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Suggested Citation:"Index." National Research Council. 1999. New Strategies for America's Watersheds. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/6020.
×

Index

A

Achieving Efficient Water Management, 257

Acid neutralizing capacity (ANC), 77, 80

Acid rain, 77

Agencies, independent, 178-181

Agricultural Nonpoint Source Pollution Model (AGNPS), 157

Agricultural Research Service (ARS), 140

hydrological model developed by, 157

Airshed-scale problems, 29

Allocation, defined, 225

Alternative costs, calculating, 226-227

American Heritage Initiative, 188-189

Anacostia River Watershed, 209

Animas River Stakeholder Group, 210

Aquatic biota, 25-27

Aquifers, 41

mapped, 73

mining, 72

Areal, Nonpoint Source Watershed Environment Response Simulation (ANSWERS), 157

Assessment subregions, 51

Australia, 196-199

Authority. See Responsibility

B

Baseflow, 63

Better Assessment Science Integrating Point and Nonpoint Sources (BASINS), 157-158

Big Sandy Area Lakes Watershed (BSALW), 191-192

Biochemical oxygen demand (BOD), 104, 287

Biodiversity, 24-27

threats to, 25

Biogeohydrologic transformations, 75

Biota reserves, 271

Biotrophic web, 75

Blue Earth River Basin Initiative (BERBI), 190-191

Bonneville Power Administration (BPA), 21, 180, 211

Bottom-up management, 3

Boundaries

decisionmaking, 204

political, 34

riparian, 34

watershed, 203

Boundary Waters Treaty, 193

Buffer zones, 270

Bureau of Indian Affairs (BIA), 178

Suggested Citation:"Index." National Research Council. 1999. New Strategies for America's Watersheds. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/6020.
×

Bureau of Land Management (BLM), 8, 175

Bureau of Reclamation (BOR), 3, 6, 8, 28, 133, 175-176, 195-196

funding through, 214-215

planning protocols of, 257-258

Bureau of the Census, 40

C

California Regional Water Quality Control Board, 103

Canada, 192-193, 196

Cataloging units, 52, 54

Catocin Mountains, 12

Catskill Watershed Corp., 247

Census of Agriculture, 41

Census of Population and Housing, 122-123

Center for Advance Decision Support for Water and Environmental Systems (CADSWES), 133

Center for Exposure Assessment Modeling, 135, 160

Channelization, 95, 98

Channels.

See also River channels

erosion in urban, 96

Chesapeake Bay, 29, 194-195

Citizen concerns, 3.

See also Public involvement;

Public outreach

City and County Data Book, 123

City utilities, 208

Clean Air Act, 179

Clean Water Action Plan, 273

Clean Water Act of 1972 (CWA), 26, 128, 174-175, 179, 184, 210, 243 , 256, 285-286

of 1977, 286-287

reauthorizing, 4-5, 213, 271-273

Clean Water Initiative, 44, 187

Climate change, 67

Coastal Wetlands Planning, Protection, and Restoration Act, 176

Coastal Zone Management program, 173

funding through, 219

Collaborative planning, 241-247

Colleges and universities, role in educating citizens, 119

Colorado River Basin, new commission for, 221-222

Colorado River Compact, 195

financing under, 228-229

Colorado Water Conservation Board, 133

Columbia River Basin, 21, 133, 222-223

Committee on Watershed Management, 2, 4, 13-14, 269

conclusions and recommendations of, 203-204, 229, 264-265, 273-280

Conflict resolution, 244

new approaches, 33

Connections between ground and surface waters, 270

Contaminant profiles, 94.

See also Water quality

Cost allocation, 224-229

Croplands, 92-94

D

Dams, 24, 99, 195, 271

Data, 112-119

aggregated by county, 40-41

agricultural, 41

collecting, 9

gaps in, 128-131

on the Internet, 289-292

socioeconomic, 121-124

sources of, 113-116

types of, 112-113

Data clearinghouses, 122-123

Decisionmakers

connecting with science, 140-164, 233-240

implementing simulation models, 161

Decisionmaking

boundaries for, 204

democratic, 241-247

environmental, 141

and planning, 233-268

Decision support systems (DSSs), 278

gaps in, 132-134

Demography, 85, 88

Digital Elevation Models (DEM), 120

Downstream areas, linked with uplands, 1

Drainage basins, 39, 44-46

temporal scales of, 50

E

Earth Resources Observation System Data Center, 177

Ecological regionalization schemes, 81-81

Ecological risk assessment, 140-148

charted, 146

Suggested Citation:"Index." National Research Council. 1999. New Strategies for America's Watersheds. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/6020.
×

Economic and Environmental Principles and Guidelines for Water and Related Land Resources Implementation Studies, 260

Economic and social data on the Internet, 290-291

Ecosystem management

effective, 254-255

terminology used, 33-34

Ecosystems, 81-87

mapped, 83-84, 86-87

Ecotrust of Portland Oregon, 142

Electric Power Research Institute, 133

El Niño events, 67, 72-76

Endangered species, 26

Endangered Species Act of 1973, 26, 29, 172, 175, 213

Environmental decisionmaking, 141

equity in, 241-247

Environmental Impacts Statements (EISs), 145

Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), 6, 8, 28, 45, 116, 119, 126 , 179, 184-185

funding through, 216, 219

guidelines for ecological risk assessment, 141-148

hydrological model developed by, 157-158

planning protocols of, 253-256

watershed approach of, 15-16, 234

Erosion

indexing, 62

urban channel, 96

Eutrophication, curtailing, 23

Evaporation, 58, 63-65

Evaporites, 80

Exchange, defined, 225

Executive Order on American Heritage Rivers, 186, 188-189

Exposure profiles, 144

F

Farm Services Agency (FSA), 169

Federal agencies on the Interact, 289-290

Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA), 180-181

Federal Energy Regulatory Commission (FERC), 174-175, 286

Federal Geographic Data Committee (FGDC), 8, 82, 123, 277

Federal government

changing role of, 212-213

organizational diversity within, 167-181

reinvention of, 1-4, 164-165

Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, and Rodenticide Act, 179

Federal Land Policy and Management Act, 175

Federal lands, 88

mapped, 89

Federal Water Pollution Control Act of 1972. See Clean Water Act of 1972

Federal Water Pollution Control Administration, 284

Feedlots, runoff from, 104

Financing

options, 229-229

for watershed organizations, 208-232

Fire. See Forest fires

Fish, 25-27

Fish and Wildlife Conservation Act of 1934, 172, 176

Flathead Basin Commission (FBC), 22-23

Flathead Lake Biological Station, 23

Flood control, 20, 174

funding from, 4

Flood Control Act of 1944, 171

Flooding

insurance against, 181

magnitude and frequency relationships, 49

mean annual potential, 71

Floodplains, 76, 270-271

Florida Water Resources Management Act of 1972, 190

Forest Ecosystem Management and Assessment Team (FEMAT), 27

Forest fires, 90-91

Forests, riparian, 118, 149-150

Front Range cities, 27

Funding mechanisms, 207-231

county, 209-210

current, 208-221

federal, 214-219

interstate, 210-214

local, 208-209

regional, 210-214

G

Geographic information system data on the Internet, 290

Geographic information systems (GIS), 32, 45, 118, 120-121, 159

Geohydrologic gradient, 75

flow rate changes along, 75

Glacier National Park, 22

Suggested Citation:"Index." National Research Council. 1999. New Strategies for America's Watersheds. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/6020.
×

Global Positioning Systems (GPS), 32

Grand Canyon Monitoring and Research Center, 134

Great Basin National Park, 27

Great Britain, 200

Great Lakes Basin Compact, 192-193

Great Lakes Water Quality Agreement, 193

Groundwater quality, 17

Groundwater surface, 101

Groundwater systems, 67

dissolved minerals in, 79

excessive extraction from, 100-101

organisms in, 76

problems of underemphasized, 75

regional, 74

water movement through, 75-76

Guide to State Environmental Programs, 167

H

Habitat measurement, 117-118

Habitat preservation, 27, 151

HEC-RAS, 160

HSPF model, 160

Human effects

integrative thinking towards, 1

on watersheds and streams, 88-105

Hydrologic Engineering Center Flood Hydrograph Package (HEC-l), 158

Hydrologic Simulation Program-FORTRAN (HSP-F), 158

Hydrologic Unit Model for the United States (HUMUS), 159

Hydrologic units (HUCs), 44-45, 51-53, 121

Hydrology. See Physical hydrology

Hydropower production, funding from, 4, 21-24, 220-221

Hyporheic zone, 76

I

Independent agencies, 178-181

Individuals, power of, 204

Information, 112-139

on the Internet, 289-292

Interagency Ecosystem Management Task Force, 82, 209

Interbasin areas, 39

Interbasin transfers, 41

Interfluve, 39

Intergovernmental Task Force on Monitoring Water Quality (ITFM),131

International Boundary and Water Commission, 193-194

International Institute for Aerospace Survey, 120

International Joint Commission (HC), 193

International watershed management, 192-201

Internet sites

basic references, 291

economic and social data, 290-291

federal agencies, 289-290

geographical information system data, 290

physical environmental data, 291

remote sensing imagery, 291

state-based, 291-292

useful, 292

watershed-based, 292

watershed data and information, 32, 289-292

K

Karst areas, and groundwater regions, 74

Keystone. National Policy Dialogue on Ecosystem Management, 33

Kinematic Runoff and Erosion Model (KINEROS), 159-160

L

Lake evaporation, mean annual, 64

"Land and Resources Management Plans (LRMPs)," 256

Land cover, 80

Land Resource Regions, 82

Land use, 80, 88-95

Load allocations (LAs), 286

Local government

devolution of authority to, 1-2, 166

funding from, 208-209

Long-Term Ecological Research (LTER) program, 113, 116

M

Marine Protection Research Sanctuaries Act, 173

Market value, 4

McKenzie Watershed Council, 211

McKnight Foundation, 18

Suggested Citation:"Index." National Research Council. 1999. New Strategies for America's Watersheds. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/6020.
×

Metropolitan utilities, 208-209

Mexico, 194-195

Minnesota Department of Natural Resources, 18

Missouri River Basin, 215

Models.

See also Simulation modeling

diverse, 10

features of, 156, 160

ineffective, 3

list of, 157-159

planning, 242

updating, 126-127, 132

Monitoring network design, 9.

See also Watershed monitoring

Multiple Use and Sustained Yield Act of 1960, 169

Municipal Wastewater Treatment Construction Grant Amendment of 1981 , 287

Murray-Darling Basin, 198-199

N

National Conservation Program, 171

National Environmental Policy Act of 1969, 145, 175

National Estuarine Research Reserve System, 173

National Flood Insurance Program (NFIP), 181

National Forest Management Act of 1964, 169-170, 256-257

National Forest System, 169

National Marine Fisheries Service, 172

National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), 9, 173

funding through, 219

National Park Service (NPS), 8, 177-178

"Rivers, Trails, and Conservation Program"; 178

National Planning Procedures Handbook, 258

National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System (NPDES), 102, 104, 188, 285-286

National Research Council, 243

National Resources Conservation Service (NRCS), 28-29, 32, 82, 121

watershed approach of, 16, 170-172

National Science Foundation (NSF), 7-8, 113, 116, 126, 275-276

National Spatial Data Infrastructure (NSDI), 8, 123, 277

National Stream Quality Accounting Network, 121

National Water Data Network, 52

National Water Quality Assessment Program, 177

National Water Quality Monitoring Council, 131

National Wild and Scenic Rivers Act, 175

National Wildlife Refuge System Act, 176

Natural Resources Conservation Service (NRCS), 209-210

funding through, 219

planning protocols of, 258-259

Nature Conservancy of Seattle, 142

Navigation, 21

New York City Watershed Agreement, 245-247

New Zealand, 197-200

NEXGEN effort, 160

NIMBY-style opposition, 262

Nonpoint source (NPS) pollution, 92, 184-185, 270, 287-288

NRCS. See National Resource Conservation Service

O

Ohio River Valley, 77, 81

Omnibus Parks and Lands Act of 1996, 211

Opposition, NIMBY-style, 262

Organizational structures

in America, 166-181

contemporary responses, 186-196

dynamics of change within, 238

fragmentation within, 165-166

funding, 207-231

for the future, 201-203

independent agencies, 178-181

interstate initiatives, 192-196

intrastate initiatives, 187-192

recommendations for, 204

rigidity of, 235-236

search for coordination in, 181-186

for watershed management, 164-207

Organization for International Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD), 139-140

Outreach, public, 118-119

P

Patawalonga Catchment, 198-199

Peer review, 6

Suggested Citation:"Index." National Research Council. 1999. New Strategies for America's Watersheds. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/6020.
×

Pennsylvania Spatial Data Access (PASDA) system, 123

Penzance Wash, 49

Phalen Chain of Lakes watershed project, 18-19

Photographs, time-series, 117

Physical environmental data on the Internet, 291

Physical hydrology, 56-81

Piedmont landscape, generalized evolution of, 97

Piezometric surface, 101

Planning, and decisionmaking, 233-268

Planning subregions, 51

Platte River Basin, 134, 214, 223-224

Plumas Corp., 211

Point sources of pollution, 101-105

efforts to curb, 128

Pollution

"area-based,"; 4

nonpoint source (NPS), 92

point source, 101-105

sediments and, 21

Potential evapotranspiration (PET), 58, 63

Power Management Administrations (PMAs), 216

Power Marketing Administration Service Areas, 217-218, 220-221

Power Planning Council, 222

Precipitation, 56-62

chemical composition of, 77

erosion index, 62

mean annual, 57

mean annual maximum in 24 hours, 60

monthly means and extremes, 59

100-year 24 hour, 61

Precipitation-Runoff Modeling System (PRMS), 158

Pricing structures, 4

Problem identification, 30

Public involvement, 31-32

in watershed monitoring, 116-119

in watershed planning, 232

Public outreach, 118-119

Purdue University Agricultural Engineering Department, hydrological model developed by, 157

Q

QUAL2E, 158

Quinnipiac River watershed, 92-93

R

Rainfall. See Precipitation

Ramsey-Washington Metro Watershed District, 18

Rangelands, 140

Rapid Ecological Assessments, 32

Recommendations, 273-280

Recreational use, 27-28

funding from, 4

Reference sites on the Internet, 291

"Refuse Act." See Rivers and Harbors Act of 1988

Regional variations, 1, 56-111

Remediation, paying for, 227-228

Remote sensing imagery on the Internet, 291

Research. See Scientific research

Reservoirs, 99-100, 185

Resource Conservation and Development Councils, 170

Resource Conservation and Recycling Act, 179

Resource Conservation Districts (RCDs), 169

Resource Management at the Watershed Level, 212

Resources Conservation Act of 1997 (RCA), 159

Responsibility

fragmentation of, 10, 30

and power, 236

Restoration, 148-155

paying for, 227-228

1992 Rio Declaration on Environment and Development, 244

Rio de Flag at Hidden Hollow Road, 49

Rio Puerco Management Committee, 211

Riparian forest surveys, 118, 149-150

protecting and enhancing, 270

River Action Teams (RATs), 260-261

River basin, defined, 37

River channels

average annual discharge in main, 70

data on, 46

size scale for, 44-47

Rivers, Trails, and Conservation Program, 178

Rivers and Harbors Act of 1988, 174, 283-284

Rocky Mountain Mine Waste Initiative, 210

Runoff

average annual, 65-66

maximum annual, 68

minimum annual, 69

Suggested Citation:"Index." National Research Council. 1999. New Strategies for America's Watersheds. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/6020.
×

S

Safe Drinking Water Act, 28, 245

Sampling protocols, developing uniform, 129, 131

San Diego Creek, 96

Santa Ana Watershed Project Authority, 102-103

Scale considerations, 5, 54, 202, 204.

See also Spatial scales;

Temporal scales

Scientific peer review, 6

Scientific research, 7-8

connecting to the decisionmaker, 3, 140-164, 233-240

current state of, 124-127

fragmentation of, 5

gaps in, 127-136

monitoring, 124-125

process-based, 8, 155-161

Seasonal Land Cover Regions, 81

Sediment control, 20-21, 77

during urban watershed construction, 51

"Separable costs, remaining benefits" (SCRB) method, 226

Shreve method, 45

Simulation modeling

gaps in, 132-134

interpreting output from, 161

Simulation of Production and Utilization of Rangelands (SPUR), 159

Socioeconomic data, 121-124

Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT), 159

Soil and Water Resources Conservation Act, 169-171

Soil Conservation and Domestic Allotment Act, 169-170

Soil Conservation Service. See National Resource Conservation Service

Soil water budgets, 63, 65

Southern Piedmont watersheds, 90

South Platte River Forum, 211

Spatial scales, 13-36, 38

geographic, 42-43

Stakeholders, involving, 5, 18-19, 240-247

State-based Internet sites, 291-292

State government, 187

devolution of authority to, 1-2, 166-167

STATSCO program, 121

STORET data base, 45, 179

Stormwater quality, 91

Strahler method, 45

Streamflows, 63, 65-71

changes of, 95-101

problems with data on, 129

Stream gagging, 9

Streams

changes of, 95-101

human effects, 88-105

morphology of, 98

Stressor-response profiles, 144-145

Superfund Program, 92, 179

Surface waters, dissolved minerals in, 78

Surface Water Treatment Rule, 245

Suspended particulate matter (SPM), 80

Susquehanna River Basin Commission, 144-145, 182-183

SWMM model, 160

SWRRB model, 160

System Development Charges (SDCs), 226

T

Technical tools, 32

Technology transfer, 119

Temporal scales, 13-36

for watersheds and channels, 47-51

Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA), 8, 21, 179-180

improved data from, 130, 133

map of, 39

planning protocols of, 260-261

scale of, 44-45

Timber/Fish/Wildlife (TFW) agreement, 153

Tin Can Creek, 49

Top-down management, 3

Total dissolved solids (TDS), 80

Total maximum daily load (TMDL) approach, 134-136, 188, 270, 272, 286

1995 Toxic Release Inventory Report (TRI), 104

Toxic Substances Control Act, 179

TOXIROUTE, 158

Transfer of development rights (TDR) programs, 252

24-hour rainfall, 60-61

U

Understanding Risk, 233-234, 240, 250

UNESCO, 120

United Nations plot, suspicions of, 188-189

Suggested Citation:"Index." National Research Council. 1999. New Strategies for America's Watersheds. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/6020.
×

U.S. Army Corps of Engineers (USACE), 3, 6, 8, 28, 32, 210

funding through, 214-216

Hydrologic Engineering Center, 160

planning protocols of, 259-260

water-related responsibilities of, 173-174

U.S. Department of Agriculture, 6, 8, 41, 122, 126, 271

regionalization scheme of, 81

water-related responsibilities of, 169-172

U.S. Department of Commerce, water-related responsibilities of, 172 -173

U.S. Department of Defense, water-related responsibilities of, 173 -174

U.S. Department of Energy

funding through, 216-219

water-related responsibilities of, 174-175

U.S. Department of the Interior, water-related responsibilities of , 175-178

U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (FWS), 29, 82, 172, 176

U.S. Forest Service, 8, 81, 113, 116

planning protocols of, 256-257

water-related responsibilities of, 169-170

U.S. Geological Survey (USGS), 2, 8-9, 32, 52-53, 117, 176-177

"Earth Resources Observation System Data Center,"; 177

funding through, 219

"Seasonal Land Cover Regions,"; 81

U.S. Water Resources Council, 51, 53, 183

University of Minnesota Department of Landscape Architecture, 18

University of Montana Flathead Lake Biological Station, 23

Uplands, linked with downstream areas, 1

Upper Carson River Watershed Management Plan, 211

USEPA. See Environmental Protection Agency

V

Verde Watershed Association, 210

W

Washington Department of Natural Resources, 153

Washington Forest Practices Board, 152-153

Waste load allocations (WLAs), 286

Wastewater treatment plants, 101, 104

Water and Watersheds Program, 126

Water consumption, 18-19

Water in the West: The Challenge for the Next Century, 222-223

Water Pollution Control Act of 1948, 284

Amendments of 1956, 284

Water quality, 20, 76-81

problems with data on, 129

related U.S. legislation, 283-288

of stormwater, 91

Water Quality Act of 1965, 284-285

Water Quality Act of 1987, 287-288

Water resource democracy, 186

Water Resources Council, 213-214

Water Resources Planning Act of 1965, 213

Water resources regions, 51-52, 123

Water Resources Research Act, 177

Water sampling, 117

Waterscape, defined, 2

Watershed and River Systems Management Initiative, 133

Watershed approach

rationale for new, 31-33

to wide ranging problems, 1, 5-6, 14-17

Watershed-based Internet sites, 292

Watershed boundaries, 203

Watershed condition, indicators of, 139-140

Watershed 96 (conference), 186

Watershed data and information

finding, 122-123

on the Internet, 32, 289-292

Watershed Data Clearinghouse, 277

Watershed management.

See also Ecosystem management

barriers to adaptive, 237

cost allocation for, 224-229

defined, 14

effective, 3, 9

funding, 4, 7, 30, 32

guiding philosophy for, 5-6

international, 192-201

issues of scale, 202

need for flexibility in, 10, 279

organizational structure of, 164-207

processes of, 6-7

succeeding at, 269-271

terminology used, 33-34

Watershed management plans, 1, 6

barriers and challenges to implementing, 28-29

Suggested Citation:"Index." National Research Council. 1999. New Strategies for America's Watersheds. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/6020.
×

characteristics of, 15

collaborative, 241-247

criteria for evaluating, 249-253

critical points in, 247-263

precipitation and, 58

process for, 248

Watershed monitoring

improvements needed in, 131

involving public in, 116-119

Watershed organizations, financing, 208-232

Watershed planning. See Watershed management plans

Watershed processes, gaps in knowledge of, 127-128

Watershed projects

Flathead River-Lake Ecosystem, 22-23

North Temperate Lakes, 116

Phalen Chain of Lakes, 18-19

Santa Ana River, 102-103

Walnut Gulch Experimental Range, 116

White Clay Lake, 114

Willapa Bay, 142-143

Watershed Protection and Flood Prevention Act of 1954, 171

Watershed Protection and Partnership Programs, 247

Watershed research. See Scientific research

Watersheds

analyzing, 152-155

basis for planning and management of, 2-5, 34

characterization/analysis of, 121

defined, 14, 37-41

experimental, 115, 126

human effects, 88-105

managing to benefit people, 17-28

quantifying variables of, 142

rationale for, 1-12

restoration strategies for, 148-155

spatial scales for, 5, 13-36, 38

temporal scales for, 5, 13-36

Water supplies, 17-20

Western Water Policy Review Advisory Commission (WWPRAC), 6, 212-213, 275

funding through, 221-224

Wetlands, 94-95

White Clay Lake watershed, 114

White House Office on Environmental Policy, 82

Wide Area Information Servers (WAIS), 123

Wild and Scenic Rivers Act, 176

Wild and Scenic River system, 27, 178

Wilderness Act of 1964, 170

Willapa Bay watershed, 142-143

Suggested Citation:"Index." National Research Council. 1999. New Strategies for America's Watersheds. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/6020.
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Emergence of a toxic organism like pfisteria in tributaries of the Chesapeake Bay has focused public attention on potential hazards in our water. More importantly, it has reminded us of the importance of the entire watershed to the health of any body of water and how political boundaries complicate watershed management.

New Strategies for America's Watersheds provides a timely and comprehensive look at the rise of "watershed thinking" among scientists and policymakers and recommends ways to steer the nation toward improved watershed management.

The volume defines important terms, identifies fundamental issues, and explores reasons why now is the time to bring watersheds to the forefront of ecosystem management. In a discussion of scale and scope, the committee examines how to expand the watershed from a topographic unit to a framework for integrating natural, social, and economic perspectives as they share the same geographic space. The volume discusses:

  • Regional variations in climate, topography, demographics, institutions, land use, culture, and law.
  • Roles and interaction of federal, state, and local agencies.
  • Availability or lack of pertinent data.
  • Options for financing.

The committee identifies critical points in watershed planning to ensure appropriate stakeholder involvement and integration of science, policy, and environmental ethics.

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