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OCR for page 169
Index
A
Adams v. Califano, 106, 113
Advocates for Women v. Marshall, 90
Affirmative action, 83, 85, 90, 119, 129, 131
and child cane, 117
in federal contracts, 87
Aid to Families With Dependent Children (AFDC),
103, 117
Antinepotism rules, 51
Apartheid, 5
Apprenticeship programs, 48-49, 56, 67-68, 90, 92,
100 103, 119
Asian Americans, 27
AT*T (EEOC case study), 91-92, 93
B
Barriers to employment, 44-56, 126
informal, 53 56, 119
institutionalized, 51-53
legal, 4~47
See also Discrimination
Blacks, 3, 27, 29-30, 47, 48, 60, 73, 124
Bona fide occupational qualification (BFOQj, 46, 86
Bradwell v. Illinois, 45
Bureau of Apprenticeship and Training (BAT),
101-103
Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS), 32-35
C
Career ladders, 15
Career mobility, 7~76, 78-79
into and out of sex-atypical occupations, 78-79
opportunity and, 76
sex segregation and, 14-15
worker flexibility and, 78
Child care, 39, 73-75, 117-118, 127, 134-135
absence of alternatives, 74
affirmative action and, 117
federal programs, 117-118
occupations "compatible" with, 7, 39, 69
Childbearing, 42, 46
Civil Rights Act (1964), 43, 45
Title VI, 106
Title VII, 43, 44, 46, 47, 49, 51, 83, 85 87, 91,
119, 126
Class action suits, 86, 87
College enrollment rates, 63
Commission on Civil Rights, 11~114
Comparable worth, 87
See also Pay equity
Comprehensive Employment and Training Act
(CETA), 46, 93, 103, 104-105, 117, 119, 129,
130, 132
1978 reauthorization, 83
Compressed workweeks, 118
Contractors
construction, 90
federal, 88-91
Contribution to husband's career, 70
Cultural beliefs, see Sex segregation, cultural
beliefs and
Current Population Survey (CPS), 10, 24
D
Data and research recommendations, 135-139
Dictionary of Occupational Titles, 8, 10, 43
Discrimination, 2
in job assignments, 49-50
open, 49
patriarchy and, 48
and profitability, 48
69
OCR for page 170
70
INDEX
in promotions, 50
racial, 47
sex appeal and, 48
sexual, 47-S0
statistical, 4243
"taste" and, 47
theories of, 47-50
See also Sex segregation
Division of labor
and sex segregation, 7-8, 116
Dothard v. Rawlinson, 46
E
Earnings, 4-5
effects of segregation on, 10-13
importance to family, 4
by race, 4, 123
women's as percent of men's, 1, 4, 10-11, 123
Economic Recovery Tax Act (1981), 117
Education
materials, sex stereotypes in, 63, 112, 127
and occupational choice, 63-68
Office of, 106
policy recommendations, 130-135
and sex segregation, 63-68
vocational, see Vocational education
Educational Amendment Act (1972), Title IX, 47, 83,
106, 108, 111, 112, 113-114, 116, 120, 129, 133
Employers, 8, 22-23
efforts to reduce sex segregation, 9~99, 119 H
policy recommendations for, 132-133
Employment, barriers to, 44-56
discriminatory acts and behavior, 47-51
informal, 5~56
institutional, 51-53
legal, 45~7
Employment continuity, 72
Employment growth, sources of for women, 29-30
Enforcement, 91-96, 121
agencies, 130-132
powers of Equal Employment Opportunity
Commission, 86
Equal Employment Opportunity Act (1972), 85
federal employees under, 91
Equal Employment Opportunity Commission
(EEOC), 50, 121, 131
case studies, 91-93
early effectiveness of, 85
enforcement powers, 86
performance indexes of, 86
statistical studies of effectiveness, 94, 136
voluntary compliance, 92, 94, 97
Equal employment opportunity in construction, 90,
101
Equal employment opportunity laws, 77
See also Civil Rights Act (1964), Title VII; Equal
Employment Opportunity Act (1972)
Executive Order 11246 (11375), By, 85, 87-91, 1~,
117
debarment of contractors under, 88
F
Family responsibility, 38-39, 69-75, 121, 127
child care, 39, 73-75, 117-118, 121, 127, 134-135
cultural beliefs about, 38, 69, 125
husbands' attitudes about, 16, 69
interventions to accommodate, 116-118
occupations "compatible" with, 7, 39, 69
policy recommendations, 134-135
relocation and, 69
and travel, 42
Federal contractors, 87-91
Federal employees, 91-92, 119
Federal job training programs, 103-106
effectiveness of, 106
Female-male relationships, 40-41
Fernandez v. Wyarz Oil, 46
Fetuses, occupations toxic to, 46
Firefighters Local Union No. 1784 v. Stotts, 52, 121
Flexitime, 118
Framingham Heart Study, 16
G
General Electric v. Gilbert, 47
Griggs v. Duke Power Company, 46
Grove City College or. Bell, 112, 121
Head Start, 117
Hispanics, 3, 27, 30, 123
Home, women's role in, 38-39, 40, 69
Housewife, as occupation, 38
Housework, 16-17
Human capital theory, 70-73
I
Income tax system, 116, 121
Index of segregation, 5, 18-20, 124
census information for, 18-19
in Japan, 19
projections through 1990, 34-35
stability of, 23
in Sweden, 19
Internal labor markets, 51
J
Job Corps, 103-104
Job ladders, 53
motivation and, 79
Job mobility, see Career mobility
Job posting, 50, 52-~3
Job segregation, 9
across firms, 12, 20-21
managerial "ranks" and, 12-13, 20
OCR for page 171
INDEX
wage consequences, 11-13
and wages, 123
within firms, 12
See also Occupational segregation; Sex segregation
Job sharing, 118
Job Training Partnership Act (1983), 104, 106, 119
120
L
Long v. California State Personnel Board, 46
Longitudinal studies, 136
M
Male-female relationships, 3941
Media
role of in occupational choice, 61
role of in sex stereotyping, 38, 61
Mentors and mentoring, see Sponsors and sponsoring
Minorities, 3, 27, 29-30, 47, 48, 59-60, 73, 123-124,
136-137
earnings of, 4, 123
occupations of, 6, 7
participation in labor force, 3
See also Blacks; Hispanics
N
National Institute of Occupational Safety and Health
(NIOSH), 16
National Science Foundation (NSF), 115
National Science Foundation Authorization and
Science and Technology Equal Opportunities
Act (1981), 11o
Nepotism, 4849, 51
Networking, 54-55
o
Occupational aspirations
among blacks, 59
causes of, 60
among children and adolescents, 58-59
among college students, 60
expectations and, 60-61
opportunity and, 79, 127
parental influence on, 58, 60
among whites, 59
Occupational choice
education and, 63 68
employment continuity and, 72
and family responsibility, 70-73
husband's attitude about, 69
marital status and, 71-72
and market conditions, 7~77
mathematics courses and, 65, 115, 121
occupational knowledge and, 68, 79, 127
opportunity and, 75-80, 127
socialization and, 5~63
Occupational mobility, 14-15
171
Occupational opportunity, 75-80, 127-128
Occupational prestige, 15-16
Occupational segregation, 9
by age, 25-27
census information for, 18-19, 22
child care and, 73-75
extent of, 20-22
and flexible work schedules, 118
by occupation, 27-30
and pregnancy, 47, 85, 86
projections through 1990, 32-35
protective labor laws and, 45~7, 87, 88
by race, 27, 30
reduction in, 22-23, 24-25
resegregation, 30-32
sex stereotypes and, 41-44
sexuality and, 41
stability of, 23-25
trends in, 22-32
wage consequences, 10-13
and wages, 123
within vs. between occupations, 1~11
See also Job segregation; Sex segregation
Occupations
classification of, 8-9, 137
female-dominated, 7, 23, 28-30, 123
female-intensive, 23
growth rates of, 33, 34
interdependence and, 54
male-dominated, 7, 23, 28, 31, 53
male-intensive, 23
potentially toxic to fetuses, 46
by race and sex, 6, 7
sex labeling and sex typing of, 8, 43-44, 63
See also Dictionary of Occupational Titles
Office for Civil Rights (OCR), 112-114
Office of Education, Department of Health,
Education, and Welfare, 106
Office of Federal Contract Compliance (OFCC), 88,
117, 128-129
statistical studies of effectiveness, 9~96
Office of Federal Contract Compliance Programs
(OFCCP), 87-91, 101-103, 121, 131
construction contractors and, 90
gains by, 89
statistical studies of effectiveness, 94 96
On-thejob training, sex segregation and, 14, 119
Order Number 4, revised (1971), 87, 88, 117
Order Number 4 (1970), 87
p
Participation in the labor force, 24, 39
by age, 3~
married vs. unmarried women' 3, 71-72
by race, 3
Pay equity, 1, 4, 10-11, 123
See also Comparable worth
OCR for page 172
172
INDEX
Personnel Administrators of Massachusetts v. Feeny,
46
Policy recommendations, 130-135
education and training, 133-134
employers, 132-133
enforcement agencies, 130-132
family responsibilities, 134-135
Preapprenticeship programs, 92
Pregnancy, 47, 85, 86
Pregnancy Discrimination Act (1981), 85
Prestige, sex segregation and, 15-16
Professional associations, 54
Protective labor laws, 45-47, 87, 88
Q
Charles v. Phillip Morris, o2
Quotas, 87, 121
R
Reason and emotion, 39, 41
Recruiting practices, 51
Reproductive hazards, 46
Research recommendations, 135-139
Resegregation, 30-32
technological change and, 32, 33
Resocialization, 57, 62
Retirement income, sex segregation and, 13, 123
Revised Order Number 4 (1971), 87, 88, 117
Role models, 6041
S
Schools
sex stereotyping in, 63-65, 114-115
tracking in, 64, 66, 127
See also Education; Vocational education
Segregation, 5
defined, 5
index of, see Index of segregation
and self-fulfillment, 9
voluntary, 5
See also Discrimination; Job segregation;
Occupational segregation; Sex segregation
Seniority, 14, 52, 92, 98
Sex appeal, 48
Sex differences, innate, 41
See also Sex stereotypes
Sex labeling, 43~4, 53, 63, 88, 125
Sex-role socialization, 57-63, 126
and the media, 61
parental influence on, 58
and personality, 59-60
and skill and knowledge acquisition, 59, 62
Sex segregation, 1
and career mobility, 14-15
consequences of, 9-17
cultural beliefs and, 38~4, 125
design of work or tools and, 53
division of labor and, 7-8, 116
education and, 63-68
establishment level, 8, 21
extent of, 20-22
index of, see Index of segregation
industry level, 8, 21-22
jobs vs. occupations, 9
networks and, 54-55, 80
and on-thejob training, 14
opportunity structure and, 75-80
and power within the family, 16
and prestige, 15-16
reduction efforts by employers, 96-99, 119, 132
133
reduction of (overview), 83-84, 118-122. See also
specific entries
research needed in, 137-139
and retirement income, 13, 123
and social security, 116, 121, 123
socialization and, 56-63
stability of, 1, 8
statistical discrimination and, 42-43
and stress, 16
and taxes, 116
and unemployment, 1~14
variability across cultures, 7-8
in vocational education, 65 68, 106 112, 127
wage consequences, 10-13
See also Job segregation; Occupational segregation
Sex stereotypes, 38
contingent, 44
in educational materials, 63, 112, 127
informal, 54
and job labels, 43
and occupational segregation, 41-44
of teachers and counselors, 63, 64-65, 112
women as homemakers, 38-39, 40
women as sexual temptresses, 40
Sex typing, 8, 43-44, 63
Sex-atypical occupations, and prestige, 15-16
Sex-typical occupations, and prestige, 15-16
Sexual harassment, 4041, 44, 54, 99
Sexual relations, fear of, 40
women as provokers of, 40
Sexuality, 40-41
Smith-Hughes Act (1917), 66
Social Security Amendments (1967), Title II, 103
Social security system, 116, 121, 123
Socioeconomic index (SEI), 14-15
Sponsors and sponsoring, 55-56
Statistical discrimination, 42-43
Stereotypes, see Sex stereotypes
Stress, sex segregation and, 16
Supervisory jobs, women in, 39-40, 49
T
Teamsters v. United States et al., 52
Technological change, 32
Title IX, see Educational Amendment Act (1972)
OCR for page 173
INDEX
Title VII, see Civil Rights Act (1964)
Tracking in school curricula, 64, 66, 127
U
Unemployment, 5
sex segregation and, 13-14
Unions, 45, 48, 49, 85, 90, 92, 97-98
membership barred to women, 54
United Steelworkers of America (EEOC case study),
92, 97
V
Veterans' preference, 14, 46
Visibility, 56
Vocational education, 65-68, 106112, 127
female enrollment in, 109-110
sex-atypical programs, 110
sex-typing in, 108-110
Vocational Education Amendments (1976), 83, 106-
107, 111, 120, 129-130, 133
state and local compliance with, 107-108
Vocational Education Data System (VEDS), 67, 108
Vocational Education Equity Study, 110
W
Wage disparity, 1, 4, 10-11, 123
173
Whites, 3, 27, 28, 80
Women
contribution to family income, 4
earnings as a percent of men's, 1, 4, 10-11, 123
employment growth, 29-30
as homemakers, 38-39, 40, 69
married vs. unmarred, 3, 71-72
number in labor force, 1
participation in labor force, 2-4
percent in labor force, 1, 3
as sexually provocative, 40
in supervisory jobs, 39-40, 49
time in work force, 3
and union membership Earners, 54
Women managers and supervisors, attitudes toward,
40, 49
Women's Educational Equity Act (WEA) (1974,
1978), 113
Women's Equity Action League, 88
Women's liberation movement, 84
Work Experience Survey (1982), 3
Work Incentive Program (WIN), 103, 104, 117, 118
Wright v. Olin Corporation, 46
z
Zuniga v. Klebert County Hospital, 46
Representative terms from entire chapter:
vocational education
