, 137-138

gender factors, 132-133, 134

Demographic factors, general

agricultural sector, 143

injuries, surveillance, 101, 104

rural areas, 127-128, 138

urban areas, 38, 69, 127-128, 131, 137-138

see also Age factors;

Current Population Survey;

Gender factors;

Minority groups;

Socioeconomic status

Demonstration projects, 189-190, 222

Denmark, 27

Department of Agriculture, 143

Department of Education, 10, 189

Department of Health and Human Services, 14, 57, 177

Suggested Citation:"Index." Institute of Medicine and National Research Council. 1998. Protecting Youth at Work: Health, Safety, and Development of Working Children and Adolescents in the United States. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/6019.
×

Department of Justice, 48-49

Department of Labor, 163-164, 172, 222, 228

Annual Survey of Occupational Injuries and Illnesses, 56, 57, 98, 100, 215, 216

commendable employers, 10-11, 223-225

fines, 232-233

hours of work, 11, 162, 163, 227

SCAN goals, 137

work force estimates, 2, 17, 31

work permits, 235

see also Bureau of Labor Statistics;

Fair Labor Standards Act of 1938;

Hazardous orders;

School-to-Work Opportunities Act of 1994;

Work permits and registration

Department of Labor, Health and Human Services, and Education and Related Agencies Appropriations Act of 1998, 142-143

Depression, 131

Developmental processes, 2, 3, 4-5, 6, 88-89, 91-97, 108, 139-140, 213, 226, 236

poor persons, 135

role of work, 110-140

see also Physical development;

Psychosocial factors

Deviance, 114, 131-134

hours of work and, 4, 11, 131-134, 139-140, 226

see also Alcohol use and abuse;

Crime;

Substance abuse

Disabled persons, 3, 50-51, 123

adolescents, 51, 73-74

CPS, 34

hearing impairment, 60-61, 84

injuries resulting in, 57, 74

amputations, 58-61, 67-68, 90-91

surveillance systems, 7, 8, 219

see also Workers' compensation

Disadvantaged persons, see Minority groups;

Poverty

Diseases and disorders, see Disabled persons;

Fatalities;

Injuries;

Occupational diseases

Drinking, see Alcohol use and abuse

Dropouts, 38-39, 116, 156, 166-167, 227, 272

Drug abuse, see Alcohol use and abuse;

Substance abuse

Drug Use Forecasting Program, 48-49

E

Economic factors, general

agricultural sector, 142, 151

historical perspectives, 21

motivation for work, 3, 119, 121, 134-135

see also Cost and cost-effectiveness;

Funding;

Socioeconomic status;

Unemployment

Education and training, 5, 6, 220-225, 231

child labor laws, public education, 185, 191-192, 220-221

demonstration projects, 189-190, 222

health care providers, 107, 154, 217

High School and Beyond, 114, 115, 116, 138

historical perspectives, 21

homework, 119, 130

inspectors, 15, 107, 233-234

National Center for Education Statistics, 8, 219

occupational health, 4-5, 9-10, 86, 87-88, 101-102, 184-192, 221-223

adults, 88, 185

agricultural sector, 190-191

toxic substances, 4, 28, 99, 155, 236

see also School-to-work relationship;

Vocational education;

Work skills

Educational attainment, 1, 2, 19

adolescents, 3, 96-97, 115-120, 124

Suggested Citation:"Index." Institute of Medicine and National Research Council. 1998. Protecting Youth at Work: Health, Safety, and Development of Working Children and Adolescents in the United States. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/6019.
×

dropouts, 38-39, 116, 156, 166-167, 227, 272

hours of work, impact on academic performance, 3, 96-97, 115-120, 123, 124, 138, 139, 140, 226

parent's, 138

post-secondary education, 3, 51, 116-124 (passim), 140, 188

workers' compensation for lost, 234

Educational Research Information Clearinghouse, 29

Electrocution, 4, 79, 80, 105-107 (passim), 174

Emergency care, 4, 17-18

surveillance data, 53-54, 57, 60-61, 62, 68-69, 70, 73, 76, 100-101, 102

Endocrine system, 94

Enforcement, see Fines;

Inspectors and inspections

England, 23

Environmental Protection Agency, 14, 155, 175, 177, 230, 231

Equipment, see Machinery

Ergonomic factors, 12, 15, 84, 93-94, 228, 236

Exercise, 11, 226

Executive Order 13045, see Task Force on Environmental Health Risks and Safety Risks to Children

F

Fair Labor Standards Act of 1938, 5, 12, 21

agricultural sector, 152, 157, 158, 160, 164, 165, 167, 178, 218

child labor defined, 19

enforcement, 180-182, 184

hazardous work 84, 162, 163-167, 176

hours of work, 21, 162, 163-167, 229

small businesses, 152

work permits, 172, 234

see also Hazardous orders

Falls, accidents, 59, 61, 65, 73, 76, 78, 106, 107, 153, 158, 184

Family businesses, 20, 29, 102, 104, 167, 171

see also Family farms

Family factors, 140, 272, 275

historical perspectives, 21

hours of work and time spent together, 4, 11, 125-126, 226

motivation for work, 25, 121, 135

see also Parents

Family farms, 2, 13-14, 20, 141-152, 158, 159, 160, 164, 165, 167, 170, 171

defined, 143

Fast-foot outlets, see Restaurants and fast-foot outlets

Fatalities, 4, 77-83

agricultural sector, 3, 4, 152-153

asphyxiation, 78, 80, 107

causes of, 4, 78-80, 82, 105-106

construction sector, 4, 78-81, 106

electrocution, 4, 79, 80, 105-107 (passim), 174

estimates of, 4, 17, 53, 77-83, 104, 105

homicides, 4, 78, 82, 104-107 (passim)

illegal employment and, 88, 107-108

mines, 183-184

OSHA, 88, 107-108

surveillance data sources, 103-109

Census of Fatal Occupational Injuries, 79, 103-104, 106, 108-109, 153, 216-217

Fatality Assessment and Control Evaluation Program, 103, 106-107, 216

National Traumatic Occupational Fatality Surveillance System, 78, 103, 104, 105-106, 216

workers' compensation, 179

Fatality Assessment and Control Evaluation Program, 103, 106-107, 216

Federal Employment Compensation Act, 178

Suggested Citation:"Index." Institute of Medicine and National Research Council. 1998. Protecting Youth at Work: Health, Safety, and Development of Working Children and Adolescents in the United States. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/6019.
×

Federal government, 5, 12, 21, 162, 217, 222

demonstration projects, 189-190, 222

occupational health training, 10, 186-191, 221-222

preventive interventions, task force, 14, 176-177

surveillance systems, 8, 103-108, 214-220

see also Legislation;

Regulatory issues;

specific departments and agencies

Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, and Rodenticide Act, 163, 174, 175-176

Fines, 181, 182, 183, 232-233

Florida, 148, 196-197

FLSA, see Fair Labor Standards Act of 1938;

Hazardous orders

Food Quality Protection Act of 1996, 176, 231

Foreign countries, see International perspectives;

specific countries

Fractures, 59-69 (passim), 93

Funding, 9

agricultural workers, education, 190-191

commendable workplace criteria, 224-225

school-to-work programs, 187, 222

G

Gender factors, 33, 43, 50

agricultural sector, 146-147, 150, 152, 153

alcohol use, 134

delinquency, 132-133, 134

hazardous work, 71

hours of work, 115, 116-117, 132-133

injuries, 70, 71, 81, 82

parent-offspring relationship, 126

self-esteem, 130-131

Georgia, 196-197

Germany, 23, 27, 187

Government role, see Federal government;

Legislation;

Local government;

State government

Grocery stores

injuries, 53, 54-55, 59-67 (passim), 73, 74, 85, 100

work force estimates, 3, 46

Growth, see Musculoskeletal development

H

Hawaii, 75, 196-197

Hazardous orders, 12, 83, 88, 163-164, 168-171, 228

agricultural sector, 13, 157, 158-160, 167-168, 170, 171, 229

Hazardous substances, see Toxic substances

Hazardous work, 4, 6, 12, 28, 47, 53, 83-86, 213, 228-229, 231-232

age factors, 13, 71, 169-171, 185, 229

agricultural sector, 13, 14, 145, 149, 151, 157-159, 163-164, 168, 170, 171, 174-175, 228-229, 230-231

Fair Labor Standards Act, 162, 163-167, 176

federal law, general, 5, 12, 166, 167;

see also Legislation

gender factors, 71

International Labour Organization, 26

machinery, 12, 169-171, 228

Occupational Safety and Health Act, 24, 108, 173, 174, 175, 182-183

poor and minority children, 3, 47, 49, 135, 140

surveillance systems, 9, 83-85, 215-216

see also Fatalities;

Injuries;

Machinery;

Occupational diseases;

Toxic substances

Suggested Citation:"Index." Institute of Medicine and National Research Council. 1998. Protecting Youth at Work: Health, Safety, and Development of Working Children and Adolescents in the United States. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/6019.
×

Healthy People 2000, 69

Hearing impairment, 60-61, 84

Heat-related illness, 13, 156, 230

see also Burns

High School and Beyond, 114, 115, 116, 138

High Schools That Work, 188

Hispanics, 49, 123, 135, 148, 150

Historical perspectives, 20-22

age factors, 20-21

agricultural sector, 142-143, 146-148, 149-150

immigrants, 146, 148, 150

injuries, 19, 23-24

occupational diseases, 23-24

school-to-work relationship, 21-23

state government role, 23-24

vocational education, 22-23

Homeless persons, 48

Homework, 119, 130

Homicides, 4, 78, 82, 104-107 (passim)

Hormones, see Endocrine system

Hospitals and hospitalization, 63, 85

National Hospital Ambulatory Medical Care Survey, 57, 100-101

surveillance data, 17-18, 60-61, 101, 102

see also Emergency care;

Nursing homes

Hours of work, 3-4, 11, 32, 37, 112, 113, 139, 220

adolescents, 11, 39-43, 95-97, 111, 112, 114, 115, 123-134 (passim), 162, 166, 167, 226

sleep needs and, 11, 95-97, 130

age factors, 5, 11, 12, 18, 21, 38-40, 45, 69-71, 105, 115, 157-158, 162, 164-167

agricultural sector, 13, 155-156, 158, 160-161, 164, 165, 227-228

alcohol use and, 18, 97, 133

CPS, 33, 34, 37, 39-40

Department of Labor, 11, 162, 163, 227

deviance and, 4, 11, 131-134, 139-140, 226

early childhood involvement in work and, 35

educational attainment and, 3, 96-97, 115-120, 123, 124, 138, 139, 140, 226

excessive, 6, 213, 225-226

Fair Labor Standards Act, 21, 162, 163-167, 229

family factors

parents' estimates of children's hours of work, 34, 38, 118

time together and, 4, 11, 125-126, 226

gender factors, 115, 116-117, 132-133

hazardous work, 5, 12-13, 85, 158, 164

homework, time spent on, 119, 130

illegal employment, 38

injuries and, 4, 88-89

parents' estimates of children's, 34, 38, 118

poor children, 3, 11, 138

regulation of, 5, 11, 12-13, 21, 157, 162, 163, 164-167, 225-228, 229-230, 232-233

state regulation, 12-13, 165, 193-211, 229-230

table of regulations, by state, 194-211

research methodology, 40

school-to-work relationship, 3, 96-97, 115-120, 165

shifts, 89

smoking and, 18, 133

substance abuse and, 4, 11, 18, 126, 133, 134, 140

summer/holiday employment, 38-41

state regulations, 194-211

supervised, 88

young children, 35, 38

Suggested Citation:"Index." Institute of Medicine and National Research Council. 1998. Protecting Youth at Work: Health, Safety, and Development of Working Children and Adolescents in the United States. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/6019.
×

I

Idaho, 196-197

Illinois, 198-199

Illegal employment, 8, 48-49, 180-183, 216-217, 219, 233-234

criminal enterprises, 20, 49, 138

fatalities, 88, 107-108

fines, 181, 182, 183, 232-233

hours of work, 38

immigrants, 52

poverty and, 137-138

sweatshops, 19, 48, 219

Immigrants, 51-52, 219

adolescents, 52

agricultural, historic perspectives, 146, 148, 150

illegal employment, 52

surveillance systems, 8, 51, 52, 217

see also Migrant farm workers

Immigration and Naturalization Service, 51

Income, see Poverty;

Socioeconomic status;

Wages and salaries

Indiana, 172, 198-199

Injuries, 4, 53-83, 85-88, 90-94, 97-109, 181

adolescents, 53-54, 58-71, 73-76, 87-88, 98-99, 102-103

fatal, 4, 77-83, 101, 106

adults, 4, 88

age factors, 70-71, 74, 77, 81, 83, 90-91, 99, 101, 104, 108

agricultural sector, 3, 4, 54-55, 58-63, 66-69, 78-81, 104, 106, 107, 142, 143, 145, 149, 152-153, 160, 190-191

amputations, 58-61, 67-68, 90-91

Bureau of Labor Statistics, 56, 57, 79, 98, 100, 103-104, 108-109, 215, 216

burns, 59, 61, 63, 65, 67, 69, 73, 76, 102

causes of, 58-69, 72-74, 78-80, 86, 106, 107, 153, 158, 184

construction workers, 4, 58-67, 76, 78-81, 106

costs of, 54-55, 74, 178-179

demographic factors, general, 101, 104;

see specific demographic factors infra and supra

disabilities resulting from, 57, 74

amputations, 58-61, 67-68, 90-91

estimates of, 17, 53-70, 83, 100, 101

examples of, 18

gender factors, 70, 71, 81, 82

grocery stores, 53, 54-55, 59-67 (passim), 73, 74, 85, 100

historical perspectives, 19, 23-24

hospitals, injuries of workers at, 63, 85

hours of work and, 4, 88-89

inexperience and, 4-5, 90-91, 108

local factors, 75

machinery, 77, 78, 82-83, 86, 90-91, 105, 106, 107

manufacturing sector, 4, 76, 78-81

musculoskeletal development, 93-94

National Center for Injury Prevention, 216

nursing homes, 53, 54-55, 65, 73, 75, 76, 85

occupational health education, 4-5, 9-10, 86, 87-88, 101-102, 184-192

Occupational Safety and Health Act, 57, 98, 108, 182-183

physical labor and, 5, 71, 74

preventive interventions, general, 75-77, 97, 214;

see also occupational health education supra

public-sector jobs, 4, 76, 79, 81

research methodology, 56-57, 68-70, 97-98, 104-105, 108-109

restaurants and fast-foot outlets, 4, 54-55, 58-67, 74, 75, 89, 100, 171

retail sector, general, 4, 54-55, 74-75, 78-81, 171

service sector, 3, 59-67 (passim), 75, 76, 78-81

small businesses, non-agricultural, 76, 86

Suggested Citation:"Index." Institute of Medicine and National Research Council. 1998. Protecting Youth at Work: Health, Safety, and Development of Working Children and Adolescents in the United States. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/6019.
×

state government efforts, 57, 58, 60-61, 69, 70, 74, 76, 78, 87-88, 101, 107

state level factors, other, 75, 102-103, 105, 219

summer/holiday employment, 76

surveillance systems

Annual Survey of Occupational Injuries and Illnesses, 56, 57, 98, 100, 215, 216

Census of Fatal Occupational Injuries, 79, 103-104, 106, 108-109, 153, 216-217

general, 7, 9, 54-56, 68, 76, 97-108, 152, 215-218, 235

National Electronic Injury Surveillance System, 68, 99-100, 152, 216

National Hospital Ambulatory Medical Care Survey, 57, 100-101, 216

NIOSH, 14, 68, 99-101, 215-216, 219

types and seriousness, 58-69, 72-74

wages and salaries and, 86

workers' compensation, 177-179

workplace factors, general, 58-68, 74-77, 85-86, 88-89;

see also specific sectors supra

young children, 53, 99

see also Emergency care;

Workers' compensation

Inspectors and inspections, 15, 107, 160, 180, 181, 182, 183, 184, 232-234

Insurance, 62

see also Workers' compensation

Integrated Management Information System, 103, 107-108

International Labour Organization, 26-27

International perspectives, 23, 26-28, 188

specific countries, 23, 27, 28, 86, 121, 131, 187

see also names of specific countries

Iowa, 198-199

J

Job skills, 1, 3, 19, 112, 121-122, 124, 126-128, 134, 136, 137

agricultural sector, 140, 151, 156

experience of worker, 4-5, 90-91

injuries and, 86

see also Vocational education

Job Training Partnership Act, 10, 223

K

Kansas, 198-199

Kentucky, 198-199

L

Labor Importation Program, 150

Language factors, 156, 270

disabilities, 50

migrant farm workers, 151, 156

Legislation, 2, 5, 7, 30, 162-184, 185-186, 191

Administrative Procedures Act, 168

Americans with Disabilities Act, 50

Carl D. Perkins Vocational and Applied Technology Education Act, 188, 223

Coal Mine Health and Safety Act of 1969, 24, 183

Department of Labor, Health and Human Services, and Education and Related Agencies Appropriations Act of 1998, 141-142

Federal Employment Compensation Act, 178

Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, and Rodenticide Act, 163, 174, 175-176

Food Quality Protection Act, 176, 231

Job Training Partnership Act, 10, 233

School-to-Work Opportunities Act of 1994, 10, 30, 163, 186-189, 222-223

Suggested Citation:"Index." Institute of Medicine and National Research Council. 1998. Protecting Youth at Work: Health, Safety, and Development of Working Children and Adolescents in the United States. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/6019.
×

Social Security Act, 24

Walsh-Healey Public Contracts Act of 1936, 24

see also Fair Labor Standards Act of 1938;

Occupational Safety and Health Act of 1970;

Regulatory issues

Life skills, 1, 3, 19, 22, 26, 112, 121-122, 128-131, 136, 137

agricultural sector, 151

see also Job skills;

Peer relationships;

Responsibility

Local factors, other

commendable workplaces, 10-11, 223-224

demonstration projects, 189-190, 222

injuries, 75

Local government

school-to-work programs, 10, 187, 222-223

work permits, 172

Longitudinal studies, general, 15, 32, 34-39, 113-114, 118, 132, 235

specific studies, details on, 269-289

see also names of specific studies

Louisiana, 198-199

M

Machinery, 174, 229

agricultural sector, 142, 148, 149, 157-159, 160, 170

ergonomic factors, 12, 15, 84, 93-94, 228, 236

hazardous orders, 12, 169-171, 228

injuries, 77, 78, 82-83, 86, 90-91, 105, 106, 107

physical capabilities of children and, 5, 94

Maine, 172, 200-201

Managers and supervisors, see Supervision of work

Manufacturing sector, 47, 169

injuries, 4, 76, 78-81

Maryland, 200-201

Massachusetts, 23

hours and days of work, 200-201

injuries, 57, 60-61, 69, 70, 74, 76, 87-88, 101, 107

occupational health training, 87-88, 189

toxic substances, 84

work permits, 172

Medline, 29

Methodology, see Research methodology

Mexican Americans, 148, 150

Michigan, 172, 200-201

Migrant farm workers, 141, 144, 145, 148-151, 156, 159

surveillance systems, 8, 216, 217, 219

Mine Safety and Health Administration, 183-184

Minimum working age, 5, 12, 14, 27, 164-167, 172

agricultural sector, 157, 158, 164, 167

International Labour Organization, 27

see also Work permits and registration

Mining, 67, 78, 90, 164, 169, 183-184

Minnesota, 62-67, 79, 114, 122, 200-201

Minority groups, 3, 7, 8, 49-50, 117, 123, 134-138, 219

African Americans, 33, 49, 123, 135, 150

CPS, 33, 34

Hispanics, 49, 123, 135, 148, 150

Mexican Americans, 148, 150

see also Immigrants

Mississippi, 200-201

Missouri, 200-201

Monitoring the Future, 35, 36-37, 42-43, 132, 282-283

Montana, 202-203

Motivation for employment, 25-26

family factors, 25, 121, 135

income, 2, 25, 119, 127

Suggested Citation:"Index." Institute of Medicine and National Research Council. 1998. Protecting Youth at Work: Health, Safety, and Development of Working Children and Adolescents in the United States. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/6019.
×

post-secondary education, 119

promotion, opportunity for, 86, 130-131

Motor vehicles, 4, 78, 82, 105, 107, 158, 159, 169, 170, 229

Musculoskeletal development, 93-94, 156, 236

see also Fractures

N

National Agricultural Workers Survey, 144, 150-151, 156

National Center for Education Statistics, 8, 219

National Center for Health Statistics, 8, 57, 216, 219

National Center for Injury Prevention, 216

National Consumers League, 182

National Educational Longitudinal Survey, 34, 36-37, 42-43, 114, 115

described, 269-273

National Electronic Injury Surveillance System, 68, 99-100, 152, 216

National Hospital Ambulatory Medical Care Survey, 57, 100-101, 216

National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 1, 8, 9, 14, 28

agricultural sector, 153, 190, 232

demonstration projects, 189, 222

educational efforts, 185, 186, 189, 222

hazardous occupation orders, 12, 169, 228

surveillance, 14, 68, 99-101, 215-216, 219

Fatality Assessment and Control Evaluation Program, 103, 106-107

National Traumatic Occupational Fatality Surveillance System, 78, 103, 104, 105-106

workers' compensation, 234

work permits, 235

National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health, 2, 34, 35, 36-37, 40, 42-43, 50, 114

described, 274-277

National Longitudinal Survey of Youth, 35, 36-37, 40, 42-45, 49, 113, 115, 116, 123-124, 138, 139

described, 278-281

National Occupational Exposure Survey, 86

National School-to-Work Office, 120, 222

National Survey of Families and Households, 35, 36-37, 42-43, 133, 286-287

National Traumatic Occupational Fatality Surveillance System, 78, 103, 104, 105-106, 216

National Youth Survey, 114, 125, 132

Nebraska, 172, 202-203

Nevada, 123, 202-203

New Hampshire, 172, 202-203

New Immigrant Pilot Study, 52, 288-289

New Jersey, 177, 202-203

New Mexico, 202-203

New York State

hours and days of work, 165, 202-203

injury surveillance, 57, 58

workers' compensation, 58-59, 73-74

NIOSH, see National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health

Noise, 60-61, 84

North Carolina, 79, 84, 204-205

North Dakota, 172, 202-203

Nursing homes, 3

injuries, 53, 54-55, 65, 73, 75, 76, 85

O

Occupational diseases, 83-85

agricultural sector, 143, 145, 153-154, 160-161

Suggested Citation:"Index." Institute of Medicine and National Research Council. 1998. Protecting Youth at Work: Health, Safety, and Development of Working Children and Adolescents in the United States. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/6019.
×

BLS surveillance, 56, 57, 98, 100, 215

estimates of, 17

heat-related illness, 13, 156, 230

historical perspectives, 23-24

occupational health training and, 4, 24, 87-88

pesticide-related, 14, 83, 84, 86, 154-155

preventive measures, 4, 24

surveillance systems, 7, 8, 56, 57, 98, 100, 215-217, 235

see also Fatalities;

Injuries;

Toxic substances;

Workers' compensation

Occupational safety and health, see Fatalities;

Hazardous work;

Injuries;

Noise;

Occupational diseases;

Preventive interventions;

Protective clothing and equipment;

Regulatory issues;

Sanitation;

Standards;

Toxic substances

Occupational Safety and Health Act of 1970, 5, 24, 163, 182-183

agricultural sector, 141, 157, 159, 160, 174, 175

hazardous work, 24, 108, 173, 174, 175, 182-183

injuries, 57, 98, 108, 182-183

workers' compensation, 178

Occupational Safety and Health Administration, 173-175, 182-183

agricultural sector, 13-14, 141, 157, 159, 230-231, 232

fatalities, 88, 107-108

surveillance, 14, 72, 98, 100, 107-108, 219-220

training standards, 87

workers' compensation, 234

Ohio, 204-205

Oklahoma, 172, 204-205

Oregon, 123, 173, 206-207, 235

OSHA, see Occupational Safety and Health Administration

P

Panel Survey of Income Dynamics, 36, 284-285

Parents, 272

attitudes toward children working, 19, 25-26, 118, 122, 126-127

disabled children, 51

family farmers, 146

demonstration projects, 189

education of, child labor laws, 185

estimates of children's hours of work, 34, 38, 118

estimates of child work force, 2, 38

gender factors, 126

immigrant, 52

migrant farm workers without, 157

work permit authorization, 173

see also Family factors

Peer relationships, 114, 122, 125, 128, 134, 140, 272, 275

dating, 128

Penalties, see Fines

Pennsylvania, 206-207

Permits, see Work permits and registration

Pesticides, 14, 83, 84, 86, 154-155, 161, 170, 174, 216

diseases related to, 14, 83, 84, 86, 154-155

Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, and Rodenticide Act, 163, 174, 175-176

non-agricultural exposure, 174

Pesticides in the Diets of Infants and Children, 174

Physical development, 19, 88, 92-97,110

ergonomic factors, 12, 15, 84, 93-94, 228, 236

exercise, 11, 226

machine use and, 5, 94

musculoskeletal system, 93-94, 156, 236

sleep, 11, 95-97, 130, 140, 156

Physical labor

agricultural sector, 155-156, 236

Suggested Citation:"Index." Institute of Medicine and National Research Council. 1998. Protecting Youth at Work: Health, Safety, and Development of Working Children and Adolescents in the United States. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/6019.
×

injuries, 5

age factors, 74

gender factors, 71

Place of work, see Workplace factors

Post-secondary education, 3, 51, 116-124 (passim), 138, 140, 188

Poverty, 3, 134-138, 140

adolescents, 134-138 (passim)

agricultural sector, 151

CPS, 135

developmental processes, physical and cognitive, 135

hazardous work, 3, 47, 49, 135, 140

homeless persons, 48

hours of work, 3, 11, 138

illegal employment and, 137-138

motivation for work, 134-135

racial and ethnic factors and, 49-50

small business employers, 117

supervision of work, 137

surveillance systems, 7, 135, 219

Preventive interventions, 11-15, 176-177

company policies, 24

federal task force, 14, 176-177

injuries, 75-77, 97, 214

occupational health education, 4-5, 9-10, 86, 87-88, 101-102, 184-192

protective clothing and equipment, 84, 160, 174

see also Regulatory issues;

Standards

Promotion, opportunity for, 86, 130-131

Prostitution, 20, 49, 138

Protective clothing and equipment, 84, 160, 174

Psychosocial factors, 2, 15, 19, 22, 111-112, 114, 128-131, 236

depression, 131

family farms, 146-147

life skills, 1, 3

peer relationships, 111

stress, 15, 84, 91, 93, 112, 130, 131, 134, 140, 236

see also Attitudes;

Gender factors;

Minority groups;

Self-esteem

Public-sector jobs, injuries, 4, 76, 79, 81

R

Racial and ethnic factors, see Minority groups

Regional factors, 114, 132

agricultural sector, 148, 149, 150

information and training, 221

Registration, see Work permits and registration

Regulatory issues, 2, 5, 7, 29, 30, 162-184, 191, 225-235

agricultural sector, 13-14, 141-142, 157-160, 174-175, 181, 227-228, 230-231

legal exceptions to regulations, 5, 13-14, 141-142, 157, 164, 165, 218, 230-231

cost of compliance, 183

hours of work, 5, 11, 12-13, 21, 157, 162, 163, 164-167, 225-228, 229-230, 232-233

state regulation, 12-13, 165, 193-211, 229-230

table of regulations, by state, 194-211

inspectors and inspections, 15, 107, 160, 180, 181, 182, 183, 184

International Labour Organization, 26-27

pesticides, 163, 164, 167, 170, 174, 175-176, 230, 232

public education regarding, 185-186

public opinion on, 19

small businesses, 13-14

state regulation, 5, 83, 141, 163, 168, 181-182, 229-230, 232-233

hours of work, 12-13, 165, 193-211, 229-230

Suggested Citation:"Index." Institute of Medicine and National Research Council. 1998. Protecting Youth at Work: Health, Safety, and Development of Working Children and Adolescents in the United States. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/6019.
×

table of regulations, by state, 194-211

work permits and registration, 15, 172-173

summer and holiday employment, 194-211

toxic substances, 12, 158, 159, 170, 173-174, 228, 229

see also Hazardous orders;

Legislation;

Standards;

Work permits and registration

Research, see Surveillance systems and data

Research methodology, 1, 28-30, 217-220

agricultural sector, 144-145, 152, 155

CPS, 32-34, 35, 36-37, 38, 218, 219

correlational studies, general, 113, 138-138

cross-sectional studies, general, 32, 114, 119, 131-133

hours of work, 40

injuries, 56-57, 68-70, 97-98, 104-105, 108-109

longitudinal studies, 15, 32, 34-39, 113-114, 118, 132, 235, 269-289

Research recommendations, 15, 29, 176, 235-236

regional centers, 221

surveillance and data, 7-9, 214-220

workers' compensation, 234

work permits, 235

Responsibility, sense of, 3, 17, 19, 26, 121-122, 128-129, 130, 212

Restaurants and fast-foot outlets

illegal employment, 180

injuries, 4, 54-55, 58-67, 74, 75, 89, 100, 171

work force estimates, 3, 43, 46, 47

Retail sector

fatalities, 4

illegal employment, 180

injuries, 4, 54-55, 74-75, 78-81, 171

work force estimates, 3, 32, 43, 46-47

see also Grocery stores

Rhode Island, 206-207

Runaways, 48

Rural areas, 127-128, 138

S

Safety, see Fatalities;

Injuries;

Occupational diseases

Salaries and wages, see Wages and salaries

Sanitation, agricultural sector, 155, 156, 159

School-to-Work Opportunities Act of 1994, 10, 30, 163, 186-189, 222-223

School-to-work relationship, 8, 121-125

after-school jobs, 11, 40, 41-43, 114, 136

state regulations, 194-211

historical perspectives, 21-23

homework, 119, 130

hours of work, impact on academic performance, 3, 96-97, 115-120, 165

job skills, 1, 19, 112, 121-123

migrant workers, 156

misconduct in school, 132

placements, 11

school-to-work programs, 10, 30, 119-120, 163, 186-189, 190, 217

work during school hours, regulation of, 165

work force estimates, 17, 41-45

after-school jobs, 11, 40, 41-43, 114

work permits, 172

see also Dropouts;

Vocational education

Self-employed persons, 102

see also Family farms

Suggested Citation:"Index." Institute of Medicine and National Research Council. 1998. Protecting Youth at Work: Health, Safety, and Development of Working Children and Adolescents in the United States. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/6019.
×

Self-esteem, 1, 3, 17, 128-131, 138, 212, 272, 275

gender factors, 130-131

Service sector

injuries, 3, 59-67 (passim), 75, 76, 78-81

work force estimates, 3, 32, 43, 47

Sex differences, see Gender factors

Skills, see Life skills;

Work skills

Sleep, 11, 95-97, 130, 140, 156

Small businesses, 86, 152, 181

agricultural sector, 13-14, 148, 157, 159, 174, 230;

see also Family farms

family businesses, non-agricultural, 20, 29, 102, 104, 167, 171

injuries, general, 76, 86

poor and minority employees, 137

Smoking, 126, 134

hours of work and, 18, 133

Social factors, see Psychosocial factors

Social Security Act, 24

Socioeconomic status, 3

disabled persons, 51

hazardous work, 47

participation in work force, 110, 134-136, 139

racial and ethnic factors and, 49-50

see also Poverty;

Wages and salaries

SOII, see Annual Survey of Occupational Injuries and Illnesses

South Carolina, 206-207

South Dakota, 206-207

Standards, 162-184, 191, 213

demonstration projects, 189-190, 222

hazardous substances, 84-85

pesticides, 14, 163, 174, 175-176

surveillance systems, data standards, 8, 14, 219-220

work environment, general, 87

commendable employers, 10-11, 223-225

see also Regulatory issues

State government

agricultural sector, 141, 163, 174-175

educational efforts, 186

enforcement

fines, 181, 182, 183, 232

identification of violators, 233

inspectors and inspections, 15, 107, 160, 180, 181, 182, 183, 184, 232-234

hazardous orders, role in, 12-13, 230, 235

historical perspectives, 23-24

injuries, 57, 58, 60-61, 69, 70, 74, 76, 78, 87-88, 101, 107

regulations, 5, 83, 141, 163, 168, 181-182, 229-230, 232-233

hours of work, 12-13, 165, 193-211, 229-230

table of regulations, by state, 194-211

work permits and registration, 15, 172-173

school-to-work programs, 10, 187, 222-223

small businesses, 181

surveillance data, 58-68, 75, 101-104, 216, 235

see also Workers' compensation;

Work permits and registration;

specific states

State-level factors, other

injuries, 75, 102-103, 105, 219

surveillance systems, 7, 8, 38, 58-68, 215, 219

see also specific states

Statistical programs and activities, see Surveillance systems and data

Stress, 15, 84, 91, 93, 112, 130, 131, 134, 140, 236

see also Physical labor

Substance abuse

drug dealing, 20, 49, 138

Drug Use Forecasting Program, 48-49

hours of work and, 4, 11, 18, 126,133, 134, 140

runaways, 48

see also Alcohol use and abuse

Suggested Citation:"Index." Institute of Medicine and National Research Council. 1998. Protecting Youth at Work: Health, Safety, and Development of Working Children and Adolescents in the United States. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/6019.
×

Summer and holiday employment, 2, 31, 37, 40, 136, 220

hours of work, 38-41

state regulations, 194-211

injuries, 76

surveillance systems, 8, 37

Supervision of work, 4, 15, 86, 88-89, 122, 127, 131, 171, 236

poor and minority employees, 137

Surveillance systems and data, 8-9, 15, 32, 181-182, 214-229

agricultural sector, 144-145, 152, 155

migrant farm workers, 8, 216, 217, 219

pesticides, 14, 28, 155

defined, 97

fatalities, 103-109

Census of Fatal Occupational Injuries, 79, 103-104, 106, 108-109, 153, 216-217

Fatality Assessment and Control Evaluation Program, 103, 106-107, 216

National Traumatic Occupational Fatality Surveillance System, 78, 103, 104, 105-106, 216

foreign countries, 27-28

health hazards, 9, 83-85, 215-216

hospitalization, 17-18, 60-61, 101, 102;

see also Emergency care

immigrants, 8, 51, 52, 217

injuries

Annual Survey of Occupational Injuries and Illnesses, 56, 57, 98, 100, 215, 216

Census of Fatal Occupational Injuries, 79, 103-104, 106, 108-109, 153, 216-217

general, 7, 9, 54-56, 68, 76, 97-108, 152, 215-218, 235

National Electronic Injury Surveillance System, 68, 99-100, 152, 216

National Hospital Ambulatory Medical Care Survey, 57, 100-101, 216

NIOSH, 14, 68, 99-101, 215-216, 219

methodological issues, 2, 7, 29, 31, 217-220

occupational diseases, 7, 8, 56, 57, 98, 100, 215-217, 235

OSHA, 14, 72, 98, 100, 107-108, 219-220

pesticides, 155

poor persons, 7, 135, 219

state role, 58-68, 75, 101-104, 216, 235

work force estimates, general, 2, 8, 28;

see also specific sectors

see also Bureau of Labor Statistics;

Longitudinal studies;

specific

systems and surveys

Survey of Occupational Injuries and Illnesses, see Annual Survey of Occupational Injuries and Illnesses

Sweatshops, 19, 48, 219

Switzerland, 27

T

Task Force on Environmental Health Risks and Safety Risks to Children, 14, 176-177, 232

Teenagers, see Adolescents

Temporal factors

family, time spent together, 4, 11, 125-126, 226

homework, 119, 130

television-watching time, 130

time-management skills, 1, 26, 129

times of work, standards, 165

see also Hours of work;

Longitudinal studies

Tennessee, 206-207

Texas, 177, 208-209

agricultural workers, 175

injuries, 60-61, 78

Time factors, see Temporal factors

Tobacco use, see Smoking

Suggested Citation:"Index." Institute of Medicine and National Research Council. 1998. Protecting Youth at Work: Health, Safety, and Development of Working Children and Adolescents in the United States. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/6019.
×

Toxic substances, 83-85, 86, 92-93, 98-103

agricultural chemicals, 84, 154, 159, 170, 174, 176, 231-232;

see also Pesticides

information on exposure, 4, 28, 99, 155, 236

regulation, 12, 158, 159, 170, 173-174, 228, 229

Training, see Education and training

U

Unemployment, 3, 122

dropouts, 38-39, 116, 156, 166-167, 227

Urban areas, 38, 69, 127-128, 131, 137-138

Utah, 62-63, 208-209

V

Vermont, 75, 208-209

Virginia, 208-209

Vocational education, 120, 136, 187-189, 191

agricultural, 60, 84, 190-191

apprenticeships, 10, 21, 27, 120, 169, 187, 188, 224

historical perspectives, 22-23

International Labour Organization, 27

occupational health, 4-5, 9-10, 86, 87-88, 101-102, 184-192

school-to-work programs, 10, 30, 119-120, 163, 186-189

W

Wages and salaries, 1, 3, 232-233

agricultural sector, 151-152, 158, 160

CPS, 33

injuries correlated with, 86

long-term benefits of work, 3, 122-123, 124, 138, 139, 212

motivation for work, 2, 25, 119, 127

see also Workers' compensation

Walsh-Healey Public Contracts Act of 1936, 24

Washington State

agricultural sector, 174-175

hours and days of work, 165, 167, 208-209

injuries, 57-58, 62-65, 76

work permits, 172-173, 235

West Virginia, 208-209

Wholesale trade, 47, 78, 80

Wisconsin, 68-69, 84, 114, 120, 125, 210-211

Workers' compensation, 15, 24, 73-74, 86, 163, 177-179, 184, 234

adolescents, 57, 58, 60-67, 73-74

fatalities, 179

surveillance data, 57, 58, 60-67, 91, 102

Work intensity, see Hours of work

Work permits and registration, 15, 172-173, 234-235

Workplace factors, general, 46-47

injuries, 58-68, 74-77, 85-86, 88-89

work environment, general, 87

commendable employers, 10-11, 223-225

see also Hazardous work;

specific sectors

Work skills

experience of worker, 4-5, 90-91

injuries and, 86

see also Job skills;

Vocational education

Wyoming, 210-211

Y

Young children, 52

agricultural sector, 144-145, 159, 152, 153-154, 157, 158

defined, 19

hours of work, 35, 38

injuries, 53, 99

Youth Development Study, 114, 130-131

Suggested Citation:"Index." Institute of Medicine and National Research Council. 1998. Protecting Youth at Work: Health, Safety, and Development of Working Children and Adolescents in the United States. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/6019.
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In Massachusetts, a 12-year-old girl delivering newspapers is killed when a car strikes her bicycle. In Los Angeles, a 14-year-old boy repeatedly falls asleep in class, exhausted from his evening job. Although children and adolescents may benefit from working, there may also be negative social effects and sometimes danger in their jobs.

Protecting Youth at Work looks at what is known about work done by children and adolescents and the effects of that work on their physical and emotional health and social functioning. The committee recommends specific initiatives for legislators, regulators, researchers, and employers.

This book provides historical perspective on working children and adolescents in America and explores the framework of child labor laws that govern that work. The committee presents a wide range of data and analysis on the scope of youth employment, factors that put children and adolescents at risk in the workplace, and the positive and negative effects of employment, including data on educational attainment and lifestyle choices.

Protecting Youth at Work also includes discussions of special issues for minority and disadvantaged youth, young workers in agriculture, and children who work in family-owned businesses.

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