Index
A
Accidents, see Injuries
Administrative Procedures Act, 168
agricultural sector, 13, 143-145, 149, 156, 158, 229
defined, 19
demonstration projects, 189-190, 222
developmental processes, 2, 3, 4-5, 6, 88-89, 91-97, 108, 110, 139-140, 213, 226, 236
educational attainment and work, 3, 96-97, 115-120, 124
post-secondary education, 3, 51, 116-124(passim), 138, 140, 188
hours of work, 11, 39-43, 95-97, 111, 112, 114, 115, 123-134 (passim), 162, 166, 167, 226
sleep needs and, 11, 95-97, 130
illegal employment, 8, 48-49, 52, 180-183, 216-217, 219, 233-234
criminal enterprises, 20, 49, 138
immigrants, 52
poverty and, 137-138
immigrants, 52
injuries, 53-54, 58-71, 73-76, 87-88, 98-99, 102-103
longitudinal studies, 15, 32, 34-39, 113-114, 118, 132, 235, 269-289;
see also specific studies
occupational health training, 4-5, 9-10, 86, 87-88, 101-102, 184-192, 221-223
personal development, see Psychosocial factors
physical and biological development of, 19, 88, 91-97, 110
sleep and, 11, 95-97, 130, 140, 156
poor, 134-138
problem behavior, 4, 11, 114, 131-134, 139-140, 226
runaway or homeless, 48
school-to-work programs, 10, 30, 119-120, 163, 186-189, 190, 217
school-to-work relationship;
see School-to-work relationship
sleep needs, 11, 95-97, 130, 140, 156
urban/rural differences, 38, 69, 127-128, 131, 137-138
vocational attainment and work, 3, 17, 51, 120, 121-125, 138, 139, 212, 226
workers' compensation, 57, 58, 60-67, 73-74
work force estimates, 2, 3, 17, 31-32, 33-35, 41-45, 47
agriculture, 143-144
sectoral breakdowns, 3, 4, 31-32, 33-35, 41-48 (passim)
Adults
effects of childhood work on, 111-112
employment, 3, 17, 51, 120, 121-125, 138, 139, 212, 226
occupational health training, 88, 185
see also Parents
African Americans, 33, 49, 123, 135, 150
Age factors, 220
agricultural sector, 13, 144-145, 149, 156, 229
minimum working age, 157, 158, 164, 167
disabled, 51
employment of young children, 8
hazardous work, 13, 71, 169-171, 185, 229
historical perspective, 20-21
hours of work 5, 11, 12, 18, 21, 38-40, 45, 69-71, 105, 115, 157-158, 162, 164-167
injuries, 70-71, 74, 77, 81, 83, 90-91, 99, 101, 104, 108
international perspective, 28
likelihood of employment and, 33
minority groups, 49
sleep needs, 95-96
work site segregation, 125
see also Adolescents;
Minimum working age;
Young children
Agricultural sector, 3, 13-14, 30, 141-161
adolescents, 13, 143-145, 149, 156, 158, 229
age factors, 13, 144-145, 149, 156, 229
minimum working age, 157, 158, 164, 167
attitudes of workers, 146
CPS, 144
economic factors, general, 142, 151
family farms, 2, 13-14, 20, 141-152, 158, 159, 160, 164, 165, 167, 170, 171
defined, 143
Fair Labor Standards Act, 152, 157, 158, 160, 164, 165, 167, 178, 218
gender factors, 146-147, 150, 152, 153
hazardous work, 13, 14, 145, 149, 151, 157-159, 163-164, 168, 170, 171, 174-175, 228-229, 230-231
hazardous orders, 13, 157, 158-160, 167-168, 170, 171, 229
machinery, 142, 148, 149, 157-159, 160, 170
health hazards surveillance, 83-84
historical perspectives, 142-143, 146-148, 149-150
hours of work, 13, 155-156, 158, 160-161, 164, 165, 227-228
illegal employment, 181
injuries, 3, 4, 54-55, 58-63, 66-69, 78-81, 104, 106, 107, 142, 143, 145, 149, 152-153, 160, 190-191
National Agricultural Workers Survey, 144, 150-151, 156
noise, 84
occupational diseases, 143, 145, 153-154, 160-161
Occupational Safety and Health Act, 141, 157, 159, 160, 174, 175
OSHA, 13-14, 141, 157, 159, 230-231, 232
poverty, 151
regional factors, 148, 149, 150
regulatory issues, 13-14, 141-142, 157-160, 163, 164, 174-175, 181, 227-228, 230-231
legal exceptions to regulation, 5, 13-14, 141-142, 157, 164, 165, 218, 230-231
research methodology, 144-145, 152, 155
safety and health education, 190-191
small farms, 13-14, 148, 157, 159, 174, 230;
see also ''family farms" supra
state government role, 141, 163, 174-175
surveillance, 14, 28, 144-145, 152, 155
migrant farm workers, 8, 216, 217, 219
toxic chemicals, 84, 154, 159, 170, 174, 176, 231-232;
see also Pesticides
vocational education, 60, 84, 190-191
workers' compensation, 234
work force estimates, 3, 32, 43, 46, 47, 150, 151
young children, 144-145, 152, 153-154, 157, 158, 159
Alcohol use and abuse, 126
gender factors, 134
hours of work and, 18, 97, 133
American Academy of Pediatrics, 185
American Public Health Association, 185
Americans with Disabilities Act, 50
Amputations, 58-61, 67-68, 90-91
Annual Survey of Occupational Injuries and Illnesses, 56, 57, 98, 100, 215, 216
Apprenticeships, 10, 21, 27, 120, 169, 187,188, 224
Arkansas, 194-195
Attitudes
adolescents, 25, 119, 121, 134-135, 136
agricultural workers, 146
demonstration projects, 189
parents, 19, 25-26, 118, 122, 126-127
disabled children, 51
family farmers, 146
pseudo-maturity, 134
responsibility, sense of, 3, 17, 19, 26, 121-122, 128-129, 130, 212
self-esteem, 1, 3, 17, 128-131, 138, 212, 272, 275
supervisors, 127
see also Life skills;
Motivation for employment
Austria, 27
Automobiles, see Motor vehicles
B
Bureau of Census, 218
see also Current Population Survey
Bureau of Justice Statistics, 219
Bureau of Labor Statistics, 7, 8, 218, 219
illegal employment, 216-217
injuries, 56, 57, 79, 98, 100, 103-104, 108-109, 215, 216
work force estimates, 2, 17, 31, 33-34, 219
see also Current Population Survey
Burns, 59, 61, 63, 65, 67, 69, 73, 76, 102
C
California, 87, 114, 125, 134, 148, 150, 155, 172, 189-190, 194-195
Carl D. Perkins Vocational and Applied Technology Education Act, 188, 223
Census of Fatal Occupational Injuries, 79, 103-104, 106, 108-109, 153, 216-217
Chemicals, see Toxic substances
Children, see Adolescents;
Young children
Coal Mine Health and Safety Act of 1969, 24, 183
Cognitive abilities, 4, 6, 53, 94-95, 110, 137, 213
Colorado, 194-195
Connecticut, 58-59, 76, 196-197
illegal employment, 181
Consumer Product Safety Commission, see National Electronic Injury Surveillance System
Cost and cost-effectiveness
employing certain groups, cost of, 167, 227
pesticide use, 175
regulatory compliance, 183
Counting Injuries and Illnesses in the Workplace, 97
CPS, see Current Population Survey
assaults on workers, 171
child labor law violators, general, 14-15
drug dealing and prostitution, 20, 49, 138
homicides, 4, 78, 82, 104-107 (passim)
see also Delinquency;
Deviance;
Illegal employment
Cross-sectional studies, general, 32, 114, 119, 131-133 (passim)
Current Population Survey
agricultural sector, 144
methodology, 32-34, 35, 36-37, 38, 218, 219
poor persons, 135
D
Data collection, see Surveillance systems and data
Dating, 128
Deaths, see Fatalities
Delaware, 196-197
Delinquency, 132-134
children employed in criminal activities, 20, 48-49, 137-138
Demographic factors, general
agricultural sector, 143
injuries, surveillance, 101, 104
urban areas, 38, 69, 127-128, 131, 137-138
see also Age factors;
Current Population Survey;
Gender factors;
Minority groups;
Socioeconomic status
Demonstration projects, 189-190, 222
Denmark, 27
Department of Agriculture, 143
Department of Justice, 48-49
Department of Labor, 163-164, 172, 222, 228
Annual Survey of Occupational Injuries and Illnesses, 56, 57, 98, 100, 215, 216
commendable employers, 10-11, 223-225
fines, 232-233
hours of work, 11, 162, 163, 227
SCAN goals, 137
work force estimates, 2, 17, 31
work permits, 235
see also Bureau of Labor Statistics;
Fair Labor Standards Act of 1938;
Hazardous orders;
School-to-Work Opportunities Act of 1994;
Work permits and registration
Department of Labor, Health and Human Services, and Education and Related Agencies Appropriations Act of 1998, 142-143
Depression, 131
Developmental processes, 2, 3, 4-5, 6, 88-89, 91-97, 108, 139-140, 213, 226, 236
poor persons, 135
role of work, 110-140
see also Physical development;
Psychosocial factors
hours of work and, 4, 11, 131-134, 139-140, 226
see also Alcohol use and abuse;
Crime;
Substance abuse
Disabled persons, 3, 50-51, 123
CPS, 34
amputations, 58-61, 67-68, 90-91
surveillance systems, 7, 8, 219
see also Workers' compensation
Disadvantaged persons, see Minority groups;
Poverty
Diseases and disorders, see Disabled persons;
Fatalities;
Injuries;
Occupational diseases
Drinking, see Alcohol use and abuse
Dropouts, 38-39, 116, 156, 166-167, 227, 272
Drug abuse, see Alcohol use and abuse;
Substance abuse
Drug Use Forecasting Program, 48-49
E
Economic factors, general
historical perspectives, 21
motivation for work, 3, 119, 121, 134-135
see also Cost and cost-effectiveness;
Funding;
Socioeconomic status;
Unemployment
Education and training, 5, 6, 220-225, 231
child labor laws, public education, 185, 191-192, 220-221
demonstration projects, 189-190, 222
health care providers, 107, 154, 217
High School and Beyond, 114, 115, 116, 138
historical perspectives, 21
National Center for Education Statistics, 8, 219
occupational health, 4-5, 9-10, 86, 87-88, 101-102, 184-192, 221-223
agricultural sector, 190-191
toxic substances, 4, 28, 99, 155, 236
see also School-to-work relationship;
Vocational education;
Work skills
dropouts, 38-39, 116, 156, 166-167, 227, 272
hours of work, impact on academic performance, 3, 96-97, 115-120, 123, 124, 138, 139, 140, 226
parent's, 138
post-secondary education, 3, 51, 116-124 (passim), 140, 188
workers' compensation for lost, 234
Educational Research Information Clearinghouse, 29
Electrocution, 4, 79, 80, 105-107 (passim), 174
surveillance data, 53-54, 57, 60-61, 62, 68-69, 70, 73, 76, 100-101, 102
Endocrine system, 94
Enforcement, see Fines;
Inspectors and inspections
England, 23
Environmental Protection Agency, 14, 155, 175, 177, 230, 231
Equipment, see Machinery
Ergonomic factors, 12, 15, 84, 93-94, 228, 236
Executive Order 13045, see Task Force on Environmental Health Risks and Safety Risks to Children
F
Fair Labor Standards Act of 1938, 5, 12, 21
agricultural sector, 152, 157, 158, 160, 164, 165, 167, 178, 218
child labor defined, 19
hazardous work 84, 162, 163-167, 176
hours of work, 21, 162, 163-167, 229
small businesses, 152
see also Hazardous orders
Falls, accidents, 59, 61, 65, 73, 76, 78, 106, 107, 153, 158, 184
Family businesses, 20, 29, 102, 104, 167, 171
see also Family farms
historical perspectives, 21
hours of work and time spent together, 4, 11, 125-126, 226
motivation for work, 25, 121, 135
see also Parents
Family farms, 2, 13-14, 20, 141-152, 158, 159, 160, 164, 165, 167, 170, 171
defined, 143
Fast-foot outlets, see Restaurants and fast-foot outlets
agricultural sector, 3, 4, 152-153
causes of, 4, 78-80, 82, 105-106
construction sector, 4, 78-81, 106
electrocution, 4, 79, 80, 105-107 (passim), 174
estimates of, 4, 17, 53, 77-83, 104, 105
homicides, 4, 78, 82, 104-107 (passim)
illegal employment and, 88, 107-108
mines, 183-184
surveillance data sources, 103-109
Census of Fatal Occupational Injuries, 79, 103-104, 106, 108-109, 153, 216-217
Fatality Assessment and Control Evaluation Program, 103, 106-107, 216
National Traumatic Occupational Fatality Surveillance System, 78, 103, 104, 105-106, 216
workers' compensation, 179
Fatality Assessment and Control Evaluation Program, 103, 106-107, 216
Federal Employment Compensation Act, 178
Federal government, 5, 12, 21, 162, 217, 222
demonstration projects, 189-190, 222
occupational health training, 10, 186-191, 221-222
preventive interventions, task force, 14, 176-177
surveillance systems, 8, 103-108, 214-220
see also Legislation;
Regulatory issues;
specific departments and agencies
Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, and Rodenticide Act, 163, 174, 175-176
FLSA, see Fair Labor Standards Act of 1938;
Hazardous orders
Food Quality Protection Act of 1996, 176, 231
Foreign countries, see International perspectives;
specific countries
Funding, 9
agricultural workers, education, 190-191
commendable workplace criteria, 224-225
school-to-work programs, 187, 222
G
agricultural sector, 146-147, 150, 152, 153
alcohol use, 134
hazardous work, 71
hours of work, 115, 116-117, 132-133
parent-offspring relationship, 126
self-esteem, 130-131
Georgia, 196-197
Government role, see Federal government;
Legislation;
Local government;
State government
Grocery stores
injuries, 53, 54-55, 59-67 (passim), 73, 74, 85, 100
Growth, see Musculoskeletal development
H
Hazardous orders, 12, 83, 88, 163-164, 168-171, 228
agricultural sector, 13, 157, 158-160, 167-168, 170, 171, 229
Hazardous substances, see Toxic substances
Hazardous work, 4, 6, 12, 28, 47, 53, 83-86, 213, 228-229, 231-232
age factors, 13, 71, 169-171, 185, 229
agricultural sector, 13, 14, 145, 149, 151, 157-159, 163-164, 168, 170, 171, 174-175, 228-229, 230-231
Fair Labor Standards Act, 162, 163-167, 176
federal law, general, 5, 12, 166, 167;
see also Legislation
gender factors, 71
International Labour Organization, 26
Occupational Safety and Health Act, 24, 108, 173, 174, 175, 182-183
poor and minority children, 3, 47, 49, 135, 140
surveillance systems, 9, 83-85, 215-216
see also Fatalities;
Injuries;
Machinery;
Occupational diseases;
Toxic substances
Healthy People 2000, 69
Heat-related illness, 13, 156, 230
see also Burns
High School and Beyond, 114, 115, 116, 138
High Schools That Work, 188
Hispanics, 49, 123, 135, 148, 150
Historical perspectives, 20-22
age factors, 20-21
agricultural sector, 142-143, 146-148, 149-150
occupational diseases, 23-24
school-to-work relationship, 21-23
state government role, 23-24
vocational education, 22-23
Homeless persons, 48
Homicides, 4, 78, 82, 104-107 (passim)
Hormones, see Endocrine system
Hospitals and hospitalization, 63, 85
National Hospital Ambulatory Medical Care Survey, 57, 100-101
surveillance data, 17-18, 60-61, 101, 102
see also Emergency care;
Nursing homes
Hours of work, 3-4, 11, 32, 37, 112, 113, 139, 220
adolescents, 11, 39-43, 95-97, 111, 112, 114, 115, 123-134 (passim), 162, 166, 167, 226
sleep needs and, 11, 95-97, 130
age factors, 5, 11, 12, 18, 21, 38-40, 45, 69-71, 105, 115, 157-158, 162, 164-167
agricultural sector, 13, 155-156, 158, 160-161, 164, 165, 227-228
Department of Labor, 11, 162, 163, 227
deviance and, 4, 11, 131-134, 139-140, 226
early childhood involvement in work and, 35
educational attainment and, 3, 96-97, 115-120, 123, 124, 138, 139, 140, 226
Fair Labor Standards Act, 21, 162, 163-167, 229
family factors
parents' estimates of children's hours of work, 34, 38, 118
time together and, 4, 11, 125-126, 226
gender factors, 115, 116-117, 132-133
hazardous work, 5, 12-13, 85, 158, 164
homework, time spent on, 119, 130
illegal employment, 38
parents' estimates of children's, 34, 38, 118
regulation of, 5, 11, 12-13, 21, 157, 162, 163, 164-167, 225-228, 229-230, 232-233
state regulation, 12-13, 165, 193-211, 229-230
table of regulations, by state, 194-211
research methodology, 40
school-to-work relationship, 3, 96-97, 115-120, 165
shifts, 89
substance abuse and, 4, 11, 18, 126, 133, 134, 140
summer/holiday employment, 38-41
state regulations, 194-211
supervised, 88
I
Idaho, 196-197
Illinois, 198-199
Illegal employment, 8, 48-49, 180-183, 216-217, 219, 233-234
criminal enterprises, 20, 49, 138
hours of work, 38
immigrants, 52
poverty and, 137-138
adolescents, 52
agricultural, historic perspectives, 146, 148, 150
illegal employment, 52
surveillance systems, 8, 51, 52, 217
see also Migrant farm workers
Immigration and Naturalization Service, 51
Income, see Poverty;
Socioeconomic status;
Wages and salaries
Injuries, 4, 53-83, 85-88, 90-94, 97-109, 181
adolescents, 53-54, 58-71, 73-76, 87-88, 98-99, 102-103
age factors, 70-71, 74, 77, 81, 83, 90-91, 99, 101, 104, 108
agricultural sector, 3, 4, 54-55, 58-63, 66-69, 78-81, 104, 106, 107, 142, 143, 145, 149, 152-153, 160, 190-191
amputations, 58-61, 67-68, 90-91
Bureau of Labor Statistics, 56, 57, 79, 98, 100, 103-104, 108-109, 215, 216
burns, 59, 61, 63, 65, 67, 69, 73, 76, 102
causes of, 58-69, 72-74, 78-80, 86, 106, 107, 153, 158, 184
construction workers, 4, 58-67, 76, 78-81, 106
demographic factors, general, 101, 104;
see specific demographic factors infra and supra
disabilities resulting from, 57, 74
amputations, 58-61, 67-68, 90-91
estimates of, 17, 53-70, 83, 100, 101
examples of, 18
gender factors, 70, 71, 81, 82
grocery stores, 53, 54-55, 59-67 (passim), 73, 74, 85, 100
historical perspectives, 19, 23-24
hospitals, injuries of workers at, 63, 85
inexperience and, 4-5, 90-91, 108
local factors, 75
machinery, 77, 78, 82-83, 86, 90-91, 105, 106, 107
manufacturing sector, 4, 76, 78-81
musculoskeletal development, 93-94
National Center for Injury Prevention, 216
nursing homes, 53, 54-55, 65, 73, 75, 76, 85
occupational health education, 4-5, 9-10, 86, 87-88, 101-102, 184-192
Occupational Safety and Health Act, 57, 98, 108, 182-183
preventive interventions, general, 75-77, 97, 214;
see also occupational health education supra
public-sector jobs, 4, 76, 79, 81
research methodology, 56-57, 68-70, 97-98, 104-105, 108-109
restaurants and fast-foot outlets, 4, 54-55, 58-67, 74, 75, 89, 100, 171
retail sector, general, 4, 54-55, 74-75, 78-81, 171
state government efforts, 57, 58, 60-61, 69, 70, 74, 76, 78, 87-88, 101, 107
state level factors, other, 75, 102-103, 105, 219
summer/holiday employment, 76
surveillance systems
Annual Survey of Occupational Injuries and Illnesses, 56, 57, 98, 100, 215, 216
Census of Fatal Occupational Injuries, 79, 103-104, 106, 108-109, 153, 216-217
general, 7, 9, 54-56, 68, 76, 97-108, 152, 215-218, 235
National Electronic Injury Surveillance System, 68, 99-100, 152, 216
National Hospital Ambulatory Medical Care Survey, 57, 100-101, 216
NIOSH, 14, 68, 99-101, 215-216, 219
types and seriousness, 58-69, 72-74
wages and salaries and, 86
workers' compensation, 177-179
workplace factors, general, 58-68, 74-77, 85-86, 88-89;
see also specific sectors supra
see also Emergency care;
Workers' compensation
Inspectors and inspections, 15, 107, 160, 180, 181, 182, 183, 184, 232-234
Insurance, 62
see also Workers' compensation
Integrated Management Information System, 103, 107-108
International Labour Organization, 26-27
International perspectives, 23, 26-28, 188
specific countries, 23, 27, 28, 86, 121, 131, 187
see also names of specific countries
Iowa, 198-199
J
Job skills, 1, 3, 19, 112, 121-122, 124, 126-128, 134, 136, 137
agricultural sector, 140, 151, 156
experience of worker, 4-5, 90-91
injuries and, 86
see also Vocational education
Job Training Partnership Act, 10, 223
K
Kansas, 198-199
Kentucky, 198-199
L
Labor Importation Program, 150
disabilities, 50
migrant farm workers, 151, 156
Legislation, 2, 5, 7, 30, 162-184, 185-186, 191
Administrative Procedures Act, 168
Americans with Disabilities Act, 50
Carl D. Perkins Vocational and Applied Technology Education Act, 188, 223
Coal Mine Health and Safety Act of 1969, 24, 183
Department of Labor, Health and Human Services, and Education and Related Agencies Appropriations Act of 1998, 141-142
Federal Employment Compensation Act, 178
Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, and Rodenticide Act, 163, 174, 175-176
Food Quality Protection Act, 176, 231
Job Training Partnership Act, 10, 233
School-to-Work Opportunities Act of 1994, 10, 30, 163, 186-189, 222-223
Social Security Act, 24
Walsh-Healey Public Contracts Act of 1936, 24
see also Fair Labor Standards Act of 1938;
Occupational Safety and Health Act of 1970;
Regulatory issues
Life skills, 1, 3, 19, 22, 26, 112, 121-122, 128-131, 136, 137
agricultural sector, 151
see also Job skills;
Peer relationships;
Responsibility
Local factors, other
commendable workplaces, 10-11, 223-224
demonstration projects, 189-190, 222
injuries, 75
Local government
school-to-work programs, 10, 187, 222-223
work permits, 172
Longitudinal studies, general, 15, 32, 34-39, 113-114, 118, 132, 235
specific studies, details on, 269-289
see also names of specific studies
Louisiana, 198-199
M
agricultural sector, 142, 148, 149, 157-159, 160, 170
ergonomic factors, 12, 15, 84, 93-94, 228, 236
hazardous orders, 12, 169-171, 228
injuries, 77, 78, 82-83, 86, 90-91, 105, 106, 107
physical capabilities of children and, 5, 94
Managers and supervisors, see Supervision of work
Maryland, 200-201
Massachusetts, 23
hours and days of work, 200-201
injuries, 57, 60-61, 69, 70, 74, 76, 87-88, 101, 107
occupational health training, 87-88, 189
toxic substances, 84
work permits, 172
Medline, 29
Methodology, see Research methodology
Migrant farm workers, 141, 144, 145, 148-151, 156, 159
surveillance systems, 8, 216, 217, 219
Mine Safety and Health Administration, 183-184
Minimum working age, 5, 12, 14, 27, 164-167, 172
agricultural sector, 157, 158, 164, 167
International Labour Organization, 27
see also Work permits and registration
Mining, 67, 78, 90, 164, 169, 183-184
Minnesota, 62-67, 79, 114, 122, 200-201
Minority groups, 3, 7, 8, 49-50, 117, 123, 134-138, 219
African Americans, 33, 49, 123, 135, 150
Hispanics, 49, 123, 135, 148, 150
see also Immigrants
Mississippi, 200-201
Missouri, 200-201
Monitoring the Future, 35, 36-37, 42-43, 132, 282-283
Montana, 202-203
Motivation for employment, 25-26
post-secondary education, 119
promotion, opportunity for, 86, 130-131
Motor vehicles, 4, 78, 82, 105, 107, 158, 159, 169, 170, 229
Musculoskeletal development, 93-94, 156, 236
see also Fractures
N
National Agricultural Workers Survey, 144, 150-151, 156
National Center for Education Statistics, 8, 219
National Center for Health Statistics, 8, 57, 216, 219
National Center for Injury Prevention, 216
National Consumers League, 182
National Educational Longitudinal Survey, 34, 36-37, 42-43, 114, 115
described, 269-273
National Electronic Injury Surveillance System, 68, 99-100, 152, 216
National Hospital Ambulatory Medical Care Survey, 57, 100-101, 216
National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 1, 8, 9, 14, 28
agricultural sector, 153, 190, 232
demonstration projects, 189, 222
educational efforts, 185, 186, 189, 222
hazardous occupation orders, 12, 169, 228
surveillance, 14, 68, 99-101, 215-216, 219
Fatality Assessment and Control Evaluation Program, 103, 106-107
National Traumatic Occupational Fatality Surveillance System, 78, 103, 104, 105-106
workers' compensation, 234
work permits, 235
National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health, 2, 34, 35, 36-37, 40, 42-43, 50, 114
described, 274-277
National Longitudinal Survey of Youth, 35, 36-37, 40, 42-45, 49, 113, 115, 116, 123-124, 138, 139
described, 278-281
National Occupational Exposure Survey, 86
National School-to-Work Office, 120, 222
National Survey of Families and Households, 35, 36-37, 42-43, 133, 286-287
National Traumatic Occupational Fatality Surveillance System, 78, 103, 104, 105-106, 216
National Youth Survey, 114, 125, 132
New Immigrant Pilot Study, 52, 288-289
New Mexico, 202-203
New York State
hours and days of work, 165, 202-203
workers' compensation, 58-59, 73-74
NIOSH, see National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health
North Carolina, 79, 84, 204-205
Nursing homes, 3
injuries, 53, 54-55, 65, 73, 75, 76, 85
O
Occupational diseases, 83-85
BLS surveillance, 56, 57, 98, 100, 215
estimates of, 17
heat-related illness, 13, 156, 230
historical perspectives, 23-24
occupational health training and, 4, 24, 87-88
pesticide-related, 14, 83, 84, 86, 154-155
surveillance systems, 7, 8, 56, 57, 98, 100, 215-217, 235
see also Fatalities;
Injuries;
Toxic substances;
Workers' compensation
Occupational safety and health, see Fatalities;
Hazardous work;
Injuries;
Noise;
Occupational diseases;
Preventive interventions;
Protective clothing and equipment;
Regulatory issues;
Sanitation;
Standards;
Toxic substances
Occupational Safety and Health Act of 1970, 5, 24, 163, 182-183
agricultural sector, 141, 157, 159, 160, 174, 175
hazardous work, 24, 108, 173, 174, 175, 182-183
injuries, 57, 98, 108, 182-183
workers' compensation, 178
Occupational Safety and Health Administration, 173-175, 182-183
agricultural sector, 13-14, 141, 157, 159, 230-231, 232
surveillance, 14, 72, 98, 100, 107-108, 219-220
training standards, 87
workers' compensation, 234
Ohio, 204-205
Oregon, 123, 173, 206-207, 235
OSHA, see Occupational Safety and Health Administration
P
Panel Survey of Income Dynamics, 36, 284-285
Parents, 272
attitudes toward children working, 19, 25-26, 118, 122, 126-127
disabled children, 51
family farmers, 146
demonstration projects, 189
education of, child labor laws, 185
estimates of children's hours of work, 34, 38, 118
estimates of child work force, 2, 38
gender factors, 126
immigrant, 52
migrant farm workers without, 157
work permit authorization, 173
see also Family factors
Peer relationships, 114, 122, 125, 128, 134, 140, 272, 275
dating, 128
Penalties, see Fines
Pennsylvania, 206-207
Permits, see Work permits and registration
Pesticides, 14, 83, 84, 86, 154-155, 161, 170, 174, 216
diseases related to, 14, 83, 84, 86, 154-155
Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, and Rodenticide Act, 163, 174, 175-176
non-agricultural exposure, 174
Pesticides in the Diets of Infants and Children, 174
Physical development, 19, 88, 92-97,110
ergonomic factors, 12, 15, 84, 93-94, 228, 236
musculoskeletal system, 93-94, 156, 236
sleep, 11, 95-97, 130, 140, 156
Physical labor
injuries, 5
age factors, 74
gender factors, 71
Place of work, see Workplace factors
Post-secondary education, 3, 51, 116-124 (passim), 138, 140, 188
adolescents, 134-138 (passim)
agricultural sector, 151
CPS, 135
developmental processes, physical and cognitive, 135
hazardous work, 3, 47, 49, 135, 140
homeless persons, 48
illegal employment and, 137-138
motivation for work, 134-135
racial and ethnic factors and, 49-50
small business employers, 117
supervision of work, 137
surveillance systems, 7, 135, 219
Preventive interventions, 11-15, 176-177
company policies, 24
federal task force, 14, 176-177
occupational health education, 4-5, 9-10, 86, 87-88, 101-102, 184-192
protective clothing and equipment, 84, 160, 174
see also Regulatory issues;
Standards
Promotion, opportunity for, 86, 130-131
Protective clothing and equipment, 84, 160, 174
Psychosocial factors, 2, 15, 19, 22, 111-112, 114, 128-131, 236
depression, 131
family farms, 146-147
peer relationships, 111
stress, 15, 84, 91, 93, 112, 130, 131, 134, 140, 236
see also Attitudes;
Gender factors;
Minority groups;
Self-esteem
Public-sector jobs, injuries, 4, 76, 79, 81
R
Racial and ethnic factors, see Minority groups
agricultural sector, 148, 149, 150
information and training, 221
Registration, see Work permits and registration
Regulatory issues, 2, 5, 7, 29, 30, 162-184, 191, 225-235
agricultural sector, 13-14, 141-142, 157-160, 174-175, 181, 227-228, 230-231
legal exceptions to regulations, 5, 13-14, 141-142, 157, 164, 165, 218, 230-231
cost of compliance, 183
hours of work, 5, 11, 12-13, 21, 157, 162, 163, 164-167, 225-228, 229-230, 232-233
state regulation, 12-13, 165, 193-211, 229-230
table of regulations, by state, 194-211
inspectors and inspections, 15, 107, 160, 180, 181, 182, 183, 184
International Labour Organization, 26-27
pesticides, 163, 164, 167, 170, 174, 175-176, 230, 232
public education regarding, 185-186
public opinion on, 19
small businesses, 13-14
state regulation, 5, 83, 141, 163, 168, 181-182, 229-230, 232-233
table of regulations, by state, 194-211
work permits and registration, 15, 172-173
summer and holiday employment, 194-211
toxic substances, 12, 158, 159, 170, 173-174, 228, 229
see also Hazardous orders;
Legislation;
Standards;
Work permits and registration
Research, see Surveillance systems and data
Research methodology, 1, 28-30, 217-220
agricultural sector, 144-145, 152, 155
CPS, 32-34, 35, 36-37, 38, 218, 219
correlational studies, general, 113, 138-138
cross-sectional studies, general, 32, 114, 119, 131-133
hours of work, 40
injuries, 56-57, 68-70, 97-98, 104-105, 108-109
longitudinal studies, 15, 32, 34-39, 113-114, 118, 132, 235, 269-289
Research recommendations, 15, 29, 176, 235-236
regional centers, 221
surveillance and data, 7-9, 214-220
workers' compensation, 234
work permits, 235
Responsibility, sense of, 3, 17, 19, 26, 121-122, 128-129, 130, 212
Restaurants and fast-foot outlets
illegal employment, 180
injuries, 4, 54-55, 58-67, 74, 75, 89, 100, 171
work force estimates, 3, 43, 46, 47
Retail sector
fatalities, 4
illegal employment, 180
injuries, 4, 54-55, 74-75, 78-81, 171
work force estimates, 3, 32, 43, 46-47
see also Grocery stores
Rhode Island, 206-207
Runaways, 48
S
Safety, see Fatalities;
Injuries;
Occupational diseases
Salaries and wages, see Wages and salaries
Sanitation, agricultural sector, 155, 156, 159
School-to-Work Opportunities Act of 1994, 10, 30, 163, 186-189, 222-223
School-to-work relationship, 8, 121-125
after-school jobs, 11, 40, 41-43, 114, 136
state regulations, 194-211
historical perspectives, 21-23
hours of work, impact on academic performance, 3, 96-97, 115-120, 165
job skills, 1, 19, 112, 121-123
migrant workers, 156
misconduct in school, 132
placements, 11
school-to-work programs, 10, 30, 119-120, 163, 186-189, 190, 217
work during school hours, regulation of, 165
work force estimates, 17, 41-45
after-school jobs, 11, 40, 41-43, 114
work permits, 172
see also Dropouts;
Vocational education
Self-employed persons, 102
see also Family farms
Self-esteem, 1, 3, 17, 128-131, 138, 212, 272, 275
gender factors, 130-131
Service sector
injuries, 3, 59-67 (passim), 75, 76, 78-81
work force estimates, 3, 32, 43, 47
Sex differences, see Gender factors
Skills, see Life skills;
Work skills
Sleep, 11, 95-97, 130, 140, 156
Small businesses, 86, 152, 181
agricultural sector, 13-14, 148, 157, 159, 174, 230;
see also Family farms
family businesses, non-agricultural, 20, 29, 102, 104, 167, 171
poor and minority employees, 137
Social factors, see Psychosocial factors
Social Security Act, 24
Socioeconomic status, 3
disabled persons, 51
hazardous work, 47
participation in work force, 110, 134-136, 139
racial and ethnic factors and, 49-50
see also Poverty;
Wages and salaries
SOII, see Annual Survey of Occupational Injuries and Illnesses
South Carolina, 206-207
South Dakota, 206-207
demonstration projects, 189-190, 222
hazardous substances, 84-85
pesticides, 14, 163, 174, 175-176
surveillance systems, data standards, 8, 14, 219-220
work environment, general, 87
commendable employers, 10-11, 223-225
see also Regulatory issues
State government
agricultural sector, 141, 163, 174-175
educational efforts, 186
enforcement
identification of violators, 233
inspectors and inspections, 15, 107, 160, 180, 181, 182, 183, 184, 232-234
hazardous orders, role in, 12-13, 230, 235
historical perspectives, 23-24
injuries, 57, 58, 60-61, 69, 70, 74, 76, 78, 87-88, 101, 107
regulations, 5, 83, 141, 163, 168, 181-182, 229-230, 232-233
hours of work, 12-13, 165, 193-211, 229-230
table of regulations, by state, 194-211
work permits and registration, 15, 172-173
school-to-work programs, 10, 187, 222-223
small businesses, 181
surveillance data, 58-68, 75, 101-104, 216, 235
see also Workers' compensation;
Work permits and registration;
specific states
State-level factors, other
injuries, 75, 102-103, 105, 219
surveillance systems, 7, 8, 38, 58-68, 215, 219
see also specific states
Statistical programs and activities, see Surveillance systems and data
Stress, 15, 84, 91, 93, 112, 130, 131, 134, 140, 236
see also Physical labor
Substance abuse
Drug Use Forecasting Program, 48-49
hours of work and, 4, 11, 18, 126,133, 134, 140
runaways, 48
see also Alcohol use and abuse
Summer and holiday employment, 2, 31, 37, 40, 136, 220
hours of work, 38-41
state regulations, 194-211
injuries, 76
Supervision of work, 4, 15, 86, 88-89, 122, 127, 131, 171, 236
poor and minority employees, 137
Surveillance systems and data, 8-9, 15, 32, 181-182, 214-229
agricultural sector, 144-145, 152, 155
migrant farm workers, 8, 216, 217, 219
defined, 97
fatalities, 103-109
Census of Fatal Occupational Injuries, 79, 103-104, 106, 108-109, 153, 216-217
Fatality Assessment and Control Evaluation Program, 103, 106-107, 216
National Traumatic Occupational Fatality Surveillance System, 78, 103, 104, 105-106, 216
foreign countries, 27-28
health hazards, 9, 83-85, 215-216
hospitalization, 17-18, 60-61, 101, 102;
see also Emergency care
injuries
Annual Survey of Occupational Injuries and Illnesses, 56, 57, 98, 100, 215, 216
Census of Fatal Occupational Injuries, 79, 103-104, 106, 108-109, 153, 216-217
general, 7, 9, 54-56, 68, 76, 97-108, 152, 215-218, 235
National Electronic Injury Surveillance System, 68, 99-100, 152, 216
National Hospital Ambulatory Medical Care Survey, 57, 100-101, 216
NIOSH, 14, 68, 99-101, 215-216, 219
methodological issues, 2, 7, 29, 31, 217-220
occupational diseases, 7, 8, 56, 57, 98, 100, 215-217, 235
OSHA, 14, 72, 98, 100, 107-108, 219-220
pesticides, 155
state role, 58-68, 75, 101-104, 216, 235
work force estimates, general, 2, 8, 28;
see also specific sectors
see also Bureau of Labor Statistics;
Longitudinal studies;
specific
systems and surveys
Survey of Occupational Injuries and Illnesses, see Annual Survey of Occupational Injuries and Illnesses
Switzerland, 27
T
Task Force on Environmental Health Risks and Safety Risks to Children, 14, 176-177, 232
Teenagers, see Adolescents
Temporal factors
family, time spent together, 4, 11, 125-126, 226
television-watching time, 130
time-management skills, 1, 26, 129
times of work, standards, 165
see also Hours of work;
Longitudinal studies
Tennessee, 206-207
agricultural workers, 175
Time factors, see Temporal factors
Tobacco use, see Smoking
Toxic substances, 83-85, 86, 92-93, 98-103
agricultural chemicals, 84, 154, 159, 170, 174, 176, 231-232;
see also Pesticides
information on exposure, 4, 28, 99, 155, 236
regulation, 12, 158, 159, 170, 173-174, 228, 229
Training, see Education and training
U
dropouts, 38-39, 116, 156, 166-167, 227
Urban areas, 38, 69, 127-128, 131, 137-138
V
Virginia, 208-209
Vocational education, 120, 136, 187-189, 191
apprenticeships, 10, 21, 27, 120, 169, 187, 188, 224
historical perspectives, 22-23
International Labour Organization, 27
occupational health, 4-5, 9-10, 86, 87-88, 101-102, 184-192
school-to-work programs, 10, 30, 119-120, 163, 186-189
W
Wages and salaries, 1, 3, 232-233
agricultural sector, 151-152, 158, 160
CPS, 33
injuries correlated with, 86
long-term benefits of work, 3, 122-123, 124, 138, 139, 212
motivation for work, 2, 25, 119, 127
see also Workers' compensation
Walsh-Healey Public Contracts Act of 1936, 24
Washington State
agricultural sector, 174-175
hours and days of work, 165, 167, 208-209
West Virginia, 208-209
Wisconsin, 68-69, 84, 114, 120, 125, 210-211
Workers' compensation, 15, 24, 73-74, 86, 163, 177-179, 184, 234
adolescents, 57, 58, 60-67, 73-74
fatalities, 179
surveillance data, 57, 58, 60-67, 91, 102
Work intensity, see Hours of work
Work permits and registration, 15, 172-173, 234-235
Workplace factors, general, 46-47
injuries, 58-68, 74-77, 85-86, 88-89
work environment, general, 87
commendable employers, 10-11, 223-225
see also Hazardous work;
specific sectors
Work skills
experience of worker, 4-5, 90-91
injuries and, 86
see also Job skills;
Vocational education
Wyoming, 210-211
Y
Young children, 52
agricultural sector, 144-145, 159, 152, 153-154, 157, 158
defined, 19