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NOTICE: The project that is the subject of this report was approved by the Governing Board of the National Research Council, whose members are drawn from the councils of the National Academy of Sciences, the National Academy of Engineering, and the Institute of Medicine. The members of the committee responsible for the report were chosen for their special competences and with regard for appropriate balance.
This report has been reviewed by a group other than the authors according to procedures approved by a Report Review Committee consisting of members of the National Academy of Sciences, the National Academy of Engineering, and the Institute of Medicine.
Support for this project was provided by the Department of Energy under Agreement No. DE-FG02-93ER61547, the National Science Foundation under Agreement No. BES-9812445, the U.S. Geological Survey under Agreement No. 98HQAG2023, and the National Water Research Institute. Any opinions, findings, conclusions, or recommendations expressed in this publication are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the view of the organizations or agencies that provided support for this project.
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Copyright 1998 by the National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved.
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THE ABEL WOLMAN DISTINGUISHED LECTURER
THOMAS DUNNE,
University of California, Santa Barbara
SYMPOSIUM MODERATOR
DAVID L. FREYBURG,
Stanford University
SYMPOSIUM CONTRIBUTORS
DIANE M. McKNIGHT,
University of Colorado
ERIC F. WOOD,
Princeton University
FRED M. PHILLIPS,
New Mexico Institute of Mining and Technology
STEPHEN J. BURGES,
University of Washington
SYMPOSIUM DISCUSSANTS
KAYE L. BRUBAKER,
University of Maryland
DARA ENTEKHABI,
Massachusetts Institute of Technology
DAVID P. GENEREUX,
Florida International University
EFI FOUFOULA-GEORGIOU,
University of Minnesota
SYMPOSIUM COORDINATORS
LAURA EHLERS, Program Officer
ANITA HALL, Production Assistant
SHEILA DAVID, Program Officer (through 6/97)
WATER SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY BOARD
HENRY J. VAUX, JR., Chair,
University of California, Riverside
DAVID L. FREYBURG, Chair (through 6/97),
Stanford University
CAROL A. JOHNSTON, Vice Chair,
University of Minnesota, Duluth
BRUCE E. RITTMANN, Vice Chair (through 6/97),
Northwestern University
LINDA M. ABRIOLA (through 6/97),
University of Michigan
JOHN S. BOYER,
University of Delaware
JOHN BRISCOE,
The World Bank, Washington, D.C.
WILLIAM E. EICHBAUM (through 6/97),
World Wildlife Fund, Washington, D.C.
DENISE FORT,
University of New Mexico
WILFORD L. GARDNER (through 6/97),
University of California, Berkeley (retired)
EVILLE GORHAM,
University of Minnesota, St. Paul
THOMAS M. HELLMAN,
Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, New York, New York
CHARLES D. D. HOWARD,
Charles Howard and Associates, Victoria, British Columbia
WILLIAM A. JURY,
University of California, Riverside
WILLIAM M. LEWIS, JR.,
University of Colorado, Boulder
RICHARD G. LUTHY,
Carnegie Mellon University
JOHN W. MORRIS,
J. W. Morris Ltd., Arlington, Virginia
CHARLES R. O'MELIA,
The Johns Hopkins University
REBECCA T. PARKIN,
American Public Health Association, Washington, D.C.
IGNACIO RODRIGUEZ-ITURBE (through 6/97),
Texas A&M University
FRANK W. SCHWARTZ,
Ohio State University
ERIC F. WOOD,
Princeton University
Staff
STEPHEN D. PARKER, Director
JACQUELINE A. MACDONALD, Associate Director
CHRIS ELFRING, Senior Staff Officer
LAURA J. EHLERS, Staff Officer
JEFFREY W. JACOBS, Staff Officer
MARK GIBSON, Research Assistant
M. JEANNE AQUILINO, Administrative Associate
ANITA A. HALL, Administrative Assistant
ELLEN A. de GUZMAN, Senior Project Assistant
KIMBERLY A. SWARTZ, Project Assistant
COMMISSION ON GEOSCIENCES, ENVIRONMENT, AND RESOURCES
GEORGE M. HORNBERGER, Chair,
University of Virginia, Charlottesville
PATRICK R. ATKINS,
Aluminum Company of America, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
JERRY F. FRANKLIN,
University of Washington, Seattle
B. JOHN GARRICK,
PLG, Inc., Newport Beach, California
THOMAS E. GRAEDEL,
Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut
DEBRA S. KNOPMAN,
Progressive Foundation, Washington, D.C.
KAI N. LEE,
Williams College, Williamstown, Massachusetts
JUDITH E. McDOWELL,
Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, Massachusetts
RICHARD A. MESERVE,
Covington and Burling, Washington, D.C.
HUGH C. MORRIS,
Canadian Global Change Program, Delta, British Columbia
RAYMOND A. PRICE,
Queen's University at Kingston, Ontario
H. RONALD PULLIAM,
University of Georgia, Athens
THOMAS C. SCHELLING,
University of Maryland, College Park
VICTORIA J. TSCHINKEL,
Landers and Parsons, Tallahassee, Florida
E-AN ZEN,
University of Maryland, College Park
MARY LOU ZOBACK,
U.S. Geological Survey, Menlo Park, California
Staff
ROBERT M. HAMILTON, Executive Director
GREGORY SYMMES, Assistant Executive Director
JEANETTE SPOON, Administrative Officer
SANDRA S. FITZPATRICK, Administrative Associate
MARQUITA SMITH, Administrative Assistant/Technology Analyst
The National Academy of Sciences is a private, nonprofit, self-perpetuating society of distinguished scholars engaged in scientific and engineering research, dedicated to the furtherance of science and technology and to their use for the general welfare. Upon the authority of the charter granted to it by the Congress in 1863, the Academy has a mandate that requires it to advise the federal government on scientific and technical matters. Dr. Bruce Alberts is president of the National Academy of Sciences.
The National Academy of Engineering was established in 1964, under the charter of the National Academy of Sciences, as a parallel organization of outstanding engineers. It is autonomous in its administration and in the selection of its members, sharing with the National Academy of Sciences the responsibility for advising the federal government. The National Academy of Engineering also sponsors engineering programs aimed at meeting national needs, encourages education and research, and recognizes the superior achievements of engineers. Dr. William A. Wulf is president of the National Academy of Engineering.
The Institute of Medicine was established in 1970 by the National Academy of Sciences to secure the services of eminent members of appropriate professions in the examination of policy matters pertaining to the health of the public. The Institute acts under the responsibility given to the National Academy of Sciences by its congressional charter to be an adviser to the federal government and, upon its own initiative, to identify issues of medical care, research, and education. Dr. Kenneth I. Shine is president of the Institute of Medicine.
The National Research Council was organized by the National Academy of Sciences in 1916 to associate the broad community of science and technology with the Academy's purposes of furthering knowledge and advising the federal government. Functioning in accordance with general policies determined by the Academy, the Council has become the principal operating agency of both the National Academy of Sciences and the National Academy of Engineering in providing services to the government, the public, and the scientific and engineering communities. The Council is administered jointly by both Academies and the Institute of Medicine. Dr. Bruce Alberts and Dr. William A. Wulf are chairman and vice-chairman, respectively, of the National Research Council.
Acknowledgments
This report has been reviewed by individuals chosen for their diverse perspectives and technical expertise, in accordance with procedures approved by the NRC's Report Review Committee. This independent review provided candid and critical comments that assisted the authors and the NRC in making the published report as sound as possible and ensured that the report meets institutional standards for objectivity, evidence, and responsiveness to the study charge. The content of the review comments and draft manuscript remain confidential to protect the integrity of the deliberative process. We wish to thank the following individuals for their participation in the review of this report:
Raphael Bras, Massachusetts Institute of Technology
George Hornberger, University of Virginia
Marc Parlange, The Johns Hopkins University
Suresh Rao, University of Florida M. Gordon Wolman, The Johns Hopkins University
While the individuals listed above have provided many constructive comments and suggestions, responsibility for the final content of this report rests solely with the authoring committee and the NRC.
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