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OCR for page 157
APPENDIX G
FIGURES AND TABLES
FIGURE 1 Selected Forecasts of Oceanborne Trade
FIGURE 2a Relationship of Tanker and Bulk Carrier Vessel
LEanSpO~ t posts per Ton of Cargo
Relationship of Container-Carrying Capacity to
Cost/Container 160
Worldwide Trend Toward Larger Vessels 161
A Production Meter System With a Nucleonic Density
Gauge and a Crossed-Pointer Display 162
The Leverman and a Production Meter System as Parts
of a Closed-Loop Control System
FIGURE 6 Crossed Pointer DisPlaY ~.
FIGURE 7
FIGURE 2b
FIGURE 3
FIGURE 4
FIGURE 5
159
160
Dredging Program of the U.S. Army Corps
town,
FIGURE 8
FIGURE 9
Engineers
Characterization of Materials Dredged by
afar ran ~ f Urn; ~ ^~ ~ e!
An Example of a Precision Dumping Operation
Central Long Island Sound Disposal Site
(1983)
FIGURE 10 Suspended Material Concentrations in the Wake of a
Mechanical Dredging Operation.......................
Relationship Between the Concentration of Suspended
~ _ ~_ J _ ~ ~. ~
FIGURE 11
163
164
...... 165
Army
166
167
168
o''as' m From the Cutter and the Relative Production
of a 61 cm (24 in.) Cutterhead Dredgee ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ 169
FIGURE 12 Relationship Between Concentration of Suspended Solids
in the Near-Surface Overflow Plume and the Distance
(in my Downstream of the Overflow Ports170
FIGURE 13 Relationship Between Suspended Solids Concentration
Along the Plume Centerline and Distance Downcurrent
From Several Open-Water Pipeline Disposal Operations.... 171
FIGURE 14 Mid-Depth (0.9 m) Turbiditv Plume Generated by a 71 cm
FIGURE 15
TABLE 1
TABLE 2
(28 in.) Pipeline Disposal Operation in the Atchafalaya
Bay. Current Flow is Generally Toward the Northeast.... 172
Characteristics of the Descending Mass of Sediment
Discharge From a Surface Barge ~173
Number of Vessels in Foreign Trade Calling on Ports
of the United States, 1980, by Type and Design Draft 174
Proposed Deep-Draft Port Dredging Projects 175
157
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158
TABLE 3 Draft Of Vessels Sailing To Or From Selected U.S. Ports
1981 ~179
TABLE 4 Port Calls of Bulk Carriers and Tankers at Four Ports
in 1980, by Actual and Design Drafts 181
TABLE 5 Approximate Cargo Tons/Foot of Draft for Selected
TABLE 6 Port Calls by General Cargo Vessels by Draft, 1980
TABLE 7
TABLE 7b
TABLE 8
TABLE 8b
TABLE 9
TABLE 9b
TABLE 10
TABLE 11
TABLE 12
TABLE 13
TABLE 14
TABLE 15
181
Foreign
Dry Bulk Carriers In the worry fleet, tuba.
Dry Bulk and Combination Carriers on Order, 1984.
Crude Oil Tankers in the World Fleet, 1984,
hv DWT and Draft
182
183
184
185
187
.
Tankers on Order, 1984,
Containerships and Roll-On/Roll-Off Vessels
World Fleet, 1984, by Draft and Length Over-All 188
ContainershiPs and Roll-On/Roll-Off Vessels on Order 189
190
by DWT and Draft..............
in the
,
Freight Rates for Bulk Carriers
World Ports Capable of Handling 150,000 DWT (+)
Vessels
Port Improvement Activities Worldwide (Responses
Query of Committee on National Dredging Issues) 192
Estimated Costs and Trade by Selected Ports, 1990 194
Planning, Approval, Authorization, and Funding Process
191
tor Major Navigation Pro j eats .
Average schedule for navigation Projects,
,` ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ _ it: _ ~ ~ ~ ~
.
_--_ _ Army
TABLE 16 Year of Authorization of Main Channels
TABLE 17
TABLE 18
TABLE 19
TABLE 20
TABLE 21
. 195
197
Selected
.
Proposals for Dredging to Depths Between 40' and
Cost of Maintenance Dredging............................
Federally Funded Maintenance Dredging Projects..........
Concentrations of Selected Constituents in Dredged
Sediments and Average Global Crustal Materials..........
Summary of Biological Effects of Contaminants in Marine
198
206
209
210
211
212
OCR for page 159
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-to
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O 50
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o
160
1
~ --I
.......
.......
_ .. ... _
_
1 50,000 nm voyage
2 25,000 n m voyage
Bu I k carrier
oily
, -
,L I ....
. ~
_ _ _
Tanker
2
2
. 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
10 15 50 100 150
DEADWEIGHT IN 1,000 TONS
200 300
FIGURE 2a Relationship of Tanker and Bulk Carrier Vessel Size to
Transport Costs per Ton of Cargo
SOURCE: Schonknecht et al., 1983
25
LL
~20
oh
it
he _
8 o
LL
o
x
'I.
1 5
10
5
-
-
-
-
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000
VESSEL CAPACITY (TEU)
FIGURE 2b Relationship of Container-Carrying Capacity to
Cost/Container
SOURCE: C. R. Cushing, 1984.
OCR for page 161
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162
MAGN ETIC
FLOWN ETER
I t
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DATA ~-
PROCESSOR
1
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RECORDER
L Lo
DENSITY
GAUG E
,W,
DISPLAY
FIGURE 4 A Production Meter System With a Nucleonic Density Gauge and
a Crossed-Pointer Display
OCR for page 163
163
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FIGURE 6 Crossed Pointer Display
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OCR for page 212
Representative terms from entire chapter:
plume generated
166
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41 09.6
41 09.2
72 52.0 72 51.8
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SCALE (m)
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FIGURE 9 An Example of a Precision Dumping Operation at the Central
Long Island Sound Disposal Site (1983)
41 09.
41 09.
41 09.
202
TABLE 16 (continued)
Port and
State Project
Date Channel Size and Type
New York/ New York (Port includes 16 projects deeper than 14
New Jersey
NY Entrance & Aug. 26, 1937 45'x 2000' entrance (Ambrose
Anchorages channel)
45'x 2000' anchorages (Upper Bay)
Aug. 30, 1935 35'x 800' entrance (Sandy Hook)
July 5, 1884 30'x 1000' Sandy Hook/Ambrose
Channel connection
Hudson R., NY Aug. 26, 1937 45'x 2000' w/ 48'x 2000' at upper
& NJ end, 40'x 30' side channels
(Weehawken, etc.)
NY & NJ Channel May 28, 1935 35'x 600/500' Sandy Hook Bay &
Arthur Kill 35'x 800/1000' in
Kill van Kull (37' in rock)
Oct. 27, 1965 Kill van Kill widened
East River Sept. 22, 40'x 1000', 35'x 550' upper,
1922 35'x 1000' at Long Island
Sound
Buttermilk Jan. 13, 1902 35'x 500' Adjacent Brooklyn
Channel May 1935 40'x 500' channels Waterfront &
Bay Ridge & Red March 3, 1899 40'x 1200' & East R./
Hook channel July 3, 1930 40'x 1750'Upper Bay
Connections
Newton Creek July 3, 1930 23'x 130'East R./Brooklyn
Wallabout Chan March 3, 1899 20'x 230/350' side channels
Gowanus Creek July 16, 1952 30'x 500/200'
Newark Bay Mar. 22, 1945 35'x 700' bay (500' above Port
Newark) 37' at turn connecting
w/Kill van Full (access to sea
via NY & NJ channel project)
Hackensack R. Sept. 3, 1954 32'x 400/300' (34' in rock)
Passaic R. July 3, 1930 30'x 300' lower river
North Morehead City Dec. 31, 1970 42'x 450' entrance, 40x 400/600
Carolina bay
Wilmington May 17, 1950 40'x 500' bar & entrance
38'x 400' river
Oregon Yaquina Bay July 3, 1950 40'x 400' entrance, 30'x 300' bay
and Harbor
Coos Bay Dec. 30, 1970 45'x 700' entrance, tapers to
35'x 300
35'x 300 bay (w/bend widenings)
Portland
(Columbia R. Sept. 3, 1954 48'x 1/2 mile bar channel
Mouth)
(Columbia R. & Oct. 23, 1962 40'x 600' river
Lower
Willamette)
Astoria (same as Portland, plus 40'x 800' basin)
203
TABLE 16 (continued)
Port and
State Project
Date Channel Size and Type
vanla
Puerto
Rico
South
Carolina
Texas
Pennsyl- Penn Manor
(Del. R. Phila- Sept. 3, 1954
delphia /Trenton)
Delaware R. June 20, 1938
Philadelphia
to Sea
(Schuylkill R.) July 24, 1946
Aug. 8, 1917
Chester &
Marcus Hook
(Delaware R.
Philadelphia
at sea)
Mayaguez
Ponce
San Juan
Charleston
(Shipyard R.)
(Ashley R.)
Brownsville
(Brazos Is)
Matagorda
Freeport
(July 18,
(Oct. 22,
1976)
March 2, 1945
Aug. 26, 1937
May 17, 1950
July 3, 1958
May 17, 1950
40'x400' river Philadelphia to
Fairless Works (35x 300, 12x 200
above Penn Manor)
40'x 1000' entrance, 40'x 800' to
Philadelphia 40'x 400/500 west
side + 37'x 500/600' east side
(adjacent channels at
Philadelphia-Camden
33'x 400', 33'x 300', lower river
26'x 200, 22'x 200', upper river
June 28, 1938
Aug. 30, 1935
Sept. 23,
1976
Oct. 1, 1976
Aug. 4, 1976
Direct access to/from 40'x 800'
channel to Philadelphia (40'x
1000' bay entrance)
30'x 1000/500' entrance
36'x 600' entrance,
36'x 400' inner
48'x 800' bar, 46/40'x 800' bay,
40'x 400', 450' inner channels
Oct. 17, 1940 35'x 1000' entrance, 35'x 600/400'
Cooper River
[40' conditionally authorized, not
built]
[Phase I design for 42' entrance,
40' river]
30'x 300/200'
30'x 300'
38'/36'x 300' bar & entrance, 36'x
200' bay and land cut, 36 x 300/
500 upper
38'x 300' bar & entrance,
36'x 200' bay
38'x 300' bar, 36'x 200' entrance
36'x 200/400' inside, 30 x 200
side channel
(Dec. 31,1970) [47'x 400' bar, 45'x 400' entrance
45'x 400/375 inside, 30 x 200,
36 x 200 sides (1970 project not
built)]
Galveston Harbor and Channel (channel is Gulf entrance for
Galveston, Houston, Texas City)
July 3, 1958 42'x 800' outer bar, 40'x 800'
inner bar and bay entrance
June 23, 1971 40'x 1125' harbor channel
204
TABLE 16 (continued)
.
Port and
State Project Date
Houston July 3, 1958
Texas City July 14, 1960
Corpus Christi Aug. 13, 1968
Sabine Pass Oct. 23, 1962
Port Arthur
Beaumont
Orange Sept. 3, 1954
(Sabine
Neches Waterway)
Virginia Norfolk (Thimble Shoal's channel is entrance for Norfolk, Newport
News and other ports) Norfolk project bay channel also used by
Newport News and other ports)
(Thimble Oct. 27, 1965 45'x 1000' bay channel with
Shoals) 32 x 450 adjacent channels (both
sides) part way
45'x 1500' bay, 45'x 800' to
Lamberts Point
40'x 750/450' above Lamberts point
and up Elizabeth R., lower
South Branch
35'x 250' Elizabeth R., upper
South Branch
25'x 500/200 Elizabeth R., East
Branch
Channel Size and Type
40'x 400' bay and lower 1/2
land cut
40'x300' upper land cut to
Sims Bayou
June 30, 1948 36'x 300' above Sims Bayou
(Manchester)
40'x 400' bay
47'x 700' outer bar, 45'x 600'
jetty entrance, 45'x 600/500/
400' bay
45'x 300/400' to La Quinta
(Reynolds)
45'x 300/400' harbor & basins
42'x 800' bar, 40'x 800/500'
entrance
40'x 500' pass & land cut (Port
Arthur)
40'x 400' Neches R. (Beaumont)
30'x 200' Sabine R. (Orange)
(Norfolk) Oct. 27, 1965
Oct. 22, 1976
March 2, 1907+
Newport News
(Channnel to Oct. 27, 1965
Newport News)
Washington Grays Harbor
Chehalis R.
Kalama & Longview
(Col. R. Mouth)
(Col. R. &
Lower
Willamette)
March 2, 1945
Sept. 3, 1954
Sept. 3, 1954
Oct. 23, 1962
45'x800'
30'x600' bar, 30'x350' bay
30'x200' river
48'xl/2 mile bar channel
40'x600' Columbia R.
205
TABLE 16 (continued)
Project
Date
Channel Size and Type
Vancouver (on Columbia but with three different depths)
(Col. R. Mouth) 48'xl/2 mile bar channel
Col. & Lwr 40'x600' to mile 1055, 35'x500'
Willamette) above
(Col. R. Auk. 26, 1937 27'
Vancouver to
the Dalles)
Everett
(Everett Hbr &
Snohomish R.)
Bellingham
Seattle
Port Angeles
(Ediz Hook)
Tacoma
Sept. 3, 1954
Aug. 26, 1937
July 3, 1930
July 3,
July 3,
March 2,
1930
1958
1919
March 3, 1925
March 7, 1974
June 13, 1902
30'x700/900' to bay waterfront
26'x200' Squalicum Waterway
30'x363.2' Whatcom Waterway
34'x750' West Waterway
34'x7 5 0/400 East Waterway
(local overdredging to 40')
30 'x200 ' lower, 20x150, 15x150
upper Duwamish R.
Breakwater project W/12 '-15'
small boat basin. 30' shoal
removal Reauthorized
29 'x500', 22'x500 ', 19'x500/250 '
City WW Reauthorization
proposed)
35'x300' N1/2, 30'x350' S1/2 lower
WW 35'x600/300 upper Blair WW
Aug. 26, 1927 & 30'x200' w/widenings, Hylebos
July 3, 1930 waterway
Note: Authorization dates shown are the earliest dates with the specified
channelts) at present depth and width. Subsequent authorizations for
extensions, bend widenings and other minor modifications not shown.
Dimensions for channels with tapering width or depth shown with a
slash. Dual-depth channels have separate dimensions shown for each side
(i.e., Boston, Philadelphia). A series of dimensions is shown for
channels that taper in steps.
SOURCE: U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Office of Civil Works.
206
TABLE 17 Proposals for Dredging to Depths Between 40' and 46'
Port
Fall River,
Mass.
New London,
Conn.
New Haven,
Conn.
Bridgeport,
Conn.
Newark, N.Y.
(Kill van Kull)
Existing Proposed Cost
Depth Depth (106)
35
33
35
35
35
Howland Hook 35
(Arthur Kill) N.Y.
Gowanus Creek 30
Channel, N.Y.
Port Jefferson, N.Y. 16
Elizabeth R., 30/35
Norfolk, Va.
Elizabeth R., 35/40
Norfolk, Va.
Charleston,
S .C.
Savannah, Ga.
Jacksonville,
Fla.
Ft. Pierce,
Fla.
San Juan,
P.R.
Tampa, Fla.
25
36
40
40
~0
40
40
40
$ 66
unav
$ 23
unav
$229
$ 15
$ 26
40 $ 3
40
40/45
40/45
35 42
38
38
40
44
40
40
34
32
36 45
43
Charlotte
Harbor, Fla.
Preeport,
Tex.
Corpus Christi, 40 45
Tex.
40
Status
Approved; deferred
Recommended by federal
study; being reviewed for
approval
11
Being studied
Recommended by federal
study; being reviewed for
approval
Being studied
Recommended by federal
study; being reviewed for
approval
unav. Approved; deferred
$ 5 Approved; under way
$ 73
Recommended by federal
study; being reviewed
with other Norfolk
deepening proposal (cost
included in over-all
proposal)
Being studied
$ 30
$ 80
$160 Being studied
$ 51
$ 65
$178
unav
$ 90
$ 90
11
Recommended by federal
study; being reviewed for
approval
Approved; nearing
completion
Being Studied
Approved
Approved; under way
207
TABLE 17 (continued)
Existing Proposed Cost
Port Depth Depth (106) Status
Brownsville, 36 42 $ 23 Recommended by federal
Tex. study; being reviewed
(port has explored
private financing)
Grays Harbor, 30 46 $ 71 Recommended by federal
Wash. study; being reviewed
Everett 30 40 unav. Being studied
Blair Waterway 35 45 $ 30 Recommended by federal
Tacoma, Wash. study; being reviewed
Sitcum Waterway 35 40 $ 32 "
Tacoma, Wash.
San Pablo Bay, 35 45 $166 Approved; under way
Calif.
Oakland, 35 42 $ 38/ Outer harbor ($38
Calif. $ ? million) recommended;
inner harbor deepening
being studied
Richmond 35 41 $ 51 Recommended by federal
Calif. study; being reviewed for
approval
Honolulu, 35 40 unav. Approved; underway
Hawaii
Hilo, Hawaii 35 40 $ 4 Being studied
Apra Harbor, 35 40 $ 4
Guam
Baltimore, 42 50 $420 Approved; no appropria
Md. tion
Norfolk/ 45 55 $480 Recommended by federal
Newport News, study; being reviewed for
Va. approval
York R., 22 50 $500 Being studied
Va.
Mobile, Ala. 40 55 $407 Recommended by federal
study; being reviewed
for approval
Pascagoula, 38 55 unav. Being studied
Miss.
New Orleans/ 40 55 $525 Recommended by federal
Baton Rouge, study; being reviewed for
La. approval
Sabine-Neches 40 50 3344 Being studied
Waterway,
Beaumont, Port
Arthur, Orange,
Sabine Pass
Harbor, Tex.
\
208
TABLE 17 (continued)
Existing Proposed Cost
Port Depth Depth (106) Status
Galveston, 40 55 $139 Being studied; port has
Tex. sought private funding-
now completing new envi
ronmental impact state
ment required by court
decision
Texas City, 40 50 $167 Recommended by federal
Tex. study; being reviewed for
approval
Houston, Tex. 40 50 $270 Being studied
Freeport, 36 50 unav. "
Tex.
Corpus Christi, 40 50 unav. "
Tex.
Columbia R. 48 60a unav.
Bar, Ore.,
Astoria, Ore., Kal
ama, Longview,
Vancouver, Wash.
Astoria, Ore. 40 50 unav. "
N.Y. Harbor & 45/35 70/60 $413 Being studied
adjacent channels,
Stapleton/
Port Jersey
Delaware R.,
transshipment
facility, Pa.
Los Angeles/
Long Beach,
Calif.
40
55/60 80
90 unav.
11
$460 Being studied
San Francisco, 45 55 unav. Approved; under way
Calif.
aWill not result in 60' port channel - bar subject to waves and swell;
greater depths required - would be compatible with Columbia River depths of
perhaps 50'.
SOURCE: Heiberg (1983).
209
TABLE 18 Cost of Maintenance Dredging
Annual Average Cost/ Annual Average Cost/
State/ Maintenance Cost Cargo State/ Maintenance Cost Cargo
Port($ thousands)Ton Port ($ thousands)Ton
Alaska Mississippi
Anchorage1453.6.83 Gulfport 1899.21 53
Alabama Pasacagoula 2485.5.10
Immobile5303.2.83 New Hampshire
California Portsmouth 140.7· 05
Humboldt1243.9· 94 New Jersey
Long Beach72.0.00 Camden 264.4· 09
Los Angeles72.0.00 Gloucester 245.4
Oakland1143.3.16 Paulsboro 2522.9
Redwood City Trenton
Richmond118.21.06 New York/
Sacramento New Jersey 12905.7.13
San Diego0New York
San Francisco39.1.02 Albany 1907.5.22
San Pablo503.1.02 North Carolina
Stockton9 79.8.49 Morehead C. 19 69.6.65
Connecticut Wilmington 3041.6.39
Bridgeport224.8.07 Oregon
New Haven566.9.06 Astoria 881.7.56
New London7.8.00 Coos Bay 3652.3.66
Delawarea10322.9Portland 12567.1.04
Delaware City516.5Yaquina Bay 1379.219.99
New Castle1202.2Pennsylvania
Wilmington1851.0.52 Chester 4.1
Florida Marcus Hook 3446.4
Canaveral2438.7.90 Penn Manor 1376.6
Charlotte1322.5.98 Philadelphia 6702.0.06
Fernandinab Puerto Rico
Jacksonville3098.7.20 Mayaquez 106.7.28
Key West25.7.14 Ponce 77.7.00
Miami20.3.00 San Juan 852.9.08
Palm Beach209.9.13 Rhode Island
Panama City210.0.13 Providence
Pensacola633.6.26 South Carolina
Port Evergla.83.7.00 Charleston 5816.9
Port St. Joe167.8.13 Texas
Tampa2309.41.90 Beaumont 3990.9.08
Georgia Brownsville 3116.61.21
Brunswick3409.52.38 Corpus Christi 6202.1.16
Savannah10429.8.85 Freeport 3590.8.18
Hawaii Galveston 1638.8.02
Hilo352.2.32 Houston 8312.5.08
Honolulu167.7·03 Port Arthur 3990.9.13
Kawaihae Texas City 19545.1.08
Keweenaw Virgin Islands
Nawiliwili535.3.68 St. Thomas
Port Allen63.7.62 Virginia
Louisiana Newport News 932.0.04
Baton Rouge18297.5.23 Norfolk 2801.7.05
New Orleans 16661.9 . og Washington
Maine Anacortes
Portland 613.4 .05 Bellingham 140.8 .08
Searsport Everett 457.0 .20
Maryland Grays Harbor 4668.4 1.44
Baltimore 2477.6 .05 Ralama 199 .6 .15
Massachusetts Longview 4645.5 .54
Boston 181.1 too Port Angeles 19.3 .00
Fall River 133.2 .03 Seattle 376.5 .02
New Bedford/ Tacoma 44.5 .00
Fairhaven Vancouver 1185.5 · 43
Salem
aSee consolidated Delaware River summary.
bMaintained by U.S. Navy.
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TABLE 20 Concentrations of Selected Constituents in Dredged Sediments
and Average Global Crustal Materials
Dredged Materials
Range in Moles Kg~' Average Crustal Materials
Constituent of Sediment (except as noted) Range in Moles Kg
Trace Metals
Iron 0.02 - 0.90 0.61 - 1.03
Manganese (0.4 - 10) x10-3 (12 - 18) x10-3
Zinc (0.5 - 8) x 10-3 (0.92 - 1.26) x 10-3
Copper (0.8 - 9400) x 10-6 (460 - 1090) x 10-6
Nickel (0.2 - 2.6) x 10 3 (0.62 - 1.69) x10 3
Chromium (0.02 - 3.8) x 10-3 (0.92 - 1.92) x 10-3
Lead (5 - 1900) x10-6 (48 - 77) x10 6
Cadmium (0.4 - 600) x 10-6 (0.89 - 1.6) x 10-6
Mercury (1 - 10) x 10-6 (0.149 - 0.398) x 10 6
. _ . . . . . . .
Synthetic Organic Substances
Chlorinated Pesticides
Polychlorinated Biphenyl Compounds
0 - 10 mg kg~
0 - 10 mg kg~
Other Properties
pH
Chemical Oxygen Demand
Oil and Grease
6 - 9
0.03 - 0.04
0.1 - 5 g kg~
SOURCES: Dredged materials adapted from Engler, 1981; average crustal
materials adapted from Rahn, 1976.
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