Index
A
ACOG. See American College of Obstetrics and Gynecology (ACOG)
ACSM. See American College of Sports Medicine (ACSM)
Advanced Individual Training (AIT), 235
African Americans
fat-free body composition of women, 223
Age distribution
BMI/percent body fat and, 47
body composition and, 47
body composition assessment, by age, 36
body fat upper limits for military women, selected age groups, 34-37
low body weight prevalence among military women, by age, 132
marriage percentage of military active-duty women by age, 130
minority active-duty women by age, 30
overweight prevalence of military personnel by age, 93
performance (physical) Army tests, failure rates by age, 68
weight for height maximum for Army women, selected age groups, 11
women, military, by age, 28
See also Population characteristics
Air Force. See U.S. Air Force
Air Force Instruction (AFI) 40-104; 89
Air Force Instruction (AFI) 40-501; 6, 66, 255
Air Force Instruction (AFI) 40-502; 7, 89, 90, 129, 257, 258
Air Force Instruction (AFI) 44-102; 6, 128, 255
Air Force Instruction (AFI) 44-135; 89
Air Force policies. See Specific policies
Air Force Nutrition Committee, 89
Air Force Office of Medical Logistics, 134
Air Force Pamphlet (AFPAM) 44-124; 89
Air Force Pamphlet (AFPAM) 44-132; 89
Air Force Pamphlet (AFPAM) 44-133; 89
Air Force Pamphlet (AFPAM) 44-135; 89
Air Force Policy Directive (AFPD) 40-5; 177
Air Force Secretary and Chief of Staff, 184
Air Force Weight Management Program (WMP), 89-90, 91
AIT. See Advanced Individual Training (AIT)
Alcohol use
BMD and,190
All Volunteer Force, 215
American Academy of Pediatrics, 147, 151
American College of Obstetrics and Gynecology (ACOG), 17, 143, 147, 150-151, 163-164, 165
pregnancy exercise recommendations, 139-142
American College of Sports Medicine (ACSM), 160, 283
eating disorders definition, 95
physical fitness position, 63
American Dietetic Association
Manual of Clinical Dietetics, 89
Americans with Disabilities Act, 72
Anthropometry
body composition measurements/techniques, 41-44, 46, 50, 55-56, 161, 221-222
circumference-based measurement, 16, 34, 42, 43, 44, 46, 158, 159, 160, 177-178
ethnic differences, 49
health risks, measure of, 50-51
See also Weight for height
Apgar scores, 135
Appearance standard, military
body composition and, ix, 3, 52-55
health risks/implications and, 55, 160, 198
military readiness and, ix, 3, 160, 198
women, 27
ARI. See U.S. Army Research Institute (ARI)
ARL. See U.S. Army Research Laboratory (ARL)
Army. See U.S. Army
Army Body Composition Program, 246, 247
Army Food and Nutrition Survey, 96, 118, 167, 175
Army Office of the Deputy Chief of Staff for Personnel
Women in the Army Policy Review Group, 70
Army Physical Fitness Update Survey, 183
Army Regulation (AR) 40-25; 17, 109, 161
Army Regulation (AR) 40-501; 6, 128, 255
Army Regulation (AR) 350-41; 5, 66, 69, 255
Army Regulation (AR) 600-9; 5, 36, 88, 95, 177, 239, 254
Army policies. See Specific policies
Army Sample Survey of Military Personnel, 94, 134, 175, 179, 194
Army Weight Control Program, 88, 94, 98, 177, 235, 236
Asian populations
body composition of Asian women, 224
Athletics
Olympic female athletes' mean BMI, 52, 53-54
B
Basic combat training (BCT)
injury risk, fitness training impact on, gender differences, 77, 189, 192, 243-245
nutritional studies, 116-117, 162, 189
overweight incidence, 92, 94-95
See also Military personnel;
Physical training;
U.S. Army
BCNH committee. See Committee on Body Composition, Nutrition, and Health of Military Women (BCNH committee)
BCT. See Basic combat training (BCT)
Birth weight, 131, 140, 141, 142, 143-145, 147, 151.
See also Pregnancy
BMC. See Bone mineral content (BMC)
BMD. See Bone mineral density (BMD)
BMI. See Body mass index (BMI)
Body composition
age and, 47
appearance and, 52-55
ethnic differences, 181-182, 223-225
factors affecting, 47-50
gender differences, 181-182
genetic influences on, 47-49
health influence of, 50-51
historical background, 33-37
injury risk and, 50-51
minimum lean body mass, 14, 26, 157-161, 198
physical fitness and, 51-52, 75-80
task performance (load carriage) and, 2-3, 40, 182-183
undernutrition health consequences, 189-193
weight and composition overview, 37-41
See also Bone mineral content (BMC);
Bone mineral density (BMD);
Body composition assessment;
Body composition components;
Body fat;
Fat-free mass (FFM)
Body Composition and Physical Performance, 54, 91, 222, 282
Body composition assessment
anthropometric measurements, 20, 41-44, 46, 50, 55-56, 221-222
Army policies/procedures, clinical impact, 246-247
body fat assessment, 34-38, 55
body fat assessment equations, 10-12, 16, 42-44, 46, 55
circumference-based body fat equations, 16, 34, 42, 43, 44, 46, 158, 159, 160, 177-178
civilian law enforcement and fire service policies, x, 288-289
DXA, 40, 45-46, 177-178, 182, 218, 222
field methods, 20, 41-44, 50, 55-56
lactation and, 148-149
military accession minimum standards, 198
military equations, 9, 35, 55, 177, 259
military policies, ix, x, 5-7, 176-179, 254-258
military weight control programs and, 88-92
military women and, methodological problems, 221-222
Navy/Marine Corps active-duty personnel, 226-227
performance, physical, of women, and, 221
postpartum and, 6-7, 20, 127-131, 142-147, 163-165
pregnancy and, 6-7, 20, 127-131, 163-165
military policies compliance estimates, 179-181
military women's standards, 14-16, 157-161
task performance and military standards, 2-3
two-tiered body composition/fitness screen, recommendations, 158, 159
underwater weighing, 2, 10, 34, 42-46, 182, 222
variables, 41-42
See also Body composition;
Body fat;
Durnin and Womersley equation;
Dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry (DXA);
Total body water (TBW);
Weight;
Weight for height
Body composition components
anatomical level, 40-41
general concepts, 37-41
molecular level, 40
See also Bone mineral content (BMC);
Bone mineral density (BMD);
Body composition;
Body composition assessment;
Fat-free mass (FFM);
Total body water (TBW)
Body fat
distribution, 14, 48-49, 50, 157-161
ethnic differences, 48-49, 50, 223-225
health risk and, 49
maximum body fat, 14, 26, 157-161
military standards failure and women separated from service, 91
physical fitness and, 52
See also Body composition;
Body composition assessment;
Weight
Body fat assessment. See Body composition assessment
Body image
See also Weight
Body mass index (BMI)
body fat percentage relationship, age effects, 47-48, 49
fitness and, 15, 53-54, 158, 159, 160
health risk and, 10, 12, 38-39, 41
lean body mass, 14, 26, 157-161, 190, 198
Olympic female athletes, 53-54
overview of, 37-39
Body measurements. See Anthropometry
Body weight. See Weight
Bone mineral content (BMC), 190, 223-225, 241.
See also Body composition;
Body composition components
Bone mineral density (BMD)
alcohol use impact on, 190
calcium intake and, 241
ethnic differences, 177, 182, 223-225
female athlete triad and, 191, 193
genetics influence of, 189, 193
lean body mass influence of, 190
loss of bone density, 113
pregnancy/lactation impact on, 190
weight loss influence of, 190
training impact and stress fractures, 191-192, 218-219
See also Body composition;
Body composition components
Breastfeeding. See Lactation
Bureau of Naval Personnel (BUPERS), 134
C
Cadaver analysis
body compartment densities, 181
Calcium, dietary, 40, 119-120, 161, 162, 190, 241
adequate intakes (AIs), 120
Canadian Forces
abolition of body composition testing, 71
Battle Efficiency Test, 71
Canadian Forces Exercise Prescription test (ExPres), 71
Canadian Standardized Test of Fitness, 71
physical fitness and performance study, 51
physical fitness testing, 71, 76
task performance testing, 71
Canadian Human Rights Commission, 71
Minimal Physical Fitness Standards, 71
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), 17, 163
Children
parental status of active-duty women, 130
parity among active-duty women, 137
CMNR. See Committee on Military Nutrition Research (CMNR)
Coast Guard. See U.S. Coast Guard
Coast Guard policies. See Specific policies
Commandant Instruction (COMDTINST) M1020.8; 5, 36, 254
Commissioned officers
Army PFT compliance, 180
Army weight standards compliance, 180
educational attainment of active-duty personnel, 29
ethnicity of military personnel, 45
low body weight prevalence of military women, by rank, 132
marriage percentage for active-duty women, 130
minority active-duty women, 30
parental status of active-duty women, 130
pregnancy outcome, 137
pregnancy prevalence, 133-135
women by service branch, rank, and age, 28
See also Military personnel
Committee on Body Composition, Nutrition, and Health of Military Women (BCNH committee), x, xi, 3, 4, 14, 16, 17, 18, 20, 26, 30, 109, 120, 157, 158, 160, 161, 162, 163, 164, 165, 173, 176, 185, 206, 281, 282
conclusions, 10, 12-14, 157-158, 161-162, 163
future research, 18-20, 161, 163, 165, 166, 168-169
recommendations, 14-18, 158-160, 162, 163-164
response to task questions, 14-18, 157-165
Committee on Military Nutrition Research (CMNR), ix, x, 2, 3, 26, 54, 109, 120, 121, 122, 186, 222, 282
Criterion performance tasks (CPTs), 70.
See also Military occupational specialties (MOSs);
Performance testing
Cycle Ergometry Program, 230
D
DACOWITS. See Defense Advisory Committee on Women in the Services (DACOWITS)
Databases, 19, 31, 95, 166-168, 282
Defense Manpower Data Center database, 19, 166
Defense Research On-Line System (DROLS)/Defense Technical Information
Center (DTIC) Work Unit and Technical Report databases, 31, 282
Department of Defense Medical Automated Information Systems, 168
National Technical Information Service (NTIS), 31, 282
Psychinfo, 282,
Psychlit, 31
DEA. See Drug Enforcement Agency (DEA)
Defense Advisory Committee on Women in the Services (DACOWITS), 2, 3
Defense Manpower Data Center, 12, 19, 31, 282, 283
Defense Women's Health Research Program (DWHRP), x, 2, 26, 118, 235, 282-283
Dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA), 111-112.
See also Reproductive health of women
Demographics. See Population characteristics
Department of Defense (DoD), 3, 4, 19, 20, 26, 43, 61, 64, 65, 66, 69, 70, 72, 91, 92, 127, 135, 139, 157, 164, 166, 168, 169, 178, 221
body composition and fitness policies, 177, 184, 254-258
strength requirements of job classifications for enlisted women:
very heavy, 264-266
heavy, 267-269
moderate heavy, 269-271
medium, 272-274
light, 275-279
overweight prevalence of personnel, 93
women in active duty, 28
Department of Defense Directive (DoDD) 1308.1; 1, 2, 34, 61, 64, 69, 88, 176, 177, 178
Department of Defense Directive (DoDD) 1315.7; 131
Department of Defense policies. See Specific policies
Department of Defense Instruction (DoDI) 1308.3; 1, 6, 66, 229
Department of the Army Military Nutrition Initiatives, 117
DHEA. See Dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA)
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 4th edition
Dieting
cognitive performance impact of, 110, 192-193
health impact of, 192-193, 238-240
energy deficit, 110
female athlete triad, 110-115, 116
weight cycling, 99-100
chronic dieting risks, xi, 99-100, 109-116
nutritional status impact of, 27, 109-116
nutrient adequacy of diets, 115-116
prevalence among civilian women, 97, 99
prevalence among military women, 97-99
See also Disordered eating;
Obesity prevention;
Overweight;
Weight cycling;
Weight loss methods;
Weight management issues;
Weight management programs
Dieting and Bingeing Severity Scale, 99
Diseases and disorders
injury risk and body composition, 50-51
injury risk of women in fitness training at basic combat training, 243-245
See also Eating disorders;
Female athlete triad;
Health;
Musculoskeletal diseases and disorders;
Neurological diseases and disorders;
Reproductive health of women
Disordered eating
assessment of, 238-240
chronic dieting, health implications, xi, 13, 109-116
chronic dieting, physical consequences, xi, 13, 99-100
definition, 95
health consequences of, 238-240
military women and, 14, 187-193, 220
prevalence, 97-99
undernutrition, health consequences, 189-193
See also Dieting;
Eating disorders;
Weight;
Weight management issues
DoD. See Department of Defense (DoD)
Drug Enforcement Agency (DEA), 31
DSM-IV. See Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 4th edition (DSM-IV)
Dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry (DXA), 40, 45-46, 177-178, 182, 218, 222.
See also Body composition assessment
Durnin and Womersley equation, 34.
See also Body composition assessment
DWHRP. See Defense Women's Health Research Program (DWHRP)
DXA. See Dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry (DXA)
E
Eating Attitudes Feelings and Behavior Study, 175
Eating Attitudes Test (EAT), 111
Eating disorders
female athlete triad and, 191
military women and, 187-189
symptoms, physical, 239
symptoms, psychological and behavioral, 240
U.S. Naval Academy female midshipmen and, 218
See also Diseases and disorders;
Disordered eating;
Weight;
Weight management issues
Eating Disorders Inventory, 95, 175, 187, 218, 238
Educational attainment
active-duty military personnel and, 29
See also Population characteristics
Energy
cognitive performance and, 110
dietary and nutrient density, 115-116
female athlete triad and, 111-112
intake/expenditure balance, 161, 162
military women's requirements, 121
See also Female athlete triad;
Nutrition
Energy, Obesity, and Body Weight Standards Panel, 236
Enlisted personnel, military
Army PFT compliance, 180
Army weight standards compliance, 180
educational attainment of active-duty personnel, 29
ethnicity of military personnel, 45
strength requirements of job classifications for enlisted women:
low body weight prevalence of military women, 132
marriage percentage for active-duty women, 130
minority active-duty women, 30
parental status of active-duty women, 130
pregnancy outcome, 137
pregnancy prevalence, 133-135
women, by service branch, rank, and age, 28
women separated from service for failure of body fat standards, 91
See also Military personnel
Ethnicity
body composition, ethnic variations, 181-182
bone density/body fat formula, ethnic differences, 225
fat distribution, ethnic differences, 48-49, 50, 55
fat-free body composition of women, ethnic differences, 223-225
FFM, ethnic differences, 48, 50
low body weight prevalence of military women, ethnicity, 132
military active-duty women, 29, 30
military personnel, ethnicity, 45
pregnancy outcome of Navy women, by ethnicity, 138
See also African Americans;
Asian populations;
Hispanic populations;
Native Americans;
Population characteristics
Exercise
ACOG pregnancy guidelines, 140, 142, 150
habits of military women, 69
iron status impact of, 119
lactation and, 149
pregnancy/postpartum and, 27, 139-142, 150-151, 163-165
See also Physical fitness
F
Fat-free mass (FFM)
ethnic differences, 48, 50, 181-182, 223-225
prediction models/equations, 34, 42-43, 44-46, 160-161
skeletal muscle and, 16
strength and endurance and, 16, 20, 40-41
strength training and, 77-78, 80
See also Body composition;
Body composition components
Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI), 31
FFM. See Fat-free mass (FFM).
Female athlete triad, 95, 190-191
causative factors, 110-115, 191
chronic dieting physical consequences, 99
eating disorder component, 191
military women prevalence, 115
musculoskeletal injury risk in active-duty women, 115
reproductive component, 191
skeletal component, 191
skeleton effects of, 242-243
See also Dieting;
Eating disorders;
Energy
Field Manual (FM) 21-20; 17, 129, 257
Field rations. See Operational rations
Fire services
body composition, physical fitness, and task performance testing policies, 27, 73-74, 289
Fitness. See Physical fitness
Five a Day for Better Health, 118
FNB. See Food and Nutrition Board (FNB)
Folic acid
IOM perinatal intake recommendations, 150
See also Nutrition
Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), 112, 113.
See also Reproductive health of women
Follow-Up for Fitness Survey, 185
Food and Nutrition Board (FNB), xi, 17, 161, 286
Food Guide Pyramid, 115
FSH. See Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)
G
GAO. See General Accounting Office (GAO)
Gender
body composition gender variations, 181-182
body composition military equations for men and women, 35
educational attainment of active-duty personnel, by gender, 29
fitness-/gender-integrated training, impact on injury risk of Army women in BCT, 243-245
food ration preferences/consumption of military personnel, gender differences, 237-238
military accession, weight standards, gender bias, 227
overweight prevalence in military personnel, by gender, 93
performance (physical) Army tests, failure rates by gender, 68
See also Population characteristics;
Women;
Women, military
General Accounting Office (GAO), 4, 31, 282, 283
report on job-specific performance testing, 70-72
Genetics
BMD, genetic influence, 189
body composition influences, 47
Gestational weight gain. See Pregnancy;
Weight
H
Health
body composition, fitness, and performance, relation to, ix, 27
body composition influence on, 50-51
military women/men and, 219-220
military women's health and fitness standards, 157-161
undernutrition, consequences of, 189-193
U.S. Naval Academy female midshipmen profile, 217-218
See also Diseases and disorders;
Eating disorders;
Musculoskeletal diseases and disorders;
Neurological diseases and disorders;
Nutrition;
Nutritional status of military women;
Reproductive health of women
Health and Nutrition Survey, 185
Health and Physical Readiness Program, 69
Health Risk Appraisal, 10, 19, 93, 167, 168-169, 175
Health Survey of the Air Force, 175, 187
Healthy People 2000; 10, 12, 18, 63, 93, 94, 96, 147-148, 164, 185
Hispanic populations
body composition of women, ethnic differences, 224
I
''I Am the American Soldier," 94
Incremental dynamic lift test, 70.
See also Performance testing
Institute of Aerobic Fitness, 71
Institute of Human Performance, 42
Institute of Medicine (IOM), ix, xi, 2, 3, 4, 14, 18, 20, 26, 27, 91, 100, 120, 143-145, 147, 163-164, 169, 249, 282, 283, 286-287, 288-289.
See also Body Composition and Physical Performance;
Committee on Body Composition, Nutrition, and Health of Military Women (BCNH committee);
Committee on Military Nutrition Research (CMNR);
Pregnancy;
Weighing the Options
Insulin Resistance Atherosclerosis Study, 50
International Consensus Conference on Physical Activity, Fitness,
and Health, 62
Iron
anemia, iron-deficiency, and, 118-119
dietary, 118-119, 122, 161, 162, 231-232
exercise impact on, 119
IOM pregnancy recommendations, 17, 150
neuropsychological function of women and, 231-232
status and performance, 118-119
See also Nutrition
J
Job redesign
task performance, military improvement strategies, 79-80
See also Military occupational specialties (MOSs);
Performance;
Strength requirements
L
Lactation
BMD and, 190
exercise effects on, 27, 197, 248
prevalence in military women, 27, 148, 151, 163-165
military return-to-duty standards, 3, 17, 163-165, 196-197
military studies, 148
nutrition and, 150
physical activity and, 149, 165
postpartum return to duty and, 196-197
postpartum weight loss and, 148-149, 165, 196-197, 248-250
pregnancy weight restrictions implications, 247-248
See also Postpartum;
Pregnancy
Law enforcement services
body composition, physical fitness, and task performance testing policies, 27, 73, 74, 288
See also Metropolitan Ontario Police Department;
Police Officers' Physical Abilities Test (POPAT)
LH. See Luteinizing hormone (LH)
Literature survey
bibliographic database searches, 282
citations, relevant, selection, 282
material, additional searches and requests, 282-283
material types considered, 283
search term formulation, 281
topic area determination, 281
Longitudinal Analysis of Lifestyle, Health, and Readiness, 175
Low body weight
appearance, military, and, 52, 55
prevalence among military women, 95-96, 132
See also Weight;
Weight management issues
Luteinizing hormone (LH), 112, 116.
See also Reproductive health of women
M
Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), 40
Major Command (MAJCOM), 89
Marine Corps. See U.S. Marine Corps
Marine Corps Order (MCO) 5000. 12D; 7, 129, 257
Marine Corps policies. See Specific policies
Marital status
marriage percentage of active-duty women, 130
parental status of active-duty women, 130
See also Population characteristics
Maternity. See Pregnancy
MEPSCAT. See Military entrance physical strength capacity test (MEPSCAT)
Metropolitan Life Insurance Company, 34, 43, 178
Metropolitan Ontario Police Department, 73.
See also Police Officers' Physical Abilities Test (POPAT), job-specific, 73
Military entrance physical strength capacity test (MEPSCAT), 70
Military occupational specialties (MOSs)
fitness, occupation-related, 70-72, 77, 80, 160
performance testing, occupation-specific, 71-72
strength requirements, 4, 13, 16, 65, 161
strength requirements of job classifications for enlisted women:
See also Criterion performance tasks (CPTs);
Job redesign;
Occupational classification (OCC)
Military personnel
accession weight standards, gender bias, and inconsistencies, 227
body composition assessment standards, 36
body composition equations for men and women, 9, 35
educational attainment of active-duty personnel, 29
ethnicity of, 45
health, fitness, and nutrition of, 219-220
overweight prevalence of, 93
See also Appearance standard, military;
Basic combat training (BCT);
Commissioned officers;
Enlisted personnel, military;
Military occupational specialties (MOSs);
Nutritional status of military women;
Operational rations;
Readiness, military;
U.S. Air Force;
U.S. Armed Forces;
U.S. Army;
U.S. Army Reserves;
U.S. Coast Guard;
U.S. Marine Corps;
U.S. Navy;
Women, military
Military rations. See Operational rations
Military readiness. See Readiness, military
Military Recommended Dietary Allowances (MRDAs), x, 3, 13, 17, 27, 109, 116, 117, 120, 121, 122, 161-162, 186, 189, 233, 238
Minorities. See Ethnicity
MOSs. See Military Occupational Specialties (MOSs)
MRDAs. See Military Recommended Dietary Allowances (MRDAs)
MRI. See Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
Musculoskeletal diseases and disorders
FFM and skeletal muscle, 16, 20, 40, 41
female athlete triad and, 115
female athlete triad effects on skeleton, 242-243
fitness and, 77
stress fracture injuries, 218-219
stress fracture risks of fitness training, impact on Army women in BCT, 243-245
See also Diseases and disorders;
Health
N
National Academy of Sciences, x, xi, 31, 282, 286
National Center for Health Statistics, 236
National Fire Protection Association, 74, 283
"Recommended Practice for Physical Performance and Conditioning Programs," 74
National Health and Nutrition Evaluation Survey (NHANES), 48, 96, 178, 227
Third Report on Nutrition Monitoring in the U.S., 117
National Institutes of Health (NIH), 63
Computer Retrieval of Information on Scientific Projects (CRISP), 282
Consensus Conference, 1985, 43
Consensus Conference on Optimal Calcium Intakes, 241
Consensus Development Panel, 227
Technology Assessment Conference Panel, 100, 102
National Maternal and Infant Health Survey, 1988, 144-145
National Research Council (NRC)
Recommended Healthy Weight Guideline, 38
National Task Force on the Prevention and Treatment of Obesity, 100
Native Americans
body composition of women, ethnic differences, 224
NATO. See North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO)
Naval Administrative Message (NAVADMIN) 071/93; 258
Naval Administrative Message (NAVADMIN) 148/94; 258
Naval Health Research Center, 31, 229
Naval Operational Message (NAVOP) 064/90; 5, 36, 66, 254
Naval Operations Instruction (OPNAVINST) 6000.1A; 6, 128, 255
Naval Operations Instruction (OPNAVINST) 6110.1D; 6, 66, 90, 255
Naval Reproductive Outcome Survey, 138, 148
Navy. See U.S. Navy
Navy Health and Physical Readiness Program, 229
"Navy Nutrition and Weight Control Self-Study Guide: Forge the Future," 90
Navy policies. See Specific policies
Navy Weight Loss Program, 90
Neurological diseases and disorders
zinc and iron nutriture, and neuropsychological function of women, 231-232
See also Diseases and disorders
NHANES. See National Health and Nutrition Evaluation Survey (NHANES)
NIH. See National Institutes of Health (NIH)
North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO), 79
NRC. See National Research Council (NRC)
Nutrients. See Folic acid;
Iron;
Protein, dietary;
Zinc, dietary
Nutrition
military studies results, 116-118, 161-163
nutrient adequacy of weight loss diets, 115
See also Energy;
Folic acid;
Health;
Iron;
Protein, dietary;
Zinc, dietary
Nutrition and Your Health: Dietary Guidelines for Americans, 38, 41, 117
Nutrition Medicine Service, 89
Nutritional status of military women
Army women, 233-234
conclusions, 161-162
dieting, chronic, consequences, xi, 109-116
discussion, 162-163
health and fitness and, 219-220
nutrient intake, 17
nutrients, altered status, 118-122
rations (operational) and dining hall meals, impact on, xi, 116-122
recommendations, 162
studies, military, results, 116-118, 161-163
undernutrition, health consequences, 189-193
U.S. Naval Academy female midshipmen, 217-218
See also Health;
Nutrition;
Women, military
O
Obesity. See Overweight;
Weight;
Weight management issues
Obesity prevention, 102-103.
See also Dieting;
Overweight;
Weight;
Weight loss methods;
Weight management issues;
Weight management programs
Occupational classification (OCC)
strength requirements of job classifications for enlisted women:
See also Military occupational specialties (MOSs)
Occupations, military. See Military occupational specialties (MOSs);
Occupational classification (OCC)
Olympics
female athletes' mean BMI, 52, 53-54
Operation Joint Endeavor, 194
Operational rations
gender differences in preferences and consumption, 237-238
nutrient density, 116-118, 162-163
nutritional status of active-duty women, influence on, 116-122, 161 -163
Overweight
prevalence in military women, 93, 96
See also Dieting;
Obesity prevention;
Weight;
Weight loss methods;
Weight management issues;
Weight management programs
P
Parity. See Children
Perceptions of Wellness and Readiness Assessment (POWR'95), 19, 94, 167, 168, 169, 175, 181, 185, 187, 217-218, 226-227, 238
Performance
body fat and, 75-76
improvement strategies, military, 77-80
job redesign, 79-80
neuropsychological function of women, and zinc and iron nutriture, 231-232
occupational training, 77-80
physical, effects of alterations in excess weight, 230
physical, relationship to body composition and FFM, 182-183
physical, women's, and body composition, 221
strength training, military, 77-80
See also Job redesign
Performance testing
Army physical performance tests, failure rates, 68
Canadian Forces task performance testing, 71
civilian law enforcement and fire services testing policies, 31, 73-74, 288-289
military, x, xi, 2-3, 13, 26, 27, 70-72
policies of various government agencies, 31, 73-74
strength and endurance tests and standards, 16
See also Criterion performance tasks (CPTs);
Incremental dynamic lift test;
Performance
PFT. See Physical fitness test (PFT)
Physical Activity and Health, 63
Physical fitness
Air Force assessment, 230
assessment, civilian, 72-75
assessment, military, 27, 31, 34, 64-72, 230
BMI and, 15
body composition and, 3, 51-52, 55, 198
body fat standards vs., 52
definition, 62-64
health and, 64-69
injuries and, 77
law enforcement/fire services, civilian, assessment policies, 288-289
military accession, minimum standards, 198
military policies, ix, x, 5-7, 61-80, 176-179, 254-258
military policy/standards compliance estimates, 179-181
military standards, x, 3, 14-16, 64-72, 157-161
military women and, x, 219-220
MOSs and, 70-72
nutrition and physical activity impact on, military women, x
occupation-related, 70-72
postpartum and, 127-133, 142-143, 146-147, 163-165
pregnancy and, 127-133, 163-165
task performance and, x, xi, 2-3, 13, 70-72, 75-80
two-tiered body composition/fitness screen, recommendations, 14-16, 158, 159
variables affecting, 62
See also Athletics;
Exercise;
Physical training;
Physical readiness test (PRT);
Readiness, military
Physical fitness test (PFT), 80, 88, 90, 177, 179, 180, 216, 217
compliance, 180
policies, 64-66
postpartum policies, 127-133
See also Physical fitness;
Physical training
Physical readiness test (PRT)
Marine Corps, 255
See also Physical fitness
Physical training
injury risk impact of for Army women in BCT, 243-245
military fitness programs, 64-72, 183-185, 228, 229
military ongoing training, 16, 69, 72, 160, 191-192
See also Basic combat training (BCT);
Exercise;
Physical fitness test (PFT);
Physical fitness;
Physical readiness test (PRT)
Police forces. See Law enforcement services
Police Officers' Physical Abilities Test (POPAT)
job-specific, 73
Population characteristics
women in military, characteristics, x, 174-176, 198, 215-216
See also Age distribution;
Educational attainment;
Ethnicity;
Gender;
Martial status
Postpartum
Army policies and procedures, clinical impact, 246-247
body composition assessment, 7, 254-258
exercise impact and, 163-165, 248-249
military body composition policies, 7, 254-258
military physical fitness policies, 7, 127-133, 254-258
military return-to-duty fitness testing policies, 20, 27, 163-165, 196-197
military weight standard compliance policies, 127-133
nutrition during, 150, 163-165
physical fitness and, 142-143, 146-147, 150, 163-165
weight loss and retention, 142-143, 145-146, 147, 148-149, 150, 248 -250
See also Lactation;
Pregnancy;
Reproductive health of women;
Women
POWR'95. See Perceptions of Wellness and Readiness Assessment (POWR'95)
Pregnancy
Army policies and procedures, clinical impact, 246-247
BMD and, 190
civilian policies, 31
exercise and, 17-18, 27, 139-142, 163-165
ACOG recommendations, 17-18, 140, 142
maternal weight gain, 18, 143-145, 147, 163-165
IOM recommendations, 143-145, 147
maternal weight restrictions and lactation, 17-18, 247-248
military body composition and fitness policies, 6-7, 254-258
military duty restriction policies, 6-7, 128-129, 195-196
military return-to-duty standards, 3, 17-18, 163-165, 196-197
military service careers and, 18, 27
military weight standard compliance policies, 127-131, 163-165
military women rates, 133-135, 139, 194-195
Navy policies, 251
Navy women's, outcome of, 138
nutrition during, 17-18, 150, 163-165
outcome in military women, 135-139
risk factors, 131-133
See also Birth weight;
Lactation;
Postpartum;
Reproductive health
of women;
Women
Protein, dietary
and performance, 120
See also Nutrition
PRT. See Physical readiness test (PRT)
Q
Quetelet's index. See Body mass index (BMI)
Quick Diagnostic Interview Schedule, 187, 218
R
Rations. See Operational rations
RDAs. See Recommended Dietary Allowances (RDAs)
Readiness, military
appearance goals vs., health implications, 160, 198
assessment perceptions, 181
command perspective, 176
weight management issues, 103
women and, 215
See also Military personnel;
Performance testing;
Physical fitness
Recommendations for Research on the Health of Military Women, 281
Recommended Dietary Allowances (RDAs), 13, 17, 109, 120, 241.
See also Military Recommended Dietary Allowances (MRDAs)
"Recommended Quantity and Quality of Exercise for Developing and Maintaining Fitness in Healthy Adults," 63
Reproductive health of women
female athlete triad and reproductive component, 191
menstrual irregularities, 110-115, 191-192
training activities impact, 191-192
See also Dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA);
Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH);
Luteinizing hormone (LH);
Postpartum;
Pregnancy
Return-to-duty standards, military
guidelines for pregnant/postpartum/lactating women, 163-165, 196-197
postpartum, x
S
San Antonio Heart Study, 50
Smoking. See Tobacco use
Sports. See Athletics
Stanford Eating Disorders Questionnaire, 98
Stanford Five-City Study, 102
Strength requirements
job classifications for enlisted women, strength requirements of:
tests and standards for strength and endurance, 16
See also Job redesign
Strength training
fitness and gender-integrated training risks, Army women in BCT, 243-245
injuries, stress fracture, and, 218-219
performance improvement strategies, 77-78, 80
Stress fracture. See Musculoskeletal diseases and disorders
Study of the Military Services' Physical Fitness, 33-34
Support Behaviors Inventory, 131
Survey of Health-Related Behaviors among Military Personnel, 10, 19, 93, 95, 167, 168-169, 175, 180-181, 186, 219
Survey of Nutrition Knowledge of Active-Duty Naval Personnel, 175, 180
See also Army Food and Nutrition Survey;
Army Physical Fitness Update Survey;
Army Sample Survey of Military Personnel;
Eating Attitudes Feelings and Behavior Study;
Eating Disorders Inventory;
Follow-Up for Fitness Survey;
Health and Nutrition Survey;
Health Risk Appraisal;
Health Survey of the Air Force;
Healthy People 2000;
National Health and Nutrition Evaluation Survey (NHANES);
National Maternal and Infant Health Survey;
Naval Reproductive Outcome Survey;
Perceptions of Wellness and Readiness Assessment (POWR'95);
Stanford Eating Disorders Questionnaire;
Support Behaviors Inventory;
Survey of Health-Related Behaviors among Military Personnel;
Survey of Nutrition Knowledge of Active-Duty Naval Personnel;
Three-Factor Eating Questionnaire;
Weight Loss Practices Survey
Symposium on Women in Uniform, 31, 73
T
Table of Organization and Equipment (TO&E), 228
Task performance
body composition, military standards, ix, x, 2-3
Task redesign. See Job redesign
TBW. See Total body water (TBW)
Three-Factor Eating Questionnaire, 112, 114
Tobacco use
BMD and, 190
TO&E. See Table of Organization and Equipment (TO&E)
Total body water (TBW), 40-41, 45.
See also Body composition assessment;
Body composition components
U
Underwater weighing. See Body composition assessment
Underweight. See Low body weight
Uniform Guidelines on Employee Selection Procedures of the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission, 73
USACHPPM. See U.S. Army Center for Health Promotion and Preventive Medicine (USACHPPM)
U.S. Air Force
body composition and fitness policies, 5-7, 254-258
body composition assessment, 34, 36, 49
body composition equations, 34, 35, 43
educational attainment of active-duty personnel, 29
ethnicity of personnel, 45
Health and Wellness Centers, 184
strength requirements of job classification for enlisted women:
minority active-duty women, 30
overweight prevalence, 93
physical fitness and, 5-7, 66, 254-258
pregnancy and postpartum policies, 6-7, 128-129, 254-258
pregnancy prevalence, 133, 134-135
women in, characteristics of, 27, 28, 130, 174
women in, low body weight prevalence of, 132
women in, maximum allowable body fat, 37
See also Air Force Weight Management Program (WMP);
Cycle Ergometry Program;
Military personnel;
Women, military
USAMRMC. See U.S. Army Medical Research and Materiel Command (USAMRMC)
USARIEM. See U.S. Army Research Institute of Environmental Medicine (USARIEM)
See also Military personnel;
U.S. Air Force;
U.S. Army Reserves;
U.S. Coast Guard;
U.S. Marine Corps;
U.S. Navy
U.S. Army
body composition and fitness policies, 5-7, 246-247, 254-258
body composition assessment, 34, 36, 49
body composition equations, 9, 35, 42-43, 44, 259
educational attainment of active-duty personnel, 29
ethnicity of personnel, 45
minority active-duty women, 30
overweight prevalence in, 93
PFT compliance, 180
physical fitness assessment standards, 66
physical fitness program, 228
physical performance test failure rates, 68
pregnancy and postpartum policies of, 6-7, 128-129, 195, 246-247, 254-258
pregnancy outcome in, 136-137
pregnancy prevalence in, 133, 134
strength requirements of job classification for enlisted women:
weight-for-height maximum, 11, 39
weight management program outcome, 91
weight standards compliance, 180
women, body weight satisfaction and status, 234-237
women in BCT, fitness training impacts on injury risk, 243-245
women in, characteristics of, 27, 28, 130, 174-175
women in, low body weight prevalence in, 132
women in, maximum allowable body fat, 37
women in, nutritional issues of, 233-234
See also Army Air Corps Aviation Psychology Program;
Army Body Composition
Program;
Army Medical Remedial Enlistment Program;
Army Weight Control
Program;
Basic combat training (BCT);
Physical fitness test (PFT);
Military personnel;
Women, military
U.S. Army Center for Health Promotion and Preventive Medicine (USACHPPM), 31
U.S. Army Chief of Staff, 65, 228
U.S. Army Medical Research and Materiel Command (USAMRMC), 31
U.S. Army Nutrition Research Center, 220
U.S. Army Physical Fitness School, 64, 65, 69, 183, 228
U.S. Army Research Institute (ARI), 71, 183, 228
U.S. Army Research Institute of Environmental Medicine (USARIEM), 31, 70, 78, 79, 183, 228, 234
Exercise Physiology Division, 70
Military Nutrition Division (Military Nutrition and Biochemistry Division), 234
U.S. Army Research Laboratory (ARL), 31, 78, 79
U.S. Coast Guard
body composition assessment, 36
body composition and fitness policies, 5-7, 254-258
physical fitness assessment standards, 66
pregnancy and postpartum policies, 6-7, 128-129, 254-258
See also Military personnel;
Women, military
U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, 63.
See also Healthy People 2000
U.S. Forestry Service, 31
U.S. Marine Corps
body composition and fitness policies, 5-7, 254-258
body composition assessment, 34, 36, 49
body composition cross-sectional profile, 226-227
body composition equations, 9, 35, 42, 43, 44, 259
educational attainment of active-duty personnel, 29
ethnicity of personnel, 45
minority active-duty women, 30
overweight prevalence in, 93
physical fitness assessment standards, 5-7, 66, 254-258
pregnancy and postpartum policies, 6-7, 128-129, 254-258
pregnancy outcome in, 137
pregnancy prevalence in, 133, 134
readiness, military, assessment, 181
weight management program outcome, 91
wellness assessment, 181
women in, characteristics of, 27, 28, 130, 174
women in, low body weight prevalence of, 132
See also Military personnel;
Navy Weight Loss Program;
Women, military
U.S. Marshals, 31
U.S. Military Academy, 95, 116, 117, 188, 235
Cadet Weight Management Program, 95
U.S. Naval Academy, 95, 98, 192, 218, 219
female midshipmen characteristics, 218-219
U.S. Navy
appearance and, 54-55
body composition and fitness policies, 5-7, 254-258
body composition assessment, 34, 36, 49
body composition cross-sectional profile, 226-227
body composition equations, 9, 35, 43, 44, 259
education of active-duty personnel, 29
ethnicity of personnel, 45
strength requirements of job classifications for enlisted women:
minority active-duty women, 30
overweight prevalence in, 93
physical fitness assessment, 5-7, 51, 66, 254-258
pregnancy and postpartum policies, 6-7, 128-129, 195-196, 251, 255 -258
pregnancy outcome in, 137-138
pregnancy prevalence by rank, 133-134
readiness, assessment, 181
weight management program outcome, 91
wellness assessment, 181
women in, characteristics of, 27, 28, 130, 174-175
women in, health and nutrition of, 217-218
women in, low body weight prevalence of, 132
women in, maximum allowable body fat, 37
See also Military personnel;
Navy Weight Loss Program;
Navy Health and Physical Readiness Program;
Physical Readiness Test (PRT);
Women, military
U.S. Park Service, 31
U.S. Public Health Service, 150
U.S. Surgeon General, 63.
See also Physical Activity and Health
W
Weighing the Options, 100-102
Weight
Army women body satisfaction and status, 234-237
gestational weight gain, 143-145, 147
loss and BMD and, 190
maintenance problems, 97
military accession weight standards, gender bias, 227
military weight standards compliance, 180
military weight standards upper limits, 10-12, 34
performance effects of alterations in excess weight, 230
postpartum weight loss, 145-146, 147
postpartum weight loss' impact on lactation, 248-249
pregnancy weight restrictions' impact on lactation, 247-248
problems, real and self-perceived, in military women, 92-96, 103
See also Body image;
Dieting;
Disordered eating;
Eating disorders;
Low body weight;
Obesity prevention;
Overweight;
Weight for height;
Weight loss methods;
Weight management issues;
Weight management programs
Weight cycling
body composition and, 99-100
health risk and, 100
resting energy expenditure and, 100
See also Dieting;
Weight management issues
Weight for height, 11, 12, 34, 39, 43, 178.
See also Anthropometry;
Body composition assessment;
Weight
Weight loss diets. See Dieting;
Obesity prevention;
Weight
Weight loss methods
military women's methods, 97-99
success factors for weight management, 101-103
successful weight management methods, 100-103
See also Dieting;
Obesity prevention;
Weight;
Weight management programs
Weight Loss Practices Survey, 99
Weight management issues
body image, 97
body weight satisfaction and status of Army women, 234-237
health consequences of weight control behavior, 238-240
success factors for weight management, 101-103
successful weight management methods, 100-103
See also Dieting;
Disordered eating;
Eating disorders;
Low body weight;
Obesity prevention;
Overweight;
Weight;
Weight cycling
Weight management programs
military, xi, 26, 27, 33, 87, 103, 161-163
policies, 88-92, 127-133, 163-165
military readiness issues, 103
successful methods, 100-103
success factors, 101-103
See also Army Weight Control Program;
Dieting;
Navy Weight Loss Program;
Obesity prevention;
Weight
WMP. See Air Force Weight Management Program (WMP)
Women
body composition and physical performance of, 221
premenopausal calcium needs, 241
zinc and iron nutriture, neuropsychological function, 231-232
See also Gender;
Lactation;
Postpartum;
Pregnancy;
Reproductive health of women
Women in the Fire Services, 283
Women, military
appearance standard and, ix, 27
Armed Forces numbers, 28
Army BCT, impact on injury risk of women, 243-245
Army body weight satisfaction and status, 234-237
Army maximum weight-for-height limits, 11
body composition assessment standards, 36
body composition equations, 9, 35
body fat standards failure, separation from service for, 91
disordered eating, 220
DoD numbers, by service branch, 28
educational attainment of active-duty personnel by gender, 29
enlisted corps, 28
fitness and health of, 157-161, 219-220
lactation of, 17, 18, 148, 196, 197
low body weight prevalence, 132
minority active-duty personnel, 30
nutrition, health, and fitness of, x, 17, 109-122, 157-161, 185-186, 219-220
officers, 28
performance tests, failure rate by gender, 68
population characteristics of, x, 27, 28, 174-176
postpartum return to duty, 17, 18, 196, 197
pregnancy and, 131-133, 133-139, 194-195
strength requirements of job classifications for enlisted women:
overview of, 215-216
surveys of, 175
U.S. Naval Academy female midshipmen, characteristics, 218-219
U.S. Naval Academy female midshipmen, health and nutrition, 217-218
See also Nutritional status of military women;
Readiness, military;
Women
Women's Research and Education Institute, 31
Workshop on Women in Uniform, 283
Workshop on Assessing Readiness in Military Women, 121, 281
abstracts, 215-251
agenda, 206-210
participants, 211-214
questions raised, 197-199
summary, 173-199
Z
Zinc, dietary
neuropsychological function of women and, 231-232
See also Nutrition
