Index
A
Achieving Efficient Water Management, 257
Acid neutralizing capacity (ANC), 77, 80
Acid rain, 77
Agencies, independent, 178-181
Agricultural Nonpoint Source Pollution Model (AGNPS), 157
Agricultural Research Service (ARS), 140
hydrological model developed by, 157
Airshed-scale problems, 29
Allocation, defined, 225
Alternative costs, calculating, 226-227
American Heritage Initiative, 188-189
Anacostia River Watershed, 209
Animas River Stakeholder Group, 210
Aquatic biota, 25-27
Aquifers, 41
mapped, 73
mining, 72
Areal, Nonpoint Source Watershed Environment Response Simulation (ANSWERS), 157
Assessment subregions, 51
Australia, 196-199
Authority. See Responsibility
B
Baseflow, 63
Better Assessment Science Integrating Point and Nonpoint Sources (BASINS), 157-158
Big Sandy Area Lakes Watershed (BSALW), 191-192
Biochemical oxygen demand (BOD), 104, 287
Biodiversity, 24-27
threats to, 25
Biogeohydrologic transformations, 75
Biota reserves, 271
Biotrophic web, 75
Blue Earth River Basin Initiative (BERBI), 190-191
Bonneville Power Administration (BPA), 21, 180, 211
Bottom-up management, 3
Boundaries
decisionmaking, 204
political, 34
riparian, 34
watershed, 203
Boundary Waters Treaty, 193
Buffer zones, 270
Bureau of Indian Affairs (BIA), 178
Bureau of Land Management (BLM), 8, 175
Bureau of Reclamation (BOR), 3, 6, 8, 28, 133, 175-176, 195-196
funding through, 214-215
planning protocols of, 257-258
Bureau of the Census, 40
C
California Regional Water Quality Control Board, 103
Catocin Mountains, 12
Catskill Watershed Corp., 247
Census of Agriculture, 41
Census of Population and Housing, 122-123
Center for Advance Decision Support for Water and Environmental Systems (CADSWES), 133
Center for Exposure Assessment Modeling, 135, 160
Channels.
See also River channels
erosion in urban, 96
Citizen concerns, 3.
See also Public involvement;
Public outreach
City and County Data Book, 123
City utilities, 208
Clean Air Act, 179
Clean Water Action Plan, 273
Clean Water Act of 1972 (CWA), 26, 128, 174-175, 179, 184, 210, 243 , 256, 285-286
of 1977, 286-287
reauthorizing, 4-5, 213, 271-273
Clean Water Initiative, 44, 187
Climate change, 67
Coastal Wetlands Planning, Protection, and Restoration Act, 176
Coastal Zone Management program, 173
funding through, 219
Collaborative planning, 241-247
Colleges and universities, role in educating citizens, 119
Colorado River Basin, new commission for, 221-222
Colorado River Compact, 195
financing under, 228-229
Colorado Water Conservation Board, 133
Columbia River Basin, 21, 133, 222-223
Committee on Watershed Management, 2, 4, 13-14, 269
conclusions and recommendations of, 203-204, 229, 264-265, 273-280
Conflict resolution, 244
new approaches, 33
Connections between ground and surface waters, 270
Contaminant profiles, 94.
See also Water quality
Cost allocation, 224-229
Croplands, 92-94
D
Data, 112-119
aggregated by county, 40-41
agricultural, 41
collecting, 9
gaps in, 128-131
on the Internet, 289-292
socioeconomic, 121-124
sources of, 113-116
types of, 112-113
Data clearinghouses, 122-123
Decisionmakers
connecting with science, 140-164, 233-240
implementing simulation models, 161
Decisionmaking
boundaries for, 204
democratic, 241-247
environmental, 141
and planning, 233-268
Decision support systems (DSSs), 278
gaps in, 132-134
Digital Elevation Models (DEM), 120
Downstream areas, linked with uplands, 1
temporal scales of, 50
E
Earth Resources Observation System Data Center, 177
Ecological regionalization schemes, 81-81
Ecological risk assessment, 140-148
charted, 146
Economic and Environmental Principles and Guidelines for Water and Related Land Resources Implementation Studies, 260
Economic and social data on the Internet, 290-291
Ecosystem management
effective, 254-255
terminology used, 33-34
Ecosystems, 81-87
Ecotrust of Portland Oregon, 142
Electric Power Research Institute, 133
Endangered species, 26
Endangered Species Act of 1973, 26, 29, 172, 175, 213
Environmental decisionmaking, 141
equity in, 241-247
Environmental Impacts Statements (EISs), 145
Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), 6, 8, 28, 45, 116, 119, 126 , 179, 184-185
guidelines for ecological risk assessment, 141-148
hydrological model developed by, 157-158
planning protocols of, 253-256
watershed approach of, 15-16, 234
Erosion
indexing, 62
urban channel, 96
Eutrophication, curtailing, 23
Evaporites, 80
Exchange, defined, 225
Executive Order on American Heritage Rivers, 186, 188-189
Exposure profiles, 144
F
Farm Services Agency (FSA), 169
Federal agencies on the Interact, 289-290
Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA), 180-181
Federal Energy Regulatory Commission (FERC), 174-175, 286
Federal Geographic Data Committee (FGDC), 8, 82, 123, 277
Federal government
changing role of, 212-213
organizational diversity within, 167-181
Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, and Rodenticide Act, 179
Federal Land Policy and Management Act, 175
Federal lands, 88
mapped, 89
Federal Water Pollution Control Act of 1972. See Clean Water Act of 1972
Federal Water Pollution Control Administration, 284
Feedlots, runoff from, 104
Financing
options, 229-229
for watershed organizations, 208-232
Fire. See Forest fires
Fish, 25-27
Fish and Wildlife Conservation Act of 1934, 172, 176
Flathead Basin Commission (FBC), 22-23
Flathead Lake Biological Station, 23
funding from, 4
Flood Control Act of 1944, 171
Flooding
insurance against, 181
magnitude and frequency relationships, 49
mean annual potential, 71
Florida Water Resources Management Act of 1972, 190
Forest Ecosystem Management and Assessment Team (FEMAT), 27
Forest fires, 90-91
Forests, riparian, 118, 149-150
Front Range cities, 27
Funding mechanisms, 207-231
county, 209-210
current, 208-221
federal, 214-219
interstate, 210-214
local, 208-209
regional, 210-214
G
Geographic information system data on the Internet, 290
Geographic information systems (GIS), 32, 45, 118, 120-121, 159
Geohydrologic gradient, 75
flow rate changes along, 75
Glacier National Park, 22
Global Positioning Systems (GPS), 32
Grand Canyon Monitoring and Research Center, 134
Great Basin National Park, 27
Great Britain, 200
Great Lakes Basin Compact, 192-193
Great Lakes Water Quality Agreement, 193
Groundwater quality, 17
Groundwater surface, 101
Groundwater systems, 67
dissolved minerals in, 79
excessive extraction from, 100-101
organisms in, 76
problems of underemphasized, 75
regional, 74
water movement through, 75-76
Guide to State Environmental Programs, 167
H
Habitat measurement, 117-118
HEC-RAS, 160
HSPF model, 160
Human effects
integrative thinking towards, 1
on watersheds and streams, 88-105
Hydrologic Engineering Center Flood Hydrograph Package (HEC-l), 158
Hydrologic Simulation Program-FORTRAN (HSP-F), 158
Hydrologic Unit Model for the United States (HUMUS), 159
Hydrologic units (HUCs), 44-45, 51-53, 121
Hydrology. See Physical hydrology
Hydropower production, funding from, 4, 21-24, 220-221
Hyporheic zone, 76
I
Independent agencies, 178-181
Individuals, power of, 204
Information, 112-139
on the Internet, 289-292
Interagency Ecosystem Management Task Force, 82, 209
Interbasin areas, 39
Interbasin transfers, 41
Interfluve, 39
Intergovernmental Task Force on Monitoring Water Quality (ITFM),131
International Boundary and Water Commission, 193-194
International Institute for Aerospace Survey, 120
International Joint Commission (HC), 193
International watershed management, 192-201
Internet sites
basic references, 291
economic and social data, 290-291
federal agencies, 289-290
geographical information system data, 290
physical environmental data, 291
remote sensing imagery, 291
state-based, 291-292
useful, 292
watershed-based, 292
watershed data and information, 32, 289-292
K
Karst areas, and groundwater regions, 74
Keystone. National Policy Dialogue on Ecosystem Management, 33
Kinematic Runoff and Erosion Model (KINEROS), 159-160
L
Lake evaporation, mean annual, 64
"Land and Resources Management Plans (LRMPs)," 256
Land cover, 80
Land Resource Regions, 82
Load allocations (LAs), 286
Local government
devolution of authority to, 1-2, 166
funding from, 208-209
Long-Term Ecological Research (LTER) program, 113, 116
M
Marine Protection Research Sanctuaries Act, 173
Market value, 4
McKenzie Watershed Council, 211
McKnight Foundation, 18
Metropolitan utilities, 208-209
Mexico, 194-195
Minnesota Department of Natural Resources, 18
Missouri River Basin, 215
Models.
See also Simulation modeling
diverse, 10
ineffective, 3
list of, 157-159
planning, 242
Monitoring network design, 9.
See also Watershed monitoring
Multiple Use and Sustained Yield Act of 1960, 169
Municipal Wastewater Treatment Construction Grant Amendment of 1981 , 287
Murray-Darling Basin, 198-199
N
National Conservation Program, 171
National Environmental Policy Act of 1969, 145, 175
National Estuarine Research Reserve System, 173
National Flood Insurance Program (NFIP), 181
National Forest Management Act of 1964, 169-170, 256-257
National Forest System, 169
National Marine Fisheries Service, 172
National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), 9, 173
funding through, 219
National Park Service (NPS), 8, 177-178
"Rivers, Trails, and Conservation Program"; 178
National Planning Procedures Handbook, 258
National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System (NPDES), 102, 104, 188, 285-286
National Research Council, 243
National Resources Conservation Service (NRCS), 28-29, 32, 82, 121
watershed approach of, 16, 170-172
National Science Foundation (NSF), 7-8, 113, 116, 126, 275-276
National Spatial Data Infrastructure (NSDI), 8, 123, 277
National Stream Quality Accounting Network, 121
National Water Data Network, 52
National Water Quality Assessment Program, 177
National Water Quality Monitoring Council, 131
National Wild and Scenic Rivers Act, 175
National Wildlife Refuge System Act, 176
Natural Resources Conservation Service (NRCS), 209-210
funding through, 219
planning protocols of, 258-259
Nature Conservancy of Seattle, 142
Navigation, 21
New York City Watershed Agreement, 245-247
New Zealand, 197-200
NEXGEN effort, 160
NIMBY-style opposition, 262
Nonpoint source (NPS) pollution, 92, 184-185, 270, 287-288
NRCS. See National Resource Conservation Service
O
Omnibus Parks and Lands Act of 1996, 211
Opposition, NIMBY-style, 262
Organizational structures
in America, 166-181
contemporary responses, 186-196
dynamics of change within, 238
fragmentation within, 165-166
funding, 207-231
for the future, 201-203
independent agencies, 178-181
interstate initiatives, 192-196
intrastate initiatives, 187-192
recommendations for, 204
rigidity of, 235-236
search for coordination in, 181-186
for watershed management, 164-207
Organization for International Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD), 139-140
Outreach, public, 118-119
P
Patawalonga Catchment, 198-199
Peer review, 6
Pennsylvania Spatial Data Access (PASDA) system, 123
Penzance Wash, 49
Phalen Chain of Lakes watershed project, 18-19
Photographs, time-series, 117
Physical environmental data on the Internet, 291
Physical hydrology, 56-81
Piedmont landscape, generalized evolution of, 97
Piezometric surface, 101
Planning, and decisionmaking, 233-268
Planning subregions, 51
Platte River Basin, 134, 214, 223-224
Plumas Corp., 211
Point sources of pollution, 101-105
efforts to curb, 128
Pollution
"area-based,"; 4
nonpoint source (NPS), 92
point source, 101-105
sediments and, 21
Potential evapotranspiration (PET), 58, 63
Power Management Administrations (PMAs), 216
Power Marketing Administration Service Areas, 217-218, 220-221
Power Planning Council, 222
Precipitation, 56-62
chemical composition of, 77
erosion index, 62
mean annual, 57
mean annual maximum in 24 hours, 60
monthly means and extremes, 59
100-year 24 hour, 61
Precipitation-Runoff Modeling System (PRMS), 158
Pricing structures, 4
Problem identification, 30
Public involvement, 31-32
in watershed monitoring, 116-119
in watershed planning, 232
Public outreach, 118-119
Purdue University Agricultural Engineering Department, hydrological model developed by, 157
Q
QUAL2E, 158
Quinnipiac River watershed, 92-93
R
Rainfall. See Precipitation
Ramsey-Washington Metro Watershed District, 18
Rangelands, 140
Rapid Ecological Assessments, 32
Recommendations, 273-280
Recreational use, 27-28
funding from, 4
Reference sites on the Internet, 291
"Refuse Act." See Rivers and Harbors Act of 1988
Regional variations, 1, 56-111
Remediation, paying for, 227-228
Remote sensing imagery on the Internet, 291
Research. See Scientific research
Resource Conservation and Development Councils, 170
Resource Conservation and Recycling Act, 179
Resource Conservation Districts (RCDs), 169
Resource Management at the Watershed Level, 212
Resources Conservation Act of 1997 (RCA), 159
Responsibility
and power, 236
Restoration, 148-155
paying for, 227-228
1992 Rio Declaration on Environment and Development, 244
Rio de Flag at Hidden Hollow Road, 49
Rio Puerco Management Committee, 211
Riparian forest surveys, 118, 149-150
protecting and enhancing, 270
River Action Teams (RATs), 260-261
River basin, defined, 37
River channels
average annual discharge in main, 70
data on, 46
size scale for, 44-47
Rivers, Trails, and Conservation Program, 178
Rivers and Harbors Act of 1988, 174, 283-284
Rocky Mountain Mine Waste Initiative, 210
Runoff
average annual, 65-66
maximum annual, 68
minimum annual, 69
S
Safe Drinking Water Act, 28, 245
Sampling protocols, developing uniform, 129, 131
San Diego Creek, 96
Santa Ana Watershed Project Authority, 102-103
Scale considerations, 5, 54, 202, 204.
See also Spatial scales;
Temporal scales
Scientific peer review, 6
Scientific research, 7-8
connecting to the decisionmaker, 3, 140-164, 233-240
current state of, 124-127
fragmentation of, 5
gaps in, 127-136
monitoring, 124-125
Seasonal Land Cover Regions, 81
during urban watershed construction, 51
"Separable costs, remaining benefits" (SCRB) method, 226
Shreve method, 45
Simulation modeling
gaps in, 132-134
interpreting output from, 161
Simulation of Production and Utilization of Rangelands (SPUR), 159
Socioeconomic data, 121-124
Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT), 159
Soil and Water Resources Conservation Act, 169-171
Soil Conservation and Domestic Allotment Act, 169-170
Soil Conservation Service. See National Resource Conservation Service
Southern Piedmont watersheds, 90
South Platte River Forum, 211
geographic, 42-43
Stakeholders, involving, 5, 18-19, 240-247
State-based Internet sites, 291-292
State government, 187
devolution of authority to, 1-2, 166-167
STATSCO program, 121
Stormwater quality, 91
Strahler method, 45
changes of, 95-101
problems with data on, 129
Stream gagging, 9
Streams
changes of, 95-101
human effects, 88-105
morphology of, 98
Stressor-response profiles, 144-145
Surface waters, dissolved minerals in, 78
Surface Water Treatment Rule, 245
Suspended particulate matter (SPM), 80
Susquehanna River Basin Commission, 144-145, 182-183
SWMM model, 160
SWRRB model, 160
System Development Charges (SDCs), 226
T
Technical tools, 32
Technology transfer, 119
Temporal scales, 13-36
for watersheds and channels, 47-51
Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA), 8, 21, 179-180
map of, 39
planning protocols of, 260-261
scale of, 44-45
Timber/Fish/Wildlife (TFW) agreement, 153
Tin Can Creek, 49
Top-down management, 3
Total dissolved solids (TDS), 80
Total maximum daily load (TMDL) approach, 134-136, 188, 270, 272, 286
1995 Toxic Release Inventory Report (TRI), 104
Toxic Substances Control Act, 179
TOXIROUTE, 158
Transfer of development rights (TDR) programs, 252
24-hour rainfall, 60-61
U
Understanding Risk, 233-234, 240, 250
UNESCO, 120
United Nations plot, suspicions of, 188-189
U.S. Army Corps of Engineers (USACE), 3, 6, 8, 28, 32, 210
funding through, 214-216
Hydrologic Engineering Center, 160
planning protocols of, 259-260
water-related responsibilities of, 173-174
U.S. Department of Agriculture, 6, 8, 41, 122, 126, 271
regionalization scheme of, 81
water-related responsibilities of, 169-172
U.S. Department of Commerce, water-related responsibilities of, 172 -173
U.S. Department of Defense, water-related responsibilities of, 173 -174
U.S. Department of Energy
funding through, 216-219
water-related responsibilities of, 174-175
U.S. Department of the Interior, water-related responsibilities of , 175-178
U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (FWS), 29, 82, 172, 176
U.S. Forest Service, 8, 81, 113, 116
planning protocols of, 256-257
water-related responsibilities of, 169-170
U.S. Geological Survey (USGS), 2, 8-9, 32, 52-53, 117, 176-177
"Earth Resources Observation System Data Center,"; 177
funding through, 219
"Seasonal Land Cover Regions,"; 81
U.S. Water Resources Council, 51, 53, 183
University of Minnesota Department of Landscape Architecture, 18
University of Montana Flathead Lake Biological Station, 23
Uplands, linked with downstream areas, 1
Upper Carson River Watershed Management Plan, 211
USEPA. See Environmental Protection Agency
V
Verde Watershed Association, 210
W
Washington Department of Natural Resources, 153
Washington Forest Practices Board, 152-153
Waste load allocations (WLAs), 286
Wastewater treatment plants, 101, 104
Water and Watersheds Program, 126
Water consumption, 18-19
Water in the West: The Challenge for the Next Century, 222-223
Water Pollution Control Act of 1948, 284
Amendments of 1956, 284
problems with data on, 129
related U.S. legislation, 283-288
of stormwater, 91
Water Quality Act of 1965, 284-285
Water Quality Act of 1987, 287-288
Water resource democracy, 186
Water Resources Council, 213-214
Water Resources Planning Act of 1965, 213
Water resources regions, 51-52, 123
Water Resources Research Act, 177
Water sampling, 117
Waterscape, defined, 2
Watershed and River Systems Management Initiative, 133
Watershed approach
rationale for new, 31-33
to wide ranging problems, 1, 5-6, 14-17
Watershed-based Internet sites, 292
Watershed boundaries, 203
Watershed condition, indicators of, 139-140
Watershed 96 (conference), 186
Watershed data and information
finding, 122-123
Watershed Data Clearinghouse, 277
Watershed management.
See also Ecosystem management
barriers to adaptive, 237
cost allocation for, 224-229
defined, 14
guiding philosophy for, 5-6
international, 192-201
issues of scale, 202
need for flexibility in, 10, 279
organizational structure of, 164-207
processes of, 6-7
succeeding at, 269-271
terminology used, 33-34
Watershed management plans, 1, 6
barriers and challenges to implementing, 28-29
characteristics of, 15
collaborative, 241-247
criteria for evaluating, 249-253
critical points in, 247-263
precipitation and, 58
process for, 248
Watershed monitoring
improvements needed in, 131
involving public in, 116-119
Watershed organizations, financing, 208-232
Watershed planning. See Watershed management plans
Watershed processes, gaps in knowledge of, 127-128
Watershed projects
Flathead River-Lake Ecosystem, 22-23
North Temperate Lakes, 116
Phalen Chain of Lakes, 18-19
Santa Ana River, 102-103
Walnut Gulch Experimental Range, 116
White Clay Lake, 114
Willapa Bay, 142-143
Watershed Protection and Flood Prevention Act of 1954, 171
Watershed Protection and Partnership Programs, 247
Watershed research. See Scientific research
Watersheds
analyzing, 152-155
basis for planning and management of, 2-5, 34
characterization/analysis of, 121
human effects, 88-105
managing to benefit people, 17-28
quantifying variables of, 142
rationale for, 1-12
restoration strategies for, 148-155
spatial scales for, 5, 13-36, 38
Water supplies, 17-20
Western Water Policy Review Advisory Commission (WWPRAC), 6, 212-213, 275
funding through, 221-224
Wetlands, 94-95
White Clay Lake watershed, 114
White House Office on Environmental Policy, 82
Wide Area Information Servers (WAIS), 123
Wild and Scenic Rivers Act, 176
Wild and Scenic River system, 27, 178
Wilderness Act of 1964, 170
Willapa Bay watershed, 142-143