National Academies Press: OpenBook

Sustaining Marine Fisheries (1999)

Chapter: Index

« Previous: Appendix B
Suggested Citation:"Index." National Research Council. 1999. Sustaining Marine Fisheries. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/6032.
×

Index

A

Acerina cernua, 58

Acipenser transmontanus, 61

Action approach, 114-116

Adaptive management, 112, 125

Alewife, 57

Algal blooms, 58

Allocation systems, 74

Alosa pseudoharengus, 57

A. sapidissima, 11

American eel, 61

American lobster, 61

American sand lance, 44

American shad, 11

Ammodytes americanus, 44

A. hexapterus, 45

Anguilla americanus, 61

Animal feed, 1, 21

Anoplopoma fimbria, 31

Anthropogenic impacts, 13, 63

Aphanopus carbo, 49

Aquaculture, 3, 20.

See also Mariculture

Arctica islandica, 101

Asian clam, 59

Assignment of rights, 8

to communities, 10

Atlantic cutlassfish, 27

Atlantic halibut, 11, 16, 27

Atlantic mackerel, 27

Atlantic pollock, 27

Atlantic salmon, 11

Atlantic States Marine Fisheries Commission, 80

B

Baleen whales, 45, 47, 71

Barents Sea ecosystem, 45-46, 52

Barndoor skate, 70

Bay shrimp, 60-61

Benthic ecosystems, effects of fishing on, 49-50

Bering Sea ecosystem, 44-45, 52, 106

analogs to, 45

Berryteuthis sp., 45

Biological productivity, 81, 103

acceptable levels of, 2

Black scabbardfish, 49

Bluefin tuna, 11

Bluefish, 30-31, 41

Boats. See Fishing fleets

Bottom topography, effect of fishing on, 4, 49

Boundaries

erasure of, 90-91

too many, 90

Brevoortia tyrannus, 29

Buy-back programs, 122

Suggested Citation:"Index." National Research Council. 1999. Sustaining Marine Fisheries. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/6032.
×

Bycatch, 9, 21, 23, 41-43, 81-84, 123

Bycatch-reduction devices (BRDs), 9, 83

Bythrotrepes cederstroemi, 58

C

CALFED, 62

California Cooperative Oceanic Fisheries Investigation (CalCOFI), 108, 115

Canadian Atlantic Fisheries Scientific Advisory Committee (CAFSAC), 33-34

Canadian Department of Fisheries and Oceans (DFO), 101

Canadian marine fisheries, 33-35

Cancer magister, 61

Capacity. See Fishing capacity

Capelin, 45

Capital stuffing, 73-74

Carcinogenic compounds, 57-58

Carcinus maenas, 60

Catchability, nonuniformity of, 65

Catches. See Global marine catches

Catch rates, efforts to maintain, 1

Central Valley Project Improvement Act, 62

Chesapeake Bay, 55-57, 80

Chesapeake Bay Program (CBP), 54

Chilean Inca scad, 27

Chilean sardine, 27

Chilean sea bass, 47

Chinook salmon, 62

Chub mackerel, 27

Clupea harengus, 27, 45, 98

C. pallasi, 61-62, 98

Cod, 11, 45

Code of Conduct, 121

Cod war, 11

Columbia River Inter-Tribal Fisheries Commission, 31

Comanagement programs, 67, 99

Commercial fisheries, 3, 29

landings in United States, 3-4, 30

Committee on Ecosystem Management for Sustainable Marine Fisheries, 2, 12

directions to, 2, 12

Common stake, 70

Community-based management, 8, 97, 99-104

experimental approaches to, 8

Community-based quotas, 10

Community Development Quota Program, 32

Community-development quotas (CDQs), 67, 102, 125

Conclusions, 5-6, 117-118

Conference on Stradding Fish Stocks and Highly Migratory Fish Stocks, 121

Conservation. See Resource conservation

Continental shelf ecosystems, 119

Continuous Plankton Recorder Survey, 108, 115

Conveyor-belt, 52

Coral reef ecosystems, 119

effects of fishing on, 4, 38, 40-41

Coregonus clupeaformis, 57

Coriolis force effects, 53

Crangon franciscorum, 60-61

Crassostrea virginica, 60

Crustaceans, 60-61

planktonic, 47

Cyanide fishing, 40-41

Cynoscion nebulosus, 31, 41

D

Data collection and exchange, 9, 107-109, 112, 125

Deep-sea fisheries, 48-49.

See also Open ocean ecosystems

Delta smelt, 62

Diadema antillarum, 38, 40

Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT), banning of, 58

Dinoflagellate, 56

Discards, 9, 21, 23, 41-43, 83-84, 123

Discount rate, 72-73

Dissostichus eleginoides, 47

Dolphins, 12, 43

Dreissena polymorpha, 58

Dungeness crab, 61

Dynamite fishing, 41

E

Ecological Applications, 12

Economic incentives, 104

Economic productivity, 12-13, 72-76

acceptable levels of, 2

defined, 2n

global, 20-22

Ecosystem-based management, 2-6, 9, 15, 113-120

defined, 15

suggestion for action, 114-116

Ecosystem components, nonfished, 118

Suggested Citation:"Index." National Research Council. 1999. Sustaining Marine Fisheries. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/6032.
×

Ecosystem functioning, fish populations in relation to, 120

Ecosystem goods and services, 1-2, 6-7, 13-14

defined, 1n

Ecosystem modeling, 118

Ecosystem monitoring, 114-115

Ecosystem processes, understanding, 2-3

Ecosystems.

See also Marine ecosystems

benthic, 49-50

degradation of, 3

humans as components of, 2-3, 15

lack of attention to, 118

large, discussed, 43-48, 55-62

marine, 1, 36-63

multiple impacts on, 55-62

overexploitation of, 2

resiliency of, 105

Ecosystem services. See Marine ecosystem services

El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) events, 52-54, 59, 62, 108

Endangered fish species, 62

Enforcement, 9, 70-71

Enhydra lutris, 39

Environmental change, 4-6, 9, 118

and variability, 52-55, 66, 87

Estuary ecosystems, 119

Euphausia superba, 47

European river ruffe, 58

Eutrophication, 54-55

Excess fishing capacity, 7-8, 75, 118, 121-122

Exclusive economic zones (EEZs), 29, 78, 92

Exploitation.

See also Overexploitation

moderating, 35

Exploited species, rebuilding populations of, 2

F

Fact uncertainty, 103

Fish populations

demographic effects of fishing, 36

dynamics of, 120

in relation to ecosystem functioning, 120

Fish-stock utilization, degree of, 26-27

Fish tagging, 109

Fisheries, 1.

See also Marine-capture fisheries

assignment of rights in, 8

deep-sea, 48-49

opportunity to participate in, 96-98

risks of expanding, 6

Fishery management, 1-2, 12-14, 73-75

broadening participation in, 94-95, 125

community-based, 8

evolving views of, 16-18

flexibility in, 5

incorporating ecosystem considerations into, 7

incremental changes in, 118

innovative tools in, 118

institutions' role in effective, 9-10, 91-95, 124-125

international developments in, 92

present practices, 3

traditional single-species, 3, 6-7

Fishery-management plans (FMPs), 78

Fishery managers, dealing with uncertainty, 120

Fishery models, 10

Fishing, 1

biomass killed by, 3, 21, 23

effects on ecosystems, 4, 9, 13, 36-63

flexibility in, 5

need to reduce, 5-6, 13

societal benefits from, 2

sustainable, 2-3

technological advances in, 28, 121, 124

terminology of, 17-18, 26n

Fishing capacity.

See also Excess fishing capacity;

Overcapacity

defined, 7

need for better information about, 122

Fishing fleets

in the Philippines, 40-41

tonnage of, 27-28

Fishing mortality

assessing, 64-66

need to reduce overall, 5, 9, 117-118

unaccounted for, 23

underestimated, 34

unobserved, 10, 41-43

withstanding, 3

Fishing sectors, 28-33

Fleets. See Fishing fleets

Food and Agricultural Organization (FAO), 19

assessments by, 23-26, 32

Code of Conduct for Responsible Fisheries, 92, 121

Food-web limitations, 24-26

Foreign currency needs, increasing fishing pressures, 13

Future generations, maintaining options for, 2

Suggested Citation:"Index." National Research Council. 1999. Sustaining Marine Fisheries. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/6032.
×

G

Gadus macrocephalus, 29

G. morhua, 11, 33-35, 45

Georges Bank ecosystem, 43-44, 80, 108

Georges Bank haddock, 26

Global fish stocks, degree of utilization of, 26-27

Global marine catches, 1

limits to, 24-28

Global marine fisheries, status of, 20-28

Global Ocean Ecosystem Dynamics program, 108

Global Ocean Observing System, 108

Gonatus sp., 45

Goods and services, ecosystem, 1

Great Lakes Fishery Commission, 58

Great Lakes, Laurentian, 57-58

Green crab, 60

Groundfish Data Bank, 107

Gulf of Mexico Regional Fishery Management Council, 42-43

H

Habitat, valuing, 2

Harvesting the oceans, 17-18

Herring, 45, 98

Hippoglossus hippoglossus, 11, 27

H. stenolepis, 16, 42

Homarus americanus, 61

Hoplostethus atlanticus, 11, 48

Humans

affecting marine environments, 13, 63

as components of ecosystems, 2-3, 15

Human sustainability, 15

Hurricane Allen (1980), 38, 40

Huxley, Thomas, 16

Hypomesus transpacificus, 62

I

IFQs. See Individual transferable quotas (ITQs)

Indigenous people's fisheries, 31-32

Individual transferable quotas (ITQs), 67, 74, 101-102, 107, 125

Industrialization, increasing fishing pressures, 13

Information needs, 9-10, 125-126

Institutions

cross-sectoral arrangements, 115-116

role in effective fishery management, 9-10, 91-95, 124-125

International agreements, 13

International Council for the Exploration of the Sea, 16, 108

International Joint Commission on Water Quality, 58

International Pacific Halibut Commission, 16, 68-69, 124

International treaties, 67

International Whaling Commission (IWC), 70

Islandic herring, 27

J

Japanese pilchard, 27

Joint Global Ocean Flux Study, 108

K

Katsuwonus pelamis, 27

Kelp beds, 39

Kenai River chinook salmon, 69

Keystone species, 39

King mackerel, 80

Krill, 47, 111

L

Lake trout, 57

Lake whitefish, 57

Landing statistics, 65

Large marine ecosystem (LME) approach, 116

Laurentian Great Lakes, 57-58

Less-industrialized countries, 3

Limits. See Marine fish yields

Long-term potential yield (LTPY), 19n

Lutjanus campechanus, 31, 42, 90

M

Mallotus villosus, 45

''Malthusian" overfishing, 41

Management, 68-71, 77-95.

See also Adaptive management

Ecosystem-based

Suggested Citation:"Index." National Research Council. 1999. Sustaining Marine Fisheries. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/6032.
×

management

Fishery management

Risk-prone management

community-based, 97, 99-104

rights-based, 97

in the United States, 78, 80

Management goals

incorporating ecosystem goals, 119-120

need to clearly explicate, 10

Management institutions, 9-10, 91-95, 124-125

composition of, 94-95

Management responsibility, granting, 10

Managers.

See also Recommendations

dealing with uncertainty, 120

Marbled rockcod, 11, 27, 47

Mariculture, 20-21, 50-51, 67

large scale, 4

Marine animals, 3

Marine aquaculture. See Mariculture

Marine ecosystems, 36-63

diagnosing problems of, 64-76

effects of fishing on, 4-5

effects of humans on, 13

understanding, 105-106, 125

Marine ecosystem services, 2, 13

Marine fisheries, 1, 3-4

declining catches, 3-4

diagnosing problems of, 64-76

global status of, 20-28

United States status of, 28-33

Marine fish yields, 12, 23-24

limitations on, 24-28

Marine plants, 3, 20

Marine protected areas (MPAs), 8-9, 84-91, 112, 118, 122-123

economic argument for, 90-91

examples of, 88-89

in the Philippines, 89

practical considerations, 86-87

scope of need for, 87-88, 90

Marine Resources Monitoring, Assessment and Prediction program, 115

Market forces, circumventing, 8

Masgnuson-Stevens Fishery Conservation and Management Act of 1976 (MSFCMA), 6, 19, 31, 78, 81, 94, 119

Maximum economic yield (MEY), defined, 17n

Maximum sustainable yield (MSY)

defined, 17n

redefining, 6-7

Melanogrammus aeglefinus, 26

Menhaden, 29

Mercury pollution, 58

Merlussius bilinearis, 42

Modeling, 109-110, 126.

See also Ecosystem modeling

Fishery models

Multispecies models

Numerical models

Trophic models

Monitoring, 9, 107-109, 124

ecosystem, 114-115

long-term, 125

Morone saxatilis, 26, 61

Mortality. See Fishing mortality

Multispecies models, 2, 10, 110-111

Multispecies virtual-population analysis (MSVPA), 111

Multi-use zones, 122

Mustelis canis, 44

Mysid, 60

N

National Fisherman magazine, 30

National Marine Fisheries Service (NMFS), 19, 35, 68, 78, 80-81

National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), 19, 108, 115

National Research Council (NRC), 2, 12, 44, 68, 83

Ocean Studies Board (OSB), 2, 12

National Science Foundation (NSF), 108

National Standards for Fishery Conservation and Management, 79

Native Americans. See Indigenous people's fisheries

Neomysis mercedis, 60

Net restrictions, 30

Nitrate pollution, 58

Nitrite pollution, 58

Nonfished ecosystem components, 118

North Atlantic Oscillation, 52, 110

North Sea herring, 16

North Sea plaice, 16

Northern Atlantic silver hake, 42

Northern cod, 33-35

Northern Cod Review Panel, 34

Northern rockfish, 27

Northern sea otters, 39

Northwest Indian Fisheries Commission, 31

Notothenia rossi, 11, 27, 47

Numerical models, 109, 119-120

Suggested Citation:"Index." National Research Council. 1999. Sustaining Marine Fisheries. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/6032.
×

O

Ocean quahogs, 101

Ocean Studies Board (OSB), 2, 12

Oceans

estimating capacity of, 24-26

harvesting, 17-18

resources not inexhaustible, 2, 6

Oncorhynchus tshawytscha, 57, 62, 69

Open ocean ecosystems, 119

Orange roughy, 11, 48

Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD), 74

Osmerus mordax, 57

Ostrea lurida, 60

Otters, 37-39

Overcapacity, 7-8

Overcapitalization, 118

Overexploitation

diagnosing the problem, 64-76

factors contributing to, 117-118

Overfishing

defined, 3n

examples of, 34

global, 3

halting, 5

"Malthusian," 41

Oyster-dredging, 49

Oysters, 60

P

Pacific cod, 29

Pacific Fisheries Management Council, 31

Pacific halibut, 16, 42

Pacific herring, 61-62, 98

Pacific Ocean perch, 27

Pacific salmon, 57

Pacific sand lance, 45

Paralichthys dentatus, 30-31, 41

Partnership agreements, 99

Patagonian toothfish, 47

Penaeus spp., 42

Petromyzon marinus, 57

Pfiesteria piscicida, 56

Philippines, ecosystem effects of fishing in, 40-41

Phosphorus pollution, 58

Planktivores, 37

Pleuronectes americanus, 31

P. ferrugineus, 43

P. platessa, 16

Political disagreements, 117

Pollachius virens, 27

Polyprion americanus, 101

Pomatomus saltatrix, 30-31, 41

Population size, overfishing as a function of, 3n

Potamocorbula amurensis, 59

Predictability, lack of, 118

Price increases, increasing fishing pressures, 13, 28

Processing, technological advances in, 124

Property rights, ill-defined, 71-73, 118, 121

Protected areas. See Marine protected areas

Protein from fishery products, 20

Q

Quotas. See Community Development Quota Program

Community-development quotas

Community-based quotas

R

Rainbow smelt, 57

Raja batis, 44, 70

R. laevis, 70

Ratchet effect, 74-75

Recommendations, 6-10, 118-126

Recreational fisheries, 3, 29-31

landings in United States, 3-4

Recruitment, 34

Red snapper, 31, 42, 90

Regulation of effort, 95-96

Research needed, 10, 125-126

Reserves. See Marine protected areas

Resource conservation

lack of commitment to, 117

National Standards for, 79

Resource investment, 72-73

Rights.

See also Property rights assignment of, 8, 10

Rights-based allocation systems, 74, 97-104

Rio Conference on Environment and Development, 92-93

Risk-averse approaches, 6

Risk-prone management, 117

Rougheye rockfish, 27

Suggested Citation:"Index." National Research Council. 1999. Sustaining Marine Fisheries. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/6032.
×

S

Sablefish, 31

Saithe, 27

Salmon populations, in the Pacific Northwest, 52-53

Salmo salar, 11

Saltwater Sportsman magazine, 30

Salvelinus namaycush, 57

San Francisco Bay, 58-62

herring fishery in, 98

invaders of, 59-60

Sardines, 54

Sardinops sagax sagax, 27

Scientific information, 105-112

how used, 67-68

inadequacy of, 64-68, 118

Scomber japonicus, 27

S. scombrus, 27

Scomberomorus cavalla, 80

S. maculatus, 56, 80

Scottish Fishermen's Federation. See Fishing mortality

Sea. See Ocean

Sea lamprey, 57

Sea otters, 37-39

Sea turtles, 68, 83

Sea urchins, 38-39

Seaweed. See Marine plants

Sebastes aleutianus, 27

S. alutus, 27

S. borealis, 27

S. polyspinus, 27

S. zacentrus, 27

Sediment, 59

Sewage, 59

Share-based allocation systems, 74

Sharks, excessive fishing mortality of, 27

Sharpchin rockfish, 27

Shellfish, 60

Ships. See Fishing fleets

Shortraker rockfish, 27

Shrimp, 42

Shrimp trawling, 43

Single-species management, 3

conservative, 6-7, 80-81, 119

Skates, 44

Skipjack tuna, 27

Small-scale fisheries, 3

Smuggling, 71

Socioeconomic incentives, 71-76, 95-96, 125

encouraging, 121

inappropriate, 117

regulation of effort, 95-96

Socioeconomic information, uncertainties concerning, 67, 126

South American pilchard, 27

Southern Ocean ecosystem, 47-48, 52

Space scale mismatches, 118

Spanish mackerel, 56, 80

Spawner biomass, 34

Species.

See also Exploited species

Single-species management

individual species

in decline, 11

endangered, 62

interactions among, 46

pelagic, 8, 53-55, 122

targeted, 8-9, 82

"underutilized," 18

Species interactions, 3, 6

Species-specific life histories, 119-120

Spiny dogfish, 44

Spisulas solidissima, 101

Spotted seatrout, 31, 41

Squid, 45

Stakeholder involvement, 94-95

Statistics, inadequacy of, 66, 118

Stizostedion vitreum, 57

Stock assessments, 7, 18, 64-66

flawed, 34

Strategic concerns, versus short-term variations, 120

Striped bass, 26, 56, 61

Subsidies, 8, 76

Subsistence fisheries, 3, 17, 32, 72

Summer flounder, 30-31, 41

Surf clams, 101

Sustainability, 1-3, 14-15

applied to humans, 15

defined, 14

improving, 118

options for achieving, 17, 77-116

Sustainable Fisheries Act of 1996, 6, 31-32, 70, 78, 119

T

Task Force on Atlantic Fisheries, 70

Technological advances, 28, 67, 89, 124

Tenure uncertainty, 103

Terminology of fishing, 17-19, 26n

Theragra chalcogramma, 11, 29, 42

Thompson, W.F., 16

Suggested Citation:"Index." National Research Council. 1999. Sustaining Marine Fisheries. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/6032.
×

Thunnus albacares, 11

T. thynnus, 11

Time preference of money, 72

Time scales, 52

mismatches in, 118

Total allowable catch (TAC), 32-33, 74, 102

Toxic compounds, 57-59

Trachurus murphyi, 27

Trichiurus lepturus, 27

Trophic cascades, 37-38

Trophic models, 10

Turtle-excluder devices, 43

U

Uncertainty

dealing with, 7, 103, 110, 120-121

explicit incorporation into management decisions, 121

United Nations, 19

Agreement for Straddling Fish Stocks and Highly Migratory Species, 116

Conference on Straddling Fish Stocks and Highly Migratory Fish Stocks, 92, 121

United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS), 92

U.S. Bureau of Commercial Fisheries, 61

U.S.-Canadian International Commission for Northwest Atlantic Fisheries, 17

U.S. Department of Commerce, 19

U.S. exclusive economic zone (EEZ), 29, 78

U.S. Fish Commission, 16

U.S. marine fisheries, 28-33

status of, 32-33

Upwelling systems, 53-54

V

Variations, 52-55, 66

dealing with, 120-121

Virtual communities, 8, 10, 99-101, 118, 125-126

W

Walleye pollock, 11, 29, 42, 57

Water flea, 58

Western Pacific Regional Fishery Management Area, 32

Whales. See Baleen whales

White sturgeon, 61

Winter flounder, 31

Wreckfish, 101

Y

Yellowfin tuna, 11, 43

Yellowtail flounder, 43

Yields. See Marine fish yields

Z

Zebra mussel, 58

Suggested Citation:"Index." National Research Council. 1999. Sustaining Marine Fisheries. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/6032.
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Suggested Citation:"Index." National Research Council. 1999. Sustaining Marine Fisheries. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/6032.
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Suggested Citation:"Index." National Research Council. 1999. Sustaining Marine Fisheries. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/6032.
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Sustaining Marine Fisheries Get This Book
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Fluctuations and declines in marine fish populations have caused growing concern among marine scientists, fisheries managers, commercial and recreational fishers, and the public.

Sustaining Marine Fisheries explores the nature of marine ecosystems and the complex interacting factors that shape their productivity. The book documents the condition of marine fisheries today, highlighting species and geographic areas that are under particular stress. Challenges to achieving sustainability are discussed, and shortcomings of existing fisheries management and regulation are examined. The volume calls for fisheries management to adopt a broader ecosystem perspective that encompasses all relevant environmental and human influences.

Sustaining Marine Fisheries offers new approaches to building workable fisheries management institutions, improving scientific data, and developing management tools. The book recommends ways to change current practices that encourage overexploitation of fish resources. It will be of special interest to marine policymakers and ecologists, fisheries regulators and managers, fisheries scientists and marine ecologists, fishers, and concerned individuals.

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