Index
A
Acerina cernua, 58
Acipenser transmontanus, 61
Action approach, 114-116
Alewife, 57
Algal blooms, 58
Allocation systems, 74
Alosa pseudoharengus, 57
A. sapidissima, 11
American eel, 61
American lobster, 61
American sand lance, 44
American shad, 11
Ammodytes americanus, 44
A. hexapterus, 45
Anguilla americanus, 61
Anoplopoma fimbria, 31
Aphanopus carbo, 49
See also Mariculture
Arctica islandica, 101
Asian clam, 59
Assignment of rights, 8
to communities, 10
Atlantic cutlassfish, 27
Atlantic mackerel, 27
Atlantic pollock, 27
Atlantic salmon, 11
Atlantic States Marine Fisheries Commission, 80
B
Barents Sea ecosystem, 45-46, 52
Barndoor skate, 70
Bay shrimp, 60-61
Benthic ecosystems, effects of fishing on, 49-50
Bering Sea ecosystem, 44-45, 52, 106
analogs to, 45
Berryteuthis sp., 45
Biological productivity, 81, 103
acceptable levels of, 2
Black scabbardfish, 49
Bluefin tuna, 11
Boats. See Fishing fleets
Bottom topography, effect of fishing on, 4, 49
Boundaries
erasure of, 90-91
too many, 90
Brevoortia tyrannus, 29
Buy-back programs, 122
Bycatch, 9, 21, 23, 41-43, 81-84, 123
Bycatch-reduction devices (BRDs), 9, 83
Bythrotrepes cederstroemi, 58
C
CALFED, 62
California Cooperative Oceanic Fisheries Investigation (CalCOFI), 108, 115
Canadian Atlantic Fisheries Scientific Advisory Committee (CAFSAC), 33-34
Canadian Department of Fisheries and Oceans (DFO), 101
Canadian marine fisheries, 33-35
Cancer magister, 61
Capacity. See Fishing capacity
Capelin, 45
Capital stuffing, 73-74
Carcinogenic compounds, 57-58
Carcinus maenas, 60
Catchability, nonuniformity of, 65
Catches. See Global marine catches
Catch rates, efforts to maintain, 1
Central Valley Project Improvement Act, 62
Chesapeake Bay Program (CBP), 54
Chilean Inca scad, 27
Chilean sardine, 27
Chilean sea bass, 47
Chinook salmon, 62
Chub mackerel, 27
Code of Conduct, 121
Cod war, 11
Columbia River Inter-Tribal Fisheries Commission, 31
landings in United States, 3-4, 30
Committee on Ecosystem Management for Sustainable Marine Fisheries, 2, 12
Common stake, 70
Community-based management, 8, 97, 99-104
experimental approaches to, 8
Community-based quotas, 10
Community Development Quota Program, 32
Community-development quotas (CDQs), 67, 102, 125
Conference on Stradding Fish Stocks and Highly Migratory Fish Stocks, 121
Conservation. See Resource conservation
Continental shelf ecosystems, 119
Continuous Plankton Recorder Survey, 108, 115
Conveyor-belt, 52
Coral reef ecosystems, 119
effects of fishing on, 4, 38, 40-41
Coregonus clupeaformis, 57
Coriolis force effects, 53
Crangon franciscorum, 60-61
Crassostrea virginica, 60
Crustaceans, 60-61
planktonic, 47
Cyanide fishing, 40-41
D
Data collection and exchange, 9, 107-109, 112, 125
Deep-sea fisheries, 48-49.
See also Open ocean ecosystems
Delta smelt, 62
Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT), banning of, 58
Dinoflagellate, 56
Discards, 9, 21, 23, 41-43, 83-84, 123
Discount rate, 72-73
Dissostichus eleginoides, 47
Dreissena polymorpha, 58
Dungeness crab, 61
Dynamite fishing, 41
E
Ecological Applications, 12
Economic incentives, 104
Economic productivity, 12-13, 72-76
acceptable levels of, 2
defined, 2n
global, 20-22
Ecosystem-based management, 2-6, 9, 15, 113-120
defined, 15
suggestion for action, 114-116
Ecosystem components, nonfished, 118
Ecosystem functioning, fish populations in relation to, 120
Ecosystem goods and services, 1-2, 6-7, 13-14
defined, 1n
Ecosystem modeling, 118
Ecosystem monitoring, 114-115
Ecosystem processes, understanding, 2-3
Ecosystems.
See also Marine ecosystems
benthic, 49-50
degradation of, 3
humans as components of, 2-3, 15
lack of attention to, 118
large, discussed, 43-48, 55-62
multiple impacts on, 55-62
overexploitation of, 2
resiliency of, 105
Ecosystem services. See Marine ecosystem services
El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) events, 52-54, 59, 62, 108
Endangered fish species, 62
Enhydra lutris, 39
Environmental change, 4-6, 9, 118
and variability, 52-55, 66, 87
Estuary ecosystems, 119
Euphausia superba, 47
European river ruffe, 58
Eutrophication, 54-55
Excess fishing capacity, 7-8, 75, 118, 121-122
Exclusive economic zones (EEZs), 29, 78, 92
Exploitation.
See also Overexploitation
moderating, 35
Exploited species, rebuilding populations of, 2
F
Fact uncertainty, 103
Fish populations
demographic effects of fishing, 36
dynamics of, 120
in relation to ecosystem functioning, 120
Fish-stock utilization, degree of, 26-27
Fish tagging, 109
Fisheries, 1.
See also Marine-capture fisheries
assignment of rights in, 8
deep-sea, 48-49
opportunity to participate in, 96-98
risks of expanding, 6
Fishery management, 1-2, 12-14, 73-75
broadening participation in, 94-95, 125
community-based, 8
evolving views of, 16-18
flexibility in, 5
incorporating ecosystem considerations into, 7
incremental changes in, 118
innovative tools in, 118
institutions' role in effective, 9-10, 91-95, 124-125
international developments in, 92
present practices, 3
traditional single-species, 3, 6-7
Fishery-management plans (FMPs), 78
Fishery managers, dealing with uncertainty, 120
Fishery models, 10
Fishing, 1
effects on ecosystems, 4, 9, 13, 36-63
flexibility in, 5
societal benefits from, 2
sustainable, 2-3
technological advances in, 28, 121, 124
Fishing capacity.
See also Excess fishing capacity;
Overcapacity
defined, 7
need for better information about, 122
Fishing fleets
in the Philippines, 40-41
tonnage of, 27-28
Fishing mortality
assessing, 64-66
need to reduce overall, 5, 9, 117-118
unaccounted for, 23
underestimated, 34
withstanding, 3
Fishing sectors, 28-33
Fleets. See Fishing fleets
Food and Agricultural Organization (FAO), 19
Code of Conduct for Responsible Fisheries, 92, 121
Food-web limitations, 24-26
Foreign currency needs, increasing fishing pressures, 13
Future generations, maintaining options for, 2
G
Gadus macrocephalus, 29
Georges Bank ecosystem, 43-44, 80, 108
Georges Bank haddock, 26
Global fish stocks, degree of utilization of, 26-27
Global marine catches, 1
limits to, 24-28
Global marine fisheries, status of, 20-28
Global Ocean Ecosystem Dynamics program, 108
Global Ocean Observing System, 108
Gonatus sp., 45
Goods and services, ecosystem, 1
Great Lakes Fishery Commission, 58
Great Lakes, Laurentian, 57-58
Green crab, 60
Groundfish Data Bank, 107
Gulf of Mexico Regional Fishery Management Council, 42-43
H
Habitat, valuing, 2
Harvesting the oceans, 17-18
Hippoglossus hippoglossus, 11, 27
Homarus americanus, 61
Hoplostethus atlanticus, 11, 48
Humans
affecting marine environments, 13, 63
as components of ecosystems, 2-3, 15
Human sustainability, 15
Hurricane Allen (1980), 38, 40
Huxley, Thomas, 16
Hypomesus transpacificus, 62
I
IFQs. See Individual transferable quotas (ITQs)
Indigenous people's fisheries, 31-32
Individual transferable quotas (ITQs), 67, 74, 101-102, 107, 125
Industrialization, increasing fishing pressures, 13
Information needs, 9-10, 125-126
Institutions
cross-sectoral arrangements, 115-116
role in effective fishery management, 9-10, 91-95, 124-125
International agreements, 13
International Council for the Exploration of the Sea, 16, 108
International Joint Commission on Water Quality, 58
International Pacific Halibut Commission, 16, 68-69, 124
International treaties, 67
International Whaling Commission (IWC), 70
Islandic herring, 27
J
Japanese pilchard, 27
Joint Global Ocean Flux Study, 108
K
Katsuwonus pelamis, 27
Kelp beds, 39
Kenai River chinook salmon, 69
Keystone species, 39
King mackerel, 80
L
Lake trout, 57
Lake whitefish, 57
Landing statistics, 65
Large marine ecosystem (LME) approach, 116
Laurentian Great Lakes, 57-58
Less-industrialized countries, 3
Limits. See Marine fish yields
Long-term potential yield (LTPY), 19n
Lutjanus campechanus, 31, 42, 90
M
Mallotus villosus, 45
''Malthusian" overfishing, 41
See also Adaptive management
Ecosystem-based
management
Fishery management
Risk-prone management
rights-based, 97
Management goals
incorporating ecosystem goals, 119-120
need to clearly explicate, 10
Management institutions, 9-10, 91-95, 124-125
composition of, 94-95
Management responsibility, granting, 10
Managers.
See also Recommendations
dealing with uncertainty, 120
large scale, 4
Marine animals, 3
Marine aquaculture. See Mariculture
Marine ecosystems, 36-63
diagnosing problems of, 64-76
effects of fishing on, 4-5
effects of humans on, 13
Marine ecosystem services, 2, 13
declining catches, 3-4
diagnosing problems of, 64-76
global status of, 20-28
United States status of, 28-33
limitations on, 24-28
Marine protected areas (MPAs), 8-9, 84-91, 112, 118, 122-123
economic argument for, 90-91
examples of, 88-89
in the Philippines, 89
practical considerations, 86-87
Marine Resources Monitoring, Assessment and Prediction program, 115
Market forces, circumventing, 8
Masgnuson-Stevens Fishery Conservation and Management Act of 1976 (MSFCMA), 6, 19, 31, 78, 81, 94, 119
Maximum economic yield (MEY), defined, 17n
Maximum sustainable yield (MSY)
defined, 17n
redefining, 6-7
Melanogrammus aeglefinus, 26
Menhaden, 29
Mercury pollution, 58
Merlussius bilinearis, 42
See also Ecosystem modeling
Fishery models
Multispecies models
Numerical models
Trophic models
ecosystem, 114-115
long-term, 125
Mortality. See Fishing mortality
Multispecies models, 2, 10, 110-111
Multispecies virtual-population analysis (MSVPA), 111
Multi-use zones, 122
Mustelis canis, 44
Mysid, 60
N
National Fisherman magazine, 30
National Marine Fisheries Service (NMFS), 19, 35, 68, 78, 80-81
National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), 19, 108, 115
National Research Council (NRC), 2, 12, 44, 68, 83
Ocean Studies Board (OSB), 2, 12
National Science Foundation (NSF), 108
National Standards for Fishery Conservation and Management, 79
Native Americans. See Indigenous people's fisheries
Neomysis mercedis, 60
Net restrictions, 30
Nitrate pollution, 58
Nitrite pollution, 58
Nonfished ecosystem components, 118
North Atlantic Oscillation, 52, 110
North Sea herring, 16
North Sea plaice, 16
Northern Atlantic silver hake, 42
Northern cod, 33-35
Northern Cod Review Panel, 34
Northern rockfish, 27
Northern sea otters, 39
Northwest Indian Fisheries Commission, 31
O
Ocean quahogs, 101
Ocean Studies Board (OSB), 2, 12
Oceans
estimating capacity of, 24-26
harvesting, 17-18
resources not inexhaustible, 2, 6
Oncorhynchus tshawytscha, 57, 62, 69
Open ocean ecosystems, 119
Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD), 74
Osmerus mordax, 57
Ostrea lurida, 60
Otters, 37-39
Overcapacity, 7-8
Overcapitalization, 118
Overexploitation
diagnosing the problem, 64-76
factors contributing to, 117-118
Overfishing
defined, 3n
examples of, 34
global, 3
halting, 5
"Malthusian," 41
Oyster-dredging, 49
Oysters, 60
P
Pacific cod, 29
Pacific Fisheries Management Council, 31
Pacific Ocean perch, 27
Pacific salmon, 57
Pacific sand lance, 45
Paralichthys dentatus, 30-31, 41
Partnership agreements, 99
Patagonian toothfish, 47
Penaeus spp., 42
Petromyzon marinus, 57
Pfiesteria piscicida, 56
Philippines, ecosystem effects of fishing in, 40-41
Phosphorus pollution, 58
Planktivores, 37
Pleuronectes americanus, 31
P. ferrugineus, 43
P. platessa, 16
Political disagreements, 117
Pollachius virens, 27
Polyprion americanus, 101
Pomatomus saltatrix, 30-31, 41
Population size, overfishing as a function of, 3n
Potamocorbula amurensis, 59
Predictability, lack of, 118
Price increases, increasing fishing pressures, 13, 28
Processing, technological advances in, 124
Property rights, ill-defined, 71-73, 118, 121
Protected areas. See Marine protected areas
Protein from fishery products, 20
Q
Quotas. See Community Development Quota Program
Community-development quotas
Community-based quotas
R
Rainbow smelt, 57
R. laevis, 70
Ratchet effect, 74-75
Recommendations, 6-10, 118-126
Recreational fisheries, 3, 29-31
landings in United States, 3-4
Recruitment, 34
Regulation of effort, 95-96
Reserves. See Marine protected areas
Resource conservation
lack of commitment to, 117
National Standards for, 79
Resource investment, 72-73
Rights.
See also Property rights assignment of, 8, 10
Rights-based allocation systems, 74, 97-104
Rio Conference on Environment and Development, 92-93
Risk-averse approaches, 6
Risk-prone management, 117
Rougheye rockfish, 27
S
Sablefish, 31
Saithe, 27
Salmon populations, in the Pacific Northwest, 52-53
Salmo salar, 11
Saltwater Sportsman magazine, 30
Salvelinus namaycush, 57
San Francisco Bay, 58-62
herring fishery in, 98
invaders of, 59-60
Sardines, 54
Sardinops sagax sagax, 27
Scientific information, 105-112
how used, 67-68
Scomber japonicus, 27
S. scombrus, 27
Scomberomorus cavalla, 80
Scottish Fishermen's Federation. See Fishing mortality
Sea. See Ocean
Sea lamprey, 57
Sea otters, 37-39
Sea urchins, 38-39
Seaweed. See Marine plants
Sebastes aleutianus, 27
S. alutus, 27
S. borealis, 27
S. polyspinus, 27
S. zacentrus, 27
Sediment, 59
Sewage, 59
Share-based allocation systems, 74
Sharks, excessive fishing mortality of, 27
Sharpchin rockfish, 27
Shellfish, 60
Ships. See Fishing fleets
Shortraker rockfish, 27
Shrimp, 42
Shrimp trawling, 43
Single-species management, 3
Skates, 44
Skipjack tuna, 27
Small-scale fisheries, 3
Smuggling, 71
Socioeconomic incentives, 71-76, 95-96, 125
encouraging, 121
inappropriate, 117
regulation of effort, 95-96
Socioeconomic information, uncertainties concerning, 67, 126
South American pilchard, 27
Southern Ocean ecosystem, 47-48, 52
Space scale mismatches, 118
Spawner biomass, 34
Species.
See also Exploited species
Single-species management
individual species
in decline, 11
endangered, 62
interactions among, 46
"underutilized," 18
Species-specific life histories, 119-120
Spiny dogfish, 44
Spisulas solidissima, 101
Squid, 45
Stakeholder involvement, 94-95
Statistics, inadequacy of, 66, 118
Stizostedion vitreum, 57
Stock assessments, 7, 18, 64-66
flawed, 34
Strategic concerns, versus short-term variations, 120
Subsistence fisheries, 3, 17, 32, 72
Surf clams, 101
applied to humans, 15
defined, 14
improving, 118
options for achieving, 17, 77-116
Sustainable Fisheries Act of 1996, 6, 31-32, 70, 78, 119
T
Task Force on Atlantic Fisheries, 70
Technological advances, 28, 67, 89, 124
Tenure uncertainty, 103
Terminology of fishing, 17-19, 26n
Theragra chalcogramma, 11, 29, 42
Thompson, W.F., 16
Thunnus albacares, 11
T. thynnus, 11
Time preference of money, 72
Time scales, 52
mismatches in, 118
Total allowable catch (TAC), 32-33, 74, 102
Toxic compounds, 57-59
Trachurus murphyi, 27
Trichiurus lepturus, 27
Trophic cascades, 37-38
Trophic models, 10
Turtle-excluder devices, 43
U
Uncertainty
dealing with, 7, 103, 110, 120-121
explicit incorporation into management decisions, 121
United Nations, 19
Agreement for Straddling Fish Stocks and Highly Migratory Species, 116
Conference on Straddling Fish Stocks and Highly Migratory Fish Stocks, 92, 121
United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS), 92
U.S. Bureau of Commercial Fisheries, 61
U.S.-Canadian International Commission for Northwest Atlantic Fisheries, 17
U.S. Department of Commerce, 19
U.S. exclusive economic zone (EEZ), 29, 78
U.S. Fish Commission, 16
U.S. marine fisheries, 28-33
status of, 32-33
Upwelling systems, 53-54
V
dealing with, 120-121
Virtual communities, 8, 10, 99-101, 118, 125-126
W
Walleye pollock, 11, 29, 42, 57
Water flea, 58
Western Pacific Regional Fishery Management Area, 32
Whales. See Baleen whales
White sturgeon, 61
Winter flounder, 31
Wreckfish, 101
Y
Yellowtail flounder, 43
Yields. See Marine fish yields
Z
Zebra mussel, 58