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Index
A
Aflatoxin, 31
African Americans, 12, 13, 15, 20-21, 27, 29
Age factors, 12, 35, 41
see also Children
Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry, 3, 16, 35
Agricultural areas, 5, 13, 34
Air pollutants, 19, 54, 56, 95
allergies and allergens, 28
asbestos, 19, 27, 31
asthma and, 19, 20-21, 27, 28, 29, 33, 57, 83, 86, 95
EPA data, 25
EPA standards, 19
lung diseases, 19, 29, 33
ozone, 19, 86
particulate matter, 19, 20, 29
residential (indoor) exposures, 17, 19, 21, 28, 29, 80
Alaskan Natives, 13-14, 17, 37, 39
Alcohol use and abuse, 18
Allergies and allergens, 28
see also Asthma
Allied health sciences, see Nursing and allied health sciences
American Anthropological Association, 35, 36
American Chemical Society, 54
American Indians, 12, 13, 16, 39, 117
Alaskan Natives, 13-14, 17, 37, 39
Animal studies, 31
Area data, see Small-area analysis
Aromatic amines, 31
Asbestos, 19, 27, 31
Asians/Pacific Islanders, 12, 13, 14
Asthma, 19, 20-21, 27, 28, 29, 33, 57, 83, 86, 95
B
Baselines, 11-21, 41
Behavioral factors, vii, 12, 17, 18, 80
alcohol use and abuse, 18
nutrition and diet, 6, 12, 21, 27, 37, 39, 64;
see also Food contamination
smoking, 13, 27, 89
Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System, 80
Biological markers, viii, 4, 27, 29-33, 35, 42
defined, 29-30, 32
Biostatistics, viii, 33
Birth weight, 13
C
Cancer and carcinogens, 12, 13-14, 29, 56, 80-81, 83, 95
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biomarkers, 31, 33
children, 29, 80-81
Case studies, 4, 20-21, 29, 38, 39, 56
Cell occupancy approach, 89
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, ix, 3, 35, 80
Chemical Manufacturers Association, 53
Children
birth weight, 13
cancer, 29, 80-81
education of, 53-57
hazardous waste site proximity, 18
infant mortality, 13, 29
lead poisoning, 17
Civil Rights Act, 119
Clean Air Act, 120
Clinton, William, 1, 111-120
Commission for Racial Justice, see United Church of Christ
Communities of concern, 9
baseline data, 11
characteristics of, 6
committee approach, 4
economic development vs health protection, 8, 9, 68, 113, 115
educational efforts, 7-8, 52-57, 59
defined, 2
multiple exposure, 28, 29
participatory research, 1, 5, 7, 23, 26, 34, 36-40, 41, 42, 43, 50, 52, 55-57, 65, 68
political disenfranchisement, 2, 6, 9, 36, 45, 64
sources of environmental health hazards, 14
stakeholder collaboration, 5, 7, 42, 43, 65, 68;
see also ''participatory research" supra
susceptibility, 26-27
Community Outreach and Education Program (COEP), 52, 53-54, 56-57
Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation and Liability Act, 18
Cost and cost-benefit factors, 65, 95-96, 117
committee approach, 4
Cultural factors, 12, 117
researchers vs subjects, 6, 37, 39, 40, 68
subsistence consumption of food, 17, 37, 39, 59, 115
D
Databases, 24-26, 28, 41
Death rates, 5, 12, 13, 56
asthma, 21
Deep South Center for Environmental Justice, 54
Department of Energy, ix, 4, 112
Department of Health and Human Services, 112
databases, 25
Departments of federal government, other, 112
see also Federal government
Diet, see Nutrition and diet
Dimethylformamide, 18
Disease cluster analysis, 34-35, 56, 81-82, 84-94
Disease prevention, general, 4, 9, 23, 51
Diseases and disorders, general, 29, 62
biomarkers, 29-30, 32, 42
birth weight, 13
death rates, 5, 12, 13, 21, 56
infant mortality, 13, 29
lead poisoning, 17, 19, 27, 29, 37
susceptibility, 2, 7, 26-27, 30, 31-32, 33, 42, 62-63, 64-65, 80;
see also Behavioral factors;
Genetic factors
see also Cancer and carcinogens;
Etiology;
Occupational exposures and injuries;
specific diseases and disorders
DNA adducts, 30, 32
E
Ecologic studies, 18
Economic factors, 16
cost and cost-benefit factors, 4, 65, 95-96, 117
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employment and unemployment, 3, 16, 41, 64
health protection vs development, 8, 9, 68, 113, 115
see also Poverty;
Socioeconomic status
Ederer-Myers-Mantel, 91
Education, 3, 45-59
children, 53-57
professional, viii, 4, 7-8, 9, 46-52, 57-58
public, viii, 7-8, 9, 42, 43, 46, 52-58, 59, 68, 116;
see also Participatory research;
Stakeholders
Educational attainment, 1, 3, 12, 13, 41
Emergency Planning and Community Right-to-Know Act, 115, 120
Employment and unemployment, 3, 16, 41, 64
recruitment of health specialists, 51-52, 58, 59
see also Occupational exposures and injuries
Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences Center, 54
Environmental and occupational medicine
air quality standards, 19
data and site visits, 5
defined, 2
see also Occupational exposures and injuries
Environmental justice, defined, 1
Environmental Protection Agency, ix, 3, 4, 24, 29, 65, 119-120
databases, 25-26
environmental justice defined, 1
Executive Order 12898, 3, 111, 112
Epidemiology, general, viii, 11-21, 34-37
barriers to, 79-97
biostatistics, viii, 33
conventional, 6
death rates, 5, 12, 13, 21, 56
disease cluster analysis, 34-35, 56, 81-82, 84-94
health professionals, education, 49
life expectancy, 11-12, 21
methodologies, 23-43, 56, 79, 81-97
preepidemiologic methods, 34-35, 56, 79, 81-97
sampling, 33, 34, 62, 79, 80-81, 85
small-area analysis, 81, 82, 92-93
see also Biological markers
Ethical issues, 4, 51
Ethylene oxide, 31
Etiology, 7, 27, 28, 43, 93
asthma, 21, 28, 29
biomarkers, 29-30, 31, 32, 33
health professionals, education, 46-49
Executive Order 12250, 116
Executive Order 12856, 115
Executive Order 12875, 116
Executive Order 12898, 3, 111-120
Exposure, viii, 7, 41, 64-65, 80, 95-96
biomarkers, 30-31, 32-33, 42
databases, 24-26, 28-29, 41
disparities in, 11, 14-17
food contamination, 17, 37, 39, 59, 115
health status, links to, 18-21
multiple hazards, 18, 21, 27, 28, 62, 64, 80
public education, 53
research methodologies, 24-26, 28-31, 32-33, 41, 42, 80
see also Behavioral factors;
Biological markers;
Occupational exposures and injuries
F
Federal government, ix, 3, 6-7
databases, 24-26, 28, 41
Executive Order 12250, 116
Executive Order 12856, 115
Executive Order 12875, 116
Executive Order 12898, 3, 111-120
interagency strategies, 4, 111-112, 115, 116
state/local coordination with, ix, 6, 41
see also Funding;
Legislation;
Regulatory issues;
specific departments and agencies
Food contamination, 17, 37, 39, 59, 115
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Freedom of Information Act, 129
Funding
health professionals, education, 47, 49, 58
research, viii, 40-41, 49-50, 62
G
Gender factors, 41
General Accounting Office, 3
Genetic factors, 21, 27, 35, 36, 42
biomarkers, 30-31, 32
DNA adducts, 30, 32
Geographic barriers, neighborhoods, 6
Geographic information systems, 35
Government role, see Federal government;
Local government;
State government
H
Health policy, see Public health approach
Health professionals
education of, viii, 4, 7-8, 9, 46-52, 57-58
links to, 41
nursing and allied health sciences, 50-51
physicians, 1, 47, 48, 49, 50, 58
recruitment of specialists, 51-52, 58, 59
Health status, general, 24
access to health care, 2, 6, 9, 12, 21, 49, 58
defined, 2
disparities in, general, 11-14
exposure, disparities in, 11, 14-17
exposure, links to, 18-21, 27
sentinel health conditions, 47-48
see also Diseases and disorders, general;
Genetic factors;
Public health approach
Health Surveillance and Communities of Color, 35
Hispanics, 12, 13, 15-16, 20
I
Income, see Poverty;
Socioeconomic status
Infant mortality, 13, 29
see also Birth weight
Interactions of Drugs, Biologics, and Chemicals in U.S. Military Forces, 28
Interagency Environmental Health Information Program, 25
Inventory of Exposure-Related Data Systems Sponsored by Federal Agencies, 24
L
Landfills, see Treatment, storage, and disposal facilities
Lead poisoning, 17, 19, 27, 29, 37
Legislation, general
environmental justice defined, 1
professional education on, 51
Legislation, specific
Civil Rights Act, 119
Clean Air Act, 120
Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation and Liability Act, 18
Emergency Planning and Community Right-to-Know Act, 115, 120
Freedom of Information Act, 129
National Environmental Policy Act, 119-120
Privacy Act, 114
Resource Conservation and Recovery Act, 18
Sunshine Act, 120
Life expectancy, 11-12, 21
Liver disease, 18
see also Lead poisoning
Living Is for Everyone, 56
Local government
committee approach, 5
federal coordination, ix, 6, 41
public education, 55
public health education, professional, 50, 58
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Low income, see Poverty
Lung diseases, 19, 29, 33
M
Managed care, 49, 58
Medicaid, 49
Medical science, see Environmental and occupational medicine;
Health professionals;
Health status, general
Medicare, 49
Methodology, see Research methodologies
Minority groups, 1, 2, 3, 6, 27, 30, 62
African Americans, 12, 13, 15, 20-21, 27, 29
Alaskan Natives, 13-14, 17, 37, 39
American Indians, 12, 13, 16, 39, 117
Asians/Pacific Islanders, 12, 13, 14
asthma, 20-21
classification of, 35-36, 41
committee approach, 4, 5
educational efforts, 46, 51-52, 56-57, 68
epidemiological studies, general, 28, 34-36, 79
Executive Order 12898, 3, 111-120 (passim)
exposure and susceptibility factors, 7, 14-17, 20-21, 26-27, 29, 31, 34-36, 62
health professionals, minority group recruitment, 51-52, 59
health professionals serving, education of, 46, 56-57
health status, general, 11, 12-14, 27, 29, 62
Hispanics, 12, 13, 15-16, 20
occupational exposures, 34
participatory research, 39, 41
sampling, 80-81;
see also "classification of" supra
Model Plan for Public Participation, 65
N
National Cancer Institute, 26
National Environmental Justice Advisory Council, 65, 68
National Environmental Policy Act, 119-120
National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 26
National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, ix, 3-4, 26
Community Outreach and Education Program, 52, 53-54, 56-57
National Institutes of Health, 3
National Library of Medicine, 26
National Minority Health Conference:
Focus on Environmental Contamination , 3
Native Americans, see American Indians
Nitrosamines, 31
Nursing and allied health sciences, 50-51
Nutrition and diet, 6, 12, 21, 27, 37, 39, 64
food contamination, 17, 37, 39, 59, 115
subsistence consumption of food, 17, 37, 39, 59, 115
O
Occupational exposures and injuries, 2, 18, 27, 62, 64
asbestos, biomarkers, 31
committee approach, 4
data on, 5, 20
health professionals, education, 46-49
monitoring systems, 17
multiple exposures, 28, 62
socioeconomic factors, 34
Office of Management and Budget, 36
Ohio Outreach Strategy for Equity in Environmental Issues, 52-53
Ozone, 19, 86
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P
Participatory research, 1, 5, 7, 23, 26, 34, 36-40, 41, 42, 43, 50 , 52, 55-57, 65
cultural factors, researchers vs subjects, 6, 37, 39, 40, 68
defined, 37
Particulate matter, 19, 20, 29
Physicians, 1, 47, 48, 49, 50, 58
Political factors, 8, 63-64, 68
disenfranchisement, 2, 6, 9, 36, 45, 64
poverty, attitudes toward, 63-64
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, 31
Poverty, 1, 3, 21, 36, 68
as risk factor, viii, 2, 6, 7, 12
asthma, 20
committee approach, 4, 5
epidemiological studies, general, 28, 34-35, 38, 69
Executive Order 12898, 3, 111-120 (passim)
exposure and susceptibility factors, 7, 15, 16
health professionals serving, education of, 46
health status, general, 11-12
sampling, 80-81
sociopolitical attitudes toward, 63-64
Privacy Act, 114
Professional education, viii, 4, 7-8, 9, 46-52, 57-58
funding, 47, 49, 58
Professional organizations
American Anthropological Association, 35, 36
American Chemical Society, 54
Chemical Manufacturers Association, 53
Professionals, see Health professionals;
Public health approach
Public education, viii, 7-8, 9, 42, 43, 46, 52-58, 59, 68, 116
see also Participatory research;
Stakeholders
Public health approach, 6-9, 23, 61-68
education of professionals, 8, 49-50
funding, 49-50
see also Epidemiology, general
R
Race/ethnicity, see Minority groups
Radiation hazards, 16, 39
Regulatory issues, vii-viii
environmental justice defined, 1
interagency strategies, 4, 111-112, 115, 116
professional education on, 51
see also Legislation;
Standards;
terms beginning "Executive Order"
Research methodologies, viii, 23-43
biostatistics, viii, 33
case studies, 4, 20-21, 29, 38, 39, 56
databases, 24-26, 28, 41
ecologic studies, 18
exposure, 14-17
public policy, general, 68
report at hand, approach, 3-5
researchers vs subjects, cultural factors, 6, 37, 39, 40, 68
sampling, 33, 34, 62, 79, 80-81, 85
uncertainties, general, 62, 63
see also Biological markers;
Epidemiology, general;
Etiology;
Participatory research;
Surveillance systems, general
Research recommendations, viii-ix, 3, 4, 6-9, 33-42, 94-97
biomarkers, 32-32
Executive Order 12898, 113, 114-115
funding, viii, 40-41, 49-50, 62
public health education, 49-50
Residential (indoor) exposures, 17, 19, 21, 28, 29, 80
Resource Conservation and Recovery Act, 18
Responsible Care:
A Public Commitment, 53
Rural areas, see Agricultural areas
S
Sampling, 33, 34, 62, 79, 80-81, 85
Sentinel health conditions, 47-48
Small-area analysis, 81, 82, 92-93
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Smoking, 13, 27, 89
Social factors, general, 113
contamination stigma, 8
research context, viii
risk factors, viii, 6
see also Behavioral factors;
Cultural factors
Socioeconomic status, 41
committee approach, 4, 5
communities of concern, 6
educational attainment, 1, 3, 12, 13, 41
environmental justice defined, 1
epidemiologic studies, general, 34-35
health status, general, 11-12, 20, 27
see also Minority groups;
Poverty
Stakeholders, 5, 7, 42, 43, 65, 68
see also Participatory research
Standards
air quality, EPA, 19
databases, 25, 26, 42
participatory research, 40
State government
cancer studies, 80
committee approach, 5
federal coordination, ix, 6, 41
public health education, 50, 58
Subsistence consumption of food, 17, 37, 39, 59, 115
Sunshine Act, 120
Superfund, see Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation and Liability Act
Surveillance systems, general, 4, 41
radiation hazards, 16
see also Epidemiology, general
Susceptibility, 2, 7, 26-27, 30, 31-32, 33, 42, 62-63, 64-65, 80
Symposium on Health Research and Needs to Ensure Environmental Justice , 3
T
Tobacco, see Smoking
Toxic Chemical Release Inventory, 25-26
Toxic materials, general, 14, 17
pathways of migration, 16-17
siting of facilities, 5
see also Exposure;
Treatment, storage, and disposal facilities;
specific chemicals
Toxicology and Environmental Health Information Program, 26
ToxRAP, 54
Treatment, storage, and disposal facilities, 5, 14-16, 18, 29, 81
EPA data, 25
Trichloroethylene, 38
U
United Church of Christ, 14, 16
Urban areas, 5, 13, 18, 20-21, 29, 34, 52, 56-57
W
Waste, see Toxic materials, general;
Treatment, storage, and disposal facilities
Water pollutants, 29, 38, 83
EPA data, 25
World Health Organization, 2, 17
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