Below are the first 10 and last 10 pages of uncorrected machine-read text (when available) of this chapter, followed by the top 30 algorithmically extracted key phrases from the chapter as a whole.
Intended to provide our own search engines and external engines with highly rich, chapter-representative searchable text on the opening pages of each chapter.
Because it is UNCORRECTED material, please consider the following text as a useful but insufficient proxy for the authoritative book pages.
Do not use for reproduction, copying, pasting, or reading; exclusively for search engines.
OCR for page 501
Global Competition The New Reality
Results of the President's Commission
on hndus~ial Competitiveness
JOHN A. YOUNG
Our ability to compete in world markets depends on decisions
made by both public servants and private citizens in pursuit offour
key goals: (1) to create, apply, and protect technology our greatest
competitive advantage; (2) to increase the supply of capital available
for invesnnerlt and reduce its cost to American business; (3) to de-
velop a more skilled, flexible, and motivated work force; and (4) to
make trade a rational priority at home abut to strengthen the world
trading system irz which we operate.
Those of you who were around some 25 years ago can remember what
we felt at that very visible image of a Russian rocket blasting its way into
space. That first sputnik wounded our pride, strengthened our resolve, and
set off a national effort to be He first on He moon. And, of course, we were.
What this county needs today is to have He Japanese launch a Toyota into
space. Or perhaps a Sony WaL~nan.
The competitive challenge we face today has consequences just as serious
as tile threat we felt a quarter of a century ago. This one is just subtler, and
a whole lot quieter. Perhaps Hat is why this nation has not yet responded
wholeheartedly or effectively to the challenge of competition from abroad.
Emphasizing He urgency of competitive renewal in this country is not an
easy task in the middle of the strongest economic expansion of recent history.
For the past 18 months I have been He chairman of He President's Com-
mission on Industrial Compenhveness. The commission comprised leaders
from industry and labor, from the high-tech and basic industry sectors, from
large and small businesses, and from government and academia. Bow Dem-
ocrats and Republicans participated even in the middle of an election year.
501
OCR for page 502
502
JOHN A. YOUNG
Yet the final report that the commission submitted to the Presidents was
unanimous in its key findings, which were these:
1. There is compelling evidence that this nation's ability to compete has
declined over the past 20 years. We see its effects both in our domestic
markets and in our ability to sell abroad.
2. We must be able to compete if we are going to meet our national goals
of a rising standard of living and strong national security for our people.
3. Decision makers in both the public and private sectors must make
improved competitiveness a priority on their agendas. As a nation, we can
no longer afford to ignore the competitive consequences of our actions or
. .
Our Inaction.
Before I go any farther in outlining the dimensions of our nation's com-
pet~tiveness problem, let me try to explain its significance.
Competitiveness can be defined as the degree to which a nation can, under
free and fair market conditions, produce goods and services that meet the
test of international markets while at the same time maintaining or e~cparuling
the real incomes of its citizens. That definition was a matter of choice for
this nation, and it demonstrates what is at stake in being competitive. As a
nation, we are not going to lower our wages in order to compete. At least
no one ~ have met has ever offered to cut his or her paycheck in honor of
this worthy cause.
The challenge, then, is to earn our wages in an interdependent and highly
competitive global economy. One-fourth of the goods produced in the world
cross national borders, and fully 70 percent of the goods produced here in
the United States compete against products made abroad. These facts lead
to this simple conclusion: the wages we get paid the high standard of living
we enjoy must be earned in the world market. No one bestows Rem on
us as a right. In a world in which only guest speakers receive a free meal,
competitiveness is what pays for whatever we have placed on our personal
and public menus.
INDICATORS OF DECLINING U.S. COMPETITIVE PERFORMANCE
No single indicator gives an adequate representation of our nation's com-
petitive performance. The commission identified five trends, and Hey all
point to a declining ability to compete. First, grow th in American produc~vi~r
has been surpassed by that of all our major trading partners. The Japanese
productivity growth rate is five times greater than our own. In absolute terms,
Japan is more productive than American industry in autos, steel, and electrical
"President's Commission on Industrial Competitiveness, Global Competition: The New Reality,
John A. Young, chairman (Washington, D.C.: U.S. Goverarnen2 Printing Office, 1985).
OCR for page 503
GLOBAL COMPETITION—THE NEW REALITY
503
and precision machinery. It Is no coincidence that these are the industries in
which the United States has seen the greatest effects of foreign competition.
Second, real hourly wages in the business sector have remained virtually
stagnant since 1973, and they have actually declined in the past five years.
Recall that competitiveness was defined above as our ability to succeed in
world markets while maintaining our standard of living. Our failure to earn
. . . · .
Increasing rea Incomes means we are not meeting that test.
Third, our manufacturing sector is not generating the kinds of real returns
on assets that encourage investments. Twenty years ago the average real
pretax return on manufacturing assets was almost 12 percent. In 1983, it
averaged about 4 percent. Investors can do a lot better by putting their money
in financial assets. The members of the commission were firm in their con-
viction that we cannot rationalize the poor perfo::nance of manufacturing by
arguing that we are becoming a service economy, anyway. Our manufacturing
sector is the foundation on which many services rest.
The fourth trend that concerned the commission is even more dramatic:
U.S. trade deficits are at all-time highs more than $125 billion in 1984.
For this entire century—until 1971 we ran a positive balance of trade.
Since Den there has been a steady and alarming, trend to the negative.
Much of our current deficit can be blamed on the strength of the dollar, but
that does not explain it all. Our trade deficits started in the 1970s when most
people thought the dollar was 20 to 30 percent undervalued.
The fifth and final warning signal I would cite hits close to home. Since
1965, 7 out of 10 U.S. high technology industries have lost world market
share. In 1984 this country had a trade deficit in electronics. Our bilateral
deficit with Japan in electronics was $15 billion. That is more than our
bilateral deficit in autos. Silicon Valley is not so far removed from Detroit.
In assessing our ability to compete, we should not take comfort from the
fact that our economy is outperforming the European economies. That is like
congratulating ourselves for finishing a race second to last. Instead, we should
look to Japan and its neighbors the newly industrializing nations of We
Pacific Rim. The United States now does more trade with the countries of
this area than with all of Europe combined. And our new Pacific Rim com-
petitors have set a challenging standard by which to judge our own perfor-
mance.
What can we do to reverse the competitive erosion of the past two decades?
It would be nice if we could say, `'Do just this, and everything will improve. "
But our ability to compete depends on many factors—all of which are
interrelated.
FACTORS THAT ACT COMPETITION
The commission grouped the factors that affect our ability to compete into
four subject areas that served as the basis for its working committees: tech-
OCR for page 504
504
JOHN A. YOUNG
nology, capital, human resources, and international trade. Let me highlight
the key findings and recommendations in each area.
Technology
Technology is our strongest advantage in world competition. Yet we do
not capitalize on our preeminent position and other countries are rapidly
closing the gap. Our first cause for concern should be about the kinds of
technologies we investigate. As a nation, we spend a smaller percentage of
GNP on civilian R&D than either West Germany or Japan. In other words,
we invest relatively less than our Wading, partners in those basic areas of
inquiry that could lead to commercial competitive advantage. Roughly half
of all the R&D performed in this country is funded by the federal government.
But most of that spending is for defense and space research. And, in the
commission's view, any spillover of those R&D efforts to commercial ap-
plications is incidental at best. That is why the commission called for the
creation of a cabinet-level Department of Science and Technology. Federal
R&D funding that is not earmarked for defense represents an annual in-
vestment by taxpayers of more than $18 billion. But it is an investment from
which we do not reap enough reward. Federal efforts are scattered throughout
several organizations and some 700 federal laboratories. Several recent stud-
ies, David Packard's2 among them, point to major administrative inefficien-
cies.
By one count, there are some 2,700 distinct federal R&D program elements
that receive line-by-line budget scrutiny from 54 congressional committees
and subcommittees. That is a managerial maze that few scientists are equipped
to navigate.
As part of the effort to create technology, the commission called for
permanent tax credits to stimulate more industry research and development.
Tax credits are preferable to direct government project oversight, because
they allow the market to determine which technologies have commercial
potential.
Encouraging private sector research and development is an appropriate
goal of government. Technological advances create a rippling of benefits
throughout the economy. Those who pay for the research cannot capture all
the benefits. Take the microprocessor as an example. It is now used in cars,
microwave ovens, stereo equipment, medical diagnostics, and a whole range
of other applications. It has provided a competitive advantage for many
American industries that did not in any way contribute to its development.
2White House Science Council Federal Laboratory Review Panel. Report of the White House
Science Council Federal Laboratory Review Panel. David Packard. chaim en, May 1983. PB 83255620.
Spnngfield, Va.: National Technical Information Service.
OCR for page 505
GLOBAL COMPETITION—THE NEW RED
505
Turning now from creating technology to applying it, perhaps this nation's
most glaring weakness in technology is the failure to devote enough attention
to manufacturing applications. It does little good to design state-of-the-art
products if someone abroad can rapidly copy and produce them at a lower
price. Robotics and statistical quality controls were both first developed here
in the United States. But it was the Japanese who applied them and bnl-
liantly to the manufacturing function.
But manufacturing simply has not been stylish with us. Within industry,
manufacturing managers have been paid less than people in marketing or in
R&D. Within our universities, there has been little interest in process tech-
nologies and manufacturing management. You can count on one hand the
number of universities doing research in this area.
Creating and then applying technology are just the first two steps in a
competitive strategy. The results of innovation must also be protected from
counterfeiting and other forms of misappropriation. In this regard, we need
to review and reform our patent laws, better protect the scientific information
that American business provides to government, and insist that our trading
partners—especially the newly industrializing countries—provide better pro-
tection, too. According to the International Trade Commission, counterfeiting
alone cost American business $8 billion in sales and 131,000 jobs in 1984.
Capital Resources
Let us assume that, as a nation, we do a magnificent job in technology.
We have a wealth of research that has commercial potential. We quickly
and broadly apply technological innovation to create market advantages, and
we protect our intellectual property. All these advantages could be to no
effect if we have created for ourselves a major disadvantage in another area-
capital resources. This is where economics and technology really merge.
If you rank our six major trading parmers on capital formation, that listing
will almost exactly mirror their ranking in productivity growth. Moreover,
Japan would be at the top of both rankings and the United States at the
bottom.
The commission investigated the reasons for the low level of U.S. in-
vestment by asking for testimony from a wide range of economists. To our
great surprise, they were in agreement. The consensus of Weir opinion was
that high capital costs are a competitive disadvantage for American Grins.
In fact, compared with Japanese costs, American capital costs are at least
twice as high. This disparity in costs hurts the ability of U.S. firings to
compete. In fact, studies have concluded that lower capital costs" not tech-
nolog~cal supremacy were the prime factor behind the Japanese incursion
into ~e- U.S. semiconductor industry.
If we are going to reduce the cost of capital to Amencan industry, however,
OCR for page 506
506
JOHN A. YOUNG
eve will have to deal with some major "macroeconomic" issues. First, we
will have to cut the deficit. Government must reduce competition with in-
dustry for scarce capital resources. Federal borrowing pushes up interest rates
and makes the dollar strong. Since 1980, the value of the dollar has almost
doubled compared with Me value of major European currencies. For com-
panies trying to sell in international markets, that means higher prices for
our exports and fewer sales abroad.
Second, our tax system must be restructured. It is currently a de facto
industrial policy, and a poor one. It discourages savings and encourages
borrowing. It also results in the highest effective tax rate for that sector of
our economy most affected by international competition manufacturing.
The commission did not evaluate the likely consequences of the many tax
reform proposals currently under discussion, but it did propose several criteria
Mat can be used to judge the consequences of each proposal for U.S. com-
petitiveness. Among the criteria are the goals of more neural tax treatment
for different industries and kinds of assets and encouraging investment, such
as by indexing inflation for calculations of capital gains and allowing fuller
deductions for capital losses on individual income tax returns.
A Bird way to lower the cost of capital to American firms is to pursue a
more stable monetary policy. The comniission's final report has a graph that
plots the vanation-in the consumer price index and prime interest rates since
1971. It looks like a roller coaster, but one with jagged peaks. Unstable
monetary policy adds to high capital costs, because it forces lenders to add
risk premiums to Heir loans.
And to those who blame A~nencan business for its short-term investment
perspectives, I say that Here is a reasonable excuse. It is difficult to do long-
tenn planning and investment in a wildly changing business environment.
Besides, no lender would put out a 20-year note anyway. High capital costs
force a short-term outlook.
Human Resources
So far I have talked about only two of the four areas the commission ex-
plored technology and capital resources. But it is more complicated than Hat
Our ability to compete in world Tnaricets and to maintain He technological
preeminence Hat is our strongest advantage also depends on other factors.
The most insightful business strategy in the world is doomed to failure if
it lacks a dedicated team of players to carry it out. The commissionts third
area of inquiry was human resources, and the members concluded that the
United States faces a number of unmet challenges in this area. First, as
Donald Kennedy (in this volume) explains so well, we must strengthen the
capacity of our nation's research universities to explore promising areas of
innovation and to train He scientists and engineers we need.
OCR for page 507
GLOBAL COMPETITION—THE NEW REALITY
507
Second, we must create better ways of helping our mature work force
adapt to change whether that be retraining for displaced steelworkers or
on-going education to keep electrical engineers abreast of developments in
their field.
Third, both American management and labor need to recognize their shared
stake in the competitive challenge and find ways of forming a consensus on
goals within their business organizations. That is why the commission ad-
vocated broader use of such incentives as profit sharing and employee stock-
purchase programs.
International Trade
The subject of international trade both He way we approach it here in
the United States and the global trading environment that American business
operates in raises tough issues.
The commission's first conclusion was that international trade has simply
not been a national prionty. Responsibility for trade policy is splintered. A
diagram of who makes and implements policies affecting trade would have
to include the two major actors the Commerce Department on one side,
and the U.S. trade representative on the other. Then there would have to loe
lines representing the venous pieces of the action owned by the Departments
of Defense, .Treasu~y, Agriculture, State, and a host of other executive agen-
cies and congressional committees.
The resulting picture of the process by which our trade policy is formulated
would be more complicated than a design schematic for the most advanced
integrated circuit. The complexity and lack of accountability make it im-
possible for us to deal with the growing importance, and the number, of
issues we must resolve.
That is why We commission recommended the creation of a cabinet-level
Department of Trade: to provide a single, strong voice for trade issues. We
have been told Mat we cannot expect such a major reorganization to happen
in the near future, that it is not politically feasible. But we have some
opportunities for greater focus with the formation of the new Cabinet Council
on Economic Affairs headed by Treasury Secretary James Baker.
There are a number of other things we should do to get our own house in
order when it comes to trade. First, we need a new omnibus trade bill Cat
provides ways to help U.S. industry adjust to international competition before
the damage is irreparable. Second, we must search for a more uniform
approach to export controls. We often prohibit Be export of technology that
our allies consider allowable. The commission heard testimony that put the
cost of our stricter rules at more than $12 billion in lost U.S. sales each year.
For technology that we do allow for export, we need to streamline Be
licensing process. It takes American exporters far longer to obtain licenses
.
OCR for page 508
508
JOHN A. YOUNG
than Weir competitors abroad. Third, we should be looking for ways to
encourage U.S. exports. These include more competitive export financing,
better information about foreign markets, and the active support of U.S.
embassies abroad.
As it looked at the international trade environment in which American
business operates, the commission saw two trends going on simultaneously
and pointing in opposite directions. On the one hand, the total volume of
world trade has grown enormously a sevenfold increase since 1970. On
the other, the portion of that trade covered by agreed rules has shrunk
dramatically There is no coverage in those nobles for trade In services or
investments. There is little provision for agriculture or state-owned industnes.
And while tariffs have come down, the use of nontanff barriers has increased
significantly.
Like American trade law, international rules have not yet responded to foreign
governments' targeting policies and nontanff bamers. And the newly indus-
trializing nations have only the weakest commitment to the rules, at best.
We must strengthen the international trading system by increasing the
amount of made and the kinds of practices it covers. And we should get our
trading partners especially the newly industrializing countries to commit
to its rules.
SUMMARY
I began by saying that our ability to compete in world markets depends
on decisions made by both public servants and private citizens in four basic
areas, and I have sketched some actions we can take to attain key goals in
each of them. Those goals are as follows:
1. to create, apply, and protect technology it is our greatest competitive
advantage;
2. to increase the supply of capital available for investment and reduce
its cost to American business;
3. to develop a more skilled, flexible, and motivated work force; and
4. to make trade a national priority at home and to strengthen the world
trading system in which we operate.
Let me share with you my personal reactions to the response our final
report has received so far. ~ am sometimes asked to choose the major rec-
ommendation that the commission made. This I refuse to do, because ~ do
not want anyone to think that improving our competitiveness can be done
with just one act. That would be like saying that a business can succeed by
just managing its inventory better while at the same time ignoring its R&D
activity, accounts receivable, employee development, and the rest of its
. . .
activities.
OCR for page 509
GLOBAL COMPETITION—THE NEW BEAT
509
Some have expressed disappointment that the commission did not come
up with ''anything really new." To those who are attracted to "newness,"
say that there is simply no substitute for excellence in executing the basics.
The commission did not identify any new roles for government. Rather,
what it tried to make clear is the fact that government has not yet effectively
performed the legitimate roles it already has. Government is responsible for
creating an environment within which American business can effectively
compete. That basic goal has not been achieved.
The commission's call for renewed attention to the fundamentals also
applies to those of us in the private sector. The ultimate responsibility for
being competitive rests with us. The foresight of our strategies, our respon-
siveness to customers, the cost and quality of our products, the commitment
to developing our work force these affect our performance far more Can
anything government can do for us. These challenges are not new, but we
must address them with new vigor.
What do I think will be the result of the commission's efforts? President
Reagan and the Cabinet Council were very interested in the commission's
findings, and we have received many requests for copies from members of
the administration and other Washington leaders.
It is still too early to judge the final effect of He commission's efforts.
History moves a bit more slowly than that. Of this I am certain, however:
our nation's policymakers are beginning to pose the question that most needs
to be asked: '`How does that decision affect our ability to compete?"
What gives me even greater hope is the fact that American ~ndusby has
not been waiting for a commission report. I see a renewed aspiration to
excellence—an unleashing of competitive potential in industries across the
country. If it accomplishes just that makes improved competitiveness the
standard by which public and private leaders weigh He decisions they make
daily then the Commission on Industrial Competitiveness will have accom-
plished its goal.
All of us face a new reality global competition. It requires from us a
new vision and a new resolve. If we can forge these, we can and will—
meet the challenge we face.
OCR for page 510
Representative terms from entire chapter:
international trade
